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Victor Manuel Sierra Bohorquez Universidad De Los Llanos Facultad De Ciencias Agropecuarias Y Recursos Naturales Escuela De In

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Victor Manuel Sierra Bohorquez Universidad De Los Llanos Facultad De Ciencias Agropecuarias Y Recursos Naturales Escuela De In RECONOCIMIENTO Y EVALUACIÓN DE ÁCAROS EN EL CULTIVO DE CAUCHO (Hevea brasiliensis ) EN LA INSPECCIÓN EL VIENTO, MUNICIPIO DE CUMARIBO. DEPARTAMENTO DEL VICHADA VICTOR MANUEL SIERRA BOHORQUEZ UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS LLANOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA EN CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA VILLAVICENCIO 2015 RECONOCIMIENTO Y EVALUACIÓN DE ÁCAROS EN EL CULTIVO DE CAUCHO (Hevea brasiliensis ) EN LA INSPECCIÓN EL VIENTO, MUNICIPIO DE CUMARIBO DEPARTAMENTO DEL VICHADA VICTOR MANUEL SIERRA BOHÓRQUEZ Trabajo de Grado presentado como requisito para optar al título de INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO DIRECTOR VICTOR DANIEL MORALES GARAVITO Ingeniero Agrónomo CODIRECTOR HAROLD BASTIDAS M. Sc. Ingeniero Agrónomo UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS LLANOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS Y RECURSOS NATURALES ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA EN CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS PROGRAMA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA VILLAVICENCIO 2015 Los directores y jurados examinadores de este trabajo de pregrado, no serán responsables de las ideas emitidas por los autores del mismo. Art. 24, Resolución N° 4 de 1994 Nota de aceptación ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________________________________ Director: Ing. Víctor Daniel Morales Garavito _________________________________ Codirector: M. Sc. Ing. Harold Bastidas _________________________________ Jurado: Esp. Ing. Álvaro Álvarez Socha _________________________________ Jurado: Ing. Orlando Jiménez Villavicencio, 2015 PERSONAL DIRECTIVO OSCAR DOMÍNGUEZ GONZÁLEZ Rector WILTON ORACIO CALDERÓN Vice-rector académico DEIVER GIOVANNY QUINTERO Secretario general JOSÉ MYRAY SAAVEDRA ALVAREZ Decano de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales JAIRO RINCÓN ARIZA Director de Escuela de Ingeniería Ciencias Agrícolas NIDYA CARMEN CARRILLO Director del programa de Ingeniería Agronómica DEDICATORIA Primero a Dios porque sin él nada de esto podría suceder, A mi madre, quien con su amor, cariño y coraje me permitió alcanzar cada logro hasta hoy, quien me ha guiado con sus consejos para ser quien soy, A mi padre quien me ha apoyado de manera incondicional para alcanzar esta meta, A mi hija, quien se convirtió en mi bendición y en el motor principal de mi vida, A mi hermana, por su incondicional apoyo, A mi familia y amigos Finalmente a mis compañeros y profesores de la Universidad de los Llanos quienes me ayudaron durante todo el proceso, a todos ellos mil gracias por haber estado siempre ahí. Víctor Manuel Sierra Bohórquez AGRADECIMIENTOS El autor agradece de forma sincera a la Empresa Agropecuaria Mayoragua, por haber permitido desarrollar el trabajo de investigación en sus instalaciones, prestando de manera oportuna los servicios necesarios para llevar a cabo esta investigación. Al ingeniero Agrónomo Víctor Daniel Morales Garavito, quien fue mi guía durante este proceso de investigación. Al Ingeniero Agrónomo Harold Bastidas, sin su oportuna intervención no hubiera sido posible la realización de este trabajo investigativo. A los jurados Álvaro Álvarez y Orlando Jiménez, por su interés y atención prestada para llevar a cabo el presente trabajo. TABLA DE CONTENIDO PAG. 1 Tabla de contenido 2 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................. 17 3 OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................................... 20 3.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Especificos .......................................................................................................... 20 4 REVISIÓN DEL ESTADO DEL ARTE ................................................................. 21 4.1 HISTORIA DEL CAUCHO ................................................................................... 21 4.2 IMPORTANCIA DEL CULTIVO DE CAUCHO .................................................... 23 4.3 CLASIFICACIÓN TAXONOMICA Y MORFOLOGIA ........................................... 24 4.3.1 RAIZ .................................................................................................................... 25 4.3.2 TALLO ................................................................................................................. 25 4.3.3 SISTEMA FOLIAR .............................................................................................. 25 4.3.4 FUNCIÓN REPRODUCTIVA .............................................................................. 26 4.4 ACAROS ............................................................................................................. 26 4.4.1 Importancia Económica de los Ácaros en la Agricultura ..................................... 27 4.4.2 MORFOLOGÍA GENERAL .................................................................................. 29 4.4.3 CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS ÁCAROS DE INTERES AGRICOLA ........................ 29 4.4.4 CARACTERISTICAS MORFOLOGICAS DE CADA ORDEN ............................. 31 4.4.5 ACAROS ASOCIADOS AL CULTIVO DE CAUCHO .......................................... 32 5 METODOLOGÍA .................................................................................................. 35 5.1 LOCALIZACIÓN .................................................................................................. 35 5.2 MATERIALES Y METODOS ............................................................................... 36 5.3 DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL .................................................................................. 36 5.4 ANALISIS ESTADISTICO ................................................................................... 38 6 ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS ............................................................................ 39 6.1 Comportamiento de la movilización de ácaros de acuerdo al régimen climático 40 6.2 Análisis de la movilización de ácaros en el cultivo de caucho ............................ 44 7 DISCUSIÓN ......................................................................................................... 49 7.1 Familia Tenuipalpidae ......................................................................................... 50 7.2 Familia Eriophyidae............................................................................................. 52 7.3 Familia Tetranychidae ......................................................................................... 54 8 CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................ 57 9 RECOMENDACIONES ........................................................................................ 58 10 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................... 59 11 ANEXOS .............................................................................................................. 63 LISTA DE TABLAS Pág. TABLA 1. TAXONOMÍA DEL CAUCHO ................................................................................... 24 TABLA 2. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS ÁCAROS DE INTERES AGRICOLA ......................................... 30 TABLA 3. ESPECIES DE ÁCAROS REPORTADOS EN EL CULTIVO DE CAUCHO EN BRASIL ............ 32 TABLA 4. POBLACIÓN ÁCAROS Y POSTURAS EN CLONES DE CAUCHO, EL VIENTO VICHADA ..... 39 TABLA 5. POBLACIÓN DE ÁCAROS Y HUEVOS EN CLON DE CAUCHO FX 3864 SEMBRADO EN EL AÑO 2011, EL VIENTO VICHADA ......................................................................... 44 TABLA 6. POBLACIÓN DE ÁCAROS Y HUEVOS EN CLON DE CAUCHO FX3864 SEMBRADO EN EL AÑO 2013, EL VIENTO VICHADA ......................................................................... 45 TABLA 7. POBLACIÓN DE ÁCAROS Y HUEVOS EN CLON DE CAUCHO RRIM 600 SEMBRADO EN EL AÑO 2013, EL VIENTO VICHADA ......................................................................... 47 TABLA 8. POBLACIÓN DE ÁCAROS Y HUEVOS EN CLON DE CAUCHO FX 4098 SEMBRADO EN EL AÑO 2013, EL VIENTO VICHADA ....................................................................... 47 LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág. FIGURA 1, VISTA VENTRAL TETRANYCHUS SP (HEMBRA), MOSTRANDO EL QUELÍCERO TRANSFORMADO EN ESTILETE, CONTENIDO EN EL ESTILOFORO(A). AMBULACRO CON PELOS AFERRADORES (B) Y GARRA SIN PELOS AFERRADORES(C). ......................................... 31 FIGURA 2. VISTA DORSAL DEL GNATOSOMA Y EL APARATO BUCAL DE ACÁRIDOS (A), PALPOS RUDIMENTARIOS (B); TARSO I DE LA HEMBRA (C) Y IV DEL MACHO (D), MOSTRANDO LA CARÚNCULA Y LA GARRA O UÑA .......................................................................................................... 32 FIGURA 3. IMAGEN SATELITAL DE LA UBICACIÓN DE LA FINCA LA ESPERANZA ......................... 35 FIGURA 4. DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL EN CAMPO ..................................................................... 37 FIGURA 5. APARICIÓN ESTACIONAL DE ÁCAROS FITÓFAGOS, °T MEDIA, HUMEDAD RELATIVA MEDIA Y PRECIPITACIÓN MEDIA EN EL PERIODO DE MAYO A AGOSTO DE 2015. .............................. 40 FIGURA 6. APARICIÓN ESTACIONAL DE ÁCAROS PREDADORES, °T MEDIA, HUMEDAD RELATIVA MEDIA Y PRECIPITACIÓN MEDIA EN EL PERIODO DE MAYO A AGOSTO DE 2015 .............. 41 FIGURA 7. APARICIÓN ESTACIONAL DE HUEVOS PLAGA, °T MEDIA, HUMEDAD RELATIVA MEDIA Y PRECIPITACIÓN MEDIA EN EL PERIODO DE MAYO A AGOSTO DE 2015 .......................... 42 FIGURA 8. APARICIÓN ESTACIONAL DE HUEVOS BENÉFICOS, °T MEDIA, HUMEDAD RELATIVA MEDIA Y PRECIPITACIÓN MEDIA EN EL PERIODO DE MAYO A AGOSTO DE 2015
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