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“Arthropod Pest Management in the Pacific Northwest” Silvia I. Rondon Oregon State University Steve Van Vleet Stuart Reitz Washington State University Oregon State University Ken Frost Pamela Hutchinson Oregon State University University of Idaho http://extension.oregonstate.edu/u matilla/ipm WHAT DO YOU CONSIDER A PEST ? DEFINITION OF PEST •A destructive •Human organism that perspective: attacks crops, nuisance, irritant, food, livestock trouble, problem Insect P Weed E Disease S T INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) A strategy to prevent and suppress pests with minimum impact on human health, the environment and non-target organisms Decision-making process that uses regular monitoring to decide if and when treatments are needed to control a pest, then uses a variety of tactics to keep pest numbers low Biological Host plant Cultural resistance IPM Mechanical/ Sampling Physical Chemical SAMPLING •Sampling •ID pest (s) and beneficials •Establish an “Passive” acceptable injury level •Manage using all available strategies “Active” …WHY? •Presence/absence •Whether the pests are parasitized or diseased • Whether pest infestation is decreasing or not VISUAL TRAPPING?? ACTIVE SAMPLING Pitfall traps Sod samples Inverted leaf blower Beating sheets Buckets Sticky cards Wireworms Hand lenses Record keeping •Choose: technique of selecting a suitable sample, or a representative part of a population •How and where to sample? 5-10 feet “border effect” REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF APHIDS ABUNDANCE IN THE BASIN Probability of OA exceeding 3 per week December 19, 2016 27 Kingdom Phylum Phylum Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Phylum arthropod Class crustacea Class arachnida Class insecta Class chilopoda Class diplopoda (lobster, crabs, (spiders and (insects) (centipids) (milipids) pill bugs) mites) phylum (n.): division of the plant or animal kingdom PHYLUM ARTHROPOD Arthropod: “those with jointed feet”; arthro= “a joint”; pod= “feet” PARTS OF AN INSECT: HOW INSECTS BECAME SO SUCCESSFUL ! •Wings •Legs •Antenna •Mouthparts HEAD - MOUTHPARTS . Chewing . Sucking . Siphoning . Siphoning/sponging . Rasping THORAX LEGS WINGS http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Indirect_flight_in_insects.gif Abdominal segments ABDOMEN Cerci (singular cercus) • A paired appendage on the rear-most segments of many Arthopoda, including insects. • Many forms of cerci serve as sensory organs, but some serve as pinching weapons or as organs of copulation. METAMORPHOSIS (INSECT DEVELOPMENT) .Simple .Gradual . Incomplete .Complete SIMPLE METAMORPHOSIS GRADUAL METAMORPHOSIS INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS Egg Larvae Adults Pupae Pests of small grains Wheat head armyworm Western curl mite Aphids Grasshoppers Wheat Head Armyworm Dargida diffusa “True” WHA •Damage in Umatilla County since 2007. •Economic damage unknown. D. diffusa “True” WHA D. terrapictalis “False” WHA Wheat Curl Mite Eriophyes tulipae • The mites are very tiny, white, spindle-shaped, with 4 legs near the anterior end. • Reproduce parthenogenetically (without males). • Overwinter on grasses or volunteer wheat. • Damage: Transmits a viral disease called wheat streak mosaic. • This virus can cause serious reductions in wheat crop yields. • Although the mites feed on a variety of grasses, wheat is the preferred host. • High populations can develop during the summer and fall on volunteer wheat. • Control: Cultural - prevent the growth of volunteer wheat. Late planting. Resistant cultivars. Chemicals are rarely effective. •Hail belt areas are in greatest need of protection. Russian Wheat Aphid Diuraphis noxia • Native to southern Russia and the Mediterranean region. • Introduced in the U.S. in 1986. • Reproduces sexually or asexually. • Several generations per year. • Overwinter as immatures or adults in grasses. Damage: • RWA initiates feeding at the base of the leaves near the top of the plant. It injects a toxic saliva into the plant. •The edges of the leaf curl inward protecting the pest. • Plants become purplish and leaves develop longitudinal yellowish and whitish streaks. • Tillers of heavily infested plants run parallel to the ground (a prostrate appearance). • Heads are distorted. Control: • Cultural – control volunteer wheat; avoid early planting; use resistant varieties; maintain healthy stand. • Biological – parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles. • Chemical – foliar sprays with systemics. Greenbug aphids •Inject toxin when feed. Cause “greenbug spots.” •Control: systemic insecticides. Oat cherry bird aphid •Bird cherry-oat aphids occur in fall and spring. •Wingless BCOA are distinguished by the red-orange patch on the rear end. "Old" BCOA found in winter and early spring may be totally black in color, but they will give birth to more typical aphids in the spring. The BCOA is a very efficient vector of the virus that cause Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus. Grasshoppers •Economically important in 17 western states • Dozen pest species (out of >450) • Annually remove 20- 22% of rangeland vegetation • Estimated average loss $400 million per year Migratory Differential Two-striped Twostriped Mormon cricket is neither a grasshopper nor a cricket – it’s a katydid Anabrus simplex Beneficials What about the good guys ? •Beneficials: pollinate plants, feed on things we consider pests •Aesthetics: beauty, jewelry, art •Soil builders and farmers •Food: for arthropods, other animals & humans •Weapons •Forensic entomology Agents of biological control .Predators .Parasitoids .Pathogens Predators Pathogens Parasitoids Predators Lady beetles Adult Larva Eggs Lacewings Adult Eggs Larva Predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis Neoseiulus californicus Big eyed Adult bugs Nymph Egg Minute pirate bugs Adult Nymph Eggs Damsel bug Damsel bugs Adult Nymph Ground beetles Larva Parasitoids egg parasitoids Nymph stage parasitoids Pathogens http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/blogGenomes/?p=2978 Management •Best irrigation practices Photograph by Eric Erbe, USDA. Digital colorization by Chris Pooley, USDA. ROLE OF VOLUNTEERS HOST PLANT RESISTANCE •One IPM strategy is to grow crop varieties that are resistant to pest damage. •Host plant resistance can be broken down into three categories: • Non-preference (= antixenosis) • Plants either provide stimuli that are unattractive to the pest (color, odor, texture such as downy hairs) or fail to provide stimuli that are attractive to the pest. • Non-preference plants affect the behavior of pests. • Antibiosis. Type of resistance in which the host plant causes injury, death, reduced longevity, or reduced reproduction of the pest. • Resistant variety will respond more quickly or more dramatically than the susceptible variety, reducing the amount of damage the pest causes. • Plants that express antibiosis affect the biology of pests. • Tolerance. Host plants that express tolerance are resistant to pest damage because they can remain healthy and yield well despite the damage. • These plants must also be able to heal wounds and fight diseases that enter through wounds. BREEDING PROGRAMS IN THE PNW http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/group/wheat http://css.wsu.edu/research/crop_genetics/breeding/ http://limagraincerealseeds.com/Regions/pacific-northwest CHEMICAL CONTROL •Chemical tactics to manage pests can include many types of compounds. •Some chemicals repel or confuse pests; some interfere with weed photosynthesis, insect molting processes or development. •KNOW your pesticides !!!!!!! Pesticide = "pest killer“ •Continuous evaluation of old and new, safer products. General information • Organophosphate Pesticides - These pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. • Carbamate Pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The enzyme effects are usually reversible. • Organochlorine Insecticides were commonly used in the past, but many have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects and their persistence (e.g. DDT and chlordane). • Pyrethroid Pesticides were developed as a synthetic version of the naturally occurring pesticide pyrethrin (chrysanthemums). They have been modified to increase their stability in the environment. Some synthetic pyrethroids are toxic to the nervous system. • Biopesticides. Derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. E.g. canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PESTICIDE USE Advantages Disadvantages 1. Quick-acting 1. Potentially toxic to 2. Easy to use humans 3. Cheap (relatively) 2. Impact on non-targets 4. Readily available 3. Potential negative 5. Others? environmental effects 4. Unknown cumulative effects 5. Pest resistance 6. Others? PNW 2016 ONLINE NOW !!!! http://insects.ippc.ors t.edu/pnw/insects?23 POTA01.dat http://pnwhandbooks.org/ DISCLAIMER Trade or brand names used in this presentation are used only for educational purposes The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement information of products is implied Picture were taken from the internet for teaching purposes only Silvia I. Rondon Steve Van Vleet Hermiston Ag. Res. & Ext. Center Extension Educator Washington State University Oregon State University Extension 2121 South First Street 310 N. Main, Room 209 Hermiston, OR 97838 Colfax, WA 99111-1894 Phone: (541) 567-8321 509-397-6290 Email: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] http://csanr.wsu.edu/people/steve-van-vleet/ http://oregonstate.edu/Dept/hermiston/ http://cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu/entomology_lab/ http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/ipm/index.htm.
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