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Virus Del Mosaico Estriado Del Trigo DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA FICHA TÉCNICA Virus del mosaico estriado del trigo Lapierre y Hariri, 2008. Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA CONTENIDO IDENTIDAD .................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Nombre científico ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Sinónimos .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Clasificación taxonómica ....................................................................................................................... 1 Nombres comunes .................................................................................................................................... 1 IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE LA PLAGA .................................................................................................................. 1 SITUACIÓN EN MÉXICO ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 DISTRIBUCIÓN MUNDIAL...................................................................................................................................................... 1 HOSPEDANTES ........................................................................................................................................................................ 2 DESCRIPCIÓN MORFOLÓGICA .......................................................................................................................................... 3 ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 SÍNTOMAS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS ........................................................................................................................................ 9 METODOS DE DETECCIÓN/DIAGNÓSTICO ................................................................................................................. 11 MUESTREO ................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 MANEJO FITOSANITARIO ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Cultural........................................................................................................................................................ 12 Genético ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Químico ....................................................................................................................................................... 12 LITERATURA CITADA .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA IDENTIDAD rendimiento de grano debido a la infección Nombre científico por WSMV variara del 50 al 91%. Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) Este virus no solo afecta el rendimiento de Sinónimos grano sino también el desarrollo de las raíces Wheat streak mosaic potyvirus y la eficiencia del uso del agua de las plantas Wheat streak mosaic rymovirus infectado (CABI, 2020). Generalmente, la (EPPO, 2020) infección por el virus del mosaico del rayado del trigo en las primeras etapas de la planta Clasificación taxonómica resulta en una mayor pérdida de rendimiento Dominio: Virus (Hunger et al., 1992). Cuando las plantas de Grupo: Virus de ARN trigo se infectan en el otoño, las pérdidas de Familia: Potyviridae rendimiento pueden ser tan graves que la Género: Tritimovirus cosecha no se llega a su final. Especie: Wheat streak mosaic virus (EPPO, 2020) SITUACIÓN EN MÉXICO Wheat streak mosaic virus se ha reportado Nombres comunes en Texcoco, México en cultivos de trigo Español: Virus del mosaico estriado del trigo (Sánchez-Sánchez et al., 2001); además, se Ingles: Wheat streak mosaic virus, wheat encuentra en el Módulo de consulta de viruses 6 and 7. requisitos para la importación de mercancías fitosanitarias. De acuerdo con la Norma IMPORTANCIA ECONÓMICA DE LA PLAGA Internacional para Medidas Fitosanitarias Esta enfermedad es de gran importancia (NIMF) No. 8 “Determinación de la situación debido a que ocasión a disminución en el de una plaga en un área” (CIPF, 2017), Wheat rendimiento y a los problemas que ocasiona streak mosaic virus es una Plaga en las exportaciones por su forma de cuarentenada. transmisión por semillas y ácaros. Dependiendo de las condiciones ambientales DISTRIBUCIÓN MUNDIAL (clima húmedo, seco, fresco o caluroso), la WSMV se encuentra en todas las regiones pérdida de rendimiento debido a las productoras de trigo del mundo. Se ha infecciones por el virus del mosaico del informado en los cinco continentes. CABI rayado del trigo puede variar de ser muy bajas (2020) reporta al virus presente en: África: hasta superar el 60%. La reducción en el Nigeria y Zambia. Asia: China, Irán, Jordania, 1 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA Kazajstán, Siria, Turquía y Uzbekistán. Europa: (Triticum aestivum), también se reporta en Bulgaria, Croacia, Republica checa, Alemania, maíz (Zea mays), la cebada (Hordeum Hungría, Italia, Moldavia, Polonia, Rumania, vulgare), centeno (Secale cereale), avena Rusia, Eslovaquia y Ucrania. América: (Avena sativa), mijo perla (Pennisetum Argentina, Brasil, Canadá, Estados Unidos y glaucum) Panicum spp., Setaria spp., México. Oceanía: Australia y Nueva Zelanda Echinichloa spp., y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) (Figura 1). Por otro lado, Hadi et al. (2011) (Seifers et al,. 1996). Asimismo, infecta pastos señalan que se encuentra presente en EE. UU., silvestres como colas de zorro (Setaria P. Canadá, México, Europa del Este, Asia Beauv. spp.), pastos aguja (Stipa spp.), pastos Occidental y Australia. de cabra (Aegilops spp.), Crabgrass (Digitaria Haller), raigrás (Lolium spp.), bromo (Bromus HOSPEDANTES spp.), cupgrass (Eriochloa Kunth) y otras Infecta muchas especies de plantas de la gramíneas (Sill y Agusiobo 1955; Christian y familia Poaceae, principalmente al trigo Willis 1993). Figura 1. Distribución mundial de Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). (CABI, 2020). 2 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA DESCRIPCIÓN MORFOLÓGICA de bastón compuesto por un genoma de ARN Es un virus de varilla flexible de 13 nm de monopartito, de sentido positivo y diámetro y 700 nm de largo. Es un virus monocatenario (ssRNA +) (Figura 2). filamentoso, flexible, sin envoltura, con forma Figura 2. Virus de varilla flexible, sin envoltura, compuesto por un genoma de ARN monopartito, de sentido positivo y monocatenario (ssRNA +). Créditos: Urbanavičienė et al., 2015. ASPECTOS BIOLÓGICOS El ácaro vector puede transmitir otros virus Las tasas de transmisión del virus pueden además del WSMV, como el virus del mosaico estar determinadas no solo por el genotipo del Triticum (TriMV) y el virus del mosaico del del ácaro, sino también por la cepa del virus. trigo (WMoV), y pueden causar infecciones (Wosula et al., 2016). mixtas (Singh et al., 2018). 3 DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL DIRECCIÓN DEL CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERENCIA FITOSANITARIA Por otro lado, a medida que las plantas virulíferos se mueven desde el trigo voluntario maduran, se vuelven más resistentes a la infectado por WSMV y otros cereales y pastos infección por virus y desarrollan menos hospedantes, con la ayuda del viento, hasta el síntomas y más leves. trigo recién emergido del que se alimentan y, durante este proceso transmiten el WSMV. Los ácaros generalmente alcanzan altas Algunos son hospedantes son susceptibles al densidades de población al final de la virus pero no son hospedantes de los ácaros y temporada de crecimiento del trigo, lo que otros son inmunes a ambos. asegura la infestación y la posterior infección por virus de varios hospedantes, incluidos el Las infecciones que se producen en otoño trigo y los pastos voluntarios. Si las provocan las pérdidas de rendimiento más condiciones permiten la supervivencia de importantes, al igual que las producidas en estos hospedantes hasta que surja el trigo de plantas jóvenes. El trigo de invierno puede invierno plantado en otoño, aumenta la infectarse en la primavera, pero no tienen probabilidad de transmisión del WSMV al impacto en el rendimiento (Singh et al., 2018). trigo plantado en otoño, lo que da como resultado cierto nivel de enfermedad y En la primavera, cuando las temperaturas pérdida de rendimiento cada año suben, los ácaros se activan y se propagan por (Byamukama et al., 2016). el viento dentro y entre los
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