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Plantation Networks in the Late Antebellum Deep South

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“System, Papa, in Everything”: Plantation Networks in the late Antebellum Deep South Emilie Katherine Johnson Memphis, Tennessee B.A., Wake Forest University, 2001 M.A. Williams College Graduate Program in the History of Art, 2006 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Art and Architectural History University of Virginia December 2013 ii © Emilie Katherine Johnson, 2013 iii Abstract “System, Papa, in Everything”: Plantation Networks in the late Antebellum Deep South Emilie Katherine Johnson This dissertation combines careful study of physical evidence and documentary records to explore multiple plantation properties under a single owner in the Deep South in the 1840s and 1850s. Relying on methodologies developed by vernacular architectural historians and scholars of material culture, plantation networks frame the full plantation landscape, contextualizing mansion houses with agricultural buildings, working landscapes, and great houses on contributing plantations, filling the spaces with objects, and exploring spatial and social hierarchies. Three types of networks are case studies to understand ways plantation networks shaped the landscape, built environment, and material culture of hub and contributing properties, which, in turn, affected the lived experiences of elite whites and enslaved people on plantations. The first chapter defines three types of plantation networks represented by Millford, Melrose, and Ashland, as well as the ways John Manning, John McMurran, and Duncan Kenner acquired and managed them. Agricultural buildings of the working plantation landscapes are the subjects of the second chapter. The third chapter discusses architectural influences and design concerns of the mansion houses, great houses, and domestic cores. The fourth chapter fills the houses with furniture and goods, investigating consumption patterns and the role of fashion. The fifth chapter moves the reader through the landscape to the mansion house, through rooms of furniture, into iv social gatherings to understand circulation, access, spatial hierarchies, and social landscapes. The research documents how powerfully plantation networks altered the plantation landscape. Networks allowed planters to share resources – buildings, materials, and enslaved people – with material and psychological implications for the landscape and people involved. Networks changed the scope of architectural and material consumption, allowing Southern planters to participate in fashionable trends sweeping the United States in the 1840s and 1850s. Finally, plantation networks created significant differences in social and spatial hierarchies in houses across the network. Networks answer questions about how people lived on and experienced plantations in the past and offer a framework for future plantation scholarship. v Acknowledgements There have been many people, for a very long time, who have helped me get this dissertation finished. Even though the result is probably not what they had hoped for, I want to acknowledge how important they have been to me during this process and how grateful I am to them. Louis Nelson has been a dream advisor. From introducing me to many of the things I love – including fieldwork, Jamaica, and my husband – to turning me into a passable researcher and writer, I have benefitted so much from Louis’ support and guidance over the years. Maurie McInnis and Richard Guy Wilson have been right along with Louis, helping me develop as a researcher and a scholar. Their suggestions and comments have given this project its depth. Peter Onuf – you may not want to take credit for it, but one of your comments over lunch last spring helped me shape the last three chapters. I look forward to being colleagues on the mountaintop. I have had the great fortune to work with a remarkable group of archivists, librarians, historic preservationists, and explorers of old buildings and spaces. In South Carolina, I must thank Richard Jenrette, the owner and benefactor of Millford, who generously granted me access to the house. Kathy Healy and Louis Hall were available to answer all my questions. Graham Duncan at the South Caroliniana Library knows the collections up, down, and center. His assistance and suggestions were invaluable, as was the help of the rest of the staff. Bob Ellis and the Institute for Southern Studies gave me a grant that helped fund my South Carolina research. Their assistance was invaluable. Wade Dorsey and Elaine Rohr at the South Carolina Department of Archives and History helped me navigate their collections to finally pin down some elusive sources. vi I had the fortune to meet Jennifer Baughn at a SESAH conference. Her help on resources in the Mississippi Department of Archives and History has been wonderful, and her support of the project has been unstinting. Kathleen Jenkins, the Superintendent of the Natchez National Historical Park, provided me with access to the house and grounds and to research files in the National Park Service office. When I went to Natchez, I had only a small idea that the place I chose to stay was the inn belonging to the best resource on Natchez’s architectural history. Mimi Miller, my hostess, is also the head of the Historic Natchez Foundation. Anyone who has studied Natchez knows how essential it is to go ask Mimi first about anything built in Natchez. Chances are she knows it, and will share a file on it. I so appreciate her hospitality and generosity. Through Mimi, I met Adam Gwin, who became my partner in exploration crime. Without Adam, I would not have been able to barrel around the countryside, even if we did not always get where we hoped. Adam would drive down any road in any surrounding county in search of old buildings; he was also a tremendous host. With Adam, I met Bill and Carol Tomko, the current residents at Killarney. They graciously shared their research on the property, entrusting me with a 4-inch binder full of historical materials for an extended period. Through SESAH, I met Blake Wintory, who runs Lakeport Plantation in Arkansas. Blake was essential in helping me figure out the McMurran network in Arkansas. Very early on, I contacted Ellen Weiss at Tulane University. She, in turn, put me in touch with Jessie Poesch, the expert on Louisiana’s material culture. Dr. Poesch has since passed away, but her advice and encouragement were extraordinarily helpful at the start of the project. Through Dr. Poesch, I worked with Craig Bauer, the Kenner and vii Bringier expert at Holy Cross College in New Orleans, and Barbara Bacot, who knows Louisiana buildings backwards and forwards. With their assistance and with the help of Gary Lacombe, I was able to get access to the mansion house at Ashland. The staff at Hill Memorial Library, the Louisiana State University special collections library, is amazing. They opened their extensive collections to me, and helped me chase down blurry references. Elaine Smyth generously gave me a McIlhenny Fellowship to support research at LSU, and shared her knowledge of the Louisiana Lower Mississippi Valley Collection. Tara Zachary Laver kept my project in mind and brought forth some fabulous complementary materials that gave the dissertation depth and richness. Jay Edwards gave me some helpful comments and suggestions on the project and showed off the Kniffen Lab, a fabulous resource for the study of the vernacular landscape that made me very jealous. At the Historic New Orleans Collection, Matt Farah has been my go-to resource. He helped me sort through the collections, track down photographs, and has answered every question I have ever thrown at him. Whenever that photograph of Riverton surfaces, I hope to be one of the first to see it! Goldie Lanaux, the registrar at HNOC, introduced me to Page and Beverly Dame, whose support and generosity have made this project a delight. I look forward to continuing my relationship and friendship with the Dames for years to come. Sherry Wagoner, at the Louisiana Department of Archaeology, has allowed me to rifle through the Ashland artifact collections, giving me wonderful access to the remnants of material culture associated with the enslaved people at Ashland. viii At Winterthur, Rosemary Krill, Emily Guthrie, and Jeanne Solensky opened the marvelous collections of the Winterthur library to me. Their help in navigating and identifying resources that supported my research was essential for the development of the material culture chapter. They also make the Winterthur Library an exceptionally pleasant place to work. I have had a fantastic support group of friends and colleagues who have been with me throughout the process. Lydia, Lillie, Jacky – you were here in the trenches with me. I cannot imagine people I would rather have around. Anna, Demetra, Joy, and Denelle have always given me other things to think about, as well as many hugs (and a good number of drinks). Hannah, Liza, Miranda, and Diana – you knew me at the very beginning. Thank you for years of support and friendship. James Robertson, Ivor Conolley, and KeVaughn Harding have heard bits, read bits, and encouraged me throughout this process. I appreciate our conversations so much. To my parents – from early trips to art museums and antiques stores (particularly in New Orleans), to more recent ventures with me into archives, you have always been my staunchest allies. You have supported my decisions and have been great sounding boards as I tried out new ideas and presented new findings. You are also two bang-up copy editors. I should have had you reading drafts throughout the whole process! Thank you for all your love and encouragement over the years. Finally, to Evangeline and Derek. I wrote this dissertation to the soundtrack of a snoring hound dog behind me. There is no more soothing music for thinking and writing. For Derek, just everything. This is for him. ix Table of Contents Abstract iii Acknowledgements v List of Illustrations x Introduction 1 I.
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