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Roma Population FULL BOOK 1.Pdf ROMA POPULATION ON THE PERIPHERIES OF THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES Spatial trends and Social challenges ROMA POPULATION ON THE PERIPHERIES OF THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES Spatial trends and Social challenges Edited by: János PÉNZES and Zsolt RADICS The project was financed and supported by the Standard Grant (no. 21120080) of the International Visegrad Fund. Debrecen, 2012 Project partners: Jagiellonian J. E. Purkinje University of Presov University University University University in Presov of Miskolc of Debrecen in Krakow in Usti nad Labem (Slovakia) (Hungary) (Hungary) (Poland) (Czech Republic) Edited by: János PÉNZES and Zsolt RADICS Lectored by: Gábor KOZMA and Csaba PATKÓS Technical Editor: Erzsébet ERDELICSNÉ VIRÁGOS ISBN 978-615-5212-07-9 Kiadta a DIDAKT Kft., Debrecen Felelős kiadó: a DIDAKT Kft. ügyvezetője Nyomdai munkák: Center-Print Kft., Debrecen TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD János Pénzes – Zsolt Radics……..……………………………………………………………..5 SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMA POPULATION……………7 THE QUESTION OF THE ROMA’S INTEGRATION IN EUROPE AND HUNGARY István Süli-Zakar………………………………………………………………………………….9 RATIO OF ROMA STUDENTS IN HUNGARY AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOLS Attila Papp Zoltán..……………………………………………………………………………...31 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS OF THE ROMA POPULATION IN NORTHEASTERN HUNGARY István Pásztor – János Pénzes…………………………………………………………………60 THE ROMA POPULATION IN SLOVAKIA Basic Characteristics of the Roma Population with Emphasis on the Spatial Aspects of its Differentiation Kvetoslava Matlovičová – René Matlovič – Alexander Mušinka – Anna Židová……….77 SITUATION OF THE ROMA IN SLOVAKIA AND THEIR STATUS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SLOVAK SOCIETY Alexander Mušinka – Jana Kolesárová……………………………………………………..104 GYPSIES/ROMANI IN POLAND – OUTLINE OF THE TOPIC Maria Soja – Andrzej Zborowski…………………………………………………………….119 ROMA IDENTITY AND CULTURE………………………………………...135 THE ROMA CULTURAL HERITAGE IN POLAND – SELECTED ASPECTS Robert Faracik – Mirosław Mika – Robert Pawlusiński………………………………….137 THE CONSTRUCTION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY OF SUCCESSFUL GYPSIES/TRAVELLERS IN ENGLAND Kinga Szabó-Tóth………………………………………………………………………………153 DEVELOPMENT POSSIBILITIES OF THE PERIPHERIES…………….173 THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE ROMA EMPLOYMENT IN NORTHEASTERN HUNGARY AFTER THE TURN OF THE MILLENIUM Ernő Molnár…………………………………………………………………………………….175 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES IN PERIPHERAL RURAL TERRITORIES OF BORSOD-ABAÚJ-ZEMPLÉN COUNTY Virag Havasi……………………………………………………………………………………188 PRO-POOR TOURISM (PPT) AS A TOOL FOR POVERTY REDUCTION IN ROMA COMMUNITIES IN SLOVAKIA Jana Kolesárová………………………………………………………………………………..205 THE SPATIAL ASPECTS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOURISTIC DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES IN THE BORDER MICROREGIONS OF HUNGARY Zoltán Bujdosó – János Pénzes………………………………………………………………226 FOREWORD ‘Roma population on the peripheries of the Visegrad countries’ is the title of the project initiated by the Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning at the University of Debrecen (Hungary), the Institute of Sociology at the University of Miskolc (Hungary), the Department of Geography at the University of Presov in Presov (Slovakia), the Institute of Geography and Spatial Management at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (Poland), and the Department of Geography at the J. E. Purkinje University in Usti nad Labem (Czech Republic). The one year project was financed and supported by the Standard Grant (no. 21120080) of the International Visegrad Fund. The research project aimed to illustrate the spatial distribution and social status of Roma people in the peripheral areas of the Visegrad countries with emphasis on the potential breaking points. The experiences of the situation and the particular problems of the Roma population in the investigated territory were discussed at international conferences within the framework of the project. Common research methodology was harmonized by the different aspects of inquiry. The contents of the presentations were published and disclosed to the public in the form of books (like this volume of studies) in order to support the closing up of the population living in the peripheries of the investigated territory. In the first phase of the project, the researchers represented the most important problems of the investigated areas as well as the possibilities that are appropriate for being considered during a conference organized in Debrecen (19-20. March 2012). This conference created a starting-point with the overview of the methodological issues, with the discovery of the social-economic problems and ethnic processes of the most backward areas with special attention to the Roma population in the four Central-European countries. The Respected Reader can find keynote studies in connection with the presentations about the listed topics in the current volume. These analyses intend to assist the decision-makers and stakeholders of the “closer” as well as the “more distant” Europe in order to take well-considered and appropriate steps to change the situation of the peripheries, and in particular the Roma inhabitants, in the Visegrád countries. The Editors SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROMA POPULATION 7 8 István Süli-Zakar1 THE QUESTION OF THE ROMA’S INTEGRATION IN EUROPE AND HUNGARY Motto: “If you are the Gypsies then I do not belong to you. I shall not be angry with the mainstream society just because many of you expect me to do so. And those who expect it, do so because then I would myself also melt into the gypsy “brotherhood” which is held together by nothing else but blaming the majority for everything.” (István Forgács) Introduction For six countries of the European Union (and two candidate countries) one of the most urgent – perhaps the principal – internal political problems in the twenty-first century shall be the integration of the gypsy population living mostly in deep poverty among the circumstances of the demographic boom. In ten countries of East Central Europe and the Balkan 10-15% of the population are already “Roma” and in about 25 years this ratio is expected to double – in parallel with the rapid decrease of the mainstream society. The migration attempts of the gypsies – it can be seen more and more clearly – mostly end in failure, the gypsies of South Eastern Europe are forced to remain on their homelands. However, here in the “second speed” EU Member States, which they are still the citizens of, due to the protracted socio-economic problems, only limited financial sources shall be available for financing their integration. 1 DSc, University professor, University of Debrecen, Department of Social Geography and Regional Development Planning, e-mail: [email protected] 9 Origin and early migration of the gypsies When the ancestors of the gypsies appeared in Central and Western Europe in the beginning of the fifteenth century, they rumoured about themselves that they come from Egypt and they are the expelled children of the pharaohs. First, István Vági, a Hungarian student studying in Holland, noticed in 1776 that the language of the Gypsies settling down in the confines of his village and that of the students from India studying with him at the university were very similar. Linguistics has proven since then that the “Romani” language of the Gypsies (its Central Eastern European dialect, the Lovari) belongs to the Indo-European languages, and within it the Indo-Iranian languages, and they are direct descendants of the “sacred” language of the Indo-Aryans, the Sanskrit. The members of the so-called Dardic family of languages which are the closest to the ancient Sanskrit language – besides the Gypsy language – are the Shin and the Kashmiri. These languages today are spoken in Northwest India, in the Kashmiri valley and its environs, in the geopolitically vulnerable Indian-Pakistani-Chinese border region. In the western peripheries of Jammu and Kashmir – mainly on the area under Pakistani invasion – today there are still Gujarati and Gaddi nomads who are linguistic relatives, of whom most probably the ancestors of the European Gypsies broke away in the third-sixth centuries. During their westward migration linguistically related groups remained behind on the areas of the present-day Pakistan (Kovaris) and Afghanistan (Kafirs). During their migration to Europe they outpaced the Seljuk Turks in time, who migrated into a similar direction, and the Arab invasion. Significant Iranian (Persian), Armenian and Greek influences can be detected in the “Romani” language but the Seljuk Turk and Arabic influences are missing. The ancestors of the Gypsies, therefore, migrated here crossing the areas of the Persian Sassanid Kingdom (226-651) and Armenia prior to the Arab invasion (644/652), 10 and reached the provinces of the Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor. They crossed through the Bosporus to Europe between the 9th and 12th centuries. (In 1009, for instance, the Gypsy women involved in fortunetelling and enchantment were banned from Constantinople by a decree.) The language of those who migrated to the Balkans was affected by a significant South Slavic influence. Probably they were first called “Tsigans” in the Byzantine Empire, the word comes from the Greek “Atsigan” (= separate, outcast, outlaw, not paying taxes), and was added to the Hungarian language through Serb intermediation (cigan) as early as the 15th century (Havas, G. 1989; Gyergyói, S.1990). In the feudal Europe, the first reliable written evidence about the appearance of the Gypsies was the entry in Brassó dated
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