2374 CONGRESSIONAL ~ RECORD-· SENATE February . 1.1, we are hypnotized by' this", -and by overly ,.. It is up- to ..us- who now occupy .om.ce ·· Lt. Gen. Alfred Dodd Starbird, 018961, meticulous: attention-to the question of in the legislative.. and executive branches Army of the United States (brigadier gen of all who 'Of e:tal, U.S. Army). whether or- not the military menace to the Government, ·and have Maj. Gen. William Jonas Ely, 018974, Army us Is inereased or decreased fractionally ficial responsibilities, earnestly to search o! the United States (brigadier general, U.S. by the l)reseoce or absence of certain for an answer to·the problem, and ear .Army). tYPes -or quantities of military forces, nestly and ' honestly apply ourselves in Maj. Gen. Harold Keith Johnson, 019187, it tna.y very well be that we will fail to o.ur respective ways and in keeping with Army of the United States (brigadier gen face up to the basic problem-the fact our obligations to apply policies that eral, U.S. Army) • that international communism has been will meet the problem and bring about a Maj. Gen. Ben Harrell, 019276, Army of is the United States (brigadier general, U.S. established and being maintained in remedy. I know that we can do it. I Arm.y). the Western Hemisphere. believe that we shall do it. I also. believe Maj. Gen. Alden Kingsland Sibley, 018964, The American people, I believe, look that there is no time to ·be lost. Army of the United States (brigadier gen- for a very simple and' fundamental thing Mr. President, in closing, I would like eral, U.S. Army). · with respect to this problem. They want again to stress that, even though I am Maj. Gen. Alvin Charles Welling, 018983, to be assured that our responsible om. chairman of the Preparedness Investi Army: of the United States (brigadier gen cials recognize this problem and also gating Subcommittee, our hearings. ha.ve eral, U.S. Army). recognize that it will not just disappear not progressed very far, and today I Maj. Gen. David Warren Gray, 018988, to Army of the United States (brigadier gen with the passage·of time. They want speak as an individual Senator and one eral, U.S. Army). be convinced that it is the purpose of who is concerned with our. great Nation's Maj. Gen. James Hilliard Polk, 019028, our Government to do everything within welfare. Army of the United States ·(brigadier gen- our power to wipe out all Communist Mr. President, I yield the :floor. eral, U.S. Army). · governments in this hemisphere and Maj. Gen. .Frederick Robert Zierath, they want to be told that we have a 019211, Army of the United States (brigadier policy and a. plan which will accomplish ADJOURNMENT UNTIL MONDAY, general, U.S. Army). this, even though risk be involved. FEBRUARY 18, 1963 Maj. Gen. William Beehler Bunker, With all deference then I would sug 019402, Army of the United States (brigadier The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. general, U.S. Army). gest that the American people be brought Maj. Gen. BertOn Everett Splvy, Jr., a message which will convince them and HuMPHREY in the chair) . If there ts no further business, puTsuant to the previ 019479, Army of the United States (brigadier all the world that our Nation is virile, general, U.S. Army). strong, resolute, vigorous, determined ous order the Senate will now stand in Maj. Gen. Robert George MacDonnell, and, above all, unafraid. They want adjournment until 12 o'clock next Mon- 019361, Army of the United States (brigadier to be assured. that the United States day. . general, U.S. Army). .' _ _ will not countenance the existence of a Accordingly
E X T E N S I 0 N S 0 F R E·M A R K S A Salute to the Future Farmers of more than one-third of America's work;,; vocational education in agriculture so ing force, its effective pen)etuation is necessary to the perpetuation of our America basic to our continued economic and agricultural industry. social stabilitY". _ The Future Farmers of America was . EXTENSION OF REMARKS Without a prosperous agricultural in organized in November 1928 in Kansas OP dustry or the productivity of the Amer City, Mo., as an outgrowth of the ever ican farm, our great urban areas.. our increasing number of vocational agricul HON. WILLIAM H. · NATCHER other mighty industries, even our btisi ture student organizations all over· the OP KENTUCKY · ness and professional accomplishments, country. On August 30, l950, through . IN THE HOUSE_OF REPRESENTATIVES our educational institutions, and our enactment- of Public Law 740, the 81st Thursday~ February14~ 1963 many cultural advantages would perish. Congress granted to the organization a Indeed, our ·entire socioeconomic struc pubUc charter. Under a plan o{ cooper Mr. NATCHER. Mr. Speaker, it is ture would be altered. Likewise, the ation between various State boards for once again my pleasure· and privilege prosperity of the farm is co1:1tingent upon vocational education, local high school to pay tribute, on ·the eve of -Future the health and prosperity of the working departments of vocational agriculture, Parmers of America Week, to this :fine men and women;· and the solidarity of and the Office of Education, Department organization whic-:tr-·-ts dedicated to the the industries in our towns and cities; for of Health, Education, and Welfare, there development of those yoting adul~ who no ohe element ·of our Nation can exist was initiated a federally aided program will one. .day be responsible for the expan independently of the others. The Future of systematic instruction in agriculture sion and prosperity of American agricul FarnieTs of America is an organization and farm .mechanics. for_youths over 14 ture. · "In no other single industry in worthy of our keen interest, contiiu~ed years of age enrolled in public schools. our great-country are there more people support, and de~est respect al).d grath~ This organization is .an intracurricular engaged, and because it does employ tude, for it provides a proper program of activity for young men studying voca- 1-963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 2375 tiona! agriculture in public and second her death, never to realize. in this life method of additional witholdipgs, _per ary schools. that her work had not been in vain. mitting the Government to claim. their Vocational agriculture studen~the . It was not until 1920, the 100th anni substantial share of his earnings a little Future Farmers--learn the rudiments of versary of Susan B. Anthony's birth and sooner than they might otherwise. successful farm production together with 14 years following her death, that the This clearly is another example of the newer, more complex and efficient 19th amendment to the Federal Consti misleading advertising, and since the means that modern science has devel tution was declared in effect, thereby Federal Trade Commission is charged oped. To this end, soil conservation, gaining for all American women the with the responsibility of protecting the marketing, many phases of farm man right to cast their ballots in all subse American public from fraudulent and agement, the selection, care, mainte quent elections. · misleading advertising, I am referring nance, and operation of modern farm In the crypt of our Capitol ·Building is this matter to that agency for investiga machinery are all covered either in the a statue of Susan B. Anthony, a gift from tion. programs of instruction or dealt with American women. The 19th amend To me, this is just another insidious through the activities of the organiza ment is popularly known as the Susan device of the welfare state planners to tion itself. Frequently, the boy visits B. Anthony amendment. Every year lull the people into further apathy as to agricultural experiment stations and brings new recognition of what she did the true cost of government. I hope model farms where he may see the re to elevate the position of the women in such false advertising can be kept off sults of new methods and gain knowl our country. the television screens of this Nation. edge through direct observation and ex We in Rochester recognize that the perience. life of Susan B. Anthony was dedicated While the Future Farmers of America to the cause of women throughout Amer provides the technical training that is ica and that her work has borne fruits Cuba so necessary to successful farming, it in every corner of· the globe. We are also instills in the young person the ideal glad to share her memory with all the EXTENSION OF REMARKS of public service. It teaches coopera world. OF tion with fellow students for individual As we re:flect on Susan B. Anthony's and community betterment. The youth life of accomplishment, let us pledge HON. HENRY C. SCHADEBERG becomes a good citizen as he becomes a that these accomplishments never are OF WISCONSIN 'good farmer. rendered ineffective. The right to vote IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES I am proud to be the Representative in free elections is our most precious Thursday, February 14,1963 in Congress of a district which supports American heritage. Its strength lies in many :flourishing chapters of the Future every citizen's responsibility to exercise Mr. SCHADEBERG. Mr. Speaker, in Farmers of America. As I travel through this right. a radio broadcast this week I asked some the rural communities of my district, I questions that are of grave concern to see the many benefits this organization the residents of the First Wisconsin Dis is affording Kentucky's new generation Income Tax Withholding a trict and, indeed, to all Americans. Un of Future Farmers. To these young men der unanimous consent, I raise those and thousands like them throughout our questions here because of the interest of country belong the "heritage of the past EXTENSION OF REMARKS our colleagues in the Congress in this OF and th~ strength of the future." subject and with the hope that someone occupying a position of trust in the White HON. E. Y. BERRY House, or someone with an unclogged OF SOUTH DAKOTA pipeline to the White House, will come Susan B. Anthony IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES through with the answers. Thursday, February 14, 1963 Text of the broadcast follows: EXTENSION OF REMARKS Mr. BERRY. Mr. Speaker, judging Something new has been added to the normally heavy mail load coming into my OF from the caliber of a so-called public Washington omce. People back home are service announcement being distributed not only stating their views, they are asking HON. FRANK J. HORTON by the Internal Revenue Service, the questions. The subject is Cuba. And OF NEW YORK average taxpayer is assumed to be pretty they're asking questions they should never IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stupid and unaware of the heavy tax have had to ask, for information to which Thursday, February 14,1963 burden he is carrying to pay for his they are entitled. They're confused, and share of the tremendous cost of our small wonder. So are the Members of the Mr. HORTON. Mr. Speaker, tomor Federal spending programs. Congress. row the Nation celebrates the 143d anni This announcement is similar to the There are two general areas of confusion versary of the birth of one of our great and uncertainty. One is of the extent of the animated cartoon used in a popular continuin::; Soviet Communist threat in est women, Susan B. Anthony. toothpaste TV commercial with the fa Cuba, centered around what has--or what Since her birth the status of women in miliar line, ''Look, Ma, no cavities." has not--taken place in Cuba since the American life, and especially in the po In our federally produced commercial, President, last October 22, announced the litical life of the country, has been revo the narrator is shown in the film in quarantine of Cuba. It has to do with a lutionized. No man or woman in the terviewing Joe Doaks who tells how the documented clarification of the mllitary land played a more vital role in bringing and missile situation in Cuba as it is today. boys down at the factory have been sep The other has to do with the "deal" to ran about a national women's movement arated into two groups, A and B, for som the Bay of Pigs prisoners. than did Susan B. Anthony. the past year. Group A has had "in In the next few minutes I want to direct Those of us from Rochester, N.Y., creased withholdings" all year. The my remarks to the latter category, the pay where Susan B. Anthony spent many of scene then changes to Joe Doaks' home ment of blackmail to the Cuban Communist her active years and where her onetime and shows him coming in the door hold dictator, Castro. Citizens in the First Wis home has been preserved as an his ing up his form 1040A card exclaiming, consin District have written me for informa torical landmark, are particularly proud tion. A su vey of their letters indicates that "Look, Ma, no taxes." He then goes they want to know whether or not our Gov of her and her accomplishments. ~m to explain how much happier. every ernment is involved, along with private She chose the cause of woman suf one in group A is because they do not firms and individuals, in this ransom deal, frage, believed in it and fought resolutely have to pay any taxes and many receive and if so, to what extent? for it. Even when Susan B. Anthony refunds, whereas group B individuals If the Government is involved, it should was beyond the age of 80 she continued frequently have to pay taxes. not be classifled information. Why isn't the her campaign across the land to bring The implication is clear that Joe Doaks public told outright all the facts? women the right to vote. She held It the Government is not involved, what and his fortunate friends in gr~:mp A are right do private citizens have to deal with steadfastly to the conviction that wom pay~g no Jr~eral income tax. Nothing an's enfranchisement should be written foreign governments? could be farther_ from the truth. Joe What is or will be the effect of this action into the Constitution of the United ~d his friends in group A have paid on foreign policy and foreign relations; not States. To that end she worked until more ea~h week through the painless alone with Cuba but with otper. nat~ons? . 2376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE February- 14 Did the Central Intelligence Agency under tance, particularly in: the national farmers. For now · out o! the complexities write the ra.nSom payment? If it did, by economy. and confusion, the charges and counter how much? It is charges, and the tens of' thousands of words Has any portion of the payment gone to notewo-rthy of the growers council heard in testimony by at least 14 county, the Soviet Union? · that they have taken the time to provide State, -and Federal investigating groups, What concessions, if any; did the Internal this media to enlighten new generations emerges this- alarming truth: Revenue .service make- to the contributors? of our citizens with factual information The sordid case of Billie Sol Estes is merely What concessions, if any, did the Justice about California agriculture, and help the boil on the diseased body o.f Govern Department make in connection with the these young people to better understand ment-controlled agriculture. ransom contributions? the interdependence between urban and As a Congressman from one of America's What concessions, if any, did other Federal rural areas. large corn-producing areas, I say urgent agencies ma.ke in connection with the ran action must be taken by Congress itself som contributions? Such as the Agriculture Produced as a public service, narrated the very branch whose legislation has invited Department; the State Department; the De by Joel McCrea, and praised by the di this terrible abuse to the health of our farm partment of Health, Education, and Welfare. rector of agriculture and the California economy. Is it true that. the drug firms involved not State Board of Agriculture, "Horizon" is Even Agriculture Secretary Orville Free only obtained tax concessions but actually considered educational and leaves the man, once he had retreated from his early sold their products at wholesale? viewer with a new concept of the role soft pedaling of the case, grimly told Senator If the drug firms made a profit, how much? California agriculture plays in the areas JOHN MCCLELLAN'S investigating committee: Did the first payment of ransom by the of farming. "The Billie Sol Estes case is but an exterior United States in its history damage U.S. symptom of an underlying sickness of the prestige in other countries? farm program in this country." The germs of this sickness were planted Did not the United States admit to Com The Estes Case: A Symptom of Deep Ills during the depression. But they got their munist Fidel Castro's continued authority present grip on American agriculture in in Cuba by paying a ransom to him just after in Government Agriculture 1948 when Congress, rather t-han let the he had helped the Kremlin try to get an farmer expand his opportunity in the mar atomic "drop" on us? ketplace, clung to the outdated, depression Did not payment of this U.S. ransom fasten . EXTENSION OF REMARKS OF born system of unrealistically high price the fetters of slavery tighter on the helpless supports, whereby the Government tries to Cuban people? HON. THOMAS B. CURTIS guarantee the farmer a price above the mar It's reprehensible that citizens of this free ket value. Its worthy but misguided aim and open society are not given-without ask OF MISSOURI was basically to insure farmers an adequate ing for it-all the information to which IN THE HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES income and to protect the small farmer. they are entitled. Thursday, February 14,1963 Instead, it has done just the opposite. It is my conviction that an appropriate And like a spreading cancer, it has hurt other committee on the House call in American Mr. CURTIS. Mr. Speaker, shortly sections.. of our economy. Look at the facts. officials involved-Attorney General Rob after the close of the last session of the Farm per capita income, according to the ert Kennedy, for one-as well as the U.S. 87th Congress, the gentleman from Illi ~griculture Department's own figures, aver firms and other key figures so that the ages only $1,373 a year, while nonta.rm. is public can be properly informed, for, nois [Mr. FINDLEY], himself a newspaper publisher, prepared and had published $2,345. The most recent figures of the Fed after all, what we .are doing or failing to do eral census show that iil 9 years a -stagger in our relationship with Cuba affects each in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat an ing 1,671,659 farms have had to fold ·up. and every one of us personally. analysis of the Billie Sol Estes case and Hardest hit were those of less than 200 acres. One of the great dangers confronting any the underlying meaning of this matter Added to this record of the failure of Gov people is secrecy on the part of governments read in the context of Government con ernment intervention is the encouragement where nonclassified matters are concerned. trol of agriculture. PAUL FINDLEY has of unsound farming practices. Farmers 1ive secrecy creates suspicions, which do much by the Government rulebook rather than to destroy the faith of the people in even done an excellent job of putting the Estes case into perspective, of showing how our their own commonsense. Like businessmen good governments. who find their time more profitably spent This particular action-the Cuban ransom present agricultural programs make such hunting for tax loopholes instead of new deal-is shrouded in a heavy rn,ist of secrecy. abuses inevitable. More important, business, many farmers find it more profita Knowledge is withheld from even those who however, the gentleman has suggested a ble to hunt for ways to beat farm programs, are elected to represent the people. The path which will lead American agricul rather than utilizing their land and agri people have a right to know the facts, and ture out of the morass. into which the cultural know-how to the fullest. I call on the proper ofilcials of the executive proliferation of Government programs Out in my State of nHnois, for example, branch of the Government to provide them. and controls in agliculture has forced it. farmers for several yeazs planted a class of wheat that was so ill adapted to the Illinois It is a classic example of how unwise climate it was fit. only for Go-vernment stor Federal programs, built upon false age, cheap export-or. blending. The -reason: "Horizon" : Story of California premises, can damage, perhaps fatally, They could get better yields per acre, and a basically healthy aspect of our private with the Government guaranteeing a profit, Agriculture economy. I am placing Congressman this was more important than producing-the FINDLEY'S article in the RECORD With my superior classes of wheat which did not grow EXTENSION OF REMARKS sincerest commendation to him for as abundantly in Illinois. . In addition, the high cost of surplus stock 01' bringing the facts of the Estes case, and piles created by our farm programs has the weaknesses of our farm program, drained off fantastic sums of tax money HON. ROBERT L. LEGGETT into so clear a focus: which could have been better used for more OF CALIFORNIA THE REAL MEANING OF THE BILLIE SOL ESTES important and pressing national needs. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CASE Each year the American taxpayer (farmers Thursday, February 14, 1963 (NOTE.-Representative PAUL FINDLEY, Re are taxpayers too), must fork up nearly $1 publican, of Illinois, is a member of the billion in storage and handling costs alone Mr. LEGGETI'. Mr. Speaker, under House Agriculture Committee and was cred on the $7 billion worth of commodities in leave to extend my remarks in the REc ited with devising the strategy which de storage. These yearly storage costs are close ORD, I wish to commend to the general feated the Kennedy administration's plan to to 10 times more than all public and pri public, service clubs, schools, and all impose tighter controls on the production of vate funds spent on cancer research last feed grains. He is publisher of two Illinois year. other interested organizations and audi weekly newspapers, the Pike County Repub During the past decade, this mess in agri ences, the showing of the motion picture lican of Pittsfield and the Independent Press culture has become so overwhelming and entitled "Horizon." of Griggsville.) persistent that the public was becoming This film was produced by the Council (By Hon. PAUL FINDLEY, of Illinois) hopelessly immune. But. now I believe the of California Growers, whose organiza enormity of the Billie Sol Estes swindle will The Billie Sol Estes scandal with its dis alert and arouse the public. It proves, as tion was founded by the farmers of Cali closures of bribery of Government omcials fornia for the purpose of creating a bet- never before, the colossal disgrace of Wash and the callous exploitation of our mis ington's attempts to manage agriculture, for . ter understanding between farming and managed farm programs g<>es far beyond the Estes" whole shOddy career was able to sky nonfarming people. plundering ·by one man. It reaches . deeP' rocket only because of Pederal price fixing This nonpartisan 28-minute color film into the very vitals · of the Agriculture and control&. · portrays a ·vivid and revealing story of Department's colossal bute.aucraey and our · Many of my friends and constituents, Californi'a agriculture and its impor- misguided attempts to fix prices and control contused by conflicting interpretations with 1963 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD- SENATE 2377 .which they are bombarded almost dally, have The_ grain situation: The Government's Billie Sol Estes proved the. answer is yes. asked me, "What is the real meaning of the price support programs have created a For here are some of the most :flagrant weak .Billie Sol Estes case?" Is it merely a case of tremendous hoard of Government-owned sur nesses of the bureaucracy which provide petty corruption, minor bribery, and system plus commodities. Last July 1, when the open invitation to disastrous. mistakes and beating which can be stopped by tighter Government closed its books for fiscal 1962, wrongdoing: controls, as the Kennedy administration there were more than 1 billion bushels of Inability to watchdog its own. personnel: claims? Or is it another warning that Gov surplus wheat-a 2-year domestic supply Only 1 week after Secretary .Fr.eeman told ernment price ftxing and controls are noth ·Stashed away in grain elevators throughout the McClellan subcommittee that "no official ing more than an open invitation to corrup the United States. The Government also or employee now in the employ of the Pe tion which wm increase as the controls get had stored 1,700 m1111on bushels of corn, partment is known or can reasonably be tighter? I believe it is a warning, which we 5,100,000 bales of cotton, 341 million pounds believed to have improperly accepted gifts must heed before it is too late. And to un of butter, 622 m1llion pounds of dried milk, or other favors from Estes," his assurance derstand it, we must examine the two main and tons of such other commodities as was exploded. Two Department employees fields in which Estes operated: cotton and tobacco, soybeans, oats, honey, and peanuts. in Oklahoma admitted they had illegally ac grains. For these programs have been in Here's how price support programs have cepted $1,640.80 in "finder's fees" for help eft'ect for years and well illustrate the created this monstrosity. The farmer bor ing Estes locate cotton allotments. stupidity of our multibillion-dollar farm rows from the Government in anticipation Moreover, the Department's administrative program. of future harvests. But the loan is made at controls over lower level decisions were so The cotton situation: Like other Govern an inflated support price. For example, last ineft'ectual that Estes was able to get his ment price support programs which under year Uncle Sam made loans on corn at the cotton allotment transfers approved even write the production of wheat, rice, peanuts, rate of $1.20 a bushel. But if the farmer after the Agriculture Department had ruled and most types of tobacco, the cotton sup sold his corn on the open market, he would at least three times that such transfers were port program guarantees the farmer an have received an average of only 99 cents illegal. In fact, the bulk of the transfers artificially fixed price for his crops. During a bushel. The Government, however, took were approved after February 17, 1961, when the last 5 years, these subsidies have totaled the grain at $1.20 a bushel as full payment. the regulation was printed in the Federal over $2,500 million-an average of $500 mil And not only did the Government lose part Register, which goes to all Department field lion per year. This looks like a good deal of the money it had loaned, it ended up with offices. for the farmer, but is it? In accepting Gov multimillion-dollar storage costs. For most Bureaucratic lethargy: Two weeks before ernment price guarantees, the farmer must of the corn was kept in storage, usually in the Estes case broke into the headlines, a also accept Government control, for without the same elevators to which the farmer had Department official called the Department's acreage controls farmers would flock to plant shipped it at harvesttime. internal audit division to check on whether all their land in guaranteed crops. Con What Estes did: He exploited the Federal Estes' financial condition was so shaky that trols-in the form of allotments-are as practice of leaving the grain where the his grain storage bond would have to be signed to individual farmers according to farmer put it at harvesttime. He lured raised. The audit division 6 months earlier formulas based on the amount of their pre farmers into using his elevators by oft'ering had been assigned to investigate Estes. But control production. Moreover, these allot them free storage or cutrate fertilizer prices the Department said that "an investigation ments belong to the land; they generally while awaiting Government takeover. And had been started but they had been so may never be sold separately and they may so confident was he that the U.S. Treasury snowed under that they hadn't gotten out never be transferred, with one major excep would make up his losses and guarantee him a report. But they had found no cause for tion. A 1958 congressional amendment per profits in storage payments, that he assigned alarm." Had this investigation been prop mits farmers to transfer allotments if the the earnings from his elevators to his credi erly and swiftly run, it might have turned Government takes their land for such public tors. up the Estes scandal months before it finally uses as parks, highways, military bases, or So correct was Estes• reasoning that the broke. Not only was the Agriculture De .flood control projects. storage business would pay oft' that he was partment slow in probing Estes' financial What Estes did: He noted that three out able to expand rapidly his storage facilities. condition, it also failed to set a deadline for of every four farmers displaced by Govern Within 3 years, he had six grain elevators, a final check on the disputed cotton deals. ment land acquisition either retire or go Government g!'ain in them had jumped from Mismanagement: But worst of all is the into some other occupation, and they never 2.3 to 54 million bushels, and he had become fact that the Department was so badly run again use their allotments. The Estes plan the ninth largest warehouseman for Gov that Estes was appointed on December 22, was simple: sell these displaced farmers some ernment grain in the entire United States. 1961, to the influential Cotton Advisory of his own land in Reeves County, Tex. The During that 3-year period, Government pay Council, despite an adverse personnel re farmer then would transfer his cotton allot ments for Estes' grain storage totaled $11 port and only a few hours after the Depart ment to the Estes land and agree that if he million. ment decided to cancel his cotton allotment did not make his first mortgage payment, Significance: Surplus storage has become a transfers as fraudulent. the property would revert to Estes, cotton big business, for $1 billion a year goes to Why is all this so serious? Not just be allotment and all. Then the allotment handle and store the surplus stocks. Com cause one man or a dozen men took advan owner, by prearrangement, defaulted on the petition for these storage contracts is tage of the system. It is important because sales contract and the land and its allot increasing, and so are opportunities for privi the system itself becomes vulnerable when ment went to Estes. For his trouble, Estes lege, influence, and corruption, for Agricul a bureaucracy is handed the power to ration paid the farmer from $50 to $100, which he ture Department regulations provide no com what was once a basic freedom: the right to called an advance payment on leasing the petitive basis for awarding storage contr~cts. grow food. And no matter how many re land. But it was. really a boldfaced pay Billie Sol Estes operated in two major fields forms the bureaucracy institutes as each new ment for the cotton allotment. of the Agriculture Department's complicated crisis arises, it will still be inherently Estes got a great deal for his money. One programs. Other programs are equally con vulnerable. of the byproducts of the Government's crop tradictory and open to abuse. Part of the The solution: The Government must stop control programs is the creation of a new problem is the sheer size of the Agriculture fixing prices and controlling farmers. If we land value. To illustrate: In west Texas, Department. It has grown to such unbe do it gradually to cushion the shock, all irrigated land without a cotton allotment lievable proportions it defies the imagination. American agriculture can be restored to is worth only about $50 an acre. But 1! the And herein is perhaps the most fundamental, health, and, contrary to fears of control land has an allotment, its value jumps as overlooked reason why Billie Sol got as far as happy bureaucrats, there will be no farm de high as $300 an acre. Estes, then, was he did. pression. making a big net profit-as high as $250- on the increased value of each acre. Just look at our tax-supported Agriculture 1. Get rid of our present surplus grain Significance: The Billie Sol manipulations Department, which spends over $7 billion a stocks. It can be done in a sensible, orderly, show that even in the oldest, most tightly year. From a nine-man staft' in the base and direct manner--so the patient can have controlled farm programs, sharp operators ment of the Patent Office Building 100 years a happy and speedy convalescence. How? will discover loopholes or even bribe bureau ago, it has burgeoned into the largest non . Sell surplus grain back to the farmer at an crats to overlook their violations. For ex defense bureaucracy the free world has ever attractive price-just low enough to get the ample, after the Estes case broke, the Agri known. From its sprawling headquarters desired signup--in exchange for the farm culture Department itself discovered that at near the Washington Monument, more than ers short-term agreement not to plant any .least three of its employees in Texas had 12,000 employees direct the work of another of that crop that year and to idle the land .been authorizing illegal transfer of rice 82,000 spread out in more than 10,000 State he usually planted to it. This would keep allotments. And during the past decade, and county field offices. market supplies in balance during the sell the Government's General Accounting Office This setup is ready made for the swindler back period. The farmer wou~d use the has.discovered dozens of other abuses, rang or shady operator. Henry B. Arthur, profes Government grain he bought on h'is own farm ing from misuse of the soil bank to improper sor of agriculture and business at the Har or sell it-for enough profit to compensate sales of surplus cotton. For each time the vard Business School, summed it up power · for idling his land-on the open market. .Government fixes prices and clamps tighter fully when he asked recently: "Are the This plan would get rid of our ·entire sur controls on production, farmers have a temptations to exploit the system so numer plus feed grain stocks within 2 years- ,harder time making a living, and more and ous and is the bur.eaucratic underbrush so 4 years for some classes · of wheat-convert more are tem_Pted to beat the syste~ . de~e as tP und~rmine e11'e9tive enforcement? these stocks to cash,- end (loverrupent storage 2378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 14 costs, and return agriculture to the market editor, J. Earle Bell. In addition, he has Economic and fiscal theorists notwith place system. in the pressroom a group of efficient and standing, the U.S. balance of pay: 2. Avoid future surplus buildup by keep dedicated people wlio know how to put ments will continue to shrink as long ing crop loans just enough below the out a good newspaper. as large budget deficits continue. It is realistic average market price for the pre ceding S years to cushion the farmer against The people of Union County are most an established fact that the confidence severe price drops, but not give him a guar fortunate in being served by so capable or lack of confidence of foreign investors anteed Government market in normal times. and conscientious a group as that com is directly influenced by this Nation's 3. Stop mandatory acreage controls and prising the staff of the Union County domestic fiscal conduct. We can talk restore to all Americans the basic right to Advocate. The influence which this about the gross national product and plant what they want and compete for mar newspaper has wielded in the past 77 rate of economic growth-those terms kets. years shall not cease, but shall continue which the economists are tossing about Unwise programs to fix prices and control to have its impact upon public life in so fashionably these days-but the fact farmers obscure the splendid services ren remains that U.S. gold reserves have dered for years by the Department of Agricul Union County and throughout the ad ture, activities like education, conservation, joining sections of Kentucky. continued to flow abroad to the tune of marketing, and health protection, which I am justifiably proud to be able to more than $10 billion since 1946, during benefit all Americans. place in the REcORD a brief tribute to this which time we have poured approxi They also obscure the truly magnificient fine paper, its publisher, editor, and en mately $130 billion into foreign aid. accomplishments of American farmers. The tire staff. As some of us predicted a year ago achievements of free agriculture-and for when there was loud clamor for a revi tunately most U.S. farmers are still un sion of our trade and tariff policies, we fettered-are the envy of the world. One The Dilemma of the Shrinking Gold now find ourselves pretty much in the American farmer produces enough food and same position as Great Britain. The fiber for 26 other people and this ratio is Reserve most ardent proponents of the so-called steadily rising. In Russia and Red China where price fixing and controls are univer Trade Expansion Act of 1962 were very sal--one farmer provides for only three others EXTENSION OF REMARKS critical of the position taken by me and and food shortages are severe. OF other less gullible Members of Congress Besides hobbling fast-buck medicine men with regard to the program and the like Billie Sol Estes, free agriculture offers HON. HAROLD R. COLLIER glowing harvest predicted. Instead, many rewards. A program of returning OF ILLINOIS though we predicated the need for this farming to farmers would eventually save you IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES bill for the entrance of Great Britain in and other taxpayers about $4 billion a year. the Common Market, we find that we It would assure a continued supply of food Thursday, February 14,1963 were simply getting all dressed up to go for the housewife, and at a fair price. It Mr. COLLIER. Mr. Speaker, for the would be an incentive to farmers to become to a party to which we had not been in even more efficient, to develop foreign mar past several years, the United States has vited-and President de Gaulle made it kets that pay in dollars, and to help provide been perched uncomfortably upon the quite clear recently that there would be abundance in a world of want. horns of the dilemma of its shrinking no engraved invitations issued, either. gold reserves. Because it is a politically Thus, those who predicted that the trade distasteful matter with no apparent expansion bill would be the economic solution it is treated as an ugly stepchild cure-all and the one thing that would The Union County Advocate: 77 Years in the Nation's family of fiscal problems. improve our critical gold reserve situa On the justified premise that many tion, must now face the stark reality that of Service folks do not understand-and, therefore, it is not always good judgment to theo are little concerned with the seriousness rize or indulge in economic wishful EXTENSION OF REMARKS of our imbalance of payments, it has thinking when experience and reality OF been vaguely discussed in most of this provide the best basis for conclusion. administration's messages on economic In the light of recent events associ HON. WILLIAM H. NATCHER policy. Neither Secretary of the Treas ated with the Common Market, we find OF KENTUCKY ury Dillon nor Secretary of Commerce the same folks theorizing that a tax cut, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hodges would agree in my interrogation accompanied by increased Federal ex Thursday, February 14, 1963 of them before the House Ways and penditures, will ultimately improve our Means Committee that there is any direct imbalance of payments. Let the record Mr. NATCHER. Mr. Speaker, the correlation at present between our show that there are many of us who do Union County Advocate, of Morganfield, domestic budget deficits and our gold not share the optimism of this theory, Ky., one of the top ranking weekly news reserve woes. It seems to me that every for 1, 2, and 3 years from now will un papers in the State of Kentucky, last one is just too anxious to oversimplify doubtedly prove the need for dealing week entered its 78th year of publica the ultimate solution to 1:1. problem which with the gold reserve problem in a sound tion. This long period of service to the has been getting progressively worse dur fiscal and economical manner. citizens .of Union County represents a ing the pas£ 16 years. In his tax re great deal more than mere factual re vision message, the President did say porting of news, but is proof of the pa that the series of chain reactions which per's worthiness in the highest traditions would be resultant in our economy wlth Abraham Lincoln-Tadeusz Kosciuszko of the press. the adoption of our structural and rate Mr. Tyler Munford, publisher of the changes would improve our balance and EXTENSION OF REMARKS Union County Advocate, is an outstand payments. This is, in my considered OF ing newspaperman, fully cognizant that opinion, wishful thinking which has no the weekly newspaper is the backbone of basis of fact from our past experience. HON. CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI the American press and accepting that In fact, recent history would indicate OF WISCONSIN challenge with integrity, intelligence, and that the eftect of a bloated budget com IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES enthusiasm. He believes that a news bined with shrinking revenues would ac paper's basic function is the dissemina celerate rather than slow up the U.S. Thursday, February 14, 1963 tion of information, that it has a re flow of gold. Mr. ZABLOCKI. Mr. Speaker, on sponsibility to the community it serves, Today U.S. gold reserves have tail February 12 we observe the birthdays of and that it also renders service by arous spinned to a figure of $15.9 billion. The two great men who have played impor ing the interest of the citizens in broader statutory requirement that we maintain tant roles in the history of our Nation national issues. In meeting these re $11.6 billion to support our domestic re Abraham Lincoln, our 16th President, sponsibilities, Mr. Munford's paper pro quirements at home leaves us faced with and Ge.n. Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a famous vides facts presented without bias, so the stark reality that we actually have adopted son of our country and a hero of that the average citizen can exercise his in reserve beyond this requirement less the Revolutionary War. privilege of forming his own opinion. - than $4% billion in gold reserves against These two great men, living in different Tyler Munford is assisted by an ex which there are outstanding foreign periods, with different backgrounds, ceedingly competent staff, headed by his obligations of more than $22 billion. shared the same respect for the digru.ty 1963 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD- SENATE 2379
of man and abiding love for our Nation. manufacturer's product :find their sup Likewise, in the case of automobil~ Each in his own way helped to make the plier selling the same product at a lower parts and accessories, independent United States what it is today. · price to the clientele laboriously built up wholesalers are required to pay the Fed General Kosciuszko was an outstand over a period of years by the independent eral excise tax upon their entire stock ing military leader, and his gallant par wholesaler. at the time of acquisition. Integrated ticipation in our Revolutionary War is Manufacturers and· fabricators are wholesale outlets need not pay the tax impressive because of the fact that in encountering this same problem. The until a sale is made. assisting our Nation's struggle for inde :firm supplying the raw product or com I have introduced H.R. 3564 to extend pendence he did not hesitate to come to ponent parts used by the independent in the same privilege to independent dis our shores and :fight for the principles in manufacturing or fabricating all too tributors as is presently enjoyed by in which he believed. His devotion to the often appears as a direct rival-market tegrated distributors. Under the terms cause of freedom and liberty should be an ing a similar or identical product. of this bill, the excise tax on their stock inspiration to all of us. This is a particularly vexing problem, would also be due only upon actual sale. President Lincoln's courageous stand because it is extremely difficult to elimi Appropriate measures for the posting of for freedom and union is forever in nate these objectionable practices with bonds giving full insurance of payment scribed in the annals of our national his out doing violence to our traditional eco of the tax is included in the bill's pro tory. He led our Nation through a nomic freedoms. It is a problem which visions. critical and tragic period, preserving the the Subcommittee on Distribution of the Union and opening the doors to a great Select Committee on Small Business is future for the United States. planning to study once the subcommit The Lincoln Legacy Today we are involved in a great and tee is fully reconstituted. terrible confiict-the conflict between the During the 87th Congress, two bills EXTENSION OF REMARKS free world and communism. As we re dealing with this difficult subject were OJ' call the achievements of these two men, introduced by Senator RUSSELL B. LoNG. we must reaffirm our determination to I am informed that they will be reintro HON. JACK WESTLAND strive for freedom and justice for all. duced during the current session of the OJ' WASHINGTON Let us express hope that the day will soon IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES come when the people of Poland will re 88th Congress. gain their full independence. It is our I share with Senator LoNG the convic Thursday, February 14,1963 responsibility to take a :firm stand and tion that this problem must be dealt Mr. WESTLAND. Mr. Speaker, Lin be willing. to sacrifice in order that we with. I also share with the Senator his coln Week commemoration provides a may preserve our heritage and, inspired position of not being wedded to any spe pause in the pace of legislative activi by the example of Lincoln and Kosciusz cific proposals. ties. It is a time when many Members ko, we pray that, with God's help, we I have recently introduced two bills return to their respective districts, sound may have the strength today and in the identical to those introduced by Senator out local sentiments, and assess the days to come to live up to that responsi LoNG during the 87th Congress. strengths and weaknesses of party or bilitr. The :first is H.R. 3562. This bill applies ganizational machinery. the principles of the Robinson-Patman Especially noteworthy during this Act in requiring that the vertical integra Lincoln Day recess have been the com Dual Distribution: A Growing Threat to tor treat all his customers in the same ments of my colleague to the south in manner as his own captive manufac Small Business· the State Of California, ALPHONZO BELL. turers, wholesalers, and retailers. Congressman BELL's Lincoln speech, The second bill, H.R. 3559, recognizes "The Lincoln Legacy," comes directly to EXTENSION OF REMARKS the extreme difficulty, in many instances, grip with the serious problems facing the 01" of attempting to force the various units Republican Party not only in California HON. JAMES ROOSEVELT of an integrated operation to deal with but in many sections of the United each other at arm's length. The pro States. Congressman BELL's comments OJ' CALIFORNIA visions of the bill require that companies signal the need for a minority party to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES engaged in dual distribution make pub heed common organizational shortcom Thursday, February 14~ 1963 lic operating data on each product and ings. His speech sets out in the frank Mr. ROOSEVELT. Mr. Speaker, one each establishment that is involved in est manner the present status and the of the greatest threats to the small busi the dual distribution process. future prospects of California's Repub ness sector of the American economy is This reporting requirement will allow lican Party with particular emphasis on the increasing incidence of dual distri independent competitors, consumers, needed organizational reforms. bution-manufacturers acting both as and Government antitrust agencies to Without a strong organizational supplier and competitor to independent determine whether a particular product framework, party responsibility fac retailers, wholesalers, and secondary or establishment is actually being oper tionalizes, deteriorates, and withers. manufacturers. ated for legitimate pro:fitmaking purpose Without strong organizational machinery The usual designation for this practice or merely as a device to establish a through which political parties may is "dual distribution." However, we monopoly. channel their expression, the viability must not allow ourselves to be misled by Our tax laws also reflect the inequita of a successful two-party system can be this innocuous sounding phrase. Ac ble aspects of dual distribution. For ex seriously jeopardized. tually, this is vertical integration-ver ample, under the present law, independ I commend Congressman BELL's ad tical integration which enables large ent tire dealers must pay the excise tax dress to the attention of my fellow col :firms by virtue of their size and position on tires and tubes at the time they ac leagues: to take business from small businesses quire them. In the case of the average THE LINCOLN LEGACY throughout the Nation. dealer, this ties up large amounts of My friends a.nd fellow Republicans, :tor All levels of our economy are affected capital, often over a considerable period the Nation and for the Republican Party by this practice. of time. Retail outlets owned by tire and annual ceremonies honoring Abraham Lin tube manufacturers, however, are not coln provide valuable opportunities for re Retailers find themselves competing subject to this requirement. The ex :ft.ection. with factory outlets carrying the same In 1963, recollection of the tragic divisions products at a price below the cost of ac cise tax on their stock becomes due only and discords which Lincoln surmounted can quisition for the independent retailer. at the time of sale. This is clearly in be especially meaningful to Republicans. In The .independent merchant has only his equitable. I have introduced H.R. 3563 the adversity of Abraham Libcoln there 1s a own operation from which he may make to remedy this situation. It would make lesson for us. In the triumph of Abraham the tax payable upon delivery to a retail Lincoln there is inspiration :tor us. a profit. The manufacturer turned re With. this lesson and this inspiration in tailer, however, has several levels at outlet owned by the tire or tube manu mind I come before you today to speak about which a profit can be produced.· facturer in the same manner as is pres Republican victory . in California. I knoy.r .Wholesalers who have·spent a lifetime ently required 'upon· sal~s to independent that optimism about victory must make me building up trade acceptance for a retailers. · · · ·· - · a suspicious figure in certain circles at this 2380 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 14 time. Some people are likely-to say that in can Party. I suggest that this stalemate is disagreement, discord, and defeat. We must my talk of return to past glory I have be undermining that single part of us which create a victory strategy. We must here come the kind· of reactionary Republican that must never be undermined: the organiza dedicate ourselves to a great task. is supposed to give our party a bad name. tional mechanism which alone can bring That task is not to overwhelm our po Others may examine such a radical outlook us victory. · litical allies. It is to out-campaign our po and say I am not really a Republican at all: Among the factors contributing to this litical opponents. Our job is not to reduce I am a Democrat. stalemate I would list the following: the size of the Republican platform but to Nevertheless, as an advocate of optimism, 1. A splintering of forces which has made broaden it so that its structure wlll be I am hopeful that you will be tolerant in some groups vulnerable to the age-old fallacy large enough to hold and echo the voices of hearing what I !ear is currently a minority of being unwilling to work unless they are all thoughtful men and women, now and in point of view in our party. We far-out types, also in control. This seems to have trig the future. we extremists, have a right to be represented. gered a chain reaction of dissidence every Turbulence and strife are in the natural We must not be eliminated from the organi where in California. order of things within a political structure. zation. In the year 1963 there must be a 2. A blood lust which is keeping some party We must recognize discord as an ever present place in Republican ranks for men and officials so busy fending off attacks on them quality which makes the political party sys women willing to declare that we are still selves that they cannot apply their full tem in the United States a unique and in capable of working together to win in 1964. time talents to the work of preparing to dispensable safety valve in our society. We So it is to the quality of optimism and to defeat our real opponents next year. must see the political party as an arena in the proposition of victory that I address my 3. An archaic system of laws which makes which men and women are given their first self in the moments that I have before you. it possible for certain members of our cen significant opportunity to express themselves To do this with any degree of validity I must tral committees to run for and be elected on issues and ideas. We must understand begin by subjecting you tblunder in Cuba is called channeled and results obtained. I do not responsibility and trust must go to those en historic success. minimize the philosophical differences with lightened men and women of both liberal and We w111 press home the question which in our organization, nor do I suggest that conservative persuasions in our party who leading Democrats are already asking eac:h interest in philosophy should be subordi recognize that the seed of political success other in California: Just what implication nated to interest in party structure. I do in a democratic society is mature concilia does the presence of the quarter mUlion dol remind you, however, that all of us are also tion. lar election day Democratic slush fund have the caretakers of this extremely complex and One hundred years ago today, still reelinf for the future of free and clean government absolutely invaluable mechanism by which from the disastrous battle of Stone Rivet in our State? great things can be done or fail to be done and yet to face the debacle at Chancellors We are going to talk more about the by our Government. ville, Abraham Lincoln must surely have con manipulation of national news, and abo\lt We want to encourage men and women templated the problems of creating victory the circumstances -which led our opponents who have strong convictions about party strategy in the midst of discord, defeat and after so many years suddenly to advocate the philosophy. We want men and women who disunity. The triumphs at Gettysburg and classic Republican position that confiscatory have both the ability and the opportunity to Vicksburg which came in the second half of taxation is a drain on the economy and must express, within our party's framework, the the year, exactly a century ago, were the be stopped. broadest spectrum of responsible opinion. fruit of organizational and military concilia My friends, with au that has happened to But we also want men and women who recog tion. The speech at Gettysburg in July 1863 us and all of the obstacles still in our path, nize that political philosophy must be sup is an everlasting monument to the gentleness there is hope for the Republican Party. ported by well integrated, working orga of man, to the strength of gentleness, to the That hope is the truth of our message. nization. We need men and women who enduring power of the conciliating human From the time of the first Republican understand the real nature of the party spirit. Presidency w:e have offered to this Nation a apparatus in which they work. I don't be In a cosmic way Abraham Lincoln, 100 restraining voice in the midst of confusion, lieve we have as many of these men and years ago, left his legacy to the Republican a courageous voice in the face of challenge. women as we should today. Party and to the world. The need for this voice stlll exists. The It is my opinion that a serious factional In 1963 California Republicans must find truth of our convictions has been validated stalemate exists in the Callfornia Republi- direction in an environment where theFe is across a century of historical experience. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE 2381 There is a magic in the truth we speak. thirds of those facilities operate with the register an astronaut's every physical action It wlll .bring· us together. ·Because _it is assistance of foreign nations. Thus, our and reaction and in some instances advise bigger and more important than all oJ the and assist 111m "in adjusting-to circumstances. internal problems which. cause us anguish wo:ddwide tracking system has provided We can record accurately and instantly his now, it will bring us together. . the ·united States with a great opportu observations, .as multiplied by :ifhe instru We can have that great · mechanism nity for in.ternational cooperation, and mentation at· his command. And, of course, through which our concerns about·the future has given friendly countries around the we can do the same for our unmanned ex of the Nation and the world wlll be pro world an important part to play in plorers. We can correct the course of a satel jected. and acted upon. In a throbbing sci America's space program. lite millions of miles away: While men were entific epoch we can be again that effective, The following countries that has so needed to man the tiny Santa Maria of articulate body of Americans which leads in generously participated in this great un Christopher Columbus, we today· can send the search for balance between progress and mechanical "Santa Marias" before man him tradition, between the needs of the free dertaking were represented on this self essays the journey. human spirit and the requirements of occasion: The Argentine Republic, Aus We do not wish to dispatch manned or burgeoning society. tralia, the United States of Brazil, Can unmanned space missions without doing A Republican Party which gave the Nation ada, the Republic of Chile, the Republic everything possible to insure their success. an Abraham Lincoln and a monument to of Ecuador, the United Kingdom of Great To insure both the safety and the fruitful gentleness in an age of war now prepares for Britain and Northern Ireland, India, exploitation of the voyage, we must remain its role in a major new chapter in the life Iran, Japan, the United Mexican States, in communication with the space traveler. of man. Whatever we may accomplish in the Netherlands, the Federation of Ni Today we pause to pay tribute to those who the years ahead we· wm accomplish because, have helped us to fulfill the canons of hu during a time of trial, we worked together. geria, the Republic of Peru, the Republic manity ·and the obligations of science. We we· recognized that the real rewards in hu of South Africa, and Spain. express our gratitude to the 16 nations whose man life go to those .who unite, not divide. During the celebration last week at representatives have joined us tooay-16 na This, my friends, our Lincoln legacy. the Goddard Space Flight Center, the tions in which are located the 27 tracking following addresses were made by the fac111ties of our peaceful space program. We Secretary of State, the Honorable Dean are proud of the association. This program Rusk, and by the Administrator of is a partnership in peace. We think we are Goddard Space Flight Center Celebr~tion creating a heritage for those who follow us NASA, James E. Webb. I am submitting in the coming generations in a great explora copies for inclusion in the RECORD be tion for peaceful purposes. EXTENSION OF REMARKS cause I believe their remarks will be of Science has never recognized manmade OF interest to all Members of Congress: boundaries. The continued development of AnDRESS BY THE SECRETARY 9F STATE, THE science must always rest on an international HON. GEORGE P. MILLER . HONORABLE DEAN RUSK base, for nature does not play favorites. We OF CALIFORNIA Your Excellencies, Congressmen Miller and 17 nations have embarked on a cooperative effort to expand the knowledge of man to IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Fulton, Mr. Webb, Dr. Goett, Commander Schirra, ladies and gentlemen, on touring an unprecedented extent. We are doing it Thursday, February 14,1963 in the full glare of light. The world watches the Goddard Space Flight Center, many of us in our successes and our failures. . And Mr. MILLER of California. Mr. us may share the reaction of the legendary the whole world wm benefit from our dis Speaker, on January 31, 1963, a cele frontiersman, Daniel Boone, when he was coveries. We seek to publish all the knowl bration was held at the GOddard Space asked if he had ever been lost. He replied: edge we uncover. We are making it avail Flight Center, on the occasion of the "No, I can't rightly say that I've ever . been able to the world scientific community. In fifth anniversary of the establishment lost, but' I was bewildered once for 3 days." this effort, we 17 regard ourselves as agents of this Nation's worldwide tracking and · Man is by nature inquisitive. The chal and trustees for all the inhabitants of this data acquisition network. Among the lenge of the unknown stimulates him to ex little speck of dust in the universe. plore. And of all man's experiences none is In the 5 years since we began our coopera distinguished people present were Vice more gratifying than discovery. To explore tive tracking program, the pace of discovery President LYNDON JOHNSON, Secretary of the frontiers of science, medicine, the uni has been breathtaking. We are develop State Dean Rusk, and the Administra verse, to uncover the secrets of nature and ing a better understanding of the atmos tor of NASA, James E. Webb. In addi to harness them for man's betterment- pheric and space phenomena which may tion, diplomatic representatives of 16 these can be life's most exciting and reward affect our lives. No one can doubt the bene foreign nations were present as guests ing achievements. · · fits of such knowledge to the international of honor. I was particularly pleased to History is filled with the chronicles of community, nor the benefits of many of its be in attendance at that celebration be men whose quest for knowledge has led to byproducts: miniature batteries; ceramics results that are deeply imprinted on the resistant to shock and extreme heat; elec cause of the importance of the network daily lives of all of us. The early voyages of tronic devices to measure body temperature, to our total space effort. Vasco da Gama, of Columbus, of Magellan, and to overcome skipped heartbeats or heart A successful national space program opened a new epoch in human affairs. Ex failure; infrared cameras, drills; and the in is dependent upon a reliable and ade plorations in the world of medicine by numerable inventions to come. quate system of ground instrumentation Pasteur, Fleming, Banting, and many others And what a ·future lies ahead for com capable of electronically tracking space have vastly improved the well-being of men. munications by satellites and weather pre vehicles, transmitting command signals, New discoveries along the whole range of diction by satellites. an:d receiving the telemetered informa scientific frontiers are continually trans We hope to send spacecraft to many parts forming our lives. Each new discovery opens of our universe. We . wish to pursue our tion which is sought. Project Mercury further vistas for exploration, and each goals in an atmosphere of international co demonstrated the effectiveness of our seems to accelerate the pace of advance. operation. We wish outer space reserved for system to the entire world; everyone I reflect that Peary reached the North peaceful activities. will recall that the results of the net.:. Pole as recently as 1909-the same year in The United States has on other occasions work's operation were brought into our which Bleriot made the first flight across enunciated its aims in outer space. I should homes by radio and television during the the English Channel-and that Amundsen like to repeat them. actual space flights by our astronauts. reached the South Pole as recently as 1911, We believe outer space should be free for Every space :flight mission is under the year after Glenn Curtiss won a prize use by all nations consistent with the prin of $10,000 f.or flying nonstop all the way ciples of the United Nations Charter and taken in order to gather information. from Albany, N.Y., to New York City, a dis international law generally. This country's worldwide network of tance of 137 miles. We must improve and extend the regime tracking and data acquisition stations is And now-already-we are seriously en of law on earth as it applies to man's activi the key to acquiring such information. gaged in exploring the moon, the planets, ties in space. These facilities are placed all around and the universe. We must provide for the identification of the globe, and the network provides sup Most of the exploration of the surface of rights and the peaceful settlement of dis port to all of NASA's important pro the earth was accomplished by small groups putes concernip.g space ~tivities. grams, as well as satisfying the require of men using relatively simple apparatus. The useful application of space technology, ments of the Department of Defense. Explorers in times past were often out of such as communication and meteorological The entire system is an excellent ex sight and even out of mind for long periods _satellites, should be available to all nations of time. And the record of y;hat they saw .needing it and able to make use of it. ample of effective interagency coopera and learned was often subject to the errors - Opp_ortunities to participate in space ac tion. of human impression and recall. Today we tivities should be, open to all countries able Twenty:-s~ven oversea facilities which have the means of keeping in constant and and willing to cooperate constructively. help to.make up the system are located almost instant touch . with our explorers, .. The placing in orbit of weapons of mass in many fo:reign ·countries; about two- whether human ,or mechanical. We can destruction should be prohibited. 2382 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE February 1.4-
United Nations Resolution No. 1721 of -De . Tw.o tnterna1iional satelllt~s_ were These cooperative endeavors may very well cember 1961 embodies many of ~hese prin laup.ched--:-AI:lel,_~uilt here at Goddard and turn out to be one ol the most i.Inp every citizen of this land, but also the Congregation .in Newport, R.I., "To SENATE whole human race. bigotry, no sanction; to persecution, no Imbue them, 0 God, with wisdom of assistance," for it is only when prej MoNDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1963 heart and mind, that they may arrive udice and bias give way to harmony The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, at just, equitable, and lasting solutions and brotherhood can there be hope for and was called to order by the Presi to the perplexing problems that con peace, stability, and survival for man dent pro tempore. frontthem. kind. Rabbi Theodore Lewis, Touro Syna Keep them alert and vigilant, that they May it be Thy will, 0 God, that the gogue, of Newport, R.I., offered the fol may vigorously resist any encroachment concept