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Over-Summering Ecology of the Wheat Curl Mite (Aceria Tosichella Keifer) Anthony J

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Over-Summering Ecology of the Wheat Curl Mite (Aceria Tosichella Keifer) Anthony J University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology Entomology, Department of Summer 8-2016 Over-Summering Ecology of the Wheat Curl Mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer) Anthony J. McMechan University of Nebraska - Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologydiss Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Entomology Commons, Plant Pathology Commons, and the Weed Science Commons McMechan, Anthony J., "Over-Summering Ecology of the Wheat Curl Mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer)" (2016). Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology. 44. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologydiss/44 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Student Research in Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. OVER-SUMMERING ECOLOGY OF THE WHEAT CURL MITE (ACERIA TOSICHELLA KEIFER) by Anthony Justin McMechan A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Doctorate of Philosophy Major: Entomology Under the Supervision of Professor Gary L. Hein Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2016 OVER-SUMMERING ECOLOGY OF THE WHEAT CURL MITE (ACERIA TOSICHELLA KEIFER) Anthony Justin McMechan, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2016 Advisor: Gary L. Hein The wheat-mite-virus complex is a consistent and significant threat to winter wheat production in the western Great Plains. This complex consists of three viruses (Wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and Wheat mosaic virus that are transmitted by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer). Yield impacts from this complex are typically associated with the presence of volunteer wheat that emerges prior to harvest as a result of hail occurring during the heading stages of wheat in early summer. Historical literature on pre-harvest germination has been primarily focused on accelerating breeding programs; however, critical gaps in knowledge exist on pre-harvest germination when evaluating risk for the wheat-mite-virus complex. A study was designed to evaluate pre-harvest germination potential of winter wheat by collecting heads at 7-9 day intervals beginning at the water-ripe stage until wheat harvest. In addition, risk categories were established based on the speed of germination because field germination will be limited by moisture availability. A second study was conducted in the field to evaluate the impact of environmental conditions on pre-harvest germination. Results indicate that risk for pre-harvest germination begins at the late milk stage with increasingly greater risk for germination up to harvest. In addition, risk for germination is highly dependent on available moisture following hail events. Historical observations, as well as anecdotal evidence indicate that other hosts besides wheat can support WCM during the over-summering period; however, the risk of these hosts to fall planted wheat is poorly understood. Greenhouse reproductive studies, a field study on mite movement and virus impact, and a weed survey were conducted to evaluate the risk potential of over-summering hosts. Results showed that barnyard grass is a high-risk over-summering host for the wheat-mite-virus complex; however, its frequency is relatively low across the central Great Plains. Green foxtail was comparatively a lower risk host, but it was found in higher frequencies in the weed survey. Foxtail millet, another summer annual, showed significant mite movement under field conditions; however, virus impact was minimal. In addition, greenhouse studies were a good predictor of field potential of all of the over-summering hosts with the exception of foxtail millet. The studies presented in this document provide critical information to better understanding the over-summering ecology and risk of the wheat- mite-virus complex. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members; Drs. Jeff Bradshaw, Greg Kruger and Stephen Wegulo for their research and extension insights and valuable feedback throughout my PhD program. In addition, I would like to thank Dr. Bradshaw for providing me with numerous extension opportunities and experiences throughout the summer of 2014. A special thanks to Tom Nightengale, Rob Higgins, Vernon Florke, Paul McMillen and Jeremy Reimers from the High Plains Agricultural Lab near Sidney, Nebraska. I’m so lucky to have known and worked with such a kind and helpful group of people. I would also like to thank Dr. Dipak Santra for allowing me to take wheat head samples from his winter wheat variety trials. His research plots formed the foundation of a large part of my PhD research and I’m grateful for his support. I would like to give a special thanks to Dr. Walter Stroup, Cyrille Nzouda, and Francis Ayimiah-Neterful for all their statistical support. I would also like to the Dr. Dale Flowerday, a former University of Nebraska Agronomist who had the forethought to build the hail machine in the 1970’s that was used to better understand early germination of volunteer wheat under field conditions. Dr. Flowerday demonstrated to me the importance of replicating the real world environment and I’ve benefited tremendously from the experience. I’ve come to know a number of people throughout my time as a PhD student and I want to thank all of them for the conversations, advice and support over the years. I would like to specifically thank Dr. Kenny Roche, Dr. Travis Prochaska, Kyle Koch, Matheus Ribeiro, Chris McCullough, Camila Olivera-Hofmann, and Louise Lynch for their support over the years. I’ve taken a number of classes with many of these fine ii individuals and I’m proud to have had my education alongside of them. We will undoubtedly have friendships that carry well beyond our graduate degrees. A special thanks to Elliot Knoell for all of his hard work and the thousands of mites that he counted for some of the project presented in this dissertation. Elliot joined Dr. Hein’s lab in August 2015 and has been a tremendous asset in taking over the day-to-day functions as well as taking ownership of his own research in the lab. A very special thanks to Nancy Shoemaker for all her dedication to the Doctor of Plant Health program. Nancy was always a source of encouragement and made sure I never missed a deadline for either of my program, even when I know she didn’t have to. I would also like to thank Jeri Cunninghum, Marilyn Weidner, and Marissa Kemp for all there help over the years. My drive, desire, and passion for research and extension is the result of my upbringing and I want to thank my parents, Tony and Debbie McMechan for all the support and sacrifices over the years. We didn’t know how this story would end when I left home but you’ve always had my back and carried me through some difficult times. At heart, I will always be a farmer, a characteristic that I can attribute to my parents and a quality that will be tremendously important to my future career. To my sisters, Dr. Danielle McMechan and Paige McMechan, you are my source of inspiration. I am always amazed at what the two of you have accomplished and I’m so proud to be your brother. To my wife, Dr. Ana Velez, we have endured a lot together. I’m awestruck by your ability to drop everything regardless of how busy you are when I needed your help. Your unwavering support through all the difficult and stressful times has made me a better person. We’ve been very fortunate to build off of one another’s experiences and I’m so lucky to have someone that I can share my vision with. iii To my advisor, Dr. Gary Hein, we’ve spent over six years working together and I find it difficult to write the words that would accurately show my appreciation. Your investment in my education and my development as a scientist cannot be quantified in just the countless hours that we’ve spent discussing data, life’s challenges and my future career. You’ve provided me with insights and wisdom that cannot be captured in any classroom and I’m grateful for all the experiences that you’ve shared with me. You’ve taught me to think critically about the data I’ve collected and I am certain that my success as scientists can be largely attributed to all the lessons you’ve taught me over the years. I am so lucky to have such a supportive mentor and I hope that one day I can be that type of mentor to my own students. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. i LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2 Wheat Curl Mite Classification ...................................................................................... 2 Wheat Curl Mite Biology and Ecology .......................................................................... 5 Mite Movement ..............................................................................................................
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