This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research

Volume Title: Trade and Structural Change in Pacific Asia

Volume Author/Editor: Colin I. Bradford, Jr. and William H. Branson, editors

Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press

Volume ISBN: 0-226-07025-5

Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/brad87-1

Publication Date: 1987

Chapter Title: List of Contributors, Indexes

Chapter Author: Colin I. Bradford, Jr, William H. Branson

Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c7045

Chapter pages in book: (p. 547 - 560) Contributors

Juanjai Ajanant Edward K. Y. Chen Faculty of Economics Centre of Asian Studies Chulalongkorn University University of Hong Kong Bangkok 10500 Pokfulam Road Thailand Hong Kong

Florian A. Alburo Wontack Hong School of Economics Department of International University of the Philippines Economics Diliman, Quezon City College of Social Sciences Philippines Seoul University Seoul 151 Robert E. Baldwin Korea Department of Economics University of Wisconsin Lawrence R. Klein Department of Economics Madison, Wisconsin 53706 University of Pennsylvania 3718 Locust Walk CR Ralph E. Beals Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Department of Economics Amherst College Laurence J. Kotlikoff Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 Department of Economics Boston University Colin I. Bradford, Jr. Boston, Massachusetts 021 15 Yale Center for International and Area Studies Lawrence B. Krause Yale University The Brookings Institution 85 Trumbull Street 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW New Haven, Connecticut 06520 Washington, D.C. 20036

William H. Branson Edward E. Learner Woodrow Wilson School Department of Economics Princeton University University of California Princeton, New Jersey 08544 Los Angeles, California 90024

547 548 Contributors

Chee Peng Lim Jean L. Waelbroeck Division of Analytical Economics Center for Econometrics and Mathe- Faculty of Economics and matical Economics Administration Free University of Brussels University of Malaya 1050 Brussels Kuala Lumpur 22-1 1 Belgium Malaysia Chung Ming Wong J. David Richardson Department of Economics and Department of Economics Statistics University of Wisconsin National University of Singapore Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Kent Ridge 0511 Singapore Chi Schive Department and Graduate Institute Ippei Yamazawa of Economics Faculty of Economics National Taiwan University Hitotsubashi University 21, Hsu Chow Road, Taipei 100 Kunitachi, Tokyo Taiwan, Republic of China Japan Author Index

Adelman, M. A,, 354 Ee, Tan Siew, 437 Agarwala, Ramgopal, 17, 194, 197, 199 Ahearn, R. J., 141 Fajnzylber, Fernando, 193 Ajanant, J., 475, 482 Fank, C. R., 273 Fei, John C. H., 175 Balassa, Bela, 17, 81, 174, 175, 181, 193, Findlay, Ronald, 15, 19, 20 194, 197, 358 Finger, J. M., 132 Baldwin, Robert E., 124, 129, 130, 486, Fischer, Irving, 278 487 Bautista, Romeo M., 487, 488 Gardner, R. N., 124 Beak, R. E., 524 Gerschenkron, Alexander, 2 1 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 20, 76, 174, 275 Gillis, M., 524 Blackhurst, R., 145 Goldstein, J. L., 142 Blejer, Mario I., 176 Bradford, Colin I., Jr., 10, 12, 22, 30, 174, 175, 181, 217 Hall, H. K., 132 Branson, William H., 10, 11, 14, 39, 62, Harberger, Arnold C., 15-16, 17 65 Heller, Peter S., 358 Heston, Alan, 182, 186 Hill, H., 533 Chee, Peng Lim, 437, 442, 464 Hirschman, Albert, 16, 326, 354 Chen, E. K. Y., 351 Hoffmann, L., 437 Chenery, Hollis, 174, 175 Hong, Wontack, 21, 193, 273, 284, 294 Chia Siow Yue, 425, 427 Hughes, Helan, 364, 502 Chunanuntathum, Supote, 482 Clark, Colin, 175 Cline, William R., 505 Keesing, Donald B., 275, 364, 400 Cohen, S. D., 137 Kim, K. S., 273 Corden, W. Max, 274, 275 Kotlikoff, Laurence J., 10 Krasner, S. D., 142, 144 Krause, Lawrence B., 10, 12, 14, 19, Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos, 18 121, 136, 180, 193 Diebold, W., Jr., 126 Kravis, Irving B., 182, 186, 187

549 550 Author Index

285. 502 Reynolds, Lloyd G., 4-5 Kuznets, Simon, 4, 307 Rhee, Y. W., 86 Richardson, J. D., 351, 352 Lary, Hal B., 176, 400, 499 Riedel, James, 10, 22, 30, 31 Lau, Lawrence J., 168 Roemer, Michael, 483 Learner, Edward E., 10, 238, 249 Rostow, Walt W., 4-5, 6 Lee, T. H., 307. 309 Russell, Bertrand, 21 Lewis, W. Arthur, 22 Liang, Kuo-shu, 307, 309 Saxonhouse, G. R., 140 Lin, Ching-yuan, 309 Schiavo-Campo, Salvatore, 390 Lipson, C., 142 Schive, Chi, 21, 22, 320 Scott, Maurice F., 307 McMullen, Neil, 5, 176 Shuman, S. S., 148 Maizels, A,, 482 Sicat, Gerard0 P., 487 Marsden, Keith, 193 Severs, Allen M., 521 Meenaphant, Sorrayuth, 482 Smith, G. W., 325 Meltzer, R. I., 137 Srinivasan, T. N., 174 Meyer, F. V., 127 Stein, L., 307 Morley, S. A,, 325 Streeten, Paul, 17, 193 Summers, Robert, 182, 186 Naya, Seiji, 354 Nelson, D. R., 132 Tan, Augustine H. H., 381, 383, 425, Nurkse, Ragnar, 486 426, 427 Nyaw Mee-kau, 400 Tan, Norma A,, 490 Tang, Anthony M., 309 Ohkawa, Kazuski, 175 Turner, Louis, 5, 176 Olson, M., 127, 143 Ooi Jin Bee, 521 Ooms, V. D., 352 Vernon, R., 127 Ow Chin Hock, 381, 425, 426, 427 Verrill, C. O., Jr., 148

Pang Eng Fong, 383, 426 Waelbroeck, J., 10, 11, 14, 364 Power, John H., 487 Westphal, L., 86, 273 Prebisch, Raul, 486 Williamson, Jeffrey G., 487 Pursell, G., 86 Williamson, John, 193 Wolf, Martin, 364 Ranis, Gustav, 175, 177, 181, 320 Reagan, R., 122, 140 Yamazawa, I., 10, 11, 14, 62 Subject Index

AFL-CIO, 128 Banking system, and fiscal vs. credit Albania, 160 subsidies, 21-22 Argentina: capital formation in, 181-92; Belgium, trade policies in, 73 exports and factor intensities in, 176- Bilateral peacemaking, and U.S. trade 81; growth strategies and price policy, 145-46 distortions in, 193-98; industrialization Borrowing, foreign, by NICs, 34-37 in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6; trade with Brazil: capital formation in, 181 -92; U.S., 27-60 exports and factor intensities in, 89, ASEAN: trade competition with Japan, 176-81; growth strategies and price 102, 104; trade with Hong Kong, 352- distortions in, 193-98; industrialization 53; trade with Indonesia, 528-29, 532; in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6; trade with trade with Japan, 102, 105-12; trade U.S., 27-60 with Singapore, 413-14; U.S. trade Brock, William, on U.S. trade issues, with NICs in, 54-56 133-34 ASEAN Four: identified, 3; natural Brunei, 3, 160 resources and industrialization in, 15- Burma, 162 17; and trade adjustment, 13-15; trade Business Accounting and Foreign Trade patterns of, 9- 10 Simplification Act (U.S., proposed), 136 Association of South East Asian Nations. See ASEAN Canada: export advantage of, 210-17; Australia: export advantage of, 210- 17; export growth in, 207-10; and exports, export growth in, 207-10; exports, 217-20; trade with Hong Kong, 347- 217-20; trade with Hong Kong, 347- 49; trade with South Korea, 283 49, 352-53, 363; trade with South Capital Assistance Scheme (Singapore), Korea, 283 384 Australian Industries Assistance Carter administration, and U.S. trade Commission (IAC), 217-18 policy, 132 Autarky, 18 Central Bank (Taiwan), 320 Central Provident Fund (Singapore), Balance of trade, bilateral, and trade 425 bargaining, 68-69 Chatham House study, 5 Bangladesh, 162 Chile, 193-98

551 552 Subject Index

China, People’s Republic of and Egypt, 193-98 entrepat trade, 360, 362; Hong Kong’s Eisenhower administration, and U.S. trade competition with, 350, 366; trade policy, 127-28 LINK forecasts for, 159, 160, 168; Employment Act of 1968 (Singapore), trade with Hong Kong, 347-49, 359- 383 60; trade with Japan, 94 EntrepBt trade: in Hong Kong, 335-36, Citizens National Bank (Korea), 284 360-62, 366; in Singapore, 379, 381, Closed economy, defined, 18-19 384-89, 475 CMEA, 159 ESCAP, 441 , and U.S. trade policy, 124 European Community (EC): agricultural Colombia: capital formation in, 181-92; policy, 78; commercial policy, 71 -75; exports and factor intensities in, 176- external tariff, 71; and Lome 81; industrialization in, 8-9; trade with Agreement, 78; and Multi-Fiber U.S., 27-60 Agreement, 138; and NICs, 14-15, 76- Commodity classification system, 221 -24 89; and OECD export structure, 37- Consumer goods: export distribution of, 45; trade patterns of, 10, 11, 62-71 ; 42, 44; OECD imports of, 50, 54; U.S. trade policies of, 71-75; trade with imports of, 57 Hong Kong, 341; trade with Indonesia, Cotton Textile Agreement (CTA), 341 528, 529, 532; trade with Malaysia, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 460; trade with Singapore, 415, 419, (CMEA), 159 421, 424; trade with South Korea, 283; Credit rationing, 283-85, 293-94 trade with Taiwan, 312-13, 329, 330; Credit subsidies, vs. fiscal subsidies, 21-22 union power in, 88; and U.S. trade CTA, 341 policy, 139. Cuba, 160 European Group for Research on Cyprus, 160 Protection, 86 Export-Import Bank, 138 DAC, 5-6 Export-led economy, defined, 19 Danforth, John C., 137 Exports: distribution of, by commodity Debt, public, of NICs, 35-37 group, 43-44, 46; in East and Demand-driven export growth, vs. Southeast Asia, 207-10; of NICs, to supply-driven export growth, 22-23 EC, 61-91; OECD distribution of, 37- Denmark, 75, 160 43; supply-driven vs. demand-driven Deposit money banks (DMB), 283-85 growth of, 22-23 Development Assistance Committee Export structure: of NICs, 30, 32-34; of (DAC), 5-6 OECD countries, 37-45 Diamond Trading Corporation cartel, 78 Export Trading Company Act of 1982 DISCs, 135 (U.S.), 138 DMB, 283-85 Domestic international sales corporations Factor proportions, and trade in NICs, (DISCS), 135 12-13 Dumping, defined, 132 Fiscal subsidies, vs. credit subsidies, 21- “Dutch disease,” 176-77: in Indonesia, 22 30; in northern Europe, 10, 15; and Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 Pacific Asian growth models, 16 (U.S.), 134, 136 France, 75, 363 EC. See European Community Free trade optimality point, 20 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 441 Economic Expansion Incentives Act of Gang of Four: and global and regional 1967 (Singapore), 382 patterns of trade, 9-10; identified, 3; Economic Policy Package (Japan), 112 as NICs, 5, 6; and trade adjustment of 553 Subject Index

NICs, 13-15; trade patterns, 9-10; trade outlook, 363-66; trade patterns trade with Indonesia, 529 and economic growth in, 333-77; trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade with Indonesia, 529; trade with (GATT), 84, 341; failure of U.S. Singapore, 424; trade with Taiwan, Congress to approve, 126; ministerial 312-13 meeting, November 1982, 143, 425 Houdaille Industries, 139 Generalized System of Preferences Hungary, 192 (GSP), 413; Japan and, 113; Singapore and, 425-26; and tariff cuts, 102 IAC, 217-18 Germany, West. See West Germany IMF, 6 Government: policy of, and market Imports: distribution of, by commodity forces, 17-23; role of, in dynamic group, 51-52, 56; distribution of, by growth, 16 origin, 49-51; OECD structure of, 45- Greece: capital formation in, 181-92; 53; openness of EC to, 73-75 exports and factor intensities in, 83, Import substitution strategy, defined, 176-81; industrialization in, 8-9; as 19 NIC, 4, 5, 6; and Project LINK, India: capital formation in, 181 -92; I60 exports and factor intensities in, 79, Growth strategies, inward vs. outward, 176-81; growth strategies and price 17-21 distortions in, 193-98; industrialization GSP. See Generalized System of in, 8-9; LINK forecasts for, 162, 164- Preferences 68; as NIC, 5; trade with U.S., 27-60; and union-intensive industries, 87 Havana Conference of 1947-48, 126 Indonesia: capital formation in, 181 -92; Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson General economic growth and trade structure, Equilibrium model, 15, 174, 175, 227- 516-21; and entrep6t trade, 362; 30; even, 230-32; generalized, with exports, 207-10, 210-17, 521-26, adjustment costs, 235-38; and Korean 528-30; exports and factor intensities growth strategy and growth in, 176-81; imports, 526-28, 530-32; performance, 274; and Taiwan trade industrialization in, 8-9; patterns, 318; uneven, 232-35 manufacturing growth and industrial Hegemonic model, of U.S. trade policy policy, 532-38; natural resources, 524; and international leadership, 142-46 New Order in, 516-17, 537-38; as Hegemonic theory of regime change, and NIC, 3; and Project LINK forecasts, an open world trading regime, 126-27 160, 162, 163, 164-68; and trade Hong Kong, 39: balance of trade and composition, 521 -28; trade payments, 362-63; capital formation distribution, 530-32; trade outlook, in, 181-92; capital market distortions 538-39; trade patterns and trends, and trade patterns, 289-90; commodity 515-39; trade with U.S., 27-60 patterns of export, 217-20, 335-46; Industrial Coordination Act of 1975 entrepBt trade in, 335-36, 360-62, (Malaysia), 437 366; export advantage of, 210-17; Industrialization: and natural resources, export geographic patterns, 347-50; 15-17; spread of, to NICs, 95-102; export growth in, 207-10, 350-59; and structural change, 7-9 exports and factor intensities, 176-81; Industrial materials: OECD exports of, import patterns, 358-60; 40-41; OECD imports of, 49-51; U.S. industrialization in, 8-9; LINK as major importer of, 57 projections for, 162, 163; natural Industrial policy, trade strategy as active, resources of, 335, 358; as NIC, 3, 5; 147-48 price distortion in, 197; trade and Industrial Relations Act amendment of structural interdependence with U.S., 1968 (Singapore), 383 27-60; trade fluctuations in, 324, 334; International Monetary Fund (IMF), 6 554 Subject Index

International Trade Commission (ITC), Korea Development Bank (KDB), 283- and U.S. trade policy, 126, 129, 130, 85 131, 136, 137-38 Korea Export-Import Bank (EXIMB), International Trade Organization (ITO), 283-85 126 Korean Spinner’s Association, 113 Investment, in NICs, 34-37 Investment Promotion Act of 1960 Labor, and U.S. protectionism, 128 (Thailand), 468 Lancashire Pact (U.K.), 341 Inward growth strategies, vs. outward Latin America, and U.S. trade patterns, growth strategies, 17-21 11, 54-55 Iran, 192 LINK Project, 157-69 Ireland, 160 Lome Agreement, 78 Israel, 160 Italy, 75, 83, 363 Malawi, 187 ITC. Sce International Trade Malaysia: capital formation in, 181 -92; Commission exports, 207-10, 210-17, 450-58; exports and factor intensities, 176-81; Jamaica, 182, 187 and Free-Trade Zones, 441, 442, 455, Japan: dumping charges against, 132; 460; growth stages, 442-50; imports, Economic Policy Package, 112; 458-60, 460-62; Industrial exports, 83, 207-10, 210-17; Coordination Act (1979, 437; LINK imbalance of trade, 68-69; imports of, forecasts for, 163, 164-68; Malaysian 112- 14; Ministry of International Industrial Development Authority Trade and Industry (MITI), 113, 218; (MIDA), 436; Malaysian Industrial and NICs, 93-119; and OECD export Development Finance (MIDF), 436; structure, 37-45; protectionism and manufacturing sector growth in, 436- trade patterns in, 79, 220-21; 39; natural resources, 16, 464; New structural adjustment of domestic Economic Policy in, 436-37; as NIC, production in, 114-18; and trade 3, 5, 6; Pioneer Industrial Ordinance, adjustment of NICs, 14; trade balance 436; secondary import substitution with ASEAN and NICs, 110- 112; policy, 460; separation of Singapore trade competition with Hong Kong, from, 381; structural change in, 8-9, 366; trade fluctuations and fixed 438, 440-42; trade competition with exchange rates, 324; trade patterns of, Hong Kong, 366; trade patterns of, 9-10, 11, 62-71, 217-20; trade with 450; trade trends and prospects, 435- Hong Kong, 347-49, 350, 363; trade 65; trade with U.S., 27-60 with Indonesia, 528, 529, 530-32; Malaysia, Peninsular, 424, 436 trade with Malaysia, 457, 460; trade Malta, 160 with Singapore, 405, 411-13, 414-15, Manufactured goods: export distribution 419, 421, 424; trade with South Korea, of, 42-43, 45; NIC exports of, to EC, 109-10, 283; trade with Taiwan, 312- 61-91; and NICs, 84-87; OECD 13, 329, 330; trade with Thailand, 471, imports of, 50-51, 55; structure of 473, 475; and U.S. trade policy, 121- trade in, 205-24 52, 136, 138, 139-40 Manufacturing: NICs shift toward, 3 1- 34; value added industries, in Hong administration, and U.S. trade Kong, 345-46 policy, 128 Market, and dynamic growth, 16 Tariff Reduction (1967- Market forces, and government policy, 72), 102, 113, 364 17-23 Kenya, 187, 193-98 Market limits: and NIC exports, 69, 70; Korea, North, 160 in the 1970s, 62-64 Korea, South. See South Korea Mauritius, 78 555 Subject Index

Mexico: capital formation in, 181-92; Outward growth strategies, vs. inward exports and factor intensities in, 176- growth strategies, 17-21 81; growth strategies and price distortions in, 193-98; industrialization Pacific Rim countries: export growth in, in, 8-9; LINK projections for, 163; as 207-10; protectionism and trade NIC, 4, 5, 6; trade with U.S., 27-60 patterns in, 220-21; trade advantages Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), 68, 71, of, 210-17; trade patterns of, 217-20 73, 75, 78, 79, 136, 217, 218-19, 221; Pakistan, 84, 162, 187 Hong Kong and, 341; impact of, on Papua New Guinea, 207-10 NlCs, 78-84; and Japan’s import of Peacemaking, aggressive, and U.S. trade manufactures, 113; renewal policy, 150-52 negotiations (1981), 138; and textile Philippines: as NIC, 3, 5, 6; capital export controls, 78, 79; and trade formation in, 181-92; export adjustment of NICs, 14 advantage of, 210-17; export growth in, 207-10; exports and factor intensities in, 176-81; growth Natural resources: and industrialization, strategies and price distortions in, 193- 15-17; and NICs, 10. See also under 98; industrialization in, 8-9, 486-96; names of nations LINK forecasts for, 162, 163, 164-68; Netherlands: trade policies of, 73, 75; natural resources and industrialization trade with Hong Kong, 363; trade with of, 17; structural change in, 496-501; Thailand, 475 trade and industrial growth, 494-96; New Guinea, Papua, 207- 10 trade outlook for, 501-10; trade Newly industrialized countries (NICs): patterns and trends, 485-510; trade characteristics of, 3-7; defined, 3-7; with U.S., 27-60 emergence of, 30-37; exports and Pioneer Industrial Ordinance (Malaysia), factor intensities in, 175-81; exports 436 of, to EC, 61-91; growth, 29-30, 30- Portugal: capital formation in, 181 -92; 3 1 ; studies of, 5-6; trade policy design exports and factor intensities in, 81, in, 71-75; trade competition with 83, 84, 176-81; industrialization in, 8- Japan, 102, 103; trade with Japan, 9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6 105-12; and U.S. trade policy, 121-52 Project LINK, 157-69 New Zealand, 160, 210-20 Protectionism: EC support for, 67-68; NICs. See Newly industrialized countries and Hong Kong trade patterns in Hong Nontariff barriers (NTB), and U.S. trade Kong, 364; Japanese support for, 67- policy, 131-33 68; and trade patterns in Singapore, North Korea, 160 425-26; US. support for, 67-68, 127- Norway, 160 31

OECD. See Organization for Economic Reagan administration: domestic Cooperation and Development leadership potential, 146-50; Oligarchic model of U.S. trade policy, “Statement on U.S. Trade Policy,” 142-46 136; trade strategies, 147-48; and U.S. Open economy: defined, 19; internal trade policy, 133-40 liberalization and, 20 Reciprocity, as trade strategy, 147-48 Organization for Economic Cooperation (U.S.), 139 and Development (OECD): export Rome Treaty, 71 structure, 27, 37-45; import structure, Roosevelt administration, and U.S. trade 45-53; on NIC definition and policy 124, 125-26 characteristics, 5; and Project LINK, 159, 160; trade with Malaysia, 458; Saudi Arabia, 471 trade with Pacific Asia, 10- 1 I Savings, in NICs, 34-37 556 Subject Index

Singapore: as ASEAN member, 3; with Taiwan, 312-13; trade with U.S., Capital Assistance Scheme (CAS), 384; 27-60; and union-intensive industries, capital formation in, 181 -92; capital 87-89; and U.S. trade policy, 136 market distortions and trade patterns Spain: capital formation in, 181-92; in, 289-90; Central Provident Fund exports and factor intensities in, 83, (CPF), 425; Economic Development 84, 176-81; industrialization in, 8-9; Board (EDB), 381, 384; Economic as NIC, 4, 5, 6; and Project LINK, Expansion Incentives Act (1967), 382; 160 Employment Act (1968), 383; entrepat Speculation, and Japanese imports, 113 trade in, 379, 381, 384-89, 475; export Sri Lanka, 187 advantage of, 210-17; export growth Structural change: and industrialization, in, 22, 207-10; exports, factor 7-9; and trade patterns, 3-23 intensities in, 176-81, 395-404; Supply-driven export growth, vs. industrialization of, 8-9, 379-84; demand-driven export growth, 22-23 Industrial Relations Act amendment Switzerland, 79, 160, 363 (1968), 383; LINK forecasts for, 163, Syria, 182, 187 164-68; National Wage Council (NWC), 383-84, 426; as NIC, 3, 5; Taiwan: capital formation in, 181-92; price distortion in, 197; Skills capital market distortions and trade Development Fund (SDF), 384; trade patterns, 289-92; and entrepBt trade, commodity composition, 217-20, 384- 362; export growth in, 22, 207-10; 95; and trade fluctuations, 324; trade exports and factor intensities in, 176- outlook for, 424-27; trade patterns and 81; and fiscal subsidies, 21, 22; foreign trends of, 379-431; trade with Hong firms in, 318-20; industrialization in, Kong, 353-54, 363; trade with 8-9; LINK forecasts for, 163, 164-68; Indonesia, 528-29, 532; trade with natural resources of, 17, 316; as NIC, Malaysia, 457, 460; trade with Taiwan, 3, 5; price distortion in, 197; and 312-13; trade with Thailand, 475; protectionism, 79; and secondary trade with U.S., 27-60 import substitution, 325-28; trade Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 (U.S.), commodity composition, 309- 11 ; trade 125 competition with Hong Kong, 350, South Korea: capital formation in, 181- 366; trade competition with Japan, 68; 92; capital market distortions and trade trade determinants, 316-28; trade patterns in, 273-301; credit rationing fluctuations and fixed exchange rates in, 283-85, 293-94; and credit in, 320-25; trade growth of, 308-9, subsidies, 21, 22; and entrepbt trade, 310; trade partners, 312-15; trade 362; export advantage of, 210-17; patterns and trends of, 307-30; trade export growth in, 22, 207- 10, 273- structure of, 308-12; trade with Hong 301; exports and factor intensities in, Kong, 353-54, 360; trade with 84, 176-81, 217-20; and growth Indonesia, 529; trade with U.S., 30; strategies, 193-98, 274-78; and U.S. trade policy, 136, 137-38 industrialization of, 8-9; LINK Tariffs, and U.S. trade policy, 122-23, forecasts for, 162, 163, 164-68; 132, 148-50 manufacturing production and trade Television industry, and U.S. patterns, 278, 279-83, 285-89; natural protectionism, 133 resources of, 16; as NIC, 3, 5; Thailand: capital formation in, 181 -92; protectionism in, 79; and textile wage export advantage of, 210-17; export rates, 81; trade competition with Hong growth in, 207-10, 469-78, 481-83; Kong, 350, 366; trade with Hong exports and factor intensities in, 176- Kong, 353-54; trade with Indonesia, 81; foreign debt and trade outlook in, 529; trade with Japan, 109-10; trade 480-81; growth strategies and price 557 Subject Index

distortions in, 193-98; and import United Nations International Price substitution, 470, 477-78, 483; Comparison Project (ICP), 182 industrialization in, 8-9; Investment United States: Business Accounting and Promotion Act (1960), 468; LINK Foreign Trade Simplification Act forecasts for, 163, 164-68; as NIC, 3, (proposed), 136; Congress, 126, 127- 5, 6; trade competition with Hong 31, 137-38, 139, 141-42, 150; Customs Kong, 366; trade outlook of, 478-81; Service, 149; Department of trade patterns and trends, 467-83; Agriculture, 147; Department of trade with U.S., 27-60 commerce, 130, 138-39, 146-47; Tokyo Round Tariff Reduction (1980-87), Department of Defense, 147; codes, 113, 143, 149, 364 Department of Energy, 150; Trade Act of 1962 (U.S.), 132 Department of International Trade and (U.S.), 128, 129, 132, Industry (proposed), 146; Department 137, 139 of Labor, 137, 147; Department of Trade Act of 1979 (U.S.), 132 State, 129, 147; Department of the Trade adjustment: in Pacific Asian NICs, Interior, and trade policy, 147; 13-15; for workers, 137 Department of the Treasury, and trade Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) policy, 130, 138, 147; deregulation in, program, 128 and trade policy, 150; export advantage Trade Agreement Act of 1934 (U.S.), 144 of, 210- 17; export growth in, 207- 10; Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (U.S.), Export-Import Bank, 138; Export 131 Trading Company Act (1982), 138; fair Trade economy, defined, 19 trade legislation, 131-33; Federal of 1962 (U.S.), Communications Commission, 150; 128, 129 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), Trade growth, alternative models of, 134, 136; import relief policy, 123; 227-69 , 149; and Trade patterns: global and regional, 9- International Trade Commission, 13I, 16; Pacific Asian alternative models of, 147; and OECD export structure, 37- 13-15; and structural change, 3-23 45; Office of the U.S. Trade Transitional economies, 173-201 Representative (USTR), 129, 146, 147; Truman administration, and U.S. trade president, 129-31, 147; Smoot-Hawley policy, 126 Tariff Act (1930), 125; “Statement on Tunisia, 193-98 U.S. Trade Policy,” 134; Tariff Acts Turkey, 79, 193-98 (1922, 1930), 132; Trade Act (1962), 132; Trade Act (1974), 128, 129, 132; UNCTAD, 176 Trade Act (1979), 132; Trade UNIDO, 7 Agreements Act (1979), 131; Trade Unilateral Tariff Reduction, 102 Expansion Act (1962), 128, 129; trade Unilateral Trade Reduction Act of 1972 patterns, of, 9, 10, 11, 62-72, 217-20; (U.S.), 113 trade policy of, 79, 121-52; trade with United Kingdom: and Hong Kong’s Hong Kong, 341, 347-49, 359-60, 363, future trade patterns, 365; Lancashire 365-66; trade with Indonesia, 528, Pact, 341; trade policies of, 73, 75; 529, 532; trade with Malaysia, 457, trade with Hong Kong, 341, 347-49, 460; trade with NICs, 14-15, 27-60; 350, 360, 363; trade with Malaysia, trade with Singapore, 405, 412-14, 460; trade with Singapore, 405, 415 415, 419, 421, 424; trade with South United Nations Conference on Trade and Korea, 283; trade with Taiwan, 312- Development (UNCTAD), 176 13, 329, 330; trade with Thailand, 471, United Nations Industrial Development 473, 475; World Trade Act (1974), 130 Organization (UNIDO), 7 Uruguay, 187, 193-98 558 Subject Index

Vietnam, 160 World Trade Act of 1974 (U.S.), 130 Voluntary export restraints (VER), 75, 79; imposed by Japan, 68; and Japan’s Yogoslavia: capital formation 18 1-92; import of manufactures, 113; on steel exports and factor intensities in, 176- products, 128, 132-33 81; growth strategies and price distortions in, 193-98; industrialization West Germany: and trade with Hong in, 8-9; as NIC, 4, 5, 6 Kong, 347-49, 350, 360, 363; and trade with Singapore, 405, 415 Zaire, 73 World Bank, 6, 17 Zambia, 187 This Page Intentionally Left Blank