Quarterly Publication - March 2020 Number 5 in a Series HONORS NOTABLE WOMEN IN SCIENCE SALLY RIDE Astronaut & PhD in Physics GRACE HOPPER United States Navy Rear Admiral & Computer Scientist KATHERINE JOHNSON Research Mathematician & NASA Orbital Mechanics Specialist The ENIAC Six Computer Programmers
SALLY RIDE GRACE HOPPER KATHERINE JOHNSON
The use of this scientific information is to honor the scientist and does not imply any endorsement of Noah Technologies products. NOTABLE WOMEN IN SCIENCE SALLY RIDE | GRACE HOPPER | KATHERINE JOHNSON | The ENIAC Six
Highlighting a few notable women who have made enormous impacts in the Science industry.
STEM, which stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, is an interdisciplinary approach to educating the next generation for the jobs of the future. STEM jobs are growing at nearly double the rate of other jobs (17% and 9.8% respectively), but women remain extremely underrepresented in all STEM fields except healthcare.
SALLY RIDE – Astronaut GRACE HOPPER – United States Navy Rear Admiral and Computer Scientist Although she was not the first woman in You may not have heard of Grace Hopper, but if you’ve space (that was Soviet ever used a computer you are familiar with her work. cosmonaut Valentina Rear Admiral Hopper held a PhD in mathematics from Tereshkova in 1963), Yale when she joined the Naval Reserve in 1943 and Sally Ride was the was assigned to the Mark I automatic calculator project first American woman at Harvard. She coined the term “computer bug” when to travel to space. a moth entered the Mark After graduating from I circuitry, and she went Stanford University on to help develop the with a double major MAY 26, 1951 – JULY 23, 2012 UNIVAC-1 computer as bachelor’s degree in well as early computer physics and English, Dr. Ride remained at Stanford to languages that would earn a master’s and a PhD in physics. directly inspire the COBOL programming She joined NASA shortly after graduation in 1978 language. and became a mission specialist of the Space Shuttle challenger in 1983. Dr. Ride returned to space in 1984. Hopper retired from DEC. 9, 1906 – JAN. 1, 1992 Her third mission was cancelled after the Challenger the Navy in 1966, but disaster in 1986 and she joined the commission to she was recalled a year later to work on the Navy’s investigate the incident. Dr. Ride dedicated the rest of programming languages. She would continue this her life to inspiring girls in STEM. work and not retire again until 1986, at the age of 79.
C a l l 210-691-2000 • email us: [email protected] NOTABLE WOMEN IN SCIENCE SALLY RIDE | GRACE HOPPER | KATHERINE JOHNSON | The ENIAC Six
KATHERINE JOHNSON – The ENIAC Six – Research Mathematician and NASA Orbital Computer Programmers Mechanics Specialist Debuted in 1945, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical If you’ve seen the Integrator and Computer) was the world’s first large Hollywood film scale digital computer. Designed to calculate artillery “Hidden Figures”, firing tables, ENIAC was also useful in research that led to the atomic bomb. Programming the ENIAC, you might know of though, was an extremely complex task that involved Katherine Johnson. physically manipulating hundreds of wires and Brilliant with numbers thousands of switches. There were no stored programs even as a child, she or even programming languages, and the classified entered high school at nature of the system meant that its programmers age 10 and graduated couldn’t even get access to it in advance. Instead, they with highest honors received six weeks of Army training, the blueprints from West Virginia and wiring diagrams, and instructions to figure it out. State College at age The programmers tasked with such an arduous 18, earning a double AUG. 26, 1918 – FEB. 24, 2020 mission? Six women served as “computers,” bachelor’s degree in French and mathematics. performing complex military calculations by hand. This would be remarkable on its own, but even more While most women were expected to leave their so when you consider the fact that it was 1937 and wartime jobs to make room for soldiers returning from Johnson was female and black. She was handpicked to World War II, no returning soldier had the necessary become one of the first three African-American students skills or experience to program the ENIAC, so the to enroll in West Virginia University’s graduate school women stayed on. Unfortunately, their names and contributions were swept under the rug, and they were in 1939, but she soon left to start a family. lost to history until the mid-1980s. Today, we know In 1953, Johnson joined the West Area Computing Unit the names of the ENIAC Six: Jean Jennings, Marlyn Wescoff, Ruth Lichterman, Betty Snyder, Frances of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Bilas, and Kay McNulty. But much is still unknown (NACA), an all-black team of women who analyzed about their lives. flight test data and performed essential calculations for the beginnings of the space program. As NACA was The remarkable women detailed above are just a absorbed by NASA, Johnson made the transition to the handful of those whose STEM careers have changed Space Task Group. She co-authored numerous papers the world as we know it. As STEM jobs continue to and performed trajectory analysis for America’s first proliferate, there are innumerable chances for today’s human spaceflight. But her most famous work was on kids to become the next game changers. But parents John Glenn’s 1962 orbital mission. He didn’t trust the and educators need to make sure that girls are not left computer calculations of his flight path, so he requested behind. Educators are taking a proactive approach to that Johnson confirm the calculations manually. Johnson boosting girls’ interest in STEM. One of the biggest ways that parents can help is to expose girls to remained with NASA until her retirement in 1986. successful female role models in STEM careers.
visit our website at noahtech.com HONORS
GENERAL PRODUCT LISTING Noah Technologies can scale up from R&D laboratory quantities to full production quantities as needed. Our products are manufactured in various purities ranging from 99 percent pure up to 99.9999+ percent pure, in addition to national specifications for ACS, USP/NF, and FCC. ISO 9001 Many of our chemical products are custom manufactured according to precise specifications. No. 10001566 NOTABLE WOMEN IN SCIENCE Aluminum Nitrate Chromium Oxide Mercury Oxide Sodium Chloride Aluminum Potassium Chromium Potassium Molybdenum Oxide Sodium Citrate Sulfate Sulfate Molybdic Acid Sodium Cobaltinitrite Aluminum Sulfate Cobalt Chloride Nickel Sulfate Sodium Cyanide SALLY RIDE Ammonium Acetate Cobalt Nitrate Oxalic Acid Sodium Diethyldithio- Astronaut & PhD in Physics Ammonium Bromide Cobalt Acetate Phosphomolybdic Acid carbamate Ammonium Carbonate Copper Acetate Phosphoric Acid Sodium Fluoride Ammonium Chloride Copper Chloride Potassium Acetate Sodium Formate GRACE HOPPER Ammonium Citrate Copper Nitrate Potassium Bicarbonate Sodium Hydroxide United States Navy Rear Admiral & Computer Scientist Ammonium Fluoride Copper Oxide Potassium Bromate Sodium Iodide Ammonium Iodide Copper Sulfate Potassium Bromide Sodium Metaperiodate Ammonium Iron Sulfate Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Potassium Carbonate Sodium Molybdate Ammonium Metavanadate Acid Potassium Chlorate Sodium Nitrate KATHERINE JOHNSON Ammonium Molybdate Iron Nitrate Potassium Chloride Sodium Nitrite Research Mathematician & NASA Orbital Mechanics Specialist Ammonium Nitrate Iron Sulfate Potassium Chromate Sodium Oxalate Ammonium Oxalate Iron Chloride Potassium Ferricyanide Sodium Peroxide Ammonium Phosphate Lanthanum Chloride Potassium Ferrocyanide Sodium Phosphate The ENIAC Six Ammonium Sulfate Lead Chromate Potassium Fluoride Sodium Pyrophosphate Computer Programmers Ammonium Thiocyanate Lead Nitrate Potassium Hydrogen Sulfate Sodium Sulfate Antimony Potassium Lead Oxide Potassium Hydroxide Sodium Sulfide Tartrate Lead Acetate Potassium Iodate Sodium Sulfite Arsenic Oxide Lead Carbonate Potassium Iodide Sodium Tartrate Barium Acetate Lead Subacetate Potassium Nitrate Sodium Tetraborate Barium Carbonate Lithium Carbonate Potassium Nitrite Sodium Thiosulfate Barium Chloride Lithium Chloride Potassium Oxalate Sodium Tungstate Barium Hydroxide Lithium Hydroxide Potassium Permanganate Strontium Chloride Barium Nitrate Magnesium Acetate Potassium Persulfate Strontium Nitrate Bismuth (III) Nitrate Magnesium Chloride Potassium Phosphate Tin Chloride Boric Acid Magnesium Nitrate Potassium Sodium Tartrate Zinc Acetate Cadmium Chloride Magnesium Oxide Potassium Sulfate Zinc Chloride Cadmium Sulfate Magnesium Sulfate Potassium Thiocyanate Zinc Oxide Calcium Carbonate Manganese Chloride Silver Nitrate Zinc Sulfate Calcium Chloride Manganese Sulfate Silver Sulfate Calcium Hydroxide Mercury Acetate Sodium Acetate Calcium Nitrate Mercury Bromide Sodium Arsenate Calcium Sulfate Mercury Chloride Sodium Bicarbonate Cerium Ammonium Nitrate Mercury Iodide Sodium Bromide Cerium Ammonium Sulfate Mercury Nitrate Sodium Carbonate
C a l l 210-691-2000 • email us: [email protected]