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Puerto Rican Precolonial History Etched in Stone

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Puerto Rican Precolonial History Etched in Stone PUERTO RICAN PRECOLONIAL HISTORY ETCHED IN STONE By RENIEL RODRÍGUEZ RAMOS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Reniel Rodríguez Ramos 2 To Mael, for her love, support, and all the etceteras; to Darío, for all the joy that he has brought to us; to Camila, for all the joy that she will bring to us 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the course of this work, I have been fortunate to count with the support and encouragement of a vast number of friends, colleagues, and family. Although the ideas presented here will likely succumb to the impetus of fresher and brighter minds in the future, the friendships established during the course of this work will hopefully withstand the test of time. I want to start by thanking the members of my supervisory committee that was composed by Bill Keegan, Dave Steadman, Russ Bernard, and Ken Sassaman. They allowed me the freedom and flexibility to delve into the issues presented here at my own pace, so many thanks to them. I also want to express my gratitude to Corinne Hofman who, although is not formally signing this dissertation, was as much a member of our dissertation team as the rest of us. To her, Menno, Aarie, Alistair, Roberto, Jimmy, Alison, Raphael, Daan, and the rest of the Caribbean group at Leiden University I extend my appreciation for making me feel at home on my recent trip to the Netherlands. Bill Keegan deserves special mention for his overall support and encouragement. His trademark “bottom line” perspective, his challenge to “avoid the –oid,” and his continuous encouragement to “push the envelope” were highly influential in my research. He allowed me to clog his office space with books and gave me free access to the Bullen Library and also shared with me his vast knowledge of Antillean archaeology. He has always been there to help me with anything needed during this process, so to him I extend my sincere thanks. This dissertation has a Chanlattean undertone (or overtone). It is my belief that Luis Chanlatte, together with his long-time colleague and friend Yvonne Narganes, has produced some of the most significant ideas in Antillean archaeology, several of which are further explored in this study. His contentions about the importance of Pre-Arawak peoples in the development of the late precolonial landscape of Puerto Rico, the discovery of the LH 4 manifestation and his consideration of it as representing a distinct ancestral tradition, and his overall emphasis in not taking things for granted were clear sources of inspiration in the ideas that are hereby presented. Chanlatte‟s research should serve as an example of verticality and persistence for the new generation of scholars working in the islands and elsewhere and his contributions to the archaeology of the Antilles have to be acknowledged. Hopefully, this dissertation provides a platform for giving his contributions their deserved stage in Antillean archaeology. Another major influence on my lithified scope has been my good friend and mentor Jeff Walker. Jeff‟s contribution to the study of lithics in the Antilles deserves to be underlined, particularly when considering his influence on the new generation of Caribbean lithomaniacs. His unwavering support in the form of the friendship and the knowledge that he has shared with me through many years will be eternally appreciated. To him, my utmost respect. My study has also benefited from long discussions with colleagues that are quickly changing the constitution of the archaeological landscape of the Antilles. From the new generation of Antillean scholars, I want to thank Jaime Pagán Jiménez, with whom I have spent long hours discussing some of the issues presented here. My collaborations with him have been a source of growth, both personal and professional, so I thank him for that. To him, Arelis, and the upcoming twins I give them un fuerte abrazo. I also want to thank Josh Torres for his friendship and overall support, both during my stay in Gainesville and after my return to Puerto Rico to write this work. Our long discussions about Antillean archaeology and his perspectives about space and the configuration of communities, among other subjects, had great influences in this work and will continue to have marked implications for the archaeology of the Antilles in the future. 5 From a previous generation (not to say older), I want to express my deepest gratitude to José Oliver, Antonio Curet, and Miguel Rodríguez López. José Oliver has enough gray matter to share with the rest of us, and then some. He has shared some of that with me by providing me with important comments of this work. I am most grateful to him for taking time away from his many tasks in London and undertaking the difficult endeavor of helping me to refine this dissertation. My conversations with Antonio Curet have also been highly influential on my archaeological thinking. Our trip to Costa Rica not only served to reify our friendship but also to put some meat into the ideas that I had cooking in my brain about the Isthmo-Antillean connections, so I thank him for his invitation. His influence in many of the ideas presented in this work is readily evident, and it has been a great opportunity to share this process with him. I also want to express my gratitude to Miguel Rodríguez López not only for allowing me access to analyze the materials from Punta Candelero, but also for his willingness to provide me with his vast bank of knowledge about Puerto Rican archaeology. He not only was instrumental in the development of the radiocarbon database, but has also provided me with unpublished photos and other data that is included in this work. I also want to thank the archaeologists that gave me access to the collections analyzed in the present work. These are Marlene Ramos, Juan González, Juan Rivera Fontán, José Oliver, Jeff Walker, Carlos Solís, Betsy Carlson, Luis Chanlatte, Yvonne Narganes, and Miguel Rodríguez López. Many thanks also to Pedro Alvarado and Laura del Olmo for providing me access to the lithic collection from Maruca. Although I was not able to formally analyze it, the possibility to make a detailed inspection of the materials was tremendously helpful, so I truly thank them for their efforts. I also want to thank Mike Rocca for the access to the materials from Maisabel, by way of Peter Siegel to whom I also extend my appreciation. Roberto Martínez 6 provided me with the collection from Cueva la Tembladera, for which I‟m greatly thankful. The radiocarbon database developed for this work was a result of the efforts of a wide group of archaeologists, many of which provided me with unpublished results of their work. I particularly want to thank those that personally sent me their dates including Jaime Vélez, Juan González, Juan Rivera Fontán, Chris Goodwin, Sue Sanders, Daniel Koski-Karell, Tim Sara, Miguel Rodríguez Lopez, Luis Chanlatte, Yvonne Narganes, Carlos Pérez, Peter Siegel, Marisol Meléndez, Hernán Ortiz, L. Antonio Curet, Edgar Maiz, and Marlene Ramos. A conversation with Darden Hood from Beta Analytic helped me in making some sense out of those radiocarbon dates, so many thanks for that. I also want to extend my appreciation to George Harlow for conducting the sourcing study of the jadeite celts from Puerto Rico. Without even knowing me, he did this work ad honorem, for which I am greatly thankful. Hopefully, he can continue to contribute to our understanding of the possible sources of some of the materials that we are finding in the Antilles, which I‟m sure will have profound implications for our perspectives about the interaction networks established between the inhabitants of the insular Caribbean and those of surrounding continental territories. Many thanks also go to my good friend Sebastiaan Knippenberg, whose research in lithic sourcing in the Antilles is a groundbreaking piece of work whose ripple effects in Caribbean archaeology will continue to be felt for a long time. I also want to express my gratitude to Edwin Crespo for his overall support during this process. We not only share a laboratory space but also a friendship that goes back to when I was his student at the U.P.R., for which I am very grateful. This work would not have been possible without the financial support provided by the Consejo para la Protección del Patrimonio Arqueológico Terrestre de Puerto Rico. To Dra. Tió and the rest of the members of the Consejo, my sincere thanks. This material is also based upon 7 work supported under a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. I want to thank Jeff Walker, Bill Keegan, Antonio Curet, and José Oliver for their letters of recommendation that helped me in getting that fellowship. On a personal note, I want to thank my mother, Sandra Ramos, for guiding me and my brothers in our pathway through life. She has always been there when we have needed her, so for that I will be eternally thankful. To my godmother Gail Ramos, my sincere thanks for always being much more than an aunt for me and my brothers. To my brothers, Carlos, Rafi, and Indira, I thank for sharing this trip with me. To my newest brother, Carlos García, I want to thank for taking the photographs for Chapter 5. I also express my appreciation to my good friends Josh Torres, Harrison Flores, Víctor Cuadrado, and Francisco Catalá for always being there when I needed a map (or a beer) and for producing the ones included in this work.
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