Description of Provisions Listed for Further Hearings by the Committee on Finance On
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Mayo Clinic, a Minnesota Corporation
United States Court of Appeals For the Eighth Circuit ___________________________ No. 19-3189 ___________________________ Mayo Clinic, a Minnesota Corporation lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee v. United States of America lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant ____________ Appeal from United States District Court for the District of Minnesota ____________ Submitted: October 20, 2020 Filed: May 13, 2021 ____________ Before SMITH, Chief Judge, LOKEN and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges. ____________ LOKEN, Circuit Judge. Mayo Clinic (“Mayo”), a Minnesota nonprofit corporation, oversees healthcare system subsidiaries and operates the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (“Mayo College”). Mayo is a tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3).1 After an audit in 2009, the Internal Revenue Service concluded that Mayo owed unrelated business income tax (“UBIT”) on certain investment income it received from the investment pool it manages for its subsidiaries. The IRS issued a Notice of Proposed Adjustment and reaffirmed its position in a 2013 Technical Advice Memorandum. At issue is $11,501,621 in UBIT for tax years 2003, 2005-2007, and 2010-2012. Mayo2 paid the tax and brought this refund action. The issue, briefly stated, is whether Mayo is a “qualified organization” exempted from paying UBIT on “unrelated debt-financed income” under IRC § 514(c)(9)(C)(i). Qualified organizations include “an organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) . .” Section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii) describes “an educational organization which normally maintains a regular faculty and curriculum and normally has a regularly enrolled body of pupils or students in attendance at the place where its educational activities are regularly carried on.” The IRS denied Mayo the exemption because it is not an “educational organization” as defined in 26 C.F.R. -
Line Item Veto and the Tax Legislative Process: a Futile Effort at Deficit Reduction, but a Step Toward Tax Integrity Gordon T
Hastings Law Journal Volume 49 | Issue 1 Article 1 1-1997 Line Item Veto and the Tax Legislative Process: A Futile Effort at Deficit Reduction, But a Step Toward Tax Integrity Gordon T. Butler Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Gordon T. Butler, Line Item Veto and the Tax Legislative Process: A Futile Effort at Deficit Reduction, But a Step Toward Tax Integrity, 49 Hastings L.J. 1 (1997). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol49/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Law Journal by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Line Item Veto and the Tax Legislative Process: A Futile Effort at Deficit Reduction, But a Step Toward Tax Integrity by GORDON T. BUTLER* Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................... 2 I. The Problem of the Deficit and the Budget Process ............... 4 II. The Line Item Veto ...................................................... 21 A. 1995 Congressional Proposals ................................. 21 (1) House Bill 2 and "Enhanced Rescission" ................ 22 (2) Senate Bill 4 and "Separate Enrollment". ............... 24 B. The Line Item Veto of 1996 ...................................... 26 (1) The Act ....................................................... 26 (2) Constitutionality of the Line Item Veto .................. 31 (a) Separate Enrollment Form ............................... 41 (b) Enhanced Rescission Form ............................ 43 (3) Comparison with State Item Veto Authority ............... 52 (4) Critique of the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 ............. 56 m. Are "Tax Expenditures" Expenditures? ......... -
More Than 50 Years of Trade Rule Discrimination on Taxation: How Trade with China Is Affected
MORE THAN 50 YEARS OF TRADE RULE DISCRIMINATION ON TAXATION: HOW TRADE WITH CHINA IS AFFECTED Trade Lawyers Advisory Group Terence P. Stewart, Esq. Eric P. Salonen, Esq. Patrick J. McDonough, Esq. Stewart and Stewart August 2007 Copyright © 2007 by The Trade Lawyers Advisory Group LLC This project is funded by a grant from the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). SBA’s funding should not be construed as an endorsement of any products, opinions or services. All SBA-funded projects are extended to the public on a nondiscriminatory basis. MORE THAN 50 YEARS OF TRADE RULE DISCRIMINATION ON TAXATION: HOW TRADE WITH CHINA IS AFFECTED TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 I. U.S. EXPORTERS AND PRODUCERS ARE COMPETITIVELY DISADVANTAGED BY THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT TAXES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE .............................................. 2 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT OF INDIRECT AND DIRECT TAXES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE WITH RESPECT TO BORDER ADJUSTABILITY................................................................. 21 A. Border Adjustability of Taxes ................................................................. 21 B. 18th and 19th Century Examples of the Application of Border Tax Adjustments ......................................................................... -
Report No. 82-156 Gov Major Acts of Congress And
REPORT NO. 82-156 GOV MAJOR ACTS OF CONGRESS AND TREATIES APPROVED BY THE SENATE 1789-1980 Christopher Dell Stephen W. Stathis Analysts in American National Governent Government Division September 1982 CONmGHnItNA^l JK 1000 B RE filmH C SE HVICA^^ ABSTRACT During the nearly two centuries since the framing of the Constitution, more than 41,000 public bills have been approved by Congress, submitted to the President for his approval and become law. The seven hundred or so acts summarized in this compilation represent the major acts approved by Congress in its efforts to determine national policies to be carried out by the executive branch, to authorize appropriations to carry out these policies, and to fulfill its responsibility of assuring that such actions are being carried out in accordance with congressional intent. Also included are those treaties considered to be of similar importance. An extensive index allows each entry in this work to be located with relative ease. The authors wish to credit Daphine Lee, Larry Nunley, and Lenora Pruitt for the secretarial production of this report. CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................. 111 CONGRESSES: 1st (March 4, 1789-March 3, 1791)..................................... 3 2nd (October 24, 1791-March 2, 1793)................................... 7 3rd (December 2, 1793-March 3, 1795).................................. 8 4th (December 7, 1795-March 3, 1797).................................. 9 5th (May 15, 1797-March 3, 1799)....................................... 11 6th (December 2, 1799-March 3, 1801)................................... 13 7th (December 7, 1801-Marh 3, 1803)................................... 14 8th (October 17, 1803-March 3, 1805)....... ........................... 15 9th (December 2, 1805-March 3, 1807)................................... 16 10th (October 26, 1807-March 3, 1809).................................. -
Vol. 6, No. 2: Full Issue
Denver Journal of International Law & Policy Volume 6 Number 2 Spring Article 11 May 2020 Vol. 6, no. 2: Full Issue Denver Journal International Law & Policy Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/djilp Recommended Citation 6 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Denver Sturm College of Law at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Denver Journal of International Law & Policy by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],dig- [email protected]. DENVER JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY VOLUME 6 1976-1977 Denver Journal OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2 SPRING 1977 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE TAX REFORM ACT OF 1976 TAXING BoYcorrs AND BRIBES ........................................... G. C . Hufbauer J. G. Taylor 589 The authors examine the tax penalty provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 and the Export Administration Act Amendments of 1977 in relation to U.S. persons who "participate in or cooperate with" international boycotts or bribery. The article discusses the various types of international boycotts and the penalty, computational, and reporting requirements imposed on participants as clarified by the Treasury Guidelines and Revenue Proce- dures. The authors conclude with a discussion of the novelty, complexity, and potential impact of the legislation. TAKING SIDES: AN OVERVIEW OF THE U.S. LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE TO THE ARAB BOYCOTT ............................................ John M . Tate Ralph B. Lake 613 The current legislative scheme in opposition to the Arab boycott is generally directed against the Arab League countries' secondary and tertiary, indirect forms of boycott. -
America's Economic Way Of
|America’s Economic Way of War How did economic and financial factors determine how America waged war in the twentieth century? This important new book exposes the influence of economics and finance on the questions of whether the nation should go to war, how wars would be fought, how resources would be mobilized, and the long-term consequences for the American economy. Ranging from the Spanish–American War to the Gulf War, Hugh Rockoff explores the ways in which war can provide unique opportunities for understanding the basic principles of economics as wars produce immense changes in monetary and fiscal policy and so provide a wealth of infor- mation about how these policies actually work. He shows that wars have been more costly to the United States than most Americans realize as a substantial reliance on borrowing from the public, money creation, and other strategies to finance America’s war efforts have hidden the true cost of war. hugh rockoff is a professor of Economics at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research. His publications include numerous papers in professional journals, The Free Banking Era: A Re-examination (1975), Drastic Measures: A History of Wage and Price Controls in the United States (1984), and a textbook, History of the American Economy (2010, with Gary Walton). NEW APPROACHES TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY series editors Nigel Goose, University of Hertfordshire Larry Neal, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign New Approaches to Economic and Social History is an important new textbook series published in association with the Economic History Society. -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................................................... ix Introductory Notes to Tables ................................................................. xi Chapter A: Selected Economic Statistics ............................................... 1 A1. Resident Population of the United States ............................................................................3 A2. Resident Population by State ..............................................................................................4 A3. Number of Households in the United States .......................................................................6 A4. Total Population by Age Group............................................................................................7 A5. Total Population by Age Group, Percentages .......................................................................8 A6. Civilian Labor Force by Employment Status .......................................................................9 A7. Gross Domestic Product, Net National Product, and National Income ...................................................................................................10 A8. Gross Domestic Product by Component ..........................................................................11 A9. State Gross Domestic Product...........................................................................................12 A10. Selected Economic Measures, Rates of Change...............................................................14 -
SUBJECT INDEX Al
SUBJECT INDEX Al Page Page Agriculture Trade and Export Policy Commission Act 1576 AM VETS, charter amendment 220 Aircraft and Air Carriers: Abortions, Department of Defense Aviation administration and industry, Authorization Act, 1985 2492 Acquired Immune Deficiency study 1825 Syndrome, Preventive Health Aviation Drug-Trafficking Control Amendments of 1984 2854 Act 2312 Act to Combat International Terorism, Civil Aeronautics Board Sunset Act of 1984 2706 1984 1703 Act for the Prevention and Coast Guard Authorization Act of Punishment of the Crime of 1984 2860 Hostage-Taking 2186 Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 494 Adoption Assistance and Child Department of Defense Authorization Welfare Act of 1980, Act, 1985 2492 amendments 3297 Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 2948 Adult Education Act, amendments...2366- Aircraft Sabotage Act 2187 2369, 2488 Ak-Chin Indian Community, water Afghanistan, Department of Defense rights 2698 Authorization Act, 1985 2492 Alabama: Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, amendments 1063, 1792 Armistead I. Seldon Lock and Dam, Aged Persons: designation 2753 Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Bon Secour National Wildlife Act 2435 Refuge 321 Domestic Volunteer Service Act Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 189 Amendments of 1984, The 3221 Environmental Protection Assistance Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge 2941 Act of 1984 235 Alaska: Library Services and Construction Act Arctic Research and Policy Act of Amendments 2236 1984 1242 Older Americans Act Amendments of Barrow Gas Field Transfer Act of 1984 -
International Tax Policy for the 21St Century
NFTC1a Volume1_part2Chap1-5.qxd 12/17/01 4:23 PM Page 147 The NFTC Foreign Income Project: International Tax Policy for the 21st Century Part Two Relief of International Double Taxation NFTC1a Volume1_part2Chap1-5.qxd 12/17/01 4:23 PM Page 148 NFTC1a Volume1_part2Chap1-5.qxd 12/17/01 4:23 PM Page 149 Origins of the Foreign Tax Credit Chapter 1 Origins of the Foreign Tax Credit I. Introduction The United States’ current system for taxing international income was creat- ed during the period from 1918 through 1928.1 From the introduction of 149 the income tax (in 1913 for individuals and in 1909 for corporations) until 1918, foreign taxes were deducted in the same way as any other business expense.2 In 1918, the United States enacted the foreign tax credit,3 a unilat- eral step taken fundamentally to redress the unfairness of “double taxation” of foreign-source income. By way of contrast, until the 1940s, the United Kingdom allowed a credit only for foreign taxes paid within the British 1 For further description and analysis of this formative period of U.S. international income tax policy, see Michael J. Graetz & Michael M. O’Hear, The ‘Original Intent’ of U.S. International Taxation, 46 DUKE L.J. 1021, 1026 (1997) [hereinafter “Graetz & O’Hear”]. The material in this chapter is largely taken from this source. 2 The reasoning behind the international tax aspects of the 1913 Act is difficult to discern from the historical sources. One scholar has concluded “it is quite likely that Congress gave little or no thought to the effect of the Revenue Act of 1913 on the foreign income of U.S. -
Reactions of High-Income Taxpayers to Major Tax Legislation
National Tax Journal, December 2016, 69 (4), 935–964 https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2016.4.10 REACTIONS OF HIGH-INCOME TAXPAYERS TO MAJOR TAX LEGISLATION Gerald Auten, David Splinter, and Susan Nelson This paper examines how high-income taxpayers reacted to major tax legislation that affected incentives for realizations of capital gains, the form of compensation, type of investments, and the choice of organizational form for businesses. The Tax Reform Act of 1969, the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the Omnibus Budget Reconcili- ation Act of 1993, and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 are considered. The paper summarizes prior research and provides new evidence of short-term and longer-term responses of high-income taxpayers. The analysis uses individual and business tax return information to examine some of the most salient features of each of these laws. Examining the responses to prior reforms can inform discussion of the effects of future tax reform proposals. Keywords: tax reform, tax avoidance, income shifting JEL Codes: H24, H25, H26 I. INTRODUCTION ver the last 50 years, several landmark tax laws targeted high-income taxpayers in Oways that affected incentives for earning and realizing income. Some of these laws raised tax rates for high-income taxpayers while others reduced them. Some broadened the tax base by repealing tax expenditures or loopholes that fostered tax avoidance, while others narrowed it by creating new or more generous deductions and exclusions. Top tax rates on ordinary income changed significantly seven times over this 50-year period (Figure 1). Top tax rates on long-term capital gains changed even more often. -
TEMPORARY TAX POLICY in the UNITED STATES Mark J
TEMPORARY TAX POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES Mark J. Mazur Robert C. Pozen Director Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center before the Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures United States House of Representatives Hearing on Temporary Policy in the Internal Revenue Code March 12, 2019 Chairman Thompson, Ranking Member Smith, and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for inviting me to appear today to discuss issues surrounding temporary tax policy. The views I express in this testimony are my own and should not be attributed to the Tax Policy Center, the Urban Institute, the Brookings Institution, their boards, or their funders. BACKGROUND The history of temporary tax policy in the United States is long, going back at least to the 1960s. Just one example can help illustrate this history. In 1962, an investment tax credit was enacted to help spur business investment. The credit rate was 7 percent, and the credit could be claimed on new tangible personal property; generally, this covered machinery and equipment and was intended to exclude buildings. A limited amount of used property ($100,000) also was eligible. The amount of credit claimed was subtracted from the asset basis subject to depreciation, but this provision was dropped in the Revenue Act of 1964. At that point, the credit provided a flat 7 percent tax subsidy for investment in qualified property. But then Congress and the Johnson administration became concerned about inflation and an overheated economy, so the credit was suspended from October 1966 to March 1967, then reinstated. The investment credit was repealed in the Tax Reform Act of 1969 but reinstated in the Revenue Act of 1971. -
Subject Index
SUBJECT INDEX A Construction of facilities, research and Page Page development, etc., appropriation Accounts, Bureau of, appropriation for 385, authorization. 368 399, 872 Western Interstate Nuclear Board, Adams, President John Quincy, bust of, cooperation 986 loan to Smithsonian Institution 2192 Aeronautics and Space Administration Administrative Conference of the United Authorization Act, 1970, National, States, appropriation for 878 Amendment, employees and former Adoption of Child, District of Columbia, employees, reporting requirements.- 373 consent of natural father 1086 Aeronautics and Space Administration Adult Education, National Advisory Authorization Act, 1971, National— 368 Council on, establishment 163 Aeronautics and Space Council, National, Adult Education Act: appropriation for 388, 1454 Amendment, allocation of funds, new Aeronautical and Space Sciences Com formula 1669 mittee, hearings on space program Appropriation for effecting provisions 35, benefits, printing of additional copies. 2186 36, 802 African Countries, sale of military equip Citation of title 159 ment to, ceiling 2053 National Advisory Council on Adult Age, minimum voting 318 Education, establishment 163 Age, Voting, Virgin Islands, establishment. 978 Secondary school curiiculum, addition Age Discrimination in Employment Act of to program 160 1967, appropriation for effecting pro Adult Education Act of 1966, appropria visions 25 tion for effecting provisions 35, 36, 802 Aged: Advisory Commission on Intergovern Food stamp program, delivered pre mental