DOCSLIB.ORG

Armed Forces for 2020 and Beyond – Roles|Tasks|Expectations” Opened the Door for a Broad Thematic Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Band 27 / 2015 Band 27 / 2015 The title “Armed Forces for 2020 and beyond – Roles|Tasks|Expectations” opened the door for a broad thematic approach. This volume is the compi- lation of the broad range of papers presented during this conference in Vienna. Selected papers offer spe- Armed Forces for cialized views on the overall topic, mirroring the nine ISMS working groups. Scholars, professors and resear- 2020 and beyond chers form various backgrounds and areas of experti- se present their research results on actual subtopics. Roles | Tasks | Expectations Observations on future forces in Europe as well as an outlook on EU’s tools and areas of improvement in the Common Security and Defence Policy give the thematic frame to this volume. Armed Forces for 2020 and beyond 2020 and for Forces Armed ISBN: 978-3-902944-82-5 Walter Feichtinger and Benedikt Hensellek (Eds.) 27/15 Schriftenreihe der Feichtinger, Hensellek (Eds.) Hensellek Feichtinger, Landesverteidigungsakademie Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie Walter Feichtinger and Benedikt Hensellek (Eds.) Armed Forces for 2020 and beyond Roles | Tasks | Expectations 27/2015 Wien, März 2016 Impressum: Medieninhaber, Herausgeber, Hersteller: Republik Österreich / Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung und Sport Rossauer Lände 1 1090 Wien Redaktion: Landesverteidigungsakademie Kommando Stiftgasse 2a 1070 Wien Schriftenreihe der Landesverteidigungsakademie Copyright: © Republik Österreich / Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung und Sport Alle Rechte vorbehalten März 2016 ISBN 978-3-902944-82-5 Druck: HDruckZ-ASt Stift xxxx/16 Stiftgasse 2a 1070 Wien Table of Contents Foreword ................................................................................................................ 5 Abstract................................................................................................................... 7 Post-Neutral States and the European Future Force....................................... 9 Julian Lindley-French Part 1: War Studies ...........................................................................................13 The Phenomenon of the Frozen Conflict over Transnistria and its Impact on the Security of Central-Eastern Europe .......................................15 Kamila Węderska Ambush in Now Zad: A Snapshot of Fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan........................................................................................25 Shaun Allan and Neil Busby Militarization of Border Control – Why Not? ................................................35 Markus Heiskanen Part 2: Military Technology ...........................................................................53 The military potential of unmanned cargo aircraft.........................................55 Hans Heerkens, Frank Tempelman Unmanned Aircraft Systems against Air Threats: The Semi-Direct Control System......................................................................73 Frank Tempelman, Hans Heerkens Part 3: Leadership, Command and Control and Basic Competences .................................................................................87 Situational Awareness and its Impact on Crisis-Induced Action: the Norwegian 22/7 Case ..................................................................................89 Dan Hansén, Martin Holmberg & Christian Uhr Part 4: Law and Ethics ..................................................................................105 The Commander-in-Chief in legal system of the Republic of Poland ......107 Malwina Ewa Kołodziejczak 3 Part 5: Security and Defence Policy and Strategy .................................123 Globalisation’s Impact on Navies in the Asia-Pacific: From the Modern to the Postmodern to the “Quantumodern”................125 Chang Jun Yan Part 6: Armed Forces and Society ..............................................................145 Austria’s National Security Strategy: Reflections on the Concept and Notion of Security .............................................................................................147 Franz Kernic NATO Response Forces in Crisis Management...........................................159 Marta Osypowicz Part 7: Defence Management and Economics .......................................171 Chances, Limits and Risks when Including Economics into Security and Defense Management .......................................................................................173 Markus Maruszczak and Johannes Weber Private Military Security Contractors: Responsible Outsourcing of Security Tasks to the Private Sector................................................................193 Christopher Hochmuth Part 8: Military Education ............................................................................213 Civic Education in Armed Forces by the Example of Austria ...................215 Christian Krammer Irritants to Pearls: Military Education, Epistemic Communities, Communities of Practice and Networks of Learning...................................231 David Last Feedback Evaluation as a Part of Lifelong Education Strategy in FNDU.............................................................................................................255 Juha-Matti Lehtonen, Antti J. Rissanen Learning for War: Militaries as Learning Organizations..............................275 Randall Wakelam Concluding Keynote Address..........................................................................289 Wolfgang Wosolsobe Authors and Editors..........................................................................................303 4 Foreword In 2014 the Austrian National Defence had the honour to host the Annual Conference of the International Society of Military Sciences (ISMS) in Vi- enna. The general theme of the conference was “Armed Forces for 2020 and beyond. Roles | Tasks | Expectations”. More than 120 participants with scientific and/or military background from over 20 countries partici- pated in this outstanding event in order to tackle the topic from different views, standpoints and academic disciplines. Top level representatives from the EU, the Austrian Ministry of Defence and Sports and the international academic community provided inspiring input to the conference fuelling the discussions. This volume contains papers that were presented and discussed during the conference. The articles were also reviewed by the chair persons of the different working groups. A single glance at the titles of the articles offers great insight on the wide variety of topics and approaches to the general theme. You can find considerations on the Militarization of Border Control , experiences about the Hardness of integrating UAVs in selected countries, the presentation of A Meta Risk Model for Supporting Interactive Decision Making in Situation Awareness Centers, as well as Pedagogical Challenges and Benefits by using Laptops in Social Science Lectures . On the one hand, the broad span of issues indicates how manifold security related topics nowadays are. On the other hand, it depicts the multifaceted expectations towards armed forces in the foreseeable future and what they should be prepared for. In this regard the publication also underpins the unique selling preposition of ISMS by providing a platform for academic professionals from the security and military field. All annual conferences open the door to serious intellectual discourse and exchange, while simul- taneously providing a platform to build individual networks. At the beginning of 2015 the Austrian National Defence Academy and ISMS already published a collection of all abstracts that were submitted and presented during the conference. In addition, all contacts related to the presenters were offered. This volume is a selection of full papers and to a certain extent it also concludes the Austrian presidency of ISMS in 2014. 5 Allow me to use this opportunity to wish ISMS and all its representatives and contributors all the best for the future – for the benefit of military sci- ence and all related aspects. Dr. Walter Feichtinger, BG ISMS Council Austrian National Defence Academy 6 Abstract The title of the International Society of Military Sciences’ (ISMS) Annual Conference 2014, “Armed Forces for 2020 and beyond – Roles | Tasks | Expectations”, opened the door for a broad thematic approach. By raising the question of future requirements and the possible role of armed forces, it tried to identify the security policy environment for future operations and missions. Cooperation on a multinational level between nations as well as international organisations is a precondition and a challenge for successful engagements in future missions. This volume is the compilation of the broad range of papers presented during this conference in Vienna. Selected papers offer specialized views on the overall topic, mirroring the nine ISMS working groups. Scholars, professors and researchers form various backgrounds and areas of exper- tise present their research results on actual subtopics. Observations on fu- ture forces in Europe as well as an outlook on EU’s tools and areas of im- provement in the Common Security and Defence Policy give the thematic frame to this volume. 7 Post-Neutral States and the European Future Force Julian Lindley-French There is a big question that hangs around European military headquarters these days like Banquo’s Ghost in Shakespeare’s Macbeth; Just what is ‘big’ and what is ‘small’? Set against the enormous and rapid shifts in the global military balance of power
Recommended publications
  • Security & Defence European

    Security & Defence European

    a 7.90 D 14974 E D European & Security ES & Defence 6/2019 International Security and Defence Journal COUNTRY FOCUS: AUSTRIA ISSN 1617-7983 • Heavy Lift Helicopters • Russian Nuclear Strategy • UAS for Reconnaissance and • NATO Military Engineering CoE Surveillance www.euro-sd.com • Airborne Early Warning • • Royal Norwegian Navy • Brazilian Army • UAS Detection • Cockpit Technology • Swiss “Air2030” Programme Developments • CBRN Decontamination June 2019 • CASEVAC/MEDEVAC Aircraft • Serbian Defence Exports Politics · Armed Forces · Procurement · Technology ANYTHING. In operations, the Eurofighter Typhoon is the proven choice of Air Forces. Unparalleled reliability and a continuous capability evolution across all domains mean that the Eurofighter Typhoon will play a vital role for decades to come. Air dominance. We make it fly. airbus.com Editorial Europe Needs More Pragmatism The elections to the European Parliament in May were beset with more paradoxes than they have ever been. The strongest party which will take its seats in the plenary chambers in Brus- sels (and, as an expensive anachronism, also in Strasbourg), albeit only for a brief period, is the Brexit Party, with 29 seats, whose programme is implicit in their name. Although EU institutions across the entire continent are challenged in terms of their public acceptance, in many countries the election has been fought with a very great deal of emotion, as if the day of reckoning is dawning, on which decisions will be All or Nothing. Some have raised concerns about the prosperous “European Project”, which they see as in dire need of rescue from malevolent sceptics. Others have painted an image of the decline of the West, which would inevitably come about if Brussels were to be allowed to continue on its present course.
  • Air Defence in Northern Europe

    Air Defence in Northern Europe

    FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Pekka Sivonen, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Erkki Nordberg, Defence Staff Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 10 AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 ISBN 951-25-0873-7 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1997: National Defence College All rights reserved Oy Edita Ab Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1997 INTRODUCTION The historical progress of air power has shown a continuous rising trend. Military applications emerged fairly early in the infancy of aviation, in the form of first trials to establish the superiority of the third dimension over the battlefield. Well- known examples include the balloon reconnaissance efforts made in France even before the birth of the aircraft, and it was not long before the first generation of flimsy, underpowered aircraft were being tested in a military environment. The Italians used aircraft for reconnaissance missions at Tripoli in 1910-1912, and the Americans made their first attempts at taking air power to sea as early as 1910-1911.
  • The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

    The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy

    bailes_hb.qxd 21/3/06 2:14 pm Page 1 Alyson J. K. Bailes (United Kingdom) is A special feature of Europe’s Nordic region the Director of SIPRI. She has served in the is that only one of its states has joined both British Diplomatic Service, most recently as the European Union and NATO. Nordic British Ambassador to Finland. She spent countries also share a certain distrust of several periods on detachment outside the B Recent and forthcoming SIPRI books from Oxford University Press A approaches to security that rely too much service, including two academic sabbaticals, A N on force or that may disrupt the logic and I a two-year period with the British Ministry of D SIPRI Yearbook 2005: L liberties of civil society. Impacting on this Defence, and assignments to the European E Armaments, Disarmament and International Security S environment, the EU’s decision in 1999 to S Union and the Western European Union. U THE NORDIC develop its own military capacities for crisis , She has published extensively in international N Budgeting for the Military Sector in Africa: H management—taken together with other journals on politico-military affairs, European D The Processes and Mechanisms of Control E integration and Central European affairs as E ongoing shifts in Western security agendas Edited by Wuyi Omitoogun and Eboe Hutchful R L and in USA–Europe relations—has created well as on Chinese foreign policy. Her most O I COUNTRIES AND U complex challenges for Nordic policy recent SIPRI publication is The European Europe and Iran: Perspectives on Non-proliferation L S Security Strategy: An Evolutionary History, Edited by Shannon N.
  • Academic Studies for Officers

    Academic Studies for Officers

    University VIENNA and National Defense Academy VIENNA Academic Studies for Officers A Central European Perspective (Presentations of the First International Conference in Vienna, 15 – 19 March 1999) Published by Brigadier-General Gernot ALBRECHT Vienna, April 2001 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS WOLFGANG GREISENEGGER..................................................3 Welcome Address......................................................................................3 ERNEST KÖNIG..........................................................................5 Welcome Address......................................................................................5 GERNOT ALBRECHT .................................................................9 Opening Statement....................................................................................9 ARMIN A. STEINKAMM ............................................................10 The Bundeswehr University [UDBW]..................................................10 JÖRG E. P. KELLER.................................................................17 Academic Officer Training within and for the Armed Forces – a German Perspective ....................................................................................................................17 BEAT A. KÄCH .........................................................................32 The Swiss Military College ....................................................................32 ALTERO FASANO.....................................................................43
  • Polish Contribution to the UK War Effort in World War Two 3

    Polish Contribution to the UK War Effort in World War Two 3

    DEBATE PACK CDP-0168 (2019) | 27 June 2019 Compiled by: Polish contribution to the Tim Robinson Nigel Walker UK war effort in World War Subject specialist: Claire Mills Two Contents Westminster Hall 1. Background 2 2. Press Articles 4 Tuesday 2 July 2019 3. Ministry of Defence 5 4. PQs 7 2.30pm to 4.00pm 5. Other Parliamentary material 9 Debate initiated by Daniel Kawczynski MP 5.1 Debates 9 5.2 Early Day Motions 9 6. Further reading 10 The proceedings of this debate can be viewed on Parliamentlive.tv The House of Commons Library prepares a briefing in hard copy and/or online for most non-legislative debates in the Chamber and Westminster Hall other than half-hour debates. Debate Packs are produced quickly after the announcement of parliamentary business. They are intended to provide a summary or overview of the issue being debated and identify relevant briefings and useful documents, including press and parliamentary material. More detailed briefing can be prepared for Members on request to the Library. www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 Number CDP 2019/0168, 26 June 2019 1. Background After Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany, thousands of Polish military personnel escaped to France, and later the UK, where they made an invaluable contribution to the Allied war effort. In June 1940, the Polish Government in exile in the UK signed an agreement with the British Government to form an independent Polish Army, Air Force and Navy in the UK, although they remained under British operational command.
  • Annual Report 2016 (58Th Report)

    Annual Report 2016 (58Th Report)

    German Bundestag Printed Paper 18/10900 18th electoral term 24 January 2017 Information from the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces Annual Report 2016 (58th Report) Submitted with the letter of the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces of 24 January 2017 pursuant to Section 2(1) of the Act on the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces. Printed Paper 18/10900 – 2 – German Bundestag – 18th electoral term Page Foreword ...................................................................................................................... 5 The year under review in brief ................................................................................... 7 1. More funding for the Bundeswehr 9 2. Reversal in personnel trends 9 Personnel shortages .......................................................................................................... 10 The Bundeswehr is getting older ..................................................................................... 12 Personnel recruitment ...................................................................................................... 13 Promotions ....................................................................................................................... 15 Appraisal system .............................................................................................................. 17 Security clearance checks ................................................................................................ 17 Retirement .......................................................................................................................
  • Finnish Defence Forces International Centre the Many Faces of Military

    Finnish Defence Forces International Centre the Many Faces of Military

    Finnish Defence Forces International Finnish Defence Forces Centre 2 The Many Faces of Military Crisis Management Lessons from the Field Edited by Mikaeli Langinvainio Finnish Defence Forces FINCENT Publication Series International Centre 1:2011 1 FINNISH DEFENCE FORCES INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FINCENT PUBLICATION SERIES 1:2011 The Many Faces of Military Crisis Management Lessons from the Field EDITED BY MIKAELI LANGINVAINIO FINNISH DEFENCE FORCES INTERNATIONAL CENTRE TUUSULA 2011 2 Mikaeli Langinvainio (ed.): The Many Faces of Military Crisis Management Lessons from the Field Finnish Defence Forces International Centre FINCENT Publication Series 1:2011 Cover design: Harri Larinen Layout: Heidi Paananen/TKKK Copyright: Puolustusvoimat, Puolustusvoimien Kansainvälinen Keskus ISBN 978–951–25–2257–6 ISBN 978–951–25–2258–3 (PDF) ISSN 1797–8629 Printed in Finland Juvenens Print Oy Tampere 2011 3 Contents Jukka Tuononen Preface .............................................................................................5 Mikaeli Langinvainio Introduction .....................................................................................8 Mikko Laakkonen Military Crisis Management in the Next Decade (2020–2030) ..............................................................12 Antti Häikiö New Military and Civilian Training - What can they learn from each other? What should they learn together? And what must both learn? .....................................................................................20 Petteri Kurkinen Concept for the PfP Training
  • STRATEGIC FORUM National Defense University

    STRATEGIC FORUM National Defense University

    January 2020 STRATEGIC FORUM National Defense University About the Authors Håkon Lunde Saxi, Ph.D., is an As- Baltics Left of Bang: Nordic sociate Professor at the Norwegian Defence University College. Bengt Total Defense and Implications Sundelius is a Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the Swedish Defense University. Brett Swaney is an for the Baltic Sea Region Assistant Research Fellow in the Center for Strategic Research, Institute for Na- tional Strategic Studies, at the National by Håkon Lunde Saxi, Bengt Sundelius, and Brett Defense University. Swaney Key Points ponsored by the U.S. National Defense University (NDU) and the Swed- ish National Defense University, this paper is the second in a series of ◆◆ Nordic states (Norway, Sweden, and Finland) efforts to enhance Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Forums dedicated to societal resilience through unique the multinational exploration of the strategic and defense challenges faced by “total defense” and “comprehen- S sive security” initiatives are unlikely the Baltic states. The December 2017 U.S. National Security Strategy described to change the near-term strategic Russia as “using subversive measures to weaken the credibility of America’s com- calculus of Russia. Over time, how- ever, a concerted application of to- mitment to Europe, undermine transatlantic unity, and weaken European insti- tal defense in harmony with Article tutions and governments.”1 The U.S. and European authors of this paper, along 3 of the North Atlantic Treaty will with many others, came together in late 2017 to explore possible responses to aid in the resilience to, and deter- rence of, Russian hostile measures the security challenges facing the Baltic Sea Region (BSR).
  • The Military in the Single European Sky Partnering for Excellence in Global Aviation

    The Military in the Single European Sky Partnering for Excellence in Global Aviation

    THE MILITARY IN THE SINGLE EUROPEAN SKY PARTNERING FOR EXCELLENCE IN GLOBAL AVIATION 1 1 THE MILITARY IN THE SINGLE EUROPEAN SKY FACTS & FIGURES SES / SESAR PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED BY MILITARY STAKEHOLDERS Airspace is a shared and scarce resource, vital to the security and prosperity of Europe. Over the last two years, the EDA assisted Member States to obtain EU co-funding to upgrade and modernise the Air Traffic Management system and increase civil-military interoperability in Europe. 203 M€ 7 88 M€ 23 PLANNED MILITARY INVOLVED INEA IMPLEMENTATION INVESTMENT MEMBER STATES CO-FUNDING PROJECTS NETHERLANDS > Civil/Military Enroute Collocation 5 M€ BELGIUM > Civil/Military Enroute Collocation 5.5 M€ UNITED KINGDOM NAPMA > Advanced Controller Tools > Avionics Upgrade - E3 AWACS > VHF Radio Ground Infrastructure > Short Term Conflict Alert (STCA) at 20 airports 17.3 M€ 19.1 M€ FRANCE > Advanced Controller Tool > Civil-Military Secure Interface > Upgrade of Military Control Centre > SWIM Governance (multi-stakeholder project) 18.7 M€ PORTUGAL > Aeronautical Data Exchange > Avionics Upgrade – C130H (2 projects) > Avionics Upgrade – Falcon 50 > SWIM Backbone Infrastructure 15.1 M€ SPAIN > Navigation Procedure Design > Navigation Procedure Implementation > Advanced Flexible Use of Airspace Tools ITALY > Avionics Upgrade – Falcon 900 (2 projects) > SWIM Backbone Infrastructure > Avionics Upgrade – A310 > i4D interface 5 M€ 2.4 M€ THE MILITARY IN THE SINGLE EUROPEAN SKY ONE SKY FOR ALL The military has multiple roles as air navigation service provider, airspace user, airport operator and regulator under state responsibility – not only in times of crisis, but every day. The implications of the Single European Sky (SES) initiative and its technological pillar, the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR) programme for the military are considerable.
  • Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol

    Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol

    .SIAK-Journal – Journal for Police Science and Practice Wenda, Gregor (2014): Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future SIAK-Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol. 4), 74-86. doi: 10.7396/IE_2014_G Please cite this articel as follows: Wenda, Gregor (2014). Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future, SIAK- Journal − Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition Vol. 4), 74-86, Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.7396/IE_2014_G. © Federal Ministry of the Interior – Sicherheitsakademie / NWV, 2014 Note: A hard copy of the article is available through the printed version of the SIAK-Journal published by NWV (http://nwv.at). published online: 8/2014 .SIAK-InternAtIonAl edItIon 2014 Municipal Police in Austria: History, Status Quo, and Future Aside from the nation­wide corps of the Federal Police, municipal police services (Gemeindesicherheitswachen) constitute a relevant pillar of law enforcement in Austria. Even though the number of forces has shrunk over the past decades, there are still 37 agencies in six out of nine provinces. Most of Austria’s major cities, including the Capital of Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg or Innsbruck, are secured by the Federal Police. According to the Federal Constitution, municipal police departments must not be estab­ lished in a city with a Federal Police authority. Municipal police agencies are mostly found in medium sized cities or smaller towns and villages. Each municipal police service has between one and 45 employees and varies in terms of organization, equip­ GreGor WendA, ment, competencies, and availability. Directorate-General for Legal Affairs, Deputy Head of Department III/6 – Electoral Affairs in the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Austria.
  • Defence Policy and the Armed Forces During the Pandemic Herunterladen

    Defence Policy and the Armed Forces During the Pandemic Herunterladen

    1 2 3 2020, Toms Rostoks and Guna Gavrilko In cooperation with the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung With articles by: Thierry Tardy, Michael Jonsson, Dominic Vogel, Elisabeth Braw, Piotr Szyman- ski, Robin Allers, Paal Sigurd Hilde, Jeppe Trautner, Henri Vanhanen and Kalev Stoicesku Language editing: Uldis Brūns Cover design and layout: Ieva Stūre Printed by Jelgavas tipogrāfija Cover photo: Armīns Janiks All rights reserved © Toms Rostoks and Guna Gavrilko © Authors of the articles © Armīns Janiks © Ieva Stūre © Uldis Brūns ISBN 978-9984-9161-8-7 4 Contents Introduction 7 NATO 34 United Kingdom 49 Denmark 62 Germany 80 Poland 95 Latvia 112 Estonia 130 Finland 144 Sweden 160 Norway 173 5 Toms Rostoks is a senior researcher at the Centre for Security and Strategic Research at the National Defence Academy of Latvia. He is also associate professor at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Univer- sity of Latvia. 6 Introduction Toms Rostoks Defence spending was already on the increase in most NATO and EU member states by early 2020, when the coronavirus epi- demic arrived. Most European countries imposed harsh physical distancing measures to save lives, and an economic downturn then ensued. As the countries of Europe and North America were cau- tiously trying to open up their economies in May 2020, there were questions about the short-term and long-term impact of the coro- navirus pandemic, the most important being whether the spread of the virus would intensify after the summer. With the number of Covid-19 cases rapidly increasing in September and October and with no vaccine available yet, governments in Europe began to impose stricter regulations to slow the spread of the virus.
  • The Impact the Collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy by Michaela and Prof

    The Impact the Collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy by Michaela and Prof

    The impact the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy By Michaela and Prof. Dr. Karl Vocelka (Article from: “Wine in Austria: The History”) The end of the First World War in 1918 produced profound consequences for Central Europe, affecting every sphere of activity within the region, ranging from high-level political decisions to the everyday lives of the inhabitants. The outcome of the ‘great seminal catastrophe of this (20th) century’ (George F. Kennan) had long-term consequences, which endure to the present day. The Second World War of 1939–1945, the Cold War that persisted in Europe until 1989, as well as the creation and expansion of the European Union are all inseparable from developments that occurred during and immediately after the Great War. A significant influence was also exerted – in an international context – on viticulture in Austria, which provides us with our current subject. This was brought about by a new world order of nation states, including the establishment of the Republic of German-Austria on 12 November 1918, on territory formerly ruled by the Habsburg Monarchy. Although the dissolution of the multinational Habsburg Empire had begun before the end of the war, a final line was not drawn until two peace agreements were concluded in the Parisian suburbs in 1919. The borders of the new Republic of Austria were set out in the Treaty of Saint- Germain-en-Laye on 10 September 1919.1 The country’s border with Hungary was established by the subsequent Treaty of Trianon in 1920.2 The victorious powers forbade the planned union with Germany and prohibited use of the name German-Austria.