Nat. Nat. HlST.BuLL. SlAM お C. 3 4( 2): 105-113 ，1986.

INSECTS AND MITES FOUND ON STORED GARLIC IN THAILAND

Suthasanee Suthasanee Boonkong* ， Charlya Le kprayoon* and Wi na Meckvichai*

ABSTRACT Sam ples of garlic bulbs from 6 storages in 3 pro' 吋ncesinno 此h町 nτbailand w釘 e ∞H阿国and examined 儒 ch month from Au 忠誠 1983 to June 1984. It was found the storage damage damage increased with time and was significantly different among storages. 百le major major causes of damage to garlic bulbs were 泊sects 田 d mites. Of Of 14 genera of insec 白隠ountered ，Las ioderma serricome (F abricius) ，A ra e(朋 6 f町制'Iaoo De geer and 砂 'hestio cautella (W alker) were most fr ，伺 uently found. Tw enty genera genera of mites were also identified 回 d among these ，Aceria tulipae (K eifer) was the most most destructive species.

INTRODUCTION

Garlic Garlic (Allium SIσ tivum L.)， Family Liliaceae ，is known 部 a traditional medicinal plant. plant. For many centuries ，man has used the roots ， the bulbs and the leaves of of many varieties of garlic ，prep 釘 ed in many ways ，either fresh or dried ， alone or in combination combination with other substances such as water ，vinegar and honey. In a number of forms forms garlic has served as an amulet or as food ， condiment or medicine. The English Pharmacopia Pharmacopia of 1949listed garlic as an antiseptic ，diaphroretic ，diuretic expectorant ， and and also noted that garlic h踏切en 凶 ed to fight tuberculosis. 官leSp 創出h Pharmacopia of of 1954 also listed garlic among its drugs. Most Thai people regularly use fresh garlic as condimen t. Since the publication ofre 偲 nt workon the nutritional value ，medic 泊al value and an 白叫αobial and antifw 喝d properties properties of garlic (CARPENTER ，1945; SHEIKH & AG NlHOTRl， 1972) ，there has been incr 伺 sing interest in the use of fresh garlic as a drug. Only a single crop of garlic is grown per year in Thailand ，and therefore the product product has to be stored over the ye 釘. Damage occurs during storage ，and the quality quality and quantity of stored g町 lic are gradually reduced. Because of this ， the price of of garlic becomes high in the few months preceeding harvest of the next crop. In some years ，disease lowers the productivity of the crop (CHARANASRI ，1983). As the result of of these problems the amount of garlic in the country does Dot supply the d(:mands of consumers consumers over the entire year. Some garlic has to be imported from countries such as as China and Japan in some years.

百lepurpos 回 ofthis work 釘 e to (1) evaluate the deterioration of stored gar 1i c over a period of 1 year; (2) investigate the pests which cause damage in storage; (3) provide information information to aid further studies in prevention ，control and preservation of stored garlic.

Department • Department of Biology ，Faculty of Science ，Chulalongkorn University ，Ban gkok 105 ∞. Thailand. 105 105 106 106 S. Boo NKONG ，C. LEKPRAYOON AND W. MECKVICHAI

Table Table 1. The percentages of deteriorated garlic cloves from 6 storages during August 1983 1983 - June 1984.

Percentage Percentage of deteriorated Month/ cloves from 6 storages Average :!:: S.D. Year 2 3 4 5 6

Aug.83 7.32 6.93 3.69 13. 似 5.08 21.33 9.565 + 6.589 Sept.83 Sept.83 10.04 13.54 10.65 8.77 9.58 8.64 10.203 :!:: 1. 803 Oct.83 13.94 21.51 13.46 10.10 4.55 16.47 13.347 :!:: 5.753 Nov.83 20.14 22.19 3.91 10.18 6.92 16.80 13.357 +7 .4 39 Dec.83 17.78 25.40 8.33 22.51 13.37 23.44 18.468 :!:: 6.609 J叩 .84 12.93 25.64 12.29 25.15 24.87 24.38 20.877 :!:: 6.4 20 Feb.84 8.95 16.28 7.86 11. 11 16.25 22.17 15.253 +5 .4 16 Mar.84 38.04 21.32 10.83 10.47 25.43 17.12 20.368 +10.288 Apr.84 10.65 31. 78 10.03 16.50 20.14 34.08 20.530 +10.388 May.84 17.22 19.50 17.02 11.59 39.50 27.71 22.090 :!::10.011 Jun.84 23.23 27.70 22.52 18.83 36.03 51. 32 29.938 :!::12.023

METHODS

Samples Samples of garlic bulbs were collected at random and examined each month during during August 1983 to June 1984 from 6 storages located in Chiang Mai ，Lamphun and Lampang Provinees. The garlic was harvested during February and March ，and stored stored during May and June ， 1983. Each sample weighed 2∞ grams. The deteriorated deteriorated cloves were sep 釘 ated from the bulbs and the percentage of decayed cloves in in each sample was recorded. Pests were preserved in 70 0/ 0 alcohol after observation of of some of their natural behavior in the bulbs. We made permanent slides of insects and mites for identification (BAKER ， 1975; HINTON & CORBET ， 1972; KRANTZ ， 1978; LINDQUIST & EVANS ， 1965; PHOLBOON.1965; SUMMER ，19 “and R. L. SMILEY ，personal communication). communication). Comparisons of damage between storages and between months were were made using 1・way analysis of variance.

RESULTS

Deterioration Deterioration of Garlic Cloves Samples Samples of garlic bulbs from 6 storages were obtained for each of 11 months. The percentages of damaged garlic cloves fro Ol each storage and each month 釘 e different different at p < .∞ 1σ= 4.750 and F = 4.520 ，respectively). INSE CfS AND MITES FOUND ON STORED GAR Ll C IN THAILAND 107

Table Table 2. Roles of insects and small arthropods found in stored garlic.

Order Order Scientific Name Roles

Coleoptera Coleoptera Lasioderma serricorne Feeds on garlic Araecerus Araecerus jasciculatus F田ds on garlic Thaneroclerus Thaneroclerus buqueti Predaceous Cη 'P tolest 白， spp. Pr eda 問 ous Cryptophagus Cryptophagus sp. Fungivorous Dienerella Dienerella sp. Fungivorous Euchione Euchione lI us sp. Fungivorous η'P haea stercorea Fungivorous Carpophilus Carpophilus spp. Scavenger Ahasverus Ahasverus advena Fungivorous Silvanus Silvanus sp. Fungivorous Lepidoptera Lepidoptera Ephestia cautella Infests garlic

Psocoptera Psocoptera Liposcelis sp. Fungivorous 加 d scavenger Hymenoptera Unidentified Parasite of larvae of beetles and moths Thysanura Thysanura Ctenolepisma sp. Bites larvae and pupae of b目 des and moths Hemiptera Hemiptera unidentified Predator of larvae of beetles and moths. moths. Diptera Diptera unidentified Predator of larvae of beetles and moths Ar aneae unidentified Predaceous Pseudoscorpionida Pseudoscorpionida unidentified Predaceous

The mean percentage damage from storage no. 3 was the lowest (12.2070) and that that of storage no. 6 was the highest (22.0 怖). Over the year ，August had the lowest percentage percentage damage (9.6 怖) and June the highest (29.9070)σable 1).

Insects Insects and Mites Found on Sto 問 d Garlic Fourteen Fourteen genera of insect$ and 20 genera of mites were examined from the 6 storag 田 during the y' 回 rσ'ables 2 佃 d3). 百lese 創由nalsw 釘 e associated wi 血伺cho 血er in in various roles. Speci 回 of 凶配ts and mit 鎚 which destroyed garlic included Las ioderma serricorne ，cigarette beetle; Araecerus jasciculat ω" coffee-bean w 田 :vil; Ephestia cautella ， dried currant moth; Aceria tulipae ， tulip bulb mite; Rhizoglyphus spp.; Suidasia Suidasia sp. ， η'rophagus sp. andα log l) 少hωsp. Preda 偲 ous ins 配 tsandmi 陥 included Thaneroclerus Thaneroclerus buqueti ，Cryptolestes spp. ，Chelacaropsis moorei ， Cheletomorpha 108 108 S. Boo NKONG ， C. LEKPRAYOON AND W. MECKVICHAI

Table Table 3. Roles of mites found in stored garlic.

Family Scientific name Roles

Eriophyidae Eriophyidae Aceria tul 伊，ae Phytophagous ， especially on leaves leaves and bulb; destroys the garlic garlic Acaridae Acaridae Rhizoglyphus spp. Phytophagous; scavenger Suidasia Suidasia sp. η'rophag ωsp. Caloglyphus Caloglyphus sp. Cheyletidae Cheyletidae Ch の，Ietus 101 均 Predators of mites ，insects and Cheyletus Cheyletus malaccensis small arthropods Chelacaropsis Chelacaropsis moorei 。鮒仰向加匂揃'J]J U抑 um Tydeidae Tydeidae η deus spp. Predaceous; some species are phytophagous ，detritivorous or or fungivorous. Cunaxidae Cunaxa capreola Predators of mites or insects on Cunaxa Cunaxa setirostris plants ， and small soil arthropods arthropods Ascidae Ascidae Blattisocius sp. Predators of mites and insects ， Melichares Melichares sp. expecially of larvae of E. cautella cautella Kleemannia Kleemannia n_ sp. Fungivorous Stigmaeidae Stigmaeidae Agistemus n. sp. Predators of mites and small Eryngiopus Eryngiopus n. sp. insects associated with crops in in storage. Sejidae Sejidae Sejus sp. Scavenger Bdellidae Bdellidae Spinibdella bifurcata Predator of eggs and small arthropods. arthropods. Smaridae Smaris sp. Predator of small insects and mites mites associated with the crops crops in storage Pediculochelidae Pediculochelidae Pediculochelus sp. Unknown Raphignathidae Raphignathidae Raphignathus sp. Unknown Camerobiidae Unidentified Unknown INSECTS AND MITES FOUND ON STORED GARLIC IN THAILAND 109

50

40

30

20

10

JU L- SE PT 83 OCT- DEC 83 JAN- MAR 84 APR-JUN 84

§ INSECT FUNGI

IIIl] MITE BACTERIA

0 UNKNOWN CAUSE

Figure I. The percentages of spoiled garlic cloves due to different causes in four periods of three months each.

lepidopterorum, Cheyletus fortis, C. malaccensis and Tydeus spp. Some insects and mites from bulbs were scavengers, fungivores and detritivores (Tables 2 and 3 and Figure 2). Three new species of mites were found (Table 3). These were confirmed by acarologists at the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, and should receive further study. Damage and Symptoms of Stored Garlic The cloves of garlic inhabited by the mite A. tulipae were dried, shrunken and brown in colour. After A. tu/ipae damaged the cloves by feeding and reproducing - GARLIC (Allium sativum) -0

Aceria tulipae Lasioderm phytophagous phytophagous Araecerus fi { Acaridae - bulb mite } Ephestia ea -·-··- Tydeidae- Tydeus spp. • Cryptopha ~idae ~ tx:l Lathridiida e 8 Mycetopha gidae z~ Silvanidae p Ascidae- Kleemania n. sp. Liposcelidae 0 t"' m .,:><: ~ -< 0 0z Ascidae ..: Blattisocius sp. :> z 0 ~ predaceous Bethylidae parasites ~ { Pteromalid 1e l Hymenoptera - Q < Cheyletidae - Cheyletus spp. (i I :I: f ~ scavengers Thysanura

Figure 2. Relationships between garlic, insects, mites, fungi and bacteria. Arrows indicate direction of flow of food energy. INSECTS AND MITES FOUND ON STORED GAR Ll C IN THAILAND 111

between between the layers of skin ，伺.u sing desic 回 .tion of the bulbs ， other ins 配 ts 佃 dti 山19I∞叫 d enter enter and cause secondary decay. A. tuJ ゆ雌 also infes 刷出egro 叫ngplan 箇，佃dwere ∞ncen 回， tedon 血egro 叫喝 sh ∞， ts. 百ley w>釘 e also found wh 釘 e 曲e edges of leaves touch 伺 cho 曲er (C 泊ARANAS 悶. 1983; 1983; MEYER ，1981) 組 d thus were difficult to s田. Infested leaves were stunted and curled ， giving the plant a recurved appearance. From folds on the aerial parts of garlic garlic plants ， the mites move down into the bulbs ， feeding and reproducing between bulb bulb layers after harv 田 t time (CHARANAS 則， 1983). D 町祖gstorage ，由 emit 回 dispersed to to adjacent bulbs and ∞ntinued 伺国ing 伽 m 喝 eaft ぽ加抑制. Damaged clov ，田 changed colour colour from white to pale yellow and brown.τ 'h e ad 叫ts of L. serricorne and A. !as CI< ω latus caused the tissues of the stems and bulbs to become porous while burrowing burrowing out. Their larvae fed on garlic ， producing debris between junctions of 曲e clov ，国泊曲e 姐 meor diffi ぽ'ent lamellae of the b叫bs. E. cautella larvae also fed on 伊 rlic and 嶋田ed deterioration of clov ，回.

P 時 dato 悶

The beetle Thaneroclerus buqueti h髄 been recorded 邸 a predator of L. ser- ricorne ricorne (HINTON & CORBET ， 1972). Some sp 民 ies of Hemiptera are predators of larvae larvae of beetles and moths and of mit 田 (HINTON & CORBET ， 1972).

The mites of F: 創凶ly Cheyletidae which were found have b田 nr ，配 orded 邸 predac 回国.LAw 胆 N 四 (1954) 釦 d VOLGIN (1 960) (cited in KRAN ロ， 197 町repo 民d 由at Chelacaropsis Chelacaropsis moorei w 描 found 畑出， e ti 町 of mammals ，wh 釘 e it subsisted 鎚 apredator of 田 top 紅白凶c arthropods shar 加g 曲e 路 me habitat. Cheletomorpha Ii ψidopterorum were were often found in 出 sociation wi 白血e 配釘idmit 回 onwhichth 町 feed (H UGH 回， 197 6).

Other P 回 ts in Stored GarUe

Besides Besides insects and mites ， fungi and bacteria also infested 目stored garlic (CHANTARASANIT & PANICHY 雌 ARN ，198 6). Spoilage due to microorg 鉱山m.in ぽ郎副 gradually gradually from the beginning of storage until the end of the period (F ig 1). Normal looking looking bulbs often concealed fungal spoilage inside. Wh en pressed ， puffs of black dust dust of fungal spores emerged from bulbs.

DISCUSSION

The deterioration of post-harvest garlic in different storages w; ぉ caused by A. A. tu ゆae ， L. serricorne. A. fasd ωlat 附， and E. cautella. It was also damaged by microorganisms. microorganisms. The mite A. tU/i 伊ae (F創 nily Eriophyidae) w 髄 one of the most important important and injurious sp 田 ies. NEW 阻 RK & KElFER (1971) (cited 泊 MEYER ， 1981) considered considered the genus Aceria to be a synon 抑n of Eriophy 低， LINDQUIST (1 977) and other other acarologists were of the opinion that the n創 ne Aceria should be retained becausc becausc it is very well known and has been used for many economically important 112 112 S. Boo NKONG. C. LEKPRAYOON AND" 人MECKVICHAl species species (MEYER ， 1981). This mite affects its host plant in two ways. First ，it damages the the plant by feeding and secondly ，it serves as a vector for toxins and viruses (MEYER ， 1981). 1981). Stunting ， twisting and curling of foliage is evidence of viral infestation (LANGE ，1955) ，and has been found to accompany mite infestation (JEPPSON et ，al. ， 1975; 1975; CHARANASRI ， 1983). A. tulipae caused desiccation and decay of garlic cloves. This This mite has been found in 蹴 ociation 叫 th the mite Rhizog/yph ω ca//ae (LANGE ， 1955) ，and both were also found in this study. Thus ， A. tulipae damaged garlic in the field field and in storage ， but L. serricorne ，A .f asciculatus ， E. caute//a infested only stored garlic. garlic. The larvae of E. caute//a also inhabited and fed on the cloves. Other factors which affect the amount of damage to garlic include the genetic varieties varieties used ， maturity at harvest ，cultural factors ， environmental factors ，and type and method of storage. Some storages contained other agricultural products such as onions ，chillis ， peanuts and soybeans in the same room. These provided alternative foods foods for the pests and helped maintain their cycles throughout the year ，especially in the the absence of proper maintenance ，cleanliness and me 出町田 for prevention and control of of the pests. The suggested methods of controlling the pests and reducing damage are: (1) (1) decrease the humidity of garlic bulbs and remaining leaves before storing or packaging; packaging; (2) fumigate the garlic cloves ，especially the planting stock; methyl bromide at at 2.5Ibs. per 1α)() cU.f t. for 2 hours at 27 0 C (80 0 F) kills all mites with no b叫bdamage. In In the field ， dusting the foliage with sulfur or sulfur plus insecticide in combination results results in reduction of these mites. But mites in the leaf folds are often not reached by the the toxicant (JEPPSON et al.， 1975). (3) Improve the maintenance of storages before and after storing the garlic. Prevention and control of the pests in the field and storage storage are both necessary requirements. Biological Biological control of herbivorous pests remains a possibility and should receive further further study. We discovered at least 13 types of known predaceous insects and mites that that ce 口ainly must feed on some of the pest species. The biological relationships between between these and other forms are shown in Fig. 2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank Chulalongkorn University for the gr 加 t to carry out this this study. We would like to express 0 町 thanks to Dr. Robert L. Smiley and Dr. Edward W. Baker ，USDA ，Beltsville ，M ぽ yland ，and to Professor D r. J. Den Heyer ， Department of Zoology ， University of North Qwaqwa Branch ， for identification of some mites and for supplying references. We express our special appreciation to the staff of Entomology and Zoology Division ， Ministry of Agriculture ， for confirmation of some species of insects ，and for supplying some references. Sincere thanks are extended extended to D r. Warren Y. Brockelman ，Mahidol University for reviewing this manuscrip t. We also grateful to many individuals who assisted us during the survey and made useful suggestions during this study. INSECTS INSECTS AND MITES FOUND ON STORED GARL1C lN THAILAND 113

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