sign in sign up
<<
Home , Adele Goodman Clark, American Heritage Museum, Ann Compton, Claudia Emerson, Clementina Rind, Cleo Powell

2019 COMMEMORATION, AMERICAN EVOLUTION STEERING REPORT COMMITTEE

2019 Commemoration, American Evolution

American Evolution commemorated the 400th anniversary of key historical events that occurred in in 1619 that continue to influence America today. Along with notable Virginia institutions across the Commonwealth and national partners, American Evolution launched a series of educational programs, signature events, and legacy projects of national and international significance to build awareness of Virginia’s role in the creation of the and to reinforce Virginia’s leadership in education, tourism, and economic development. American Evolution commemorates the ongoing journey toward the key ideals of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity. STEERING COMMITTEE REPORT ©2019 Commemoration, American Evolution | August 2020 / 1,200 2019 COMMEMORATION, AMERICAN EVOLUTION

Published by the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, an agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia, designated in 2013 by the Virginia General Assembly “as the lead executive branch agency” charged with planning and implementing the 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution. Report design and printing paid for with private funds.

No part of this report may be reprinted without the permission of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

COVER PHOTOS Top: (L to R: Jerry Long, Michael Bell, John Woodliff, Ed Coleman, Johnathan Courtney, Bill Dodson) reenact the First Official English Thanksgiving in 1619 at the Virginia Thanksgiving Festival. Middle: Dancers from Atumpan Dance Theatre (L to R: Camille Staten, Christiana Staten, and 2019 COMMEMORATION, AMERICAN EVOLUTION Morgan Williams) perform during First African Landing Weekend. Photo courtesy of Daniel Min. Bottom: Ralph S. Northam spoke at the 400th Anniversary of the First Representative Legislative STEERING COMMITTEE REPORT Assembly Morning Session at Historic Jamestowne. He was flanked by Thomas K. Norment, Jr. and M. Kirkland Cox. Photo courtesy of Chuck Durfor, Foundation. Inside front and back cover: The Map, first published in England in 1612 and the primary map of the Chesapeake region used by colonists for nearly a century, records the geographic features and cultural aspects of the . Image courtesy of the .

BACK COVER PHOTOS Left: (portrayed by Brian Beckley, Fort Supervisor) during the 400th Anniversary Commemorative Ceremony of the First Representative Legislative Assembly, July 30, 2019. Middle: Members of the Wazee Afrikan Dance Troupe at , August 20, 2016. Right: Stephen R. Adkins, Sr., Chief of the Chickahominy Indian Tribe, during the First English Thanksgiving Commemoration, December 4, 2019.

COVER AND BOOK DESIGN Howell Creative Group, Williamsburg, Virginia

PRINTED BY Progress Printing, Lynchburg, Virginia 2019 COMMEMORATION, AMERICAN EVOLUTION STEERING COMMITTEE REPORT Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation P.O. Box 1607, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-1607 (757) 253-4838 (757) 253-5299 Fax (757) 253-5110 TDD historyisfun.org

June 1, 2020

To Governor Ralph S. Northam and our colleagues in the Virginia General Assembly:

Events in Virginia in 1619 shaped the United States and world we know today in profound and lasting ways. That year’s momentous beginnings—for Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity—set in motion an American evolution that over the 400-year arc of our history has seen those ideals reframed and renewed in our national pursuit of a “more perfect union.” It is a powerful and challenging story, one that reveals the heights to which the human spirit can soar and the depths to which man’s inhumanity can sink. Most important, it is a story of overcoming and of coming together—a redemptive narrative that could only be written in a land like ours, where the people govern. In bringing that legacy to light—from American democracy’s beginnings at Jamestown in 1619 through four centuries of struggle and sacrifice, service and progress—we illuminate timeless lessons that can inspire and inform a new generation of Virginians and Americans as they take history’s pen in hand and write. An Agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia It is remarkable and ironic that distinct occurrences of such long-term significance coincided in a single calendar year. Each of the events—the first representative legislative assembly, the Accredited by the first African arrival, the first significant immigration of English women, the first official English American Alliance of Thanksgiving observance, the first stirrings of entrepreneurship due to sweeping economic reforms—could have warranted a commemoration on its own. That the events coincided in 1619

M. Kirkland Cox provided the Commonwealth with a distinctive opportunity to call attention to our history and its Chairman very relevant lessons, an opportunity the Virginia General Assembly and supportive governors wisely determined to use to full advantage. Janet D. Howell Vice Chairman In fulfilling the charge to produce a broad-based commemoration of these historic milestones, the Steering Committee and our entire American Evolution team committed Sue H. Gerdelman Secretary to some exceedingly ambitious goals: • First, we resolved to give a complete and honest account of the events themselves and Frank B. Atkinson Treasurer all that flowed from them. Some past commemorations here and elsewhere had tended to gloss over difficult history. We sought instead to illuminate it and, in the process, to Christy S. Coleman Executive Director present a diverse set of narratives in which all Virginians and Americans, not just some, could see themselves and gain understanding and inspiration. • Second, we endeavored to raise awareness across the country of the pivotal role Virginia played in the creation of the United States and in the evolution of key facets of American society, especially representative democracy, diversity and inclusion, and entrepreneurial innovation. In this effort, we were seeking to build on the very substantial educational gains and heightened awareness achieved a dozen years earlier by America’s 400th Anniversary commemorating the four-century-long journey since Jamestown’s founding. • Third, we sought not only to highlight Virginia’s historic and contemporary leadership in education, tourism, and economic development but to advance those efforts in real time, producing a significant and measurable return on the Commonwealth’s investment.

An Equal Opportunity Employer/Affirmative Action Organization educating • interpreting • preserving • commemorating The pages that follow report comprehensively on the remarkable variety of American Evolution programs and events, the outstanding team of professionals and volunteers who produced them, the wide-ranging partnerships and generous sponsorships that enabled them, the vitally important and inclusive conversations they occasioned, and the enormously positive messages and outcomes they generated. The Governor and our General Assembly colleagues will especially appreciate the truly statewide scope of the program and the participation of Virginians from every region of the Commonwealth in the Commemoration’s planning and implementation. Some key results detailed in the report deserve special emphasis here. More than 2.7 million individuals of all ages participated in 379 commemorative programs and events that occurred during 2019 and in the three-year run-up to the 2019 observances. Many millions more heard about the Commemoration and its key themes, about Virginia’s historical significance, and about our state’s distinctive tourism destinations through Commemoration-inspired communications that generated more than 28 billion media impressions. The documented economic impacts were equally stunning. Combined Commemoration and visitor spending generated an estimated $197 million in total economic impact for the Commonwealth, accounted for nearly 2,000 jobs, and produced $5 million in state tax revenue and another $3 million in local tax revenue. In short, the Commonwealth of Virginia and our citizens received a very substantial tangible and intangible return on their investment in the multifaceted commemoration known as American Evolution. Even so, the biggest impact can never be fully measured, for it is the benefit that inures to a self-governing nation and to each of us when we gain wisdom and understanding from the lessons of an ever more complete and compelling historical narrative. It has been our great privilege to serve alongside so many dedicated Virginians in co-chairing this highly successful Commemoration. We thank you for your support of the program and your participation in its many memorable events.

Sincerely,

M. Kirkland Cox Chairman, Board of Trustees Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Co-Chair, American Evolution Commemoration

Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Past Chairman, Board of Trustees Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Co-Chair, American Evolution Commemoration

Co-Chairs of the 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution, Delegate M. Kirkland Cox (left) and Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr. (right). FOREWARD

Virginia history is still unfolding, and every Virginians and Americans, and it did. story matters. American Evolution produced many memorable As America’s birthplace, our Commonwealth moments, enduring images, and lasting legacies has a unique role to play in calling attention to that are captured in this report: commemorative our more than 400 years of shared history—all ceremonies, signature events, and hundreds of it, the parts that make us extremely proud and of other programs that attracted millions of the parts that have been unbearably difficult to participants; traditional and social media coverage acknowledge and reconcile. The complex events that generated many billions of news impressions; of 1619 present just such a paradox, making support for legacy projects including a new the conversation a challenging one. Yet, the Women’s Monument in Capitol Square, new visitor Kathy J. Spangler Executive Director, conversation is all the more important for that facilities at Fort Monroe, and new galleries American Evolution reason. The events that were set in motion in at Jamestown Settlement and ; that single, consequential year in Virginia shaped speakers as varied as President Trump and former much of modern America. Candid conversations President Clinton, a Prince (HRH Prince Edward, about those events enable us to embrace history as the Earl of Wessex), and a Queen (Latifah); five an ongoing exploration of who we are as a people, blockbuster new exhibitions; two originally how our diverse experiences have shaped us, and commissioned ballets; the national award-winning what we can learn and put to good use in framing Virginia History Trails app; the “Virginia to the future. America” video series; nearly 1,500 schools from As executive director, it was my honor to work every school division in Virginia joining our “2019 with an outstanding American Evolution team Commemoration Schools” program; students and of talented and dedicated staff members, faculty from more than 30 colleges taking part; consultants, volunteer leaders, partners, sponsors, more than 300 local, state, and national partners; and many others in providing a forum and participants from 47 countries; and so much more. framework from those candid conversations. The As you read this report, we hope the many communities engaged represented not only the stories of American Evolution—stories of the three distinct cultures that interacted in early historic events of 1619; stories of four centuries Virginia—the native Indians, Africans, and of tragedy and triumph, struggle and progress; English—but the rich variety that makes our and stories of the people who came together in contemporary Commonwealth one of the most 2019 to honor and engage one another in shaping diverse societies in the world. the future by learning from the past—will be a It was our intention that this Commemoration source of inspiration, encouragement, and would bring Virginians together, and it did. renewed commitment. All of us on the American It was our hope that our varied programming— Evolution team are exceedingly grateful for actual and virtual, physical and digital, educational the Commonwealth’s investment, the generous and cultural—would engage young Virginians in contributions of volunteers and donors, and the large numbers, and it did. time, talent, and resources supplied by the many It was our belief that hearing from many partners and participants who worked together voices and telling a more complete and true story to make the 2019 Commemoration as meaningful would make history relevant and helpful for more as it was memorable.

6 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The American Evolution Commemoration and its constituent committees comprised of during 2016-2019 engaged participants from leaders from key stakeholder organizations to nearly four dozen countries, reached visitors envision and plan an inclusive commemoration from all 50 states, and provided Virginians from of statewide scope and national and international every region of the Commonwealth with varied reach. (See committee membership in Appendix 1). opportunities to expand their understanding of House of Delegates Speaker M. Kirkland Cox history and to hear more of the powerful stories succeeded Mr. Dendy as chairman of the Board that make up the larger narrative of America’s of Trustees in 2017, and Speaker Cox proceeded H. Benson Dendy III 400-year-long and continuing evolution into a more to lead the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Chair, during the Commemoration programming and democratic, diverse, opportunity-filled society. American Evolution More than 150 civic, cultural, and community observances while also serving as an American Management leaders across Virginia assisted in strategic Evolution co-chair. Sharing the co-chair duties Committee planning for American Evolution. An impressive with the Speaker was Senate Majority Leader 305 local, state, and national organizations Thomas K. Norment, Jr., a member and past assisted with delivering the Commemoration’s chairman of the Foundation’s Board of Trustees. 379 registered programs, events, and exhibitions. While the Steering Committee provided A remarkably diverse array of people, strategic direction for the Commemoration, communities, and organizations embraced the responsibility for day-to-day leadership was Commemoration and enriched it by aligning their performed by its Executive Committee. In activities and initiatives with the core themes of addition to Speaker Cox, Senator Norment, Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity. The effect and Mr. Dendy, the Executive Committee Paul D. Koonce was not only to better illuminate the events that included three other members of the Jamestown- President, 2019 occurred here in 1619, but to shed light on the Yorktown Foundation’s governing board— Commemoration, Inc. 400-year arc of Virginia’s and America’s history Senator Ryan T. McDougle, Frank B. Atkinson, in an authentic and inclusive way. and Paul D. Koonce—as well as George An enterprise of such scope, variety, and Keith Martin, Jeanne F. Zeidler, and ex officio content could only have been accomplished members Philip G. Emerson, executive director through the uniting of many hearts, hands, and of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, and minds. While it is impossible to recognize all Kathy J. Spangler, executive director of the who contributed, the pages of this report identify Commemoration. Several of these leaders also a large number of them by name or organization. played important affiliated roles, including Several, by virtue of their pivotal leadership roles, service on the governing board of the nonprofit warrant particular mention here. 2019 Commemoration, Inc., chaired by Mr. Koonce In 2013, the General Assembly assigned and on the Commemoration’s Management responsibility to the Jamestown-Yorktown Committee led by Mr. Dendy. Also playing crucial Foundation as the lead state agency for leadership roles were the Program Committee organizing and producing the Commemoration. chairs: Clerks G. Paul Nardo and Susan Clarke The Foundation’s chairman, H. Benson Dendy III, Schaar (First Representative Legislative Assembly implemented the legislative mandate by creating Committee); Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee and Jacquelyn E. Stone (First Africans to English

Steering Committee Report 7 North America Committee); former Senator Mary leaders, cabinet officers, administration officials, Margaret Whipple (Women’s Impact Committee); and state agencies throughout this period. H. Graham Woodlief (First Thanksgiving Governor and First Lady Pamela Committee); Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. and Northam deserve special thanks for the prominent James D. Duffey, Jr. (Entrepreneurialism and roles they played in the Commemoration’s major Innovation Committee). It is impossible to place 2019 observances. a value on the many hundreds of volunteer hours American Evolution’s success derived in large contributed by these Commemoration leaders measure from its character as a public-private over several years of continual engagement. partnership. In this regard, special tribute must Members of the Virginia General Assembly be paid to the 34 public-spirited organizations participated actively in Commemoration planning and 27 generous donors who contributed nearly and programs and authorized significant funding $4.3 million to the Commemoration’s promotion, over three biennial budget cycles. While every programming, and events. legislator who served during this time shares led all business donors as a Founding Partner, credit for the Commemoration’s success, a special contributing $1.2 million, while Altria Group and expression of thanks is owed to those who were TowneBank each contributed $500,000 as Virginia members of the Commemoration Steering Colony Sponsors. Other corporate and foundation Committee and/or Jamestown-Yorktown sponsors included Sentara Healthcare and Foundation Board of Trustees during the Optima Health, Carilion Partnership, Commemoration’s crucial planning and execution Huntington Ingalls/Newport News Shipbuilding, phases: House of Delegates Speakers William J. , Ferguson Enterprises, Howell and M. Kirkland Cox; Senators Emmett Inova Health System, McGuireWoods, Richard W. Hanger, Jr., Janet D. Howell, Mamie E. Locke, S. Reynolds Foundation, Landmark Foundation, Ryan T. McDougle, Stephen D. Newman, Thomas Smithfield Foods, Virginia Department of Rail K. Norment, Jr., and Frank M. Ruff, Jr.; and and Public Transportation/ Amtrak, AREVA/ Delegates Daun S. Hester, Riley E. Ingram, Framatome, Virginia Lottery, Riverside Health S. Chris Jones, Delores L. McQuinn, Christopher System, CGI, Carilion Clinic, Hourigan K. Peace, Kenneth R. Plum, Brenda L. Pogge, Construction, NewMarket, National Park Christopher P. Stolle, and R. , Jr. As Service/, WestRock, Aetna, the report reflects, the Clerks of the respective Anheuser-Busch, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue legislative bodies, Susan Clarke Schaar of the Shield, BWX Technologies, GEICO, Mountain Senate and G. Paul Nardo of the House of Valley Pipeline, LLC, and Virginia Commonwealth Delegates, also played key leadership roles, University’s Health Injury and Violence especially in programming related to the Prevention Program, Virginia Commonwealth 400th anniversary of representative democracy. University Grace E. Harris Leadership Institute/ Virginia’s chief executives were essential L. School of Government and partners in carrying out the American Evolution Public Affairs, Virginia Credit Union, Froehling Commemoration. Governors Robert F. McDonnell, & Robertson, Inc., and Williams Mullen. Terence R. McAuliffe, and Ralph S. Northam, The Virginia Leadership Council was successively, led the Commonwealth during the comprised of business sponsors and individual preparations and programming, and each made donors who each contributed $50,000 or their distinctive contributions to the program’s organizations contributed over $100,000 to success. So, too, did other Executive Branch support the Commemoration: Nancy H. Agee;

8 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Frank Batten, Jr.; Harry F. Byrd III; J. Morgan These are the Virginia Arts Festival, Library of Davis; Thomas F. Farrell II; W. Heywood Fralin; Virginia, Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Sue and John Gerdelman; Jonathan P. Harmon; Virginia Humanities, Norfolk State University, J. Stephen Jones; Jane and Jim Kaplan; Howard William & Mary, University of Virginia, Fort P. Kern; Paul D. Koonce; Dennis A. Matheis; Monroe Authority, City of Hampton, and National G. Gilmer Minor III; Kevin M. Murphy; Richard Park Service. American Evolution also benefited S. Reynolds III; James E. Ryan; Timothy D. Sands; from the valuable assistance of numerous state Kenneth M. Sullivan; Howard A. Willard III; agencies. Among these, special recognition is due John O. Wynne, Jr. the Virginia Department of Education, Virginia Additional individual contributions were Department of Transportation, and Virginia also received from the following: David M. Tourism Corporation for their spirit of partnership Peebles; Frank B. Atkinson; Judy and Harry and the many significant ways they supported Wason; and, an anonymous donor in honor of the Commemoration. the National Society of Clairborne Descendants. These acknowledgements are unavoidably American Evolution owes a debt of gratitude incomplete. The American Evolution to each of these generous individuals, leaders Commemoration, like our commonwealth and and organizations. country’s ongoing odyssey, is a collection of A final word about the public-private myriad stories, many more unheralded than partnership that made American Evolution such celebrated. We are grateful to each contributor a resounding success. The pages that follow are and to the diverse community that came full of gratifying stories of partnership, teamwork, together in 2019 to recall Virginia’s distinctive and collaboration, with appropriate recognition for contributions to the evolution of American ideals the participating entities and individuals. Several … and to remind us of our unfinished work to strategic partner organizations (not already listed make our nation’s promises real for everyone. among the above-named sponsors) deserve a particular expression of appreciation in this acknowledgement of leadership contributions.

Steering Committee Report 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1 SECTION 5 INTRODUCTION...... 12 AMERICAN EVOLUTION 13 A Tradition of Commemorations, SIGNATURE EVENTS...... 92 and a Break with Tradition Democracy SECTION 2 94 Forum on the Future of Representative PLANNING AN INCLUSIVE PROGRAM....24 Democracy 102 Global Pathfinder Summit 25 Themes and Historical Pillars 110 Presidential Ideas Festival 28 Early Input and Engagement 111 Visit by Speaker Bercow of the 29 Steering Committee House of Commons 34 Sponsorship Fundraising 112 To Build a Better World: An Evening 36 Professional Services with Rice and Zelikow 37 Partnerships 113 Fanfare to the Military and Democracy 39 Program Development 41 Early Events (2016-2018) Diversity 45 Sponsorship Launch (2016) 114 1619: Making of America Summit 46 Official Commemoration Launch (2018) 120 Women’s Achieve Summit 48 Scholarly Events (2016-2018) 125 Dance Theatre of Virginia International Tattoo SECTION 3 126 128 Reframed “Storytellers” BUILDING AWARENESS...... 50 Film Festival 51 Media Strategy 129 Faith Journeys in the Black 52 Paid Media Experience: 1619–2019 54 Virginia History Trails App 131 Association for the Study of the Worldwide African Diaspora 10th 57 “Virginia to America” Video Series Biennial Conference 58 Media Familiarization Tours 59 Social Media Strategy 60 Published Commentary Opportunity American Evolution Innovators Cup 61 Activation Promotional Strategy 132 Virginia Thanksgiving Festival 64 Culminating Commemoration-Year Impact 133 134 Sampling the Centuries: Celebrating Virginia’s Food Firsts SECTION 4 135 Virginia Customs, Cultures, and 400TH ANNIVERSARY Cuisine Festival COMMEMORATIVE EVENTS...... 66 141 Take Back the Spirit of Thanksgiving

68 First Representative Legislative Assembly 78 First African Landing Commemorative Weekend 86 First English Thanksgiving

10 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution SECTION 6 SECTION 9 EXHIBITIONS...... 142 RESULTS AND RECOGNITION...... 184 143 TENACITY: Women in Jamestown 184 Economic Impact and Early Virginia 186 Awards and Recognition 145 Determined: The 400-Year Struggle for Black Equality SECTION 10 147 New Virginians: 1619–2019 & Beyond 188 148 Cosmologies from the Tree of Life: Art CONCLUDING REFLECTION...... from the African American South 188 Enhancing our Historical Memory: 150 The Great Charter and the General Stewardship, Discovery, and Education Assembly: Founding a Legacy in 1619 for a New Generation

SECTION 7 SECTION 11 ENGAGING THE ENTIRE APPENDICES...... 190 COMMONWEALTH...... 152 Appendix I – Leaders, Sponsors, Partners 153 Educational Initiatives 191 Committees 157 Community Partnerships 197 Sponsors 2019 Commemoration Staff 161 Grant Programs 199 201 Partners 164 State Government 202 Grantees 166 State Agencies 203 Virginia History Trail Stories and Sites SECTION 8 Appendix II – Papers, Remarks, Commentary LASTING LEGACIES...... 168 211 Historical Background Papers 169 Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center 216 Speeches and Remarks 170 Voices from the Garden, 217 Democracy the Virginia Women’s Monument 272 Diversity 172 Arrival and Passage: Commissioned Ballets 296 Opportunity 174 Jamestown Settlement Gallery Refresh 301 Commentary 175 Historic Jamestowne Appendix III – Photo Credits, Endnotes Permanent Exhibitions 176 “Evolution of America: 1619 to Today” 346 Photo Credits Documentary 347 Endnotes 177 Publications 178 Digital/Online Assets

Steering Committee Report 11 Section 1 INTRODUCTION

"The Official Fleet of the Commonwealth," re-creations of the three ships that brought America's first permanent English colonists to Virginia in 1607 moored at the Jamestown Settlement pier. A TRADITION OF COMMEMORATIONS, that took place in a single year—1619—and a AND A BREAK WITH TRADITION single place—Virginia—over time have shaped Virginians take history seriously. the character of the America we know today, most Perhaps it is because our state’s distinctive significantly our commitment to representative role in the story of American democracy is drilled democracy, our conviction about diversity and into us as schoolchildren. Perhaps it is because inclusion, and our confidence in individual freedom reminders of past tragedies, trials, and triumphs and opportunity: greet us daily in the places we come and go. • The first representative legislative assembly Perhaps it is because so many non-Virginians that met at Jamestown in 1619, though journey here to see the sites where famous people rudimentary and brief, gave Democracy its did famous things. Perhaps it is because we see solid start on these shores. ourselves as stewards of a vital legacy and even • America’s distinctive racial, gender, cultural, our nickname—the Old Dominion—calls to mind and religious Diversity traces its roots in part things ancient, durable … tested. to the convergence of Indian, English, and For all those reasons and undoubtedly others, African men and women in early Virginia, a history is tradition in Virginia. context created in 1619 by the arrival of But can it be—should it be—something more? Africans taken by force and women recruited Can history help us make sense of the state of to raise families. things today by shedding new light on the varied experiences that brought us here? Can it empower • And the Opportunity to chart one’s own us to make better decisions that hasten along the course in matters of individual importance, “more perfect union” to which our nation aspires? from conscience to commerce, likewise Can its awful burdens and unspeakable hardships hearkens back to 1619 and events as varied take their rightful place in the sunlight alongside as the thanksgiving observance by settlers the heroic deeds and celebrated achievements, so arriving at Berkeley Plantation and the that a more honest, realistic, and usable picture economic reforms implemented at the behest emerges? Can its timeless lessons about principle of Virginia Company reformers in London. and perseverance, about the righting of wrongs Surveying this historical landscape, the 2019 and redeeming of promises, about overcoming and Commemoration’s early planners recognized coming together, foster the humility and unity that both opportunities and challenges. In a tradition seem in such short supply today? dating back to 1807, Virginians had commemorated In short, can the truth help set us free—and Jamestown’s 1607 founding, crucial milestones like can Virginia help lead the way to this greater the first representative legislative assembly in 1619, understanding? and other noteworthy anniversaries. Mindful of The 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution the particular success of the America’s 400th set out to answer these questions by engaging Anniversary commemoration in 2007, the General literally millions of people from across our state Assembly committed the Commonwealth to a and nation in a conversation—or, more accurately, major program of 1619 anniversary observances a great many conversations—about some and supported that commitment with a significant exceedingly important but undeniably difficult state investment. With the opportunities created historical topics. The Commemoration was by this commemorative tradition and public occasioned by the happenstance that key events investment came some significant challenges:

Steering Committee Report 13 how to forge a unified theme from the varied set affair that featured a fleet of sailing vessels in of anniversaries; how to fashion an inclusive the , theatrical productions, odes and commemoration that would deal candidly and orations by William & Mary students, religious constructively with the most difficult aspects of observances in the graveyard, the 1619 stories, especially the legacy of slavery; and a grand dinner at nearby Raleigh Tavern. how to draw a broad cross-section of Virginians A parade on Jamestown Island featured into the conversation, especially younger people Revolutionary War veterans, local dignitaries, who tended to show less interest in history; and six hearty souls who toted a 500-pound and how to convey to the audience beyond the cannon ball said to have been brought to Commonwealth the importance of what began Virginia by Captain Christopher Newport. here and the progress that has since been made. The 1857 commemoration celebrated America’s progress over 250 years from a THE TRADITION OF LOOKING BACK nascent settlement on the banks of the James The major commemorations of prior centuries River to a nation of continental reach. The were largely celebratory occasions, and each remote Jamestown site played host to thousands, reflected the context of its time. requiring the construction of cabins, a dining hall, The United States was only three decades and a refreshment “saloon.” The entertainment old when plans were made for the first national included a flotilla of steamers with streamers, observance of Jamestown’s beginnings. parade of military companies, large fireworks Envisioned as a celebration of independence display, and an hours-long address by former and the new nation’s roots, the 1807 Grand President . National Jubilee at Jamestown was a multi-day The 300th anniversary commemoration of

Left: Theodore Roosevelt’s visit to the 1907 Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition was a highlight of the eight-month event. Middle: The 1907 Memorial Church at Jamestown was a gift from the National Society of Colonial Dames of America. Built adjacent to the 17th-century tower, it was officially dedicated on May 13, 1908. Right: Booker T. Washington, educator and author, gave a keynote address during the Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition in 1907. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

14 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Left: Jamestown Tercentennial Exposition Building in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1907. Right: Queen Elizabeth II addressed an estimated 25,000 people at Jamestown Festival Park on October 16, 1957. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

Jamestown’s founding reflected the era’s global In a departure from prior commemorations, fascination with large fairs and expositions aspects of American Indian and African American and also signaled the emergence of the United culture had some visibility at the 1907 Tercentennial States as a world power. The 1907 Tercentennial Exposition. An exhibit organized by the Bureau Exposition, held at Sewell’s Point in Norfolk, of Indian Affairs included materials such as opened on April 26, three centuries to the day classroom papers, woodworking, woodcarving, after English settlers first landed at Cape Henry. needlework, basketry, pottery, tailoring, sewing, It ran for seven months and drew more than and embroidery from government-supported 1.2 million visitors to see exhibits highlighting Indian schools; a exhibit advances in transportation and manufacturing, included American Indian materials; and the showcases of other states and countries, Tribe reenacted the legendary educational and historical displays, and varied encounter with John Smith. wonders of the world. President Theodore were not included in the early exhibit planning Roosevelt attended the ceremonies and used but formed a development company with an initial the occasion to launch America’s powerful grant from the federal government and raised the new fleet on a worldwide tour. Other featured money to design and construct the Negro Building, speakers included author Mark Twain and in which more than 9,100 exhibitors from across Tuskegee Institute founder Booker T. Washington. the country displayed needlework, agriculture, Meanwhile on Jamestown Island, collaborating artwork, patents, books, and newspapers created federal and nonprofit groups erected a protective by African Americans. seawall, excavated and preserved early building The 1957 Jamestown Festival was notable for sites, constructed a new “Tercentenary the close state, federal, and private collaboration Monument,” and built the Jamestown Memorial and enhanced visitor facilities it yielded in the Church over the foundation of the 1639 church. , including the

Steering Committee Report 15 Left: A reenactment of the First Legislative Assembly in English North America at Jamestown Festival Park during the 350th Anniversary of Jamestown in 1957. Right: Queen Elizabeth II toured Jamestown Settlement on May 4, 2007, during a two-day visit to Virginia, which also included the State Capitol, , Historic Jamestowne, and William & Mary. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

linking Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Yorktown, The 1957 commemoration probably is best and the Jamestown Festival Park, now the remembered for the presence of the youthful Commonwealth of Virginia’s “Jamestown British monarch, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Settlement,” with its re-created ships and fort, who was greeted by more than 25,000 gathered Indian “lodge,” and living history programming. at Jamestown Festival Park on her first state visit The April-November festival and associated as the ’s sovereign. educational and preservation activities were At the request of the National Memorial to accomplished by the Virginia 350th Anniversary the Progress of the Colored Race in America Commission (later, the Jamestown Foundation), Association, the Virginia 350th Anniversary federal Jamestown-Williamsburg-Yorktown Commission agreed to mark the anniversary of Celebration Commission, , the arrival of the first documented Africans at Colonial Williamsburg, and Association for the Jamestown in 1619. The Celebration of the Arrival Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA). of the First Africans at Jamestown took place on More than a million visitors during the eight- August 24, 1957, and featured presentations by month program were on hand to see military the National Freedom Day Association, the Elder reviews and flyovers, ship and aircraft christenings, Solomon Michaux Radio Choir, and the Booker community-based heritage programs, an outdoor T. Washington High School Band from Norfolk. drama at Cape Henry, a speech by Vice President On another day, Virginia Indians were represented Richard M. Nixon, and other festival activities. at Jamestown Festival Park by Chief O. Oliver

16 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Lone Eagle Adkins of the Chickahominy Tribe, focus shifted to the 375th anniversary of the who presented a flag to be flown at the Court arrival of the first recorded Africans in English of Welcome. North America. organized The distinctive importance of the events an educational symposium on August 19 that of 1619—described for generations of Virginia featured Kojo Yankah, the Minister of Information schoolchildren as the “Red-Letter Year”—received and Member of Parliament for the Republic of significant recognition in 1994. The Virginia Ghana, and numerous accomplished academics. General Assembly convened at Jamestown on July The next day, Jamestown Settlement hosted 30, 1994, for a commemorative session recognizing an event—“The Arrival, Jamestown 1619: From the 375th anniversary of legislative government in African to African American”—that featured a English North America. The Right Honorable Betty commemorative ceremony addressed by former Boothroyd MP, Speaker of the House of Commons Governor L. Douglas Wilder and a symbolic sail of the United Kingdom, delivered keynote remarks that included descendants of the “First Free in Jamestown Settlement’s re-created fort church; Black Families,” descendants of William Tucker Governor George Allen and Lieutenant Governor (believed to be the first African American child Donald S. Beyer, Jr., were among the Virginia born in Virginia), and famed civil rights dignitaries participating in the program; and . Other program elements included performances by the United States Continental music and dance performances, folklife events Army Band punctuated the ceremonies. A month (such as heirloom identification and a Nigerian later, through the initiative of Hampton University fashion demonstration), storytelling, and a and the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, the film festival.

Left: On July 30, 1994, joined George Allen for a commemorative session honoring the 375th anniversary of the First Legislative Assembly in English North America. Middle: Jamestown Settlement Honor Guard and guests inside the re-created church at Jamestown Festival Park. Right: Jamestown Settlement hosted “The Arrival, Jamestown 1619: From Africa to African American” on August 19, 1994. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

Steering Committee Report 17 REACHING HIGHER WITH OUR HISTORY emphasized involvement by all three cultures that As the 400th anniversary of Jamestown’s converged in early Jamestown—Virginia Indians, founding approached, the time-honored tradition Africans, and English. And they sought to engage of celebratory festivals and ceremonial the whole Commonwealth through a Virginia observances was alive and well, but there 2007 Community Program that encouraged was also something new in the air. Planners communities to call attention to their own history of the 2007 program sought to highlight new and help unearth four centuries of stories, both discoveries, new scholarship, and a fuller the familiar and the hidden. Symbolic of the presentation of the historical narrative. They substantive change, the initial commemoration

George W. Bush, along with Laura W. Bush, Timothy M. Kaine and , joined students from local elementary schools to place materials in the America’s 400th Anniversary Time Capsule. Photo courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

18 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution moniker “Celebration 2007” was scrapped in Vice President Richard B. Cheney, Chief Justice of favor of “” and, eventually, the United States John Roberts and Lord Phillips “America’s 400th Anniversary” for the national of Worth Matravers, the Lord Chief Justice of and international audience. As explained in England and Wales, and a host of present and the report of the federal Jamestown 400th former Congressional leaders, Ambassadors, Commemoration Commission, Justices, Cabinet secretaries, and other notables. The change in nomenclature was a gesture More than 2.5 million people participated in the of respect for Virginia Indians’ perspective commemoration’s multifaceted programs and on the commemoration, and it also reflected events. While Virginians comprised much of that recognition that some aspects of the difficult audience, events such as the promotional sail by beginning at Jamestown were appropriately the re-created ship Godspeed to major East Coast regarded as occasions for solemn seaports, United Kingdom-based events organized remembrance, quiet reflection, or prayerful by the Jamestown 2007 British Committee, and thanksgiving rather than exuberant the concluding World Forum on the Future of celebration. An attitude of solemnity was Democracy reached nationally and internationally. considered more appropriate, for example, The commemoration’s highlight, “America’s in recalling the settlement’s impact on the Anniversary Weekend,” featured three days of indigenous people of Virginia, the widespread exhibits, ceremonies, speeches, and performances suffering and loss of life among the earliest across three sites—Historic Jamestowne, English settlers, and the oppression of Jamestown Settlement, and nearby Anniversary Africans brought to the colony in chains. Park—and culminated on May 13, the 400th More worthy of celebration, commemoration anniversary of the first Jamestown settlers’ arrival. organizers explained, was the progress made in overcoming wrongs and “fulfill[ing] America’s founding ideals over the course of our four- centuries-old journey.” The America’s 400th Anniversary program and its emphasis on the four-century-long “Journey that Changed the World” dramatically achieved its planners’ goals for inclusiveness, statewide participation, and national and international reach. The nation’s first female Supreme Court Justice, Sandra Day O’Connor, served as honorary chair of the 18-month program, which included 13 signature events and attracted such high-profile figures as Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, President George W. Bush and

The Jamestown 400th Commemoration logo represented the three cultures that came together in 1607, Native American, African and English, as well as the original three ships. Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery. Image courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

Steering Committee Report 19 The broad national interest generated generated more than 12 billion media impressions. by commemorative programs, events, and Surveys by the Virginia Tourism Corporation dignitaries also served to distinguish the 2007 before and after the commemoration confirmed program from its predecessors. Roughly a a sharp intervening rise in national awareness of million students and teachers participated in a Jamestown’s importance in the nation’s founding. “Jamestown Live!” educational webcast from Participation in the 2007 commemoration Jamestown Settlement, including students from was significantly more broad-based and diverse all 50 states and 16 countries. Many more learned than prior commemorations. The Virginia 2007 about Jamestown’s legacies through lesson Community Program enrolled 181 localities and plans distributed to classrooms nationwide via groups that were responsible for more 1,000 the commemoration’s “Jamestown Journey” additional locally produced programs and events, educational website. broadcasts of and partnerships with 150 state and national the 2007 “State of the Black Union” at Hampton organizations resulted in many additional University, subsequent telecasts of “Jamestown programs. Collectively, more than 1.4 million Live!” on The History Channel, and airings of the people participated in the partner- and Jamestown 2007 one-hour syndicated special on community-sponsored events. Especially notable, America’s Anniversary Weekend alone reached given the pattern of past commemorations, was more than 150 million American households. the emphasis on Virginia Indian and African Overall, media coverage of the commemoration American programming and resulting levels of

The 2007 “State of the Black Union” attracted African-American thought leaders to Virginia for a two-day examination of Jamestown’s role in shaping the nation. Photo courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

20 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution More than 5,000 students and teachers participated in Henry County’s “Walk to Jamestown” program as part of the community’s involvement with the Virginia 2007 Community Program, an initiative that involved over 181 localities across the Commonwealth. Photo courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

engagement and participation. The 2007 State America’s 400th Anniversary program in of the Black Union telecast, at which host Tavis 2007 served as a catalyst and, in some Smiley aptly observed there were “Africans at respects, a model for the American Evolution Jamestown before there were Pilgrims at commemoration a dozen years later. Several Plymouth,” was only one of multiple programs leaders of the 2007 effort brought valuable and events conceived by the commemoration’s expertise and contacts as they took on significant African American Advisory Council. The volunteer roles in planning for 2019, including Intertribal Cultural Festival, a weekend event Jeanne F. Zeidler (Jamestown 2007 executive in Hampton that attracted 18,000 participants, director), Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr. likewise was part of an array of programming (Jamestown 2007 Management Committee focusing on Virginia Indian history and culture. chairman), Frank B. Atkinson (chairman of the Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. of the Chickahominy federal Jamestown 400th Commemoration Indian Tribe, a leader in commemoration Commission), H. Benson Dendy III (federal planning, delivered a positive verdict as the 400th Commission vice chair and Management 18-months of programs came to a close. The Committee member), Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. commemoration, he said, “provided Virginia (federal 400th Commission member), and Indians with the best forum they have had in Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander (2007 400 years to tell their story not only to their fellow Democracy Program Planning Council member). Virginians, but to people across America and Early actions by the General Assembly and around the world.” Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation ensured that Achieved through a public-private partnership an organizational structure resembling 2007’s in which the Commonwealth of Virginia provided would be used for the 2019 Commemoration. the largest support but federal, local, corporate, These actions included the General Assembly’s and nonprofit funding and numerous partnerships 2013 designation of the Jamestown-Yorktown also played indispensable roles, the successful Foundation as lead state agency for planning

Steering Committee Report 21 the 2019 Commemoration, Foundation chairman H. Benson Dendy III’s appointment of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee, the Commonwealth’s provision of initial funding, creation of inclusive program planning committees, and formation of a nonprofit corporation to assist with private fundraising. While the American Evolution Commemoration benefited from the successful 2007 experience, its planners sought to innovate and improve on the artists and performers, social and economic 2007 program rather than imitate it. The pages entrepreneurs, civic and community leaders, that follow detail the many creative ways the and democratic activists from around the nation 2019 Commemoration built on the foundation and the world. Students from elementary schools supplied by Virginia’s long commemorative to the collegiate level were engaged, nearly tradition yet departed from traditional approaches 1,500 schools in every Virginia school division to make timely and transformative new joined in the “2019 Commemoration Schools” contributions. initiative and students from more than 30 In planning the American Evolution program, colleges and universities participated in the Steering Committee made engagement of Commemoration programs. young people, especially millennials, a central The 2019 Commemoration became the first part of the 2019 Commemoration’s mission in truly “digital” commemoration as American hopes that a better appreciation of history’s Evolution deployed innovative technologies, lessons could aid their leadership for our nation’s including the new Virginia History Trails app, future. Prominent among participants in to convene conversations and highlight people American Evolution’s 379 separate programs and places of importance in every region of the were thousands of young adults who were state. New applications, imaginative content, and leading-edge communication strategies also made the Commemoration in 2019 a genuinely global one, and enabled American Evolution to generate more than twice as many media impressions (28 billion versus 12 billion) as the larger funded 2007 program. The digital emphasis did not detract from in-person participation in the Commemoration but instead helped to expand it by raising awareness and promoting the various forums, festivals, ceremonies, conferences, exhibitions, performances, and other physical events. As this report details, combined Commemoration and visitor spending generated $197 million in total economic impact for the Commonwealth and produced $8 million in state and local tax revenue.

22 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Reflecting the varied historical currents and America Summit; Women’s Achieve Summit; and multiple anniversaries connected to 1619 Virginia, multiple exhibits—highlighted four centuries of American Evolution arranged the signature influential and often unheralded contributions events around the Commemoration’s themes by African Americans and women to our society, of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity and culture, education, commerce, and governance. focused messaging and programming on Other program elements celebrated the creative the evolution of American society and ideals artistry of native Americans (Pocahontas over the 400-year span since that eventful year. Reframed “Storytellers” Film Festival), the This thematic approach, with its emphasis impact of the “New Virginians” who immigrated on a still-evolving American experience and over four centuries, and the rich variety of the unfinished work remaining, gave the “Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine” present in Commemoration and conversations heightened our contemporary Commonwealth. contemporary relevance. The legislative assembly Most important, in grappling in a candid and at Jamestown in 1619 left much to be desired inclusive way with the challenging narratives and by today’s standards, for example, but it set in paradoxical legacies left for us by the events of motion a tradition of representative democracy 1619—by stimulating meaningful conversations and, eventually, an expanding franchise that and bringing new stories to light—American came to characterize not only Virginia’s self- Evolution broke new ground and changed the governing institutions but America’s and much way we think about our shared history. In so of the world’s. Through events such as the Forum doing, the 2019 Commemoration added its own on the Future of Representative Democracy, constructive chapter to the unique—and uniquely Global Pathfinder Summit, and Presidential Ideas useable—story that is Virginia. Festival, the Commemoration was able to turn the lens forward as much as backward, stimulating conversations about the challenges that mature and aspiring democracies will face in the years ahead and drawing insights from our distinctive American experience. American Evolution’s emphasis on the 400-year arc of history also played a pivotal role in framing discussions of 1619’s most difficult legacies around the broader narratives of expanding diversity and opportunity in America. The Commemoration’s most extensive and varied programming was devoted to these themes, especially diversity, and much of it—the First African Landing Weekend; 1619: Making of

Left: Andy Rabens, Special Advisor for Global Youth Issues with the U.S. Department of State; Catherine Constantinides, co-founder of Generation ; and Liziane Silva, founding partner and former CEO of Ink participated in a session during the "Global Pathfinder Summit."

Steering Committee Report 23 Section 2 PLANNING AN INCLUSIVE PROGRAM

Above: Jessica Stewart, a member of the Chickahominy Tribal Dancers, leads the friendship dance during the "Virginia Thanksgiving Festival.” Right top: “American Evolution Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy." Right middle top: "Association for the Study of the Worldwide African Diaspora 10th Biennial Conference." Right middle bottom: "New Virginians: 1619-2019 & Beyond." Right bottom: "Dance Theatre of Harlem's Passage.”

24 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Preparations for the 2019 Commemoration began in 2013. Early that year, the Virginia General Assembly adopted a resolution calling attention to the approaching 400th anniversary of “landmark events in Virginia history,” including the legislature’s own beginnings in 1619. Observing that “over the past 50 years, the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation has played a key role in assisting with special commemorations,” the General Assembly designated the Foundation as the official Executive Branch agency responsible for assisting the Commonwealth in establishing planning systems for commemorating the historical events of 1619.

THEMES AND HISTORICAL PILLARS The vision and frame for the Commemoration were established early in the planning process. Fostering greater awareness of Virginia’s role in the creation of the United States and reinforcing Virginia’s leadership in education, tourism, and economic development were foundational goals embraced in the program’s vision statement. Objectives for the Commemoration included launching a series of programs and events of national and international significance, engaging new and younger audiences in Virginia history, and providing opportunities for all Virginians to participate. The historical pillars of the Commemoration, based on the 1619 history, included the 400th anniversaries of: • The first representative legislative assembly in the New World • The arrival of the first recorded Africans to English North America • The recruitment of English women in significant numbers to English North America • The first official English Thanksgiving in North America • The economic reforms that unleashed the entrepreneurial and innovative spirit of the Virginia colony See Appendix II for historical background documents on these events. Each of these historic anniversaries (pillars) warranted significant focus and attention. Indeed, each could have been cast as a separate commemoration. Planners realized early on that an additional framework, broad enough to encompass all of the varied pillars, would be needed to attract and align resources and create a cohesive positioning opportunity for the Commonwealth of Virginia in furtherance of the commemorative vision. A crucial step in the planning process came with the decision by the Commemoration’s volunteer leadership to build the program around the themes of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity. The underlying idea was that the forces and circumstances that converged in Virginia in 1619 set in motion developments that had

Steering Committee Report 25 been shaping these three defining aspects of the American character ever since. This framing proved effective in communicating the importance and relevance of the little-known history of 1619 and why it matters today. With the primary thematic framework established as a guide for contractors, partners, leadership, and staff, the Commemoration in 2015 enlisted the Virginia Tourism Corporation to develop an early logo and engaged Otto Design and Marketing of Norfolk to develop the brand name and logo for the overall program. Through a design process, two very different concepts emerged as finalists for consideration: “American Evolution” and “America. Made in Virginia.” “American Evolution” captured the notion of an ongoing journey toward fulfillment of the Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity ideals, providing a 400-year-arc approach to building the Commemoration. “America. Made in Virginia” focused on positioning Virginia at the center of the birth of America. Although “America. Made in Virginia” seemed to have advantages as a more contemporary brand attractive to young people, “American Evolution” was deemed more welcoming to all visitors and engaging for all Virginians. Based on this analysis, “American Evolution” became the Commemoration brand, and “America. Made in Virginia” was utilized for commemorative-year merchandising.

Top: The first enslaved Africans arrived at Old Point Comfort, Virginia, in late August 1619, marking the moment when African history became a powerful and indelible influence on the development of our nation. Middle: In November 1619, 147 English women were recruited to join Jamestown’s male settlers, building permanence in the Colony. Both photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. Bottom: Upon safe arrival at Berkeley Hundred on December 4, 1619, a group of English settlers held a ceremony of Thanksgiving which was to be observed "annually and perpetually." Image courtesy of the Berkeley Plantation.

26 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution conversations about who we are as a people and how history shapes us. This process occurred during a politically contentious time in America, and the tragic events in Charlottesville during 2017 brought the nation’s racial issues dramatically to the fore. Rather than shy away in the face of such controversies, American Evolution responded by illuminating the stories of known and little-known Virginians from across 400 years of history. Using dynamic video presentations to give a voice to the distinctive cultures represented in Virginia history and to highlight each culture’s contributions and impact, the Commemoration The logo design proved to be a challenge given the broad messaging to be conveyed visually. Ultimately, Ion Design of Charles Town, West Virginia, was retained using private resources to design a logo in advance of the Commemoration’s anticipated launch in 2016. The final version was set, with only modest variations being made during the Commemoration’s execution phase to accommodate size and placement on a variety of marketing materials. Brand development and messaging for the Commemoration likewise proved to be a persistent challenge given the five historical pillars, three overarching themes, and challenging history to be addressed. A breakthrough was achieved in 2017 when Finn Partners and Johnson Marketing helped to develop the “We Are Virginia – We Are America” brand architecture and messaging strategy. In creating a “voice” for the Commemoration, planners determined to focus on the original three cultures of 1619 Virginia (Indian, English, and African) as the foundation for narratives about how Virginia and America evolved. By emphasizing these cultures in visual depictions as well as using a storytelling approach to engage dialogue around Virginia’s 400-year span of history, American Evolution was able to convene diverse audiences and catalyze contemporary

Steering Committee Report 27 helped to establish Virginia as a national leader 17, 2015. Each of these meetings yielded valuable in tackling difficult history in contemporary and insights from interested organizations and productive ways. One indication of this unfolding individuals that would aid committee formation success was the influential travel publication and strategic partnerships. During 2016, Frommer’s Travel Guide selection of Virginia as additional roundtable discussions that provided a top destination to visit during 2019 for the stakeholder input and engagement included: authentic and genuine approach to inclusive 5 Virginia Forum storytelling the Commemoration had embraced. March 11 Virginia Consortium of Social Studies Specialists EARLY INPUT AND ENGAGEMENT March 12 Virginia Association of Museums From the start, Commemoration organizers March 16 Coastal Virginia Tourism Alliance adopted an inclusive approach to building the American Evolution program. A series of April 20 Virginia roundtable discussions and working group Presidents meetings got underway on October 25, 2013, April 25 Richmond Millennial Luncheon when more than 27 organizations met at the April 27 Virginia Education Roundtable Virginia Historical Society (now the Virginia Museum of History & Culture) to begin shaping May 9 Surry County Historical Society early concepts for the Commemoration. This and Museums meeting was followed by roundtable meetings May 10 Virginia Council of Churches at the Peninsula Museums Forum on April 14, May 12 Virginia Tourism Corporation 2014, and at Hampton University on December July 29 Robert Russa Moton Museum 2, 2014. A final roundtable meeting of Historic Triangle organizations was held on November

Community “roundtables,” held through 2013 to 2016, built support and invited program ideas from individuals and groups. The first meeting, held in October 2013 at the Virginia Historical Society, included representatives from Virginia’s cultural institutions and museums. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

28 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Members of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee at their first meeting in December 2014. Photo courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

2019 COMMEMORATION STEERING wide spectrum of interested individuals and COMMITTEE organizations, a planning calendar was created The Steering Committee convened for its for the Commemoration: inaugural meeting in the Jefferson Room of the Phase I (2013–2015) Strategic planning; on December 9, 2014. committees launched; executive director hired Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Phase II (2016) Public funding secured; William J. Howell and First Lady of Virginia early awareness building; partnerships formed; Dorothy S. McAuliffe delivered remarks. contractor procurement; sponsorship plan drafted After early planning and consultation with a

After early stakeholder outreach and an organizational meeting on September 12, 2013, Jamestown- Yorktown Foundation Chairman H. Benson Dendy III appointed the initial Steering Committee to oversee planning of the Commemoration. The Steering Committee members appointed at that time included:

Delegate M. Kirkland Cox Anne Geddy Cross Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander Co-Chair H. Benson Dendy III G. Glenn Oder Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Sue H. Gerdelman Susan Clarke Schaar Co-Chair Dr. James Horn Kirsten Talken-Spaulding Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. Senator Janet D. Howell Delegate Christopher P. Stolle L. Ray Ashworth* Delegate S. Chris Jones Secretary of the Commonwealth Frank B. Atkinson Professor Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. Levar M. Stoney Dr. Warren M. Billings Paul D. Koonce Senator John C. Watkins Nancy N. Campbell Senator Mamie E. Locke H. Graham Woodlief Dr. John T. Casteen III First Lady Dorothy S. McAuliffe Stuart W. Connock G. Paul Nardo *Deceased

Steering Committee Report 29 progress reports on Commemoration planning, forge consensus and provide leadership direction on programs, events, and other elements of the Commemoration. As a Commemoration co-chair, Delegate Cox presided over all Steering Committee meetings. Among the meeting highlights: April 27, 2015 – Committee members reviewed the FY2016 state budget and discussed possible private sources for fundraising. Early messaging and themes were considered and approved. Guest speakers included John W. Martin, president and chief executive officer of Southeastern Institute of Research, Inc. (SIR); Rita D. McClenny, president and chief executive officer of the Virginia Tourism Corporation (VTC); and VTC’s director of research, Esra Calvert. August 27, 2015 – Commemoration leaders introduced Kathy J. Spangler as the program’s newly hired executive director. Members reviewed the Steering Committee structure Phase III (2017) Early sponsorship support; and procedures and considered national and education programs launched; statewide international programming concepts and engagement and early millennial engagement tourism promotion. Speakers included Matthew launched; tourism promotion; British engagement; Thornhill, managing partner for the Institute for merchandising and trademarks; awareness Tomorrow (a division of SIR), and Rita McClenny building; early events of VTC. Phase IV (2018) Media tour; sponsorships November 10, 2015 – The Steering finalized; official schedule launched; tourism Committee made 85 appointments to nine promotion and national visibility constituent committees and discussed early Phase V (2019) logo development, the 2016-2018 biennial budget, 2019 commemorative year events, exhibitions, and planning goals. Speakers included Dr. Paul A. and programs Levengood, president and chief executive officer Phase VI (2020) Commemoration documentation; of the Virginia Historical Society; and Betsy legacy initiatives Barton, History and Social Science specialist The Steering Committee met three times with the Virginia Department of Education. An annually during 2015 to 2017 and twice during Executive Committee was established with the 2018. Each meeting provided an opportunity following initial appointments: Delegate M. to learn from key stakeholders, receive detailed Kirkland Cox; Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr.;

Top: Resources and Logistics Committee. Middle: First Representative Legislative Assembly Committee. Bottom: First Africans to English North America Committee.

30 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Members of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee, partners, and staff during a meeting at the Virginia State Capitol on October 25, 2016.

Frank B. Atkinson; H. Benson Dendy III; Paul organization to facilitate private fundraising. D. Koonce; George Keith Martin; and Jeanne F. Fifteen additional members were appointed to Zeidler. The Steering Committee also approved various committees. Robert C. Vaughan III, founder the appointment of the following committee and president of the Virginia Foundation for the chairs and co-chairs: Humanities, provided remarks. • Programs and Events: Jeanne F. Zeidler; July 20, 2016 – The Steering Committee Frank B. Atkinson received a presentation on the Commemoration brand and visual identity and approved the • Resources and Logistics: George Keith Martin; Paul D. Koonce American Evolution logo, appointed 15 additional members to committees, discussed the • First Representative Legislative Assembly: Commemoration’s website launch, and reviewed Susan Clarke Schaar; G. Paul Nardo staff hiring and contractor procurement plans. • First Africans: Cassandra L. Committee members further reviewed signature Newby-Alexander; Jacquelyn E. Stone event concepts and discussed plans for a launch • Women’s Impact: Mary Margaret Whipple event at Fort Monroe. Rachel Burgess, SIR’s vice president and director of research operations, • First Thanksgiving: H. Graham Woodlief presented the results of a millennial survey • Entrepreneurialism and Innovation: Chief commissioned by the Commemoration. Other Stephen R. Adkins, Sr.; James D. Duffey, Jr. speakers included Dr. Sandra G. Treadway, state April 21, 2016 – Steering Committee members librarian, Library of Virginia, and Dr. James Horn, discussed suggestions for new partnerships, official president and chief officer, Jamestown Rediscovery letters of invitation to speakers and dignitaries, Foundation. state funding, creation of a sub-agency for the October 25, 2016 – Steering Committee Commemoration within the Jamestown-Yorktown members were introduced to new American Foundation, and formation of a nonprofit Evolution staff members and discussed the

Steering Committee Report 31 tourism promotion plan, a sponsorship launch the Altria Group. event, key partnerships, British engagement, July 18, 2017 – Committee members education program plans, resource development, reviewed the Commemoration’s marketing and a public relations plan. Paul R. Beyer, executive and communications plan and schedule for director of the Tom Tom Founders Festival, awareness-building events, approved various provided remarks, as did VTC President and program agreements, and discussed millennial Chief Executive Officer Rita D. McClenny. outreach and education, partners’ planning April 25, 2017 – Members discussed the progress, and statewide engagement. Guest Virginia History Trails application, progress speakers were Liz Stiff and Kasey Hayes, owners on sponsorships and fundraising, the of Native Collaboration, and Bert Schmidt, Commemoration’s media plan, social media president and chief executive officer of WHRO strategy, digital products, pre-2019 programming Public Media. and events, 2019 signature event development, October 17, 2017 – Discussion centered educational programs, on Commemoration legacy projects, finalizing and meeting signature event plans, media familiarization schedules. Executive tours, ongoing planning by partners, tourism Committee member promotion, sponsorship development, branding responsibilities were strategy, and early program success. elaborated, including April 25, 2018 – Steering Committee the following roles: members finalized the signature event and H. Benson Dendy legacy project plan and discussed promoting III, vice chair for educational resources, statewide engagement organization; Paul D. grants, storytelling strategy, and sponsorships. Koonce, vice chair for Guest speaker Robert W. Cross, executive finance; George Keith director/perry artistic director of the Virginia Martin, vice chair for Arts Festival, outlined the 2018 Virginia Arts partnerships; Jeanne Festival schedule and progress on their F. Zeidler, vice chair partnership with the Dance Theatre of for outreach; and Harlem for a commissioned ballet. Kathy J. Spangler, July 25, 2018 – During the last full Steering secretary/treasurer. Committee meeting, members reviewed the Steering Committee Commemoration’s legacy projects and anticipated members also heard legacies, plans for a launch event at the Virginia from Robin Crawford, State Capitol in October 2018, signature event senior partner of Finn planning, and sponsorship development. Peter Partners, Don Dixon Armstrong, senior director of museum operations and Rodger Bailey of and education, and Katherine Egner Gruber, Spectra, and Charles exhibition curator, of the Jamestown-Yorktown E. Agee III, director of corporate citizenship with Foundation presented final plans for the exhibit

Top: First Official English Thanksgiving in North America. Middle: Entrepreneurialism and Innovation Committee. Bottom: Impact of Women Committee.

32 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution “TENACITY: Women in Jamestown and Early Clerk Nardo, Mr. Dendy, Ms. Spangler, and Virginia,” a legacy project of the Commemoration. Mr. Mann visited London during November The Commemoration’s committee structure also 27-December 2, 2016. The privately funded trip included working groups that provided invaluable occasioned productive meetings with numerous service during the planning phase. The Historian key officials, including Baron Fowler, Lord Speaker Advisory Council, first convened during 2016, of the House of Lords; Sir David Natzler, Clerk of established a set of background papers on each the House of Commons; and John Spellar MP and of the historical elements of 1619. These resources Sir Simon Burns MP, representatives of the British proved invaluable as a foundation for building American Parliamentary Group. The visiting the communications framework for American delegation also met with Miguel Head (private Evolution. The Commemoration used these secretary to His Royal Highness Prince William, documents to frame messaging about the core Duke of Cambridge), Sir David Manning (British themes of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity. Ambassador to the United States 2003-2007), Development of Commemoration content and Baron Janvrin (former private secretary to Her instructional approaches was assisted significantly Majesty Queen Elizabeth II), U. S. Embassy officials by the Education Working Group. This group, made Lewis Lukens (Deputy Chief of Mission) and Eric up of master teachers, was convened in 2017 to Johnson (Minister Counselor for Public Affairs), guide creation of updated and expanded curricula Baron Watson of Richmond and Sir Robert for classroom teachers using digital resources and Worcester (co-chairs of the Jamestown 2007 new approaches for discussing difficult history in British Committee), Viscountess Penny Cobham genuine and authentic ways through storytelling. (a prominent leader in tourism and the arts), and An International Committee was established former Ambassador Alan Charlton, who served for the purpose of engaging leadership from the as deputy ambassador to the United States during United Kingdom and African nations. Its work the 2007 commemoration. was advanced through meetings in which In February 2018, American Evolution staff met Commemoration representatives engaged with Ambassador Agostinho Tavares da Silva Neto in outreach and encouraged international of Angola and Ambassador Domingos Fezas Vital of participation. Portugal to issue invitations that led to participation On September 6, 2016, the British Ambassador by both Angola and Portugal representatives in to the United States, Sir Kim Darroch, hosted a signature events during 2019. group of Commemoration leaders (Delegate All included, more than 75 committee and Cox, Messrs. Atkinson, Dendy, and Koonce, working group sessions were convened during Ms. Spangler, and consultant H. Edward Mann) 2014-2018. Committee members served as at the British Embassy in Washington. U. S. indispensable thought leaders, putting in countless Senator Timothy M. Kaine assisted in arranging hours to help conceive, frame, and finalize the many the meeting, at which the group provided an American Evolution programs and events. We overview of Commemoration plans and requested are indebted to them for their service and many assistance in securing appropriate participation contributions to the Commemoration’s success. by British officials in commemorative activities. See Appendix I for a list of Commemoration As a result of the Embassy meeting, a committee members. delegation of Commemoration leaders led by Co-Chair Cox and including Senator McDougle,

Steering Committee Report 33 SPONSORSHIP presentation that highlighted the success of FUNDRAISING the 400th anniversary commemoration in 2007 To validate the viability and outlined plans for the 2019 program. As of the Commemoration a result, five corporations each contributed vision and to complement $25,000 in seed funding to support planning anticipated state for American Evolution. The financial support investment, early financial support from these key early donors—Altria Group, from the private sector was deemed essential. In Dominion Resources, Huntington Ingalls 2015, Dominion Resources (now Dominion Energy) Industries, the MeadWestvaco Foundation, executive Paul D. Koonce hosted a luncheon of and the NewMarket Foundation—provided corporate leaders to provide an overview of the crucial start-up resources and affirmed the planned Commemoration. The Jamestown- viability of Commemoration plans. Yorktown Foundation provided important support, In 2016, a new 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with its resource development team helping to named “2019 Commemoration, Inc.” was arrange the meeting and Executive Director established to facilitate generation of private Philip G. Emerson joining Mr. Koonce in a funding. The following Commemoration leaders agreed to comprise its board and officers:

Top: Dominion Energy made a Founding Partner contribution, which included support for the Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center during the sponsorship kickoff event at the Virginia State Capitol on October 25, 2016. Pictured (L to R) George Keith Martin, Donnie R. Tuck, Terry E. Brown, Jeanne F. Zeidler, H. Benson Dendy III, G. Glenn Oder, Kathy J. Spangler, and Paul D. Koonce.

34 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Public launch of the Commemoration’s sponsorship campaign took place at the Virginia State Capitol on October 25, 2016, with Speaker William J. Howell of the Virginia House of Delegates serving as host. Mr. Koonce announced a founding partnership pledge of $1,200,000 by Dominion Resources, which included a designation of $200,000 to support the Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center, one of the Commemoration’s designated legacy projects. Soon thereafter, Altria Group pledged $500,000 as a “Virginia Colony” partner, bringing the private funding level to $1,825,000 by the end of the calendar year. An additional $460,000 was raised in 2017 largely through the efforts of the Commemoration’s volunteer leadership. Although a second fundraising firm, East Park Drive of City, was engaged in early 2018 to bolster outreach to national prospects, it soon became apparent that peer-to-peer outreach by Commemoration • Paul D. Koonce, President leaders was most effective. With Mr. Koonce providing the leadership, and with the programs, • Frank B. Atkinson, Vice President/Secretary events, exhibitions, and other Commemoration • George Keith Martin, Treasurer elements becoming better defined by mid-2018, • Delegate M. Kirkland Cox fundraising efforts began to bear fruit. • H. Benson Dendy III From mid-2018 through 2019, an additional • Senator Ryan T. McDougle $2,008,182 was raised, bringing overall private • Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr. support of the Commemoration to $4,293,183. In addition to the generous support of business • Jeanne F. Zeidler enterprises, an important contributor to the • Philip G. Emerson, Ex Officio financial progress was creation of a Virginia • Kathy J. Spangler, Executive Director Leadership Council comprised of individuals who each contributed $50,000 to support Through a competitive bidding process, the Commemoration. G. Gilmer Minor III, professional fundraising assistance was sought Thomas F. Farrell III, and John O. Wynne joined to assist in scoping a sponsorship package Commemoration leaders in reaching out to for the Commemoration. Global Spectrum, leading Virginians to make these individual gifts. L.P. (dba Spectra), a Philadelphia-based firm, received the contract and assisted in developing See Appendix I for a list of Commemoration sponsors the sales package and overall targets for and Virginia Leadership Council donors. sponsorship recruitment.

Steering Committee Report 35 PROFESSIONAL SERVICES used for corporate sponsorship assessment To plan and execute the extensive program and logo design services, with OTTO, Spectra, of commemorative events and activities, Howell Creative Group, and Ion Design receiving contracts. During FY2017, major contracts were American Evolution turned to a variety of professional firms with relevant capabilities awarded to the following organizations: and proven track records. Assisted by the Funded with Commonwealth of Virginia Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation staff, which resources— possessed experience with state procurement • Education Production: WHRO Public procedures, Executive Director Spangler and the Media of Norfolk, Virginia Commemoration team devoted considerable time • Multi-Media Asset Development: and energy to procuring the portfolio of contractors Orange Frame of Richmond, Virginia needed to produce the wide-ranging program, often • Public Relations: Finn Partners of with tight deadlines and limited planning time. The Washington, D.C. greatest challenge posed by public procurement • Tourism Promotion: Virginia Tourism was in providing specific details regarding scope, Corporation of Richmond, Virginia scale, and project deliverables since much of the • Website: Ciniva of Norfolk, Virginia planning was still in development as contracts • Graphic Design: Howell Creative Group were bid and vendors selected. of Williamsburg, Virginia The first round of contractors, engaged during • Millennial Awareness/Social Media: FY2016 utilizing state contracts, provided services Native Collaboration of Richmond, Virginia related to brand, message, and visual identity, • Signature Event Production: Jack Morton consumer awareness, graphic design, and Worldwide of , program assessments. Private resources were

Left: The 2019 Commemoration hosted representatives from strategic partner organizations in January 2019 at Jamestown Settlement. Right: (L) Steven Williams from Colonial National Historical Park discusses plans for the 400th anniversary of the first African landing with G. Glenn Oder from the Fort Monroe Authority.

36 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Funded through 2019 Commemoration, Inc.— as “meeting partners where they were” by • British Strategy: H. Edward Mann of providing tailored support to achieve outcomes Petersburg, Virginia that benefited each partnering organization, • Signature Event Production: Prosody the Commemoration, and the Commonwealth. Creative Services of Williamsburg, Virginia By investing in institutions that undertook • Sponsorship Sales: Spectra of Philadelphia, efforts to execute Commemoration programs as well as adding value to the partners’ Additional services were procured during existing initiatives, American Evolution was FY2018 and FY2019, with the following contracts able to leverage significant assets and avoid granted: duplicating existing capacities and systems. Three categories of partners—promotional, Funded with Commonwealth of Virginia program, and strategic—were established resources— to achieve maximal participation and impact • Digital Content: Native Collaboration of statewide: Richmond, Virginia • Promotional partners included organizations • Economic Impact: Chmura Economics & willing to promote Commemoration activities Analytics of Richmond, Virginia to their constituencies. These were generally • Strategic Marketing: JMI of Richmond, low-cost partnerships in which the Virginia Commemoration provided partners with Funded through 2019 Commemoration, Inc.— social media, posters, press releases, web • Virginia History Trails App: Hothouse resources, and access to its multimedia of Atlanta, Georgia platform. Among the key promotional • Merchandise: Lantern Press of Seattle, partners were the Virginia Department of Washington Education, the Virginia Alcoholic Beverage • Sponsorship Sales: East Park Drive, Control Authority, the Virginia Association New York, New York of Museums, and the National Conference Overall, the largest contracted investments of State Legislatures. were in the areas of public relations, event • Program partners included organizations production, and digital product development. willing to align or integrate existing Though challenging to manage such a numerous programming with the Commemoration and diverse set of contractors on very tight themes or historical 1619 pillars as well deadlines, the Commemoration staff succeeded as promote American Evolution events, by convening vendors in person regularly and by exhibitions, and programs. These providing continual close oversight. The quality of organizations, including those listed on the resulting programs attested to the performance the Virginia History Trails app and various of the service providers, who met—and more grant-funded institutions, gave a truly often exceeded—expressed expectations. statewide dimension to Commemoration programming from 2017 through 2019. PARTNERSHIPS Strategic partners had the most wide- The Commemoration engaged more than ranging impact as they received investment 300 local, state, and national partners over five support from the Commemoration to implement years. The approach taken can best be described

Steering Committee Report 37 one or more signature events or legacy projects, “In many ways, the 2019 aligned and integrated their own programs, Commemoration created an and provided significant promotional support environment for partner for the Commemoration. The approach taken organizations to share authentic to identify, secure, and effectively collaborate storytelling about Virginia’s rich with strategic partners included assessing how well the Commemoration programming aligned and complex history while with each organization’s five-year strategic plan, strategic partners provided the determining the potential partner’s capacity Commemoration with credibility to reach new and broader audiences on behalf as the experts in Virginia history.” of American Evolution, and verifying the Kathy J. Spangler organization’s willingness to collaborate across its entire enterprise to support the goals and objectives of the Commemoration. Each strategic partner then entered into a goal-focused program agreement with the Commemoration and programs. This shared investment approach reported annually on progress and results. showcased Virginia as a leading destination The strategic partnerships yielded for history-focused tourism and for education and economic development throughout the extraordinary benefits for American Evolution by building early awareness, scaling existing Commemoration. programs, providing One of the many important legacies of the access to promotional lists, Commemoration will be the ongoing relationships integrating earned and that were forged among all three categories owned media platforms, of partners and the variety of participating and lending the expertise institutions and sites across the Commonwealth. and credibility of Through all phases of the Commemoration—from partnering institutions their engagement in planning sessions, to the to the Commemoration. launch and other early events, to the full range of 2019 programs and activities—partners gained American Evolution participation in turn invaluable new relationships and experienced benefited the strategic the deepening of camaraderie and collaboration partners by providing among institutions across the Commonwealth. key marketing and See Appendix I for a list of Commemoration communication support partners. and investments in their events, exhibitions, and

Top: Ryan Olson and Cara Pearson, members of the National Park Service Incident Command Team, with Kym Hall (R), from Colonial National Historical Park on July 30, 2019. Bottom: Statewide partners met in Richmond in May 2018 for an update on Commemoration planning.

38 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution VOICES FROM THE GARDEN WE ARE THE FIRST WOMEN’S MONUMENT Achievers ON CAPITOL GROUNDS

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT winning video series for elementary schools By the time the Commemoration was officially developed in partnership with WHRO Public launched on October 17, 2018, kicking off the Media. The Virginia Arts Festival provided 400 days that would be spent commemorating dynamic performing arts programming on the 400 years of Virginia history, more than 200 Commemoration themes throughout its 2017 meetings had been held to develop programs, season, exposing more than 45,600 attendees, exhibitions, and events. The most time had including many new audiences in the been devoted to conceiving and refining plans region, to American Evolution. To assist for education, statewide engagement, signature in fundraising efforts for Voices from the events, and legacy projects. The pre-launch Garden, the Virginia Women’s Monument being period also included some early events hosted developed for Capitol Square in Richmond, by partners, starting with the African Arrival the Commemoration launched its first digital Day event at Fort Monroe on August 20, 2016. campaign entitled “March to Mother’s Day.” Later that year, the Virginia Thanksgiving The Tom Tom Founders Festival, a signature Festival presented a new documentary produced event partner, provided important visibility in by WCVE Public Television that showcased the the Charlottesville area, with nearly 45,000 first Thanksgiving in English North America. attendees. The Virginia Thanksgiving Festival The documentary subsequently was shown on attracted 2,700 participants and highlighted the PBS channels nationwide. upcoming Commemoration. The inaugural The pace of programs and events picked Pocahontas Reframed “Storytellers” Film Festival, an American Evolution legacy up dramatically in 2017. American Evolution educational programs launched with the release project, premiered in Richmond with more of “Guardians of Jamestown: 1619,” an award- than 2,000 tickets distributed.

Above, left: The Emmy Award-winning video series Guardians of Jamestown, featuring the history of early Virginia, was created in partnership with WHRO Public Media for use in classrooms nationwide. Above, right: In partnership with the Virginia Capitol Foundation, the Commemoration promoted Voices from the Garden, the Virginia Women’s Monument.

Steering Committee Report 39 As the Commemoration planning and pre-launch events garnered increasing attention, American Evolution established the “1619 Society” for the purpose of engaging a younger generation of Virginians, the future leaders of the Commonwealth, in programming related to commemorative events and topics. Five 1619 Society events were held in Richmond, Fredericksburg, Wise, Danville, and Lynchburg to raise awareness of the Commemoration and stimulate participation by young adults across the state. The momentum and visibility generated by early partnerships and events continued to build in 2018. That year, the 2019 Commemoration Schools program, designed to engage students in grades K-12 and the postsecondary level, began with great fanfare. Nationally, American Evolution exhibited in Boston at the 2018 National Conference of State Legislatures annual conference to highlight the approaching 400th anniversary of representative government and invite the country’s state legislators to Virginia during 2019. The Virginia History Trails app launched with more than 400 stories of Virginia history and 200 partners from every corner of the Commonwealth. Special awareness-building campaigns, such as “Take Back the Spirit of Thanksgiving,” the ongoing development of digital assets, such as the “Virginia to America” video series, and the distribution of marketing and program grants across the Commonwealth amplified the Commemoration as a statewide initiative in which all Virginians could participate. With American Evolution’s 2019 signature events, exhibitions, and programs now set, a comprehensive calendar was published to depict the multifaceted programming along with the vision and objectives, key themes, cultures, and historical

Top: The 1619 Society engaged a younger generation of Virginians in the Commemoration. Bottom: Legislators from around the country enjoyed the American Evolution video booth during the National Conference of State Legislatures in Boston in August 2017.

40 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution narratives of the Commemoration. Together with 2019 Commemoration the strategic partners who brought their own Official Schedule

Open through January 5 , 2020 TENACITY: WOMEN IN Open through December 7 innovative approaches to authentic storytelling, , 2019 JAMESTOWN AND Open through December 31, 2 2019 NEW VIRGINIANS: EARLY VIRGINIA 019 1619–2019 AND BEYOND THE GREAT CHARTER AND THE Premiered Januar SPECIAL EXHIBITION y, 2019 Winter SPECIAL EXHIBITION GENERAL ASSEMBLY: FOUNDING JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT EVOLUTION OF AMERICA: merican volution WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA LIBRARY OF VIRGINIA A LEGACY IN 1619 A E was ready to present more RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 1619 TO TODAY SPECIAL EXHIBITION DOCUMENTARY VIRGINIA STATE CAPITOL RICHMOND, VIRGINIA PUBLIC BROADCASTING than 400 days of creative and groundbreaking SYSTEM March 20 – 2 1, 2019 FAITH JOURNEYS IN Opening April 15, 2019

THE BLACK EXPERIENCE May 3 – 5 JAMESTOWN REDISCOVERY 1619: , 2019 events and exhibitions that would engage not 1619-2019 DEMOCRACY, DIVERSITY, AND DANCE THEATRE OF May 21 – 23, 2019 VIRGINIA UNION UNIVERSITY DISCOVERY RICHMOND, VIRGINIA HARLEM WORLD PRESIDENTIAL IDEAS FESTIVAL NEW PERMANENT EXHIBITIONS PREMIERE BALLET MILLER CENTER HISTORIC JAMESTOWNE Presented by Sentara 2019 WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA only Virginians but national and international Healthcare and Optima Health CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA April 11 – 1 CHRYSLER HALL Spring 3, 2 019 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA AMERICAN EVOLUTION April 25 – 28, 2019 INNOVATORS CUP May 29, 2019 audiences. VIRGINIA INTERNATIONAL TOM TOM FOUNDERS May 20 – 24, 2 FESTIVAL TATTOO 019 DANCE THEATRE CHARLOTTESVILLE, SCOPE ARENA OF HARLEM VIRGINIA GLOBAL PATHFINDER NORFOLK, VIRGINIA SUMMIT BALLET Presented by KENNEDY CENTER

University of Virginia WASHINGTON, D.C. CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA June 8 – November 1 EARLY EVENTS (2016-2018) 7, 2019 COSMOLOGIES FROM THE July 30, 2019 TREE OF LIFE: ART FROM THE 400th ANNIVERSARY July 31 – August 1, 2019 AFRICAN AMERICAN SOUTH COMMEMORATIVE CEREMONY AMERICAN EVOLUTION FORUM SPECIAL EXHIBITION August 23 – 25, 2019 Fort Monroe Launch Event – First African OF THE FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ON THE FUTURE OF VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY RICHMOND, VIRGINIA REPRESENTATIVE AFRICAN ARRIVAL 2019 HISTORIC JAMESTOWNE AND VISITOR & EDUCATION AND JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT DEMOCRACY June 22, 2 CENTER DEDICATION Landing 2016 019 – March 2 WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA WILLIAM & MARY 9, 2020 WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA Summer FORT MONROE DETERMINED: THE 400-YEAR HAMPTON, VIRGINIA STRUGGLE FOR BLACK EQUALITY SPECIAL EXHIBITION VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND CULTURE In partnership with the City of Hampton, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine Festival November 1 – 30, 2019 | Presented by TowneBank September 1 Events added weekly, visit Fort Monroe Authority, and the National Park 3, 201 9 AMERICANEVOLUTION2019.COM DANCE THEATRE OF October 1 4 – 15, 2019 HARLEM BALLET November 2, 2 WOMEN’S ACHIEVE 019 Presented by Virginia Tech/ SUMMIT Service, American Evolution presented “African Carilion Partnership SAMPLING THE CENTURIES: November 9, 2 0 RICHMOND CONVENTION CENTER 19 MOSS CENTER, VIRGINIA TECH RICHMOND, VIRGINIA VIRGINIA’S FOOD FIRSTS BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA FANFARE TO THE MILITARY VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS & DEMOCRACY RICHMOND, VIRGINIA SANDLER CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS Arrival Day” on August 20, 2016, as the official VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA September 25 – 2 8, 2019 November 3, 2 2019 1619: MAKING OF AMERICA 019 November 21 – 24, 20 Fall SUMMIT VIRGINIA 19 launch event for commemorative programming. NORFOLK STATE UNIVERSITY THANKSGIVING POCAHONTAS NORFOLK, VIRGINIA FESTIVAL REFRAMED: BERKELEY PLANTATION NATIVE AMERICAN October 1 4, 2019 CHARLES CITY COUNTY, STORYTELLERS VIRGINIA Old Point Comfort, known today as Fort Monroe, Mid-December, 20 FILM FESTIVAL “VOICES FROM THE GARDEN” 19 BYRD THEATRE VIRGINIA WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION November 5 – 9 MONUMENT DEDICATION , 2019 RICHMOND, VIRGINIA AND FREEDOM MONUMENT 10th BIENNIAL ASSOCIATION CAPITOL SQUARE DEDICATION is the site where the first recorded Africans to RICHMOND, VIRGINIA FOR THE STUDY OF THE November 1 – 3 BROWN’S ISLAND 0, 2 RICHMOND, VIRGINIA WORLDWIDE AFRICAN DIASPORA 019 (ASWAD) CONFERENCE SHARE THE SPIRIT OF WILLIAM & MARY THANKSGIVING English North America arrived during 1619. WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA HUNGER RELIEF CAMPAIGN AMERICANEVOLUTION STATEWIDE 2019.COM FOLLOW US ON SOCIAL MEDIA The site marks the beginning of our nation’s @Commemorate2019 VIRGINIA IS FOR LOVERS CELEBRATES 50 YEARS OF LOVE. LEARN MORE AT VIRGINIA.ORG. tumultuous struggle with slavery and America’s journey toward equality. Building upon an annual event presented by Hampton’s Project 1619 organization at Fort Monroe, this launch event served as a fitting venue for official announcement “The arrival of the first recorded Africans of Commemoration plans. to English North America marked the Citizens and dignitaries from the public and start of a long struggle for freedom and private sectors across Virginia came together equality. It also marked the beginning around the bandstand in Fort Monroe’s Continental of important contributions by those early Park for the opening ceremony, which featured Africans and their descendants to our speaker Roland S. Martin, a national journalist, syndicated columnist, author, and host of News Commonwealth and our nation across One Now. Hampton Mayor Donnie R. Tuck and 400 years. This history is important the American Evolution co-chairs, Senator to the understanding of our shared Thomas K. Norment, Jr. and Delegate M. Kirkland experience and to our future as Cox, officiated. Congressman Robert C. Scott Virginians and Americans.” brought written greetings from President , and Governor Terence R. McAuliffe Terence R. McAuliffe officially launched the Commemoration with a cannon salute by the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation’s re-created ship Godspeed, which

Steering Committee Report 41 was sailing offshore. Although unable to attend, North America Committee, and Dr. Colita U.S. Senator Timothy M. Kaine sent greetings in Nichols Fairfax and Lt. Colonel Claude Vann III, which he commented on the painful legacy of co-chairs of the Hampton 2019 Commemorative slavery and the transformative path to equality Commission. Also present and recognized were that America still treads. Radio host Barbara Virginia First Lady Dorothy S. McAuliffe, Republic Hamm Lee served as mistress of ceremonies. of Sierra Leone Ambassador to the United States Other dignitaries on stage included Senator Bockari K. Stevens, Senators Rosalyn R. Dance Mamie E. Locke of Hampton, former Governor and Siobhan S. Dunnavant, Delegate Kenneth and U. S. Senator George Allen, former R. Plum, Virginia cabinet members Secretary of Congressman James P. Moran, Jr., Jamestown- Education Dietra Y. Trent, Secretary of Natural Yorktown Foundation chairman H. Benson Resources , and Secretary Dendy III, Superintendent Terry E. Brown of of Administration , 2019 the Fort Monroe National Monument, Dr. Commemoration Executive Committee members Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander, co-chair of Paul D. Koonce, Frank B. Atkinson, and Jeanne the Commemoration’s First Africans to English F. Zeidler, Project 1619 founder Calvin Pearson,

Left and middle: A commemorative ceremony produced by Project 1619 included African drum and dance performances.

42 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution and Reverend Ronald V. Myers, Sr., founder of the processed to the bandstand for the National Observance Foundation. ceremony. They returned to the residence Visitors learned about the history, culture, for a commemorative photo after the and contributions of Virginia’s early Africans ceremony concluded. through a variety of interactive events. A During the preceding evening, invited commemorative ceremony produced by Project guests enjoyed an evening sail on the 1619 featured an African naming ceremony and Godspeed. Governor and Mrs. McAuliffe joined prayer service, and the day’s other activities Mayor Tuck, former Congressman Moran, included African drum and dance performances, Mr. Dendy, Mr. Koonce, Ms. Spangler, and storytellers, character re-enactments, and other guests for the five o’clock sail out of the guided walking tours. Convening for a reception Hampton Maritime Center. The sail provided hosted by American Evolution at the Fort a unique setting in which to introduce Monroe Commanding General’s residence before representatives of local businesses plans for the opening ceremony, speakers and dignitaries the Commemoration and opportunities for heard remarks by Governor McAuliffe and then their participation.

Terence R. McAuliffe, members of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee, speakers, and special guests walked in a procession to the Fort Monroe Bandstand for the ceremony led by the sound of African drums.

Steering Committee Report 43 Above: Plans for the Fort Monroe Visitor and Education “The long and painful journey that began in Center were announced during the Commemoration launch event in August 2016. Pictured (L to R): John A. 1619 is Hampton’s story. It is Virginia’s story. Cosgrove, Jr.; H. Benson Dendy III; Thomas K. Norment, But, most importantly, it is America’s story.” Jr.; Paul D. Koonce; James P. Moran, Jr.; G. Glenn Oder; Dorothy McAuliffe; Terence R. McAuliffe; Terry E. Brown; Donnie R. Tuck M. Kirkland Cox; Mamie E. Locke; Jeanne F. Zeidler; and Gordon C. Helsel, Jr. Right: The Godspeed, a re-creation of one of three ships that brought English settlers to America in 1607, anchored off Fort Monroe.

As the first official event of the Commemoration, the successful “African Arrival Day” in 2016 provided useful lessons that would inform subsequent planning. The opportunity to work with multiple partners laid the groundwork for future collaborations. The practical experience of outdoor programming during August in Virginia reinforced the importance of planning for extremes in weather. These and other insights resulted in valuable fine-tuning that would enhance later commemorative events.

44 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution SPONSORSHIP LAUNCH (2016) On October 25, 2016, in the Virginia Capitol “Virginia is our corporate home and we want the nation to Rotunda, the 2019 Commemoration Steering learn about this great state’s contributions to democracy, Committee formally launched its sponsorship diversity, and opportunity.” campaign to support commemorative programs, events, and exhibitions. With the seed funding Thomas S. Farrell, II provided in 2015 by Altria, Dominion, Huntington Ingalls, NewMarket, and WestRock, the presentation. As chair of the Resources and Commemoration planning already was well Logistics Committee, Mr. Martin reviewed the underway. Commemoration leaders hoped to goals and sponsorship categories developed attract the extensive corporate support needed to to support corporate engagement. Mr. Koonce, make the program a true public-private partnership. the Committee’s vice chair, commented on the Speaker William J. Howell of the House of Commemoration’s key themes—Democracy, Delegates hosted the event and acknowledged Diversity, and Opportunity—and then announced, the significant support provided by the Virginia as a representative of Dominion Resources (now General Assembly. He also thanked other key Dominion Energy), that the Dominion Foundation contributors to the commemorative preparations, had pledged $1.2 million as the Commemoration’s including the Commemoration co-chairs, Delegate Founding Partner, with the Fort Monroe visitor Cox and Senator Norment, its volunteer leadership, facilities as the designated legacy project. Several the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Board of other organizations represented at the event Trustees, and other supportive dignitaries who subsequently signed on as Commemoration were on hand, including former Governor and sponsors, including Hourigan Construction, U.S. Senator George Allen and several members McGuireWoods, and Williams Mullen. of Governor McAuliffe’s cabinet including Secretary of Education Dietra Y. Trent, Secretary of Administration Nancy Rodrigues, Secretary of Public Safety and Homeland Security Brian J. Moran, and Secretary of Agriculture and Forestry Basil I. Gooden. Speaker Howell invited private- sector leaders to join the Virginia General Assembly and these leaders in supporting the 2019 Commemoration as a way to increase tourism, advance economic development, and expand educational outreach across the Commonwealth. Commemoration leaders George Keith Martin and Paul D. Koonce joined Speaker Howell in the

Left: William J. Howell hosted the Sponsorship Launch in the Virginia Capitol Rotunda in October 2016. Right: Paul D. Koonce shared the Commemoration themes of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity.

Steering Committee Report 45 PHOTO options for this section: 78,79,80,81

OFFICIAL COMMEMORATION LAUNCH (2018) role as American Evolution co-chair, House of Delegates Speaker M. Kirkland Cox reviewed On October 17, 2018, American Evolution officially launched the Commemoration with the the Commemoration’s five historical pillars announcement of its official schedule of programs, and stressed the Steering Committee’s events, and exhibitions spanning 400 days and deliberate choice of the more appropriate word encompassing 400 years of history, followed by “commemoration,” rather than “celebration,” to the signing of a formal proclamation by Governor describe the program. The Commemoration, Ralph S. Northam. The colorful ceremony took Speaker Cox explained, would seek to empower place on the Virginia State Capitol portico, with and motivate citizens to take an active role in H. Benson Dendy III of the Commemoration’s shaping our nation’s future by encouraging new Executive Committee serving as master of dialogue, presenting an honest accounting of ceremonies, the Virginia Capitol Police Color important events, and offering a more complete Guard posting the colors in procession with the perspective on our nation’s often difficult journey Jamestown Settlement Honor Guard, and Debra toward fulfillment of its founding ideals. Martin, council member of the Pamunkey The strong public-private partnership that Indian Tribe, delivering the invocation. In his would characterize the Commemoration was

Ralph S. Northam signed a proclamation recognizing the 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution during the Official Launch Event on October 17, 2018.

46 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution on full display at the official launch event. Healthcare and Optima Health, Virginia Tech Rita D. McClenny, president and chief executive Carilion Partnership, Huntington Ingalls officer of the Virginia Tourism Corporation (VTC), Industries/Newport News Shipbuilding, spoke of the tourism agency’s active role as Inova Health System, Virginia Lottery, and a strategic public partner. Among its major the Virginia Department of Rail and Public activities were promoting the Virginia History Transportation/Amtrak. Also on hand and Trails app, with its 20 trails showcasing 400 recognized by Executive Director Kathy J. stories and places of Virginia history, and the Spangler were a number of the Commemoration’s “Virginia to America” video series featuring more than 300 partners, including representatives each of the Commonwealth’s varied regions. of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, Virginia Several major early corporate sponsors were Arts Festival, Fort Monroe Authority, National represented at the launch, including Founding Park Service, City of Hampton, Presidential Partner Dominion Energy, Virginia Colony Precinct, and Tom Tom Foundation. Partners Altria Group and TowneBank, and Governor Ralph S. Northam delivered special Virginia-to-America Partner McGuireWoods. remarks calling attention to the importance of Representatives of numerous new sponsors the Commemoration. Then, surrounded by were present as well, including Sentara students from Highland High School in Monterey and Colvin Run Elementary School in Fairfax County, the Governor signed a proclamation recognizing October 17, 2018, as “2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Day” in the Commonwealth. In the proclamation, he observed that “the Commonwealth of Virginia is honored to host the landmark 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution, which offers honest historical perspectives and empowers and motivates Virginians and Americans, both current and future generations, to take an active role in shaping the course of our nation’s future.”

Speakers during the official launch included (L to R): Ralph S. Northam, M. Kirkland Cox, H. Benson Dendy III, Rita McClenny, Kathy J. Spangler, and Debra Martin.

Steering Committee Report 47 SCHOLARLY EVENTS (2016-2018) this analysis to women in modern-day politics. Scholarly programs held from 2016 through During the reception following the lecture, she signed copies of her book near the statue of 2018 helped generate interest in American Queen Njinga in the Jamestown Settlement Evolution and lay the foundation for achieving the Commemoration’s education goals. exhibition gallery. Dr. Linda M. Heywood, author and professor The Dartmouth Conference, held on April of African American studies and history at Boston 27-29, 2017, at Dartmouth College in Hanover, University, came to Jamestown Settlement on New Hampshire, explored the topic “Virginia in February 23, 2017, for a lecture and book signing. 1619: Legacies for Race, Commonwealth, and She spoke about her book, Njinga of Angola: Empire.” The meeting of the first representative Africa’s Warrior Queen, which brought into focus legislative assembly in Jamestown and the arrival the intriguing backstory of the first Africans of the first recorded Africans in English America who arrived in Virginia during August 1619. were two landmark events in the history of the Dr. Heywood’s lecture, “Njinga of Angola: English Atlantic world. Dr. James Horn of the Reflections on Gender, Leadership, and the Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation, author of Place of Women in Politics,” offered a fascinating 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American study of relations between Queen Njinga and Democracy and a Commemoration Steering the Portuguese in Africa and an application of Committee member, collaborated with co-convener Dr. Paul P. Musselwhite of Dartmouth College to

48 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution assemble an international roster of scholars on race and slavery, intercultural relations, political thought, and political economy who shared their views on the paradox of slavery and freedom that has framed much of the American political and social experience. Dr. Warren M. Billings, another Steering Committee member and author of A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century, chaired an informative panel entitled Commonwealth and the Rule of Law. The Dartmouth Conference papers, published under the title Virginia 1619: Slavery and Freedom in the Making of English America, paint a new and more comprehensive picture of the connections between the major 1619 events and how the decisions and ideas emerging from Virginia in 1619 went on to shape development of the English empire in the Americas over the next century. On February 23, 2018, the John W. Kluge Center of the hosted an afternoon symposium titled “1619 and the Making of America” that was held through a State University and co-chair of the collaboration by William & Mary’s Middle Commemoration’s First Africans to English Passage Project, Norfolk State University, and North America Committee, and Dr. Robert Trent American Evolution. The symposium served the Vinson, associate professor of history and Africana Commemoration’s goals of fostering a national studies at William & Mary. Following their dialogue and better understanding of the varied presentations, the speakers engaged the audience ways that major events in 1619 have shaped the in a lively discussion of the enduring legacies of contours and character of America. Convened by the encounters between Africans and indigenous Dr. Joanne M. Braxton, professor of humanities, American Indian populations. After attending Africana studies, and English at William & Mary, the symposium, Nichelle Smith, an investigations speakers included Chief Lynette Allston of the team editor at USA Today working on its series Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, Dr. Cassandra “1619: Searching for Answers,” was inspired to L. Newby-Alexander, professor of history and include a piece on Angela, the first named dean of the College of Liberal Arts at Norfolk African woman in Jamestown.

Left: Linda M. Heywood presented a lecture on her book Njinga of Angola: Africa’s Warrior Queen at Jamestown Settlement in February 2017. Above: Speakers during the "1619: Making of America" symposium at the Library of Congress on February 23, 2018, included Robert Trent Vinson, Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander, Lynette Allston, and Joanne M. Braxton.

Steering Committee Report 49 Section 3 BUILDING AWARENESS

Kathy J. Spangler served as the chief spokesperson for the Commemoration. From 2016 to 2019, the Commemoration’s overall awareness and media strategy garnered more than 28 billion media impressions. 50 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution MEDIA STRATEGY The Commemoration’s marketing and media strategy during 2016 to 2018 focused on establishing a firm foundation for long-term visibility and success by systematically building the American Evolution brand. The Commemoration contracted with experienced public relations, marketing, and digital media firms to help develop and execute the media strategy, including Finn Partners of Washington, D.C., Ciniva of Norfolk, and three Richmond firms—Native Collaboration, Orange Frame, and JMI. The remarkable success of the Commemoration’s awareness building and strategic media efforts, which ultimately garnered more than 28 billion media impressions, was the product of an integrated marketing approach that shared the Commemoration’s key messages across multiple channels and platforms. In 2016, the Commemoration’s leadership developed a messaging framework for use by staff, contractors, and partners that provided clear definitions and descriptions of the Commemoration’s purpose, themes, and historical elements. The messaging framework stressed the importance of telling an inclusive and authentic narrative of Virginia’s role in the creation of the United States and evolution of American ideals, elevating awareness of the key 1619 historical developments and bringing untold stories to light, and promoting the programs and events scheduled for the commemorative year. To achieve messaging goals, media plans during 2017 and 2018 included radio and satellite media tours, in-person media familiarization tours, media outreach tours in and Washington, D.C., content placement tactics such as op-eds and bylined articles, proactive media outreach, and a comprehensive social media strategy. Establishing relationships with key contacts at targeted local, regional, and national media outlets was instrumental leading up to the signature events during 2019. Also crucial was the Commemoration’s work to build a robust social media community. The media strategy utilized program partners from across the Commonwealth to leverage existing resources, amplify shared news, and engage established outreach vehicles to maximize visibility. These cost-effective approaches maximized awareness of the Commemoration while managing promotional expenditures. Target audiences from 2016 to 2018 included Virginia and drive-market visitors, millennials, young families, and history enthusiasts as well as key Commemoration partners and stakeholders. This built a loyal base of interested parties that helped to spread Commemoration messages to a global audience throughout 2019. During the commemorative year, outreach was designed to generate an ongoing drumbeat of media coverage throughout the year, with a crescendo of activity and secured placements surrounding each signature event, legacy project, and major announcement. Individualized media plans and tactics were developed for each signature event and legacy project. The respective plans outlined proactive pitch themes, subject matter experts, press releases, and op-eds associated with each program or event. Commemoration staff and contractors worked with marketing and communications staff at strategic partner organizations to create a unified plan of action that collaboratively amplified stories while reducing duplication of efforts.

Steering Committee Report 51 PAID MEDIA The Commemoration’s paid media strategy was designed to generate national awareness and encourage visitation to signature events and exhibitions. Due to the diverse and audience appeal of the Commemoration’s various elements and themes, paid media targeted a number of key consumer segments including families, event-driven consumers, history lovers, and tourists in key Virginia drive markets. An integrated marketing approach was used to leverage media channels so that all Virginians had the opportunity to engage with the Commemoration. Media channels and placements encompassed a range of print and digital elements, including two Times Square billboard advertisements in New York City, paid Google search ads, and regional television, radio, social media, and print ads. Orange Frame, American Evolution’s multimedia contractor, produced two 15-second videos for digital billboards in Times Square that were displayed at the beginning and end of the Commemoration. Norfolk-based WHRO 1619 -2019 public Media, an education contractor for the Commemoration, produced three television ads and four radio spots, which were used to promote 400th anniversary programming around the first WE ARE representative legislative assembly at Jamestown and the first America AMERICAN EVOLUTION COMMEMORATES THE African landing in Hampton as well as signature events such as 400TH ANNIVERSARY OF HISTORICAL EVENTS THAT OCCURRED IN VIRGINIA IN 1619, WHICH CONTINUE TO INFLUENCE US TODAY. the “Women’s Achieve Summit” and “Virginia Customs, Cultures,

• First Representative Legislative Assembly in the New World • Arrival of the First Recorded Africans to English North America and Cuisine Festival” finale month. • Recruitment of English Women in Significant Numbers • First Official English Thanksgiving in North America • Entrepreneurial and Innovative Spirit of the Virginia Colony Paid media expenditures, which totaled slightly

JOIN THE 2019 COMMEMORATION FOR HISTORIC EVENTS INCLUDING A WORLD PREMIERE DANCE over $300,000 in the commemorative year, were PERFORMANCE DURING THE VIRGINIA ARTS FESTIVAL.

AMERICANEVOLUTION designed to resonate with other awareness-raising 2019.COM activities and broaden the impact and visibility of American Evolution events and programs. Through the Virginia Tourism Corporation, the Commemoration was able to secure cost-effective television and radio placements throughout Virginia utilizing the Virginia Association of Broadcasters network. To maximize radio coverage and ensure Commemoration messages had statewide reach, advertisements were placed with National

Top, left: USA Today produced a special section on the arrival of the first Africans in August 1619. Bottom, left: Billboards in New York City’s Times Square promoted the Commemoration to a national audience. Top, right: The Commemoration partnered with the Virginia Tourism Corporation to place advertisements through the Virginia Association of Broadcasters network.

52 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Public Radio (NPR) various high-readership publications to reach in multiple markets niche markets. Promotional ads for events, (Washington D.C., programs, and exhibitions were placed with Richmond, USA Today, Virginia Living, Coastal Virginia, Norfolk, Charlottesville, Harrisonburg, Roanoke, the National Conference of State Legislatures and Lynchburg) during key drive times. To periodical, Savor Virginia, and Richmond further extend reach and boost awareness, Magazine’s RVA Traveler. All media placements the Commemoration placed social media directed interested persons to the American advertisements on Facebook and YouTube Evolution website for additional information during the period leading up to key events. and opportunities for participation. The effect Digital search campaigns were optimized by was to expose consumers to all aspects of the purchasing relevant keywords for Google searches Commemoration and increase exposure for coinciding with unique events. Advertising was partners and sponsors. purchased in both print and digital formats in

Top: Radio spots on National Public Radio were placed in multiple markets throughout Virginia. Bottom, left: Flyers were created to promote programs focused by theme. Bottom, right: The Virginia Tourism Corporation was a significant partner for the Commemoration and featured American Evolution on the cover of the 2019 statewide travel guide.

Steering Committee Report 53 AMERICAN EVOLUTION tm THE SMARTEST WAY TO EXPLORE VIRGINIA AND THE 2019 COMMEMORATION EVENTS

THE VIRGINIA HISTORY TRAILS APP VIRGINIA HISTORY TRAILS APP FEATURES INFORMATION ABOUT EVENTS AND MORE THAN 200 PLACES TO VISIT IN VIRGINIA.

One of the earliest challenges faced by the USER FRIENDLY Sign up in a snap and start exploring Virginia with your friends & family.

BE RECOGNIZED Earn badges for “checking in” to sites & share using #VAHistoryTrails. Commemoration’s leadership was determining 200+ HISTORIC DESTINATIONS Visit 200+ of VA’s most treasured locations. Learn about our rich history. VIRGINIA BE THE FIRST TO KNOW how best to present Virginia’s complex and Get notifications of upcoming events and festivals you will not want to miss! HISTORY challenging history in authentic ways while TRAILS DOWNLOAD

THE FREE creating a cohesive program around the historical APP TODAY! events of 1619 and the themes of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity. A related challenge AMERICANEVOLUTION

FOLLOW US ON SOCIAL MEDIA 2019.COM lay in creating a program that would attract new @Commemorate2019 generations and audiences to Virginia history while accomplishing the Commemoration’s revealed there was no prototype for such a education and tourism goals. resource nationwide. This led to the decision to Research conducted by Commemoration develop a new digital application as a key legacy staff revealed the existence of a number of project of the Commemoration. database-formatted catalogues of Virginia history American Evolution commissioned a project such as those managed by the Library of Virginia to curate 400 stories across Virginia’s 400-year and Virginia Humanities. Additionally, Virginia has history that would encompass every region of the oldest historic marker program in the United the Commonwealth, the themes of the States, with more than 300 historical markers Commemoration, and the history that began depicting African American history alone and during 1619 in Virginia. The Virginia History another 150 markers of women’s history. While Trails application (app) would provide “primary those formats were useful for scholars and people source” vignettes of stories for educational already engaged with history, the Commemoration purposes, be designed for tourism wayfinding, staff gleaned that the information was not readily and provide an interactive capacity for use accessible in practical ways as a resource for during the commemorative year. This project digitally focused consumers. Further investigation was the first of its kind to educate and inform a global audience about Virginia history (or any state) using 21st-century tools. The Library of Virginia, Virginia Humanities, and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources collaborated with the Commemoration to develop the content for the Virginia History Trails app. John Deal, historian for the Library of Virginia, led a team identifying the stories to include based on the following criteria: importance to Virginia and

Top: The Virginia History Trails App – part history book, part travel guide – promoted tourism throughout all regions of the Commonwealth. Left: Virginia Welcome Centers displayed American Evolution posters and brochures to promote the Virginia History Trails App.

54 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution national history; support of the commemorative Commemoration programs and events, the themes of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity; ability to share visits on social platforms, and balance of race, ethnicity, and gender; and a badge reward system for visiting sites. regional and statewide coverage. Many of the The news and events sections were updated stories had been published previously in the throughout the commemorative year so that Encyclopedia Virginia and Virginia Untold: The users could engage more fully with American African American Narrative, which are found on Evolution programming. the Virginia Humanities and Library of Virginia On May 14, 2018, Governor Ralph S. Northam websites, respectively. Other entries were drawn announced the official release of the Virginia from library collections, historic sites, and input from outside historians. The app content was edited by an outside contractor for tourism appeal and by staff members of American Evolution and the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. Additional content review was provided by members of the Commemoration’s Historian Advisory Council and Steering Committee, including G. Paul Nardo, H. Benson Dendy III, Professor Ervin L. Jordan, Jr., and Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander. HotHouse, Inc., based in Atlanta, Georgia, was contracted to design and build the app, which Twenty themed trails, featuring 200 sites and included a search function, a “near me” geo-map more than 400 impactful stories, are included feature, a news and events section highlighting in the Virginia History Trails app.

• African American • Innovation • American Revolution • Military • Citizenship • Preservation • Civil Rights • Presidents • Civil War • Religious Liberty • Conflicts • Representative • Culture Government • Education • Resistance • Entrepreneurship • Virginia Indians • Exploration • Women • Immigration

Left: Virginia historical highway markers included in the Virginia History Trails App received special signage from the Virginia Department of Transportation. Pictured (L to R): Julie V. Langan, Matthew J. Strickler, , Stephen C. Brich, and Kathy J. Spangler. Right: The Wilderness Road Regional Museum won the “Virginia History Trails Summer Fun Contest” with the most “likes” and “visits” on the Virginia History Trails app. Photo courtesy of the Wilderness Road Regional Museum.

Steering Committee Report 55 History Trails app and noted that it was the first-of-its-kind mobile application to feature the history of a state. Through partnerships with the Virginia Department of Transportation and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, 37 Virginia historical highway markers received a special sign for the commemorative year designating them as an official site on the Virginia History Trails app. Among them is the Loving v. Virginia historical marker located outside the Building at 1111 East Broad Street in Richmond, which was unveiled in a special ceremony on January 21, 2019. More than 200 additional sites included on the Virginia History Trails app received special commemorative road signs to place at facility entrances as a special designation of their involvement. This notable identification provided on-site visibility for the Commemoration and recognition of the important role that Virginia’s historical sites and museums have in the Commonwealth. The Virginia History Trails app was heavily promoted in partnership with the Virginia Tourism Corporation at state welcome and visitor centers. In addition, it was featured in all American Evolution promotional materials, and sites included in the app were provided with marketing materials to promote their involvement. Available at both the Apple App Store and Google Play, the free app includes more than 400 stories highlighting the most impactful people, places, and events that occurred in Virginia over 400 years since 1619. Each story reflects Virginia’s 400-year journey toward the key ideals of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity and their national impact. Part history book and part

Top: State historical marker with special signage. Bottom: The official Virginia History Trails sign identifies sites located throughout the Commonwealth that are featured in the app. Pictured: the entrance to Maymont in Richmond. Photo courtesy of Maymont.

56 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution travel guide, the app highlights little-known stories from across the Commonwealth as well as treasured locations where well-known, pivotal moments in history transpired. Designed as a lasting legacy of American Evolution, the Virginia History Trails app promotes tourism in all regions of the Commonwealth while raising awareness of Virginia’s role in the creation of the United States and inspiring Virginians and Americans of all generations to pursue a deeper understanding of our shared history. From May 2018 to January 2020, over 30,000 users downloaded the app, which was honored with two national awards: the Gold Medal for Best videos remind tourists from Virginia and beyond New Mobile App; and an Excellence in Immersive that the modern American experience, from our Experience Award from Media Excellence Awards. democratic institutions to our many cultural and The Virginia History Trails app proved family traditions, traces its roots to Jamestown. invaluable in presenting a cohesive and The videos highlight people, places, and stories comprehensive storyboard of Virginia’s that have shaped 400 years of America’s history 400-year arc of history and in communicating and showcase ways that contemporary Virginians the Commemoration’s relevance for all Americans. have been influenced by, and continue to reflect, Tourists, history buffs, teachers, and students have the entrepreneurial, reform-minded, persevering used the Virginia History Trails app to further their spirit of their forebearers. explorations of Virginia history and will continue The 10-part video series was produced by to do so, giving the Commonwealth a trailblazing Commemoration contractor Orange Frame resource for education and tourism promotion. of Richmond, and reinforced the digital Commemoration goal to strengthen outreach to “VIRGINIA TO AMERICA” VIDEO SERIES new audiences globally. The in-depth episodes, Beginning in October 2017, American each 8 to 12 minutes in length and highlighting Evolution and the Virginia Tourism Corporation events in a featured region of the Commonwealth, partnered to create a tourism-focused video series offer a compelling narrative about why history highlighting key Commemoration themes and matters today and how a deeper exploration of promoting visitation to Virginia while building history can be enlightening and enriching. awareness of what the important events of 1619 Released over a two-year period and available sparked in American history. The “Virginia to online, the videos by February 2020 had been America” video series highlighted the history viewed more than 430,550 times. As an American of select Virginia destinations, stories from Evolution legacy project, the “Virginia to multi-generational Virginia families, the changing America” video series will continue to provide culinary experience of select cultures and tourism promotion support for years to come. destinations across the Commonwealth, and the The videos, listed here by title, are available on evolving struggle for equality and civil rights. the Virginia is for Lovers YouTube page: Leveraging Virginia’s rich cultural content, the

Steering Committee Report 57 • Tangier Island, released August 17, 2017 MEDIA FAMILIARIZATION TOURS • Historic Walking Trails in , To build national media interest about released August 23, 2017 Virginia’s historic locations and promote the • Birthplace of American Wine, released 2019 signature events and legacy projects, September 17, 2017 the Commemoration worked with lead public • Birthplace of the Student Civil Rights relations contractor Finn Partners to host four Movement, released September 25, 2017 media familiarization tours during 2017 and • Appalachian History through Food: 2018. The media familiarization tours provided a Part 1 & 2, released September 25, 2017 customized opportunity to bring representatives • The Capital Trail: The Evolution of Democracy, from qualified and targeted traditional, released September 30, 2017 tourism-related, and social media outlets to • Suffragists in Virginia History, visit key historical destinations in advance of the released March 2, 2018 2019 commemorative year. The tours included • Unearthing History, released March 2, 2018 the 2017 African Arrival Familiarization Tour, • Arc of Freedom, released July 16, 2018 the Black History Month Familiarization Tour, • The Seeds of Democracy, the Women’s History Month Familiarization Tour, released July 16, 2019 and the 2018 African Arrival Familiarization Tour.

Partners, staff and representatives of state and national media organizations during one of four familiarization tours that set the stage for extensive media coverage during the commemorative year.

58 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Representatives from statewide and national NBCBLK, Teen Vogue, Black Enterprise, media organizations visited numerous historical The Root, Rolling Out, Philadelphia Sunday Sun, sites, museums, and monuments during the Washington Afro American, and the Washington familiarization tours, including Jamestown Informer. The tours built long-term relationships Settlement, Historic Jamestowne, Fort Monroe, with key media and resulted in multiple media the Hampton History Museum, the Hampton placements and ongoing discussions with University Museum, the Hampton University attending media outlets. This set the stage for Emancipation Oak, the Colonial Williamsburg the extensive media attention and attendance Historic Area, the American Revolution Museum for signature events, exhibitions, and legacy at Yorktown, Freedom Park, the Virginia Civil projects during the commemorative year. Rights Memorial, the Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, the Maggie L. Walker Statue in SOCIAL MEDIA STRATEGY Richmond, and the Virginia Museum of Fine The Commemoration’s social media strategy Arts. The tours also included meals in restaurants during 2017 to 2018 was designed to provide featuring Virginia cuisine. The Commemoration background on the commemorative programs worked with partners at the various sites to and build awareness of the American Evolution arrange expert interviews, behind-the-scenes brand. During 2017, Commemoration staff tours, and poignant group discussions. Reporters contracted Native Collaboration, a digital from a variety of media outlets participated, marketing firm in Richmond, to assist with including , National execution of the social media strategy. The Geographic History, ThinkProgress, Philadelphia firm created, posted, maintained, and boosted Tribune, New York Amsterdam News, Essence, content for American Evolution social channels.

Steering Committee Report 59 from 582 to 2,731 without any paid follower campaign, and average monthly engagements grew from 45 to 510. Posting quality content that incentivized partners to share played an integral role in growing the Commemoration’s brand awareness during 2017 and 2018, laying the foundation for the commemorative programs and events of 2019. The Commemoration entered 2019 with a loyal digital audience and a strong understanding of the type of content with which the audience was most likely to engage. To assist partners in promoting signature events, select digital communication kits were developed that included For two years, daily posts on Facebook, , event information, relevant social handles, and Instagram educated and engaged the public pre-written social media posts, and creative about Virginia history and promoted visitation to assets. For some events, including the “Global the state’s historical sites and museums as well Pathfinder Summit” and the “Women’s Achieve Summit,” the kits were made available to event as upcoming commemorative events. American participants to maximize the social capacity of Evolution’s YouTube channel housed playlists for events and video content produced for the all those involved. Commemoration. By the end of 2018, monthly During the commemorative year, engagements engagements and impressions increased more and impressions spiked around each signature than 600 percent from the combined social event. The “First African Landing Ceremony” channels’ starting points, with a steady average on August 24, 2019, had the largest direct impact, of 6,000 engagements and one million impressions as it reached four million people in one day due per month. In total, the Commemoration’s social to the Commemoration’s Facebook live-stream, channels earned 24.5 million impressions and more which earned more than 20,000 live views. In total, than 900,000 engagements from July 1, 2017, to the American Evolution social channels earned December 31, 2018. more than 40 million impressions and 1.3 million engagements by December 31, 2019. The Commemoration during 2017 to 2018 regularly integrated partner content and projects PUBLISHED COMMENTARY into social posts as a way to strengthen strategic partnerships and to elevate the American To overcome limited public awareness of the Evolution brand through shares from partner relevance of 1619 Virginia and to attract financial organizations with large social followings. support at a critical time during Commemoration This strategy was most effective in building the planning, the Steering Committee supported Commemoration’s Twitter audience. From July a plan to enlist Virginia thought leaders in a 2017 to December 2018, Twitter followers grew published commentary program generating

Early activation events produced videos that were posted to social media and YouTube to promote the Commemoration.

60 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution opinion pieces and editorials (op-eds) concerning The positive reactions to the commentary pieces 1619 historical and cultural events and the published in 2017 prompted Commemoration importance of the Commemoration. leadership and staff to intensify similar efforts Between February and April 2017, five over the next two years. Op-eds that cogently distinct op-eds were placed in the Richmond and authentically addressed a wide range of Times-Dispatch, Virginian Pilot, and Commemoration-related topics were generated through collaboration by the authors and the by noted historians, civic and educational leaders, Commemoration. The authors of these opinion and other respected voices, and their publication pieces—Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander, contributed to a steady drumbeat of positive Dr. Linda M. Heywood, business and civic leader publicity about commemorative programs, James B. Murray, Jr., Norfolk Mayor Kenneth C. signature events, and legacy projects. In all, Alexander, and Virginia Senator Mamie E. Locke— the American Evolution team facilitated were well-known and widely respected Virginians development and placement of 32 op-eds placed whose commentaries stressed the value of by the 2019 Commemoration. learning from history and commemorating key See Appendix II for a selection of published events in the evolution of Virginia and America. commentaries on Commemoration topics. The early op-ed campaign helped to convey the purpose and value of the Commemoration to ACTIVATION PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY key audiences, including some who would be A series of successful Commemoration-related instrumental in generating public and private events held during 2017 and 2018 served the support for the program, and it garnered a dual purpose of highlighting Virginia history professional accolade as well: a 2017 MarCom and culture and building awareness of the Gold Award from the Association of Marketing American Evolution brand in the run-up to and Communication Professionals. the commemorative year.

Left: The 2019 Commemoration produced a series of brochures highlighting the themes of American Evolution and upcoming events. Middle: To build awareness of the American Evolution brand, the Commemoration engaged with target audiences during events in 2017 and 2018. Right: The 2019 Commemoration-wrapped vehicle helped bring awareness of the Commemoration.

Steering Committee Report 61 2018 SEASON numerous events, Executive Director Kathy J. Spangler gave a curtain speech and Commemoration staff answered questions and distributed promotional materials at activation booths in theater lobbies.

ROBERT W. CROSS PERRY ARTISTIC DIRECTOR In 2017, the Commemoration sponsored the Richard Alston Dance Company and Lula Washington Dance Theatre and partnered with the Virginia Arts Festival to exhibit at the Urban Bush Women’s “Hair & Other Stories,” Kathleen Battle’s “: A Spiritual Journey,” and the 2017 Virginia International Tattoo. These performances and educational outreach events had a combined participation of 45,600 attendees and reached thousands more through digital platforms. American Evolution continued to amplify the importance of the arts throughout 2018 in partnership with the Virginia Arts Festival, with sponsored performances that included Alvin Ailey, the American Dance Theater, TU Dance, the Fisk Jubilee Singers, Birmingham Royal Ballet’s Romeo and Juliet with the Virginia Symphony Orchestra, JAMES CITY COUNTY // NEWPORT NEWS // NORFOLK PORTSMOUTH // VIRGINIA BEACH // WILLIAMSBURG ©Andrew Eccles the Virginia International Tattoo’s “Above and Beyond the Call of Duty: Honoring, Remembering and Celebrating Medal of Honor Recipients,” and Virginia Arts Festival Ajoyo. In addition to the sponsored performances, the Virginia Arts Festival’s educational initiatives American Evolution partnered extensively included programs that reached more than 39,000 with the Virginia Arts Festival to explore children through student matinees, in-school Virginia’s complex history and amplify the performances, artists’ residencies, master classes, Commemoration themes through the performing and demonstrations. arts. Led by Executive Director Robert W. Cross, the Virginia Arts Festival team fully embraced 1619 Society American Evolution’s goals, incorporated the Commemoration’s brand in its Norfolk, Virginia American Evolution created the “1619 Society” Beach, and Newport News performances during to engage a younger generation of Virginians 2017 and 2018, and included Commemoration around the themes of Democracy, Diversity, and messages in its educational programming. At Opportunity. Events hosted throughout the

Audiences in were introduced to the Commemoration through a three-year partnership with the Virginia Arts Festival. Image courtesy of the Virginia Arts Festival.

62 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Left: The Godspeed, the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation’s re-creation of one of the three ships that carried the first settlers to Jamestown, docked alongside the U.S.S. Constellation in ’s Inner Harbor as part of Fleet Week and Air Show in October 2018. Right: The Godspeed visited Alexandria, Virginia, on October 12, 2018, for public tours.

Commonwealth were aligned regionally with of 1619 events that shaped American history. the state’s GO Virginia economic development A total of 8,800 students and visitors were initiative and encouraged emerging leaders to get hosted at the two venues, where Commemoration engaged by identifying region-specific challenges staff were on board the ship to interact and solutions. After work, meet-and-greet events with journalists and spread the word about featuring keynote speakers and Commemoration upcoming signature events. Executive Director Kathy J. Spangler were In Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, the Godspeed was convened in Richmond with Mayor Levar M. docked alongside the U.S.S. Constellation as part Stoney, in Fredericksburg with Whurk Magazine of Maryland Fleet Week and Air Show Baltimore Editor-in-Chief Seth Casana, in Wise with 2018. The ship was open for public deck tours, Mountain Rose Vineyards Founder Suzanne and students, tourists, and members of the media Lawson, in Danville with Middle Border Forward engaged with reenactors, ship-borne sailing Executive Director Jennifer Gregory, and in experts, Professor Richard A. Snyder from the Lynchburg with Anna M. Bentson, assistant Virginia Institute of Marine Science, and other director of Opportunity Lynchburg, Dr. Aaron D. volunteers. A similar scene was created just down Smith, diversity and inclusion officer at Lynchburg river from the nation’s capital when the Godspeed College, and Derek Polley, a member of the next docked at the City of Alexandria Marina Lynchburg City School Board. near the Torpedo Factory Art Center as part of the Portside in Old Town Festival. Godspeed Sail During October 2018, the Jamestown-Yorktown “Take Back the Spirit of Thanksgiving” Campaign Foundation’s Godspeed, a re-creation of one of the three ships that carried the first settlers to A final activation promotional event took Jamestown in 1607, set sail to Baltimore and place on November 3, 2018, when American Alexandria to host public tours and school field Evolution launched the “Take Back the Spirit trips and raise awareness of the 400th anniversary of Thanksgiving” campaign as a precursor to

Steering Committee Report 63 2019 programming around the 400th anniversary by giving thanks and coming together to serve of the first official English Thanksgiving at others. The American Evolution brand video was Berkeley Plantation. The Commemoration played before the contest, and Commemoration partnered with the Virginia Tech Athletic staff distributed promotional materials during Department to launch the campaign at Virginia the game. Tech’s homecoming football game against Boston College on November 3, 2018. The CULMINATING COMMEMORATION-YEAR contest with an opponent from Boston provided IMPACT the perfect setting to call good-natured attention All of the pre-2019 awareness-building to the rival Virginia and Massachusetts claims of activities and storytelling preparations—the “first Thanksgiving” honors. Governor Ralph S. Commemoration’s thematic design, crafting Northam addressed the crowd in a pre-game of communication tools, digital innovations, video and shared the story of the First Official recruitment of partners, development of authentic English Thanksgiving in North America at curated stories, cultivation of media relationships, Berkeley Hundred in Virginia. The Governor profile-raising events, outreach to target encouraged people from Virginia and all states audiences, and the rest—set the stage for a to remember the true meaning of the occasion commemorative year program that drew

The “Take Back the Spirit of Thanksgiving” campaign was launched at Virginia Tech on November 3, 2018.

64 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution widespread state, national, and international captured more than 28,000 media placements, attention. The culminating 2019 program coverage generated not only in print, broadcast, occasioned the greatest surge in awareness and cable news outlets across Virginia but also as execution of American Evolution’s major in top-tier national media like ABC News, the events contributed dramatically to broad-based Associated Press, BET, C-SPAN, CBS News, recognition of Virginia’s distinctive historical and CNN. and ongoing role in the American story. As described in the sections that follow, 2019’s In all, 379 Commemoration events held memorable anniversary observances, varied during 2019 and its three-year run-up attracted signature events, exhibits, performances, and attendance and participation by more than other creative programming produced a cascade 2.7 million people. By the time 2019 ended, of noteworthy images and insights as well as a American Evolution signature events, legacy new spirit of community and collaboration in the projects, and all other content had appeared on Commonwealth. The awareness-raising programs approximately 41 million social media timelines and activities of 2016 to 2018 played a crucial (impressions) and had received more than 1.3 role in laying the foundation for this impact by million audience engagements in the digital ensuring that millions in 2019 would see and space. By then, the Commemoration also had hear, attend and experience, listen and learn.

(L to R): Delores L. McQuinn, Ralph S. Northam, Susan Allen, Terry E. Brown promoting the “Come Home To Virginia” campaign.

Steering Committee Report 65 Section 4 400TH ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIVE EVENTS

The first “General Assembly,” composed of men from each of Virginia’s eleven major settlements, met for the first time at Jamestown from July 30 to August 4, 1619, planting the seed of democracy in America. Image courtesy of the Library of Virginia. 66 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Of American Evolution’s five historical pillars, three were associated with events that took place on specific dates in 1619: the first representative legislative assembly convened on July 30, 1619; the first Africans landed on August 24, 1619; and the first official English Thanksgiving observance occurred on December 4, 1619. Observances marking the 400th anniversary of each of these three events accordingly were a central facet of the American Evolution program in 2019. Speaking at the first of these events on the commemorative-year calendar, the First Representative Legislative Assembly anniversary program on July 30, 2019, Presidential Historian spoke of the value of recalling such major anniversaries: Without a Jamestown in 1619, there might not have been a Lexington and Concord in 1775. Nor a Philadelphia in 1776 and in 1787. Nor a Seneca Falls in 1848. Nor an Appomattox in 1865. Nor an Omaha Beach in 1944. Nor a Selma in 1965. Nor a Stonewall in 1969. Nor a Berlin in 1989. In our search—in our hunger—for a way forward through the maelstrom of Twitter and of tribalism, I would commend the utility of history—the very kind of remembrance we’re undertaking at this hour. The beginning of wisdom lies in an appreciation of the past—which, as William Faulkner taught us, isn’t dead; it isn’t even past. What can we learn from the kind of history we contemplate today? That the perfect should not be the enemy of the good. That compromise is the oxygen of democracy. And that we learn the most from those who came before not by looking up at them uncritically or down on them condescendingly but by looking them in the eye and taking their true measure as human beings, not as impossibly perfect heroes—or as hopelessly irredeemable villains. Knowing the history of freedom is not only illuminating but enabling. A person who understands the past, in all its glory and grandeur and horror and injustice, understands that the path of civilization, while never straight, is essentially forward—forward to what Churchill once called “broad and sun-lit uplands.” The three Anniversary Commemorative Events collectively attracted large in-person and online audiences, featured a diverse array of dignitaries, and received broad national and international attention. Together with the Signature Events described in the next section of this report, they brought Virginians and Americans together for the “illuminating” and “enabling” explorations of our historical journey that Meacham described. The programs and the discussions they engendered thus achieved a key goal of American Evolution: In serving to illumine the past, they enabled us to envision the path to a brighter future.

Steering Committee Report 67 FIRST REPRESENTATIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY JULY 30, 2019

During 2018, Governor Ralph S. Northam and Commemoration co-chairs, Speaker M. Kirkland Cox and Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr., sent letters of invitation to President Donald J. Trump, former Presidents William J. Clinton and George W. Bush, British Prime Minister Theresa M. May, international dignitaries, Congressional leadership, appointed officials, and state legislators nationwide. Executive Committee members Frank B. Atkinson and H. Benson Dendy III led the outreach effort to encourage and finalize participation. The July 30, 2019 commemorative events Planning Overview were to take place in four segments. The day’s events would begin where the history Planning the 400th anniversary of the First happened—on Jamestown Island. Located Representative Legislative Assembly began in in the Historic Jamestowne Memorial Church, earnest several years earlier under the direction this segment would include reflections from of committee co-chairs G. Paul Nardo, clerk of Virginia Indians and comments by a United the Virginia House of Delegates, and Susan Kingdom representative as well as remarks by Clarke Schaar, clerk of the . In Governor Northam and by current members of addition to the Virginia General Assembly, whose the Virginia General Assembly whose seats anniversary the event would commemorate, the trace back to the original House of Burgesses. key partners in event planning and production Adding pageantry, the second segment would were the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, take place in the re-created church at Jamestown Jamestown Rediscovery, Colonial National Settlement, where a noted dignitary would deliver Historical Park and Preservation Virginia. Local remarks reflecting on the historical significance jurisdictions, especially James City County, the of the occasion, Speaker Cox would gavel the City of Williamsburg, and York County, also were official Joint Commemorative Session of the indispensable to the collaboration, as were the Virginia General Assembly to order, and a Virginia Capitol Police.

Left: A formal procession to the re-created church at Jamestown Settlement was led by (L to R): Susan Clarke Schaar, Hobie Lehman, Justin E. Fairfax, G. Paul Nardo, and Stephen D. Newman. Right, bottom: Donald J. Trump presented remarks during the Joint Commemorative Session of the Virginia General Assembly. Official White House photo by Shealah Craighead.

68 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution procession would ensue to the third site. Historic Jamestowne and to the tent on the lawn Originally envisioned for Robins Theater at at Jamestown Settlement as well as streamed live Jamestown Settlement, the venue for the Joint through the Virginia General Assembly website. Commemorative Session shifted as the possibility Governor Northam led the procession of a national VIP attending became more likely consisting of current members in the weeks before event. The day’s third major of the General Assembly segment thus would take place in a substantial representing the seats of the tent on the grounds of Jamestown Settlement original boroughs and speakers

2019 Commemoration, American Evolution large enough to accommodate an audience of for the ceremony into the presents 4ooth approximately 700. Memorial Church at Historic nniversar of America’s The fourth and final segment would take place Jamestowne, on the site of irst epresentativ egislative back on Jamestown Island, where the very full day the first legislative assembly ssembl

emorial hurc of commemorative observances had begun, with meeting. Speaking from the istoric amestowne at amestownh sland Tuesday, an evening concert at Historic Jamestowne to chancel, Senator Norment July 30, 2019 | 7:30 am - 9:00 am which the public was welcomed. served as master of ceremonies Planning for July 30, 2019 events followed and commenced the program, protocols for a head-of-state visit, a decision that followed by welcoming proved beneficial as official word that President remarks by Elizabeth S. Donald J. Trump would attend the commemorative Kostelny, chief executive ceremonies was received shortly before the event. officer of Preservation The National Park Service Incident Command Virginia, which owns contributed as the lead agency working with the and cares for the Virginia State Police, Virginia Capitol Police, and Memorial Church. JYF_1910147_400thFirstRepAssembly_MemChurchProgram_FINAL.indd 1 7/24/19 3:41 PM all local jurisdictions to coordinate the heightened security needs of a presidential visit.

July 30, 2019 When the meeting of the First Representative Legislative Assembly in the New World took place in Jamestown on July 30, 1619, the weather was unbearably hot and apparently fatal to one of the attending burgesses. Exactly 400 years later on July 30, 2019, the weather was similar, but as American democracy had evolved, fortunately so had the technology used in such gatherings. The events of July 30, 2019, began at dawn with tributes by 17 lineage societies, many laying wreaths outside the Historic Jamestowne Memorial Church. The Memorial Church program a short while later was simulcast to guests at

Steering Committee Report 69 Chief G. Anne Richardson of the Rappahannock Renowned Presidential Historian Jon Meacham Indian Tribe was unable to attend, but portions of delivered keynote remarks that captured the her invocation were shared. meaning of the occasion and the importance of Sir David Natzler KCB, clerk of the British House recalling major moments in our history that help of Commons (2014 to 2019), offered greetings on to define us as a people. “History has a capacity behalf of his country and commented on the to bring us together,” Meacham observed, “for significance of democracy’s American beginnings our story is ultimately one of obstacles overcome, on the site. crises resolved, and freedom expanded.” Serving as keynote speaker, Governor Northam Speaker Cox then officially opened the Joint offered reflections on the contributions of the Commemorative Session of the Virginia General governor who convened the first assembly, Sir Assembly and, joined by Senator Norment, led a George Yeardley, and the evolution of democracy procession of members and dignitaries to the and diversity in Virginia and America since 1619. tent on the Jamestown Settlement mall. After a Speaker M. Kirkland Cox of Colonial Heights musical interlude presented by the 29th Infantry and Senator T. Montgomery Mason of Williamsburg Division Band of the Virginia Army National each offered reflections concerning the original Guard, the Joint Commemorative Session boroughs they currently represent. reconvened, and the Right Reverend Susan A benediction concluding the ceremony was Ellyn Goff, Bishop Suffragan and Ecclesiastical offered by Reverend Christopher L. Epperson, rector Authority for the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, of Bruton Parish Episcopal Church in Williamsburg. offered an invocation. The Joint Commemorative Session of the Speaker Cox called upon Senator Toi Virginia General Assembly at the re-created church Hutchinson, president of the National Conference at Jamestown Settlement began with a procession of State Legislatures (NCSL) and member of the led by the Jamestown Settlement Honor Guard Senate, to offer greetings on behalf of and House of Delegates Sergeant at Arms John L. the NCSL and state legislatures from around the Pearson, Jr., who carried the mace of the House of country. Recognizing the importance of the day Delegates, followed by General Assembly leaders and the significance of the first representative and guest speakers. legislative assembly, Senator Hutchinson said, Speaker Cox opened the program with “America is still a place where our right to welcoming remarks and a special introduction self-governance is not taken for granted, where of two historical figures. Brian Beckley, assistant we can challenge our government and debate fort supervisor at Jamestown Settlement provided our principles, and the institutions which provide remarks of welcome as Governor George Yeardley; for that right are held dear.” Mark Greenough, historian for the Virginia State The participation by the 45th President of Capitol, then offered reflections as Speaker John the United States, Donald J. Trump, continued Pory of the 1619 Assembly. a tradition of presidential attendance at major

Top: Justin E. Fairfax and Charlene Diane Fairfax leave the Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne. Middle: Members of the Jamestown Settlement Honor Guard led a procession of dignitaries from the re-created church to the ceremonial tent. Bottom: (L to R): M. Kirkland Cox, Thomas K. Norment, Jr., Stephen D. Newman, Justin E. Fairfax, John Meacham, and G. Paul Nardo.

70 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Steering Committee Report 71 "Today, we commemorate that First Assembly in 1619 and honor all of the people – women and men who ensured that we could stand where the seeds of our democracy were first planted."

Elizabeth S. Kostelny

“God placed a “Spirit of Freedom” upon this land “The meeting here 400 years ago of two dozen we call America when He created it and everyone hot and bothered early settlers marks the humble who comes here should fight for that freedom. start of a very big idea, that the best form of May equality, liberty and justice for all in America government involves a representative democracy be accomplished through respect, honor and love, of some sort and that this is the best protection in the words of our first Treaty, as long as the against tyranny and arbitrary government.”

grass grows and the river flows. May we all be David Natzler united as brothers and sisters not because of our differences but because of our love for our God and our Country.”

G. Anne Richardson

“I HAVE ALWAYS BELIEVED THAT IF YOU DON’T KNOW WHERE YOU COME FROM, YOU CAN’T

KNOW WHERE YOU’RE GOING. TO UNDERSTAND AMERICA AS IT IS TODAY, AND AS IT WILL

BE TOMORROW, WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND AMERICA AS IT WAS YESTERDAY. THIS SITE,

AND THESE COMMEMORATIONS, ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF THAT UNDERSTANDING.”

RALPH S. NORTHAM

“The more you look, the more you examine the past, the more advantages you give yourself to engage the challenges today. Past heroics give you inspiration; past mistakes give you guidance.”

M. Kirkland Cox

72 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution “Jamestown nearly came to nothing. But it survived to cause the world to pivot in ways that remain a core challenge to our nation. The instinct for representative government was strong here. The Virginia Company may have opened the door to the General Assembly, but it remained open forevermore.”

T. Montgomery Mason

“AS WE REFLECT ON OUR BEGINNINGS, WE PRAY THAT WE MIGHT LEARN FROM THE PAST TO

ENABLE A BETTER FUTURE. WE PRAY THAT WE MAY CAST OFF THE WORKS OF DARKNESS AND

PUT ON THE ARMOR OF LIGHT, NOW IN THIS MORTAL LIFE. WE PRAY THAT WE MAY BE SEEKERS

IN OUR TIME.”

CHRISTOPHER L. EPPERSON

"It is my belief that the citizens “On this special day, my concluding charge to all of Virginia have most certainly of you gathered here is this: uphold the promises welcomed this method of of the Great Charter and Governor Yeardley’s establishing laws, grounded in commission, and follow the rules of justice and English common law and political good government for the benefit of the people institutions, including this newly and strength of the Commonwealth.” formed representative assembly Mark Greenough that certainly will continue to tend as Speaker John Pory to the affairs of Virginia for some time to come."

Brian Beckley as Governor George Yeardley

Steering Committee Report 73 Left: Liz Montgomery, representing the Historic First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, arrives for the remembrance program at the Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne. Right: (L to R): Secretary John Pory, portrayed by Mark Greenough; Governor George Yeardley, portrayed by Brian Beckley; M. Kirkland Cox; and Thomas K. Norment, Jr.

volution 2019 Commemoration, American E presents Virginia commemorations dating back to President Theodore th nniversar Roosevelt and seen most recently with President George W. 4oo a’s of Americ Bush’s address at Jamestown’s 400th anniversary observances epresentativ irst  in 2007. Following welcoming remarks directed to the President egislative ssembl by U.S. Representative Robert J. Wittman of Virginia’s 1st

amestown, irginia Congressional District and a formal introduction by Speaker Tuesday, July 30, 2019 Cox, President Trump congratulated the Virginia General Assembly on its 400th anniversary and called attention to the pivotal importance of Jamestown and Virginia in the development of the nation’s democratic traditions. To conclude the Joint Commemorative Session of the Virginia General Assembly, Stephen R. Adkins, Sr., Chief of the Chickahominy Indian Tribe, offered the benediction. Special guests in attendance for the 400th anniversary of the first representative legislative assembly included Benjamin S. Carson, Sr., U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development; Katharine MacGregor, U. S. Deputy Secretary of the Interior; Domingos Fezas Vital, Ambassador of Portugal to the United States; Edward

7/19/19 3:37 PM

JYF_1910123_400thFirstRepAssembly_Program_BLUE_vB_FINAL.indd 1

74 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Ferguson, Minister Counsellor Defense, Embassy John H. Hager; former Members of Congress of the United Kingdom; Sir David Natzler KCB, Barbara J. Comstock, Thelma D. Drake, Virgil H. former Clerk, British House of Commons; Goode, Jr., Robert W. Goodlatte, Robert Hurt, and Lieutenant Governor Justin E. Fairfax; Virginia Scott W. Taylor; state legislators Jordan A. Harris Supreme Court Justices D. Arthur Kelsey, (Pennsylvania) and Toi W. Hutchinson (Illinois); Elizabeth Ann McClanahan, Stephen R. Virginia tribal leaders Chief W. Frank Adams McCullough, William C. Mims, and Cleo E. and Chief Emeritus Kenneth Adams of the Upper Powell; U.S. Representatives Elaine G. Luria, Indian Tribe, Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Jennifer L. Wexton, and Robert J. Wittman; Sr., of the Chickahominy Indian Tribe, Chief and Virginia gubernatorial cabinet members Lynette Allston of the Nottoway Indian Tribe, Secretary of Commerce and Trade R. Brian Ball, Chief Emeritus John Lightner of the Patawomeck Counsel Rita P. Davis, Secretary of Veterans and Indian Tribe, and Chief G. Anne Richardson of Defense Affairs Carlos L. Hopkins, Secretary of the Rappahannock Indian Tribe; local officials Finance Aubrey L. Layne, Jr., and Secretary of Paul T. Freiling, mayor of the City of Williamsburg, Agriculture and Forestry Bettina K. Ring. and James Icenhour, chair of the James City Also in attendance were former Governor and County Board of Supervisors; and numerous other U.S. Senator George Allen, former Governors federal, state, local, community, and civic leaders. Gerald L. Baliles, James S. Gilmore III, and The events of the day concluded at Historic Robert F. McDonnell; former Lieutenant Governor Jamestowne with the “American Evolution

Left: Toi W. Hutchinson offered greetings from the National Conference of State Legislatures. Right: Dignitaries and invited guests attended the ceremony at Jamestown Settlement, which was also livestreamed on the General Assembly website.

Steering Committee Report 75 “God our Governor, great is your name in all the world, great is your presence in this land. You were here when Native peoples first lived and loved and governed themselves. You were here when the first Englishmen immigrated to these shores, and when they held their first Legislative Assembly 400 years ago. You were here when the first English women chose to come and join the men in establishing settled communities, and when the first African people were brought here, in harrowing circumstances, against their will. You were with our ancestors, men and women of diverse races and cultures, through triumph and adversity, through hope and fear.”

Susan Ellyn Goff

"On this day in 1619, 22 newly “GREAT SPIRIT LOVING FATHER OF ALL NATIONS WE COME elected members of the House TODAY SEEKING THE BENEDICTION OR BLESSEDNESS of Burgesses assembled in a small OF YOUR LOVE AND WISDOM ON THIS HISTORIC wooden church. They were GATHERING OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY AND WE SEEK adventurers and explorers, farmers YOUR GUIDANCE AS WE CONTINUE THIS JOURNEY and planters, soldiers, scholars TOWARD A MORE PERFECT UNION THROUGH THE VERY PRINCIPLES OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT and clergymen. All had struggled, ESPOUSED IN A SIMILAR GATHERING 400 YEARS AGO.” all had suffered, and all had

sacrificed in pursuit of one wild STEPHEN R. ADKINS, SR. and very improbable dream. They called that dream Virginia."

Donald J. Trump

76 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Fanfare to Democracy” concert featuring the Richmond Symphony and presented by Riverside Health System. The 400th anniversary of the first representative legislative assembly was widely covered by media organizations from all over the world and generated more than eight billion media impressions. See Appendix II for a selection of speeches and remarks from these events. Transcripts and video footage are available on the American Evolution (americanevolution2019.com) website.

The general public and all attendees of the 400th Anniversary events were invited to Historic Jamestowne for a concert featuring the Richmond Symphony.

Steering Committee Report 77 FIRST AFRICAN LANDING COMMEMORATIVE WEEKEND AUGUST 22-25, 2019

resources from 2017 to 2019 to build national and global awareness of the arrival of the first Africans to English North America. This often-overlooked story involving the forced migration of Africans focused on the painful beginning of what over time became chattel slavery based on race in English North America and eventually the United States. Ironically, Fort Monroe, today known as Freedom’s Fortress, also was the location where slaves sought freedom as “contraband of war” during the . The narrative of this arc from slavery to freedom, together with its indelible legacies in America, was presented authentically Planning Overview through the voices of descendants of slaves, historians, civic and community leaders, and Planning for this event was three years in the prominent commentators. Positioning Fort Monroe making, following the official program launch as a pilgrimage site for this important arc of history at Fort Monroe in August 2016. Executive was a key goal and strategy during the planning Committee member Jeanne F. Zeidler played an phase. Additionally, sharing the stories of active role in these planning efforts along with perseverance, contributions, and impact by Steering Committee members G. Glenn Oder, Africans and African Americans over four centuries Kym A. Hall, Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander, would pay tribute to an influential culture that had Senator Mamie E. Locke, and Terry E. Brown. done much to forge the Virginia and America we Additionally, Executive Committee member George know today. The impact of these collaborative Keith Martin served on the 400 Years of African planning efforts and investments would exceed American History Commission. Key all expectations, with over 90 media outlets from partners included the City of Hampton, Fort around the world attending and covering the Monroe Authority and National Park Service. August 24, 2019 anniversary ceremony. American Evolution led the media relations The 2019 Commemoration took lead effort with key partners and invested significant

Above: Representatives of the National Park Service with members of the 400 Years of African-American History Federal Commission. Pictured (L to R): Ron Carson, Hannibal B. Johnson, Dr. Rex M. Ellis, Kenya M. Cox, Kenneth S. Johnson, Ted T. Ellis, Christine Lucero, Steven Williams, Jonathan D. Meade, Kym Hall, P. Daniel Smith, Dr. Joseph L. Green, Jr., David Vela, Terry E. Brown, Lewis H. Rogers, Jr., Prophet N. “Anyanwu” Cox, and Addie Richburg. Right: The I.C. Norcom High School Choir provided a musical prelude to the ceremony.

78 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution responsibility for inviting and securing dignitaries August 24, 2019 to participate in what originally was envisioned as Thousands gathered in Hampton, a dedication ceremony for the new Fort Monroe Virginia, for the 400th anniversary of the Visitor and Education Center, an American First African Landing, commemorating Evolution legacy project. Governor Northam, the momentous event that colonist Speaker Cox, and Senator Norment sent letters John Rolfe recorded as the arrival of of invitation to former President Barack Obama, “20 and odd” Africans at Point Comfort Ambassadors of African nations, members of in August 1619. the , and other potential The morning began with overcast keynote speakers. By March 2019, it was clear that skies as rain threatened the outdoor First African construction of the Visitor and Education Center ceremonies, but only tears of would extend beyond the August anniversary, Landing remembrance touched the hallowed Commemorative so the planning team adjusted efforts to create ground as more than 2,500 attendees Weekend a dynamic series of events throughout the listened to local, state, and national August 22-25, 2019 weekend. American Evolution Fort Monroe | Hampton, Virginia leaders mark 400 years of African August 22 - 25, 2019 assumed lead responsibility for the 400th American perseverance and impact. anniversary commemorative ceremony on August The program began with a musical 24 and hosted a reception on the evening of prelude by the I.C. Norcom High August 23. School Choir, and was followed by The partnership between American Evolution welcoming remarks from Hampton and the federal 400 Years of African American History Commission was an important ingredient in the success of this anniversary event and JYF_1910163_FirstAfricanLandingPrgm_Final.indd 1 8/15/19 4:46 PM related programming. Commemoration leaders and staff contributed to legislative efforts by United States Senator Timothy M. Kaine and United States Representative Robert C. Scott, among others, that resulted in the Commission’s creation. After President Donald J. Trump signed the bill into law on January 8, 2018, the 15-member Commission was appointed, and held its first meeting at Fort Monroe. The subsequent work by Dr. Joseph Green, Jr., the Commission chair, and by George Keith Martin, Kenneth Johnson, and the other Commission members assisted significantly in planning and promotion of the August 2019 anniversary events as well as the success of the events themselves.

Steering Committee Report 79 Mayor Donnie R. Tuck, former U. S. Green, Jr., chairman of the Federal 400 Years of Representative James P. Moran, Jr., chair of African American History Federal Commission, the Fort Monroe Authority, and Speaker M. offered the Invocation. Kirkland Cox, co-chair of American Evolution. Members of the Virginia Congressional Mayor Tuck recognized numerous individuals delegation—Senator Mark R. Warner, Senator and organizations who were responsible for Timothy M. Kaine, Representative Robert C. Scott, making “First African Landing Commemorative and Representative Elaine G. Luria—then offered Weekend” a reality, and he also acknowledged the remarks, as did Representative Karen R. Bass many unheralded people whose labors had gone of the 37th Congressional District of California, before, quoting from the Book of Hebrews: “All chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. these people died having faith. They didn’t receive Governor Ralph S. Northam then delivered the things that God had promised them, but they featured remarks in which he commented on saw these things coming in the distant future the significance of the historical moment and and rejoiced.” announced various reform initiatives he was Speaker Cox observed that within a span of undertaking as the Commonwealth’s chief 30 days in 1619, Virginia had been the site where executive. “Virginia is the place where enslaved both American democracy and American slavery Africans first landed and where American had been born. “As strong as the chains of slavery representative democracy was born,” noted were,” declared the Speaker, “they were no match the Governor. “Virginia is the place where for the justice of our God … no match for the emancipation began and the Confederate capitol perseverance, fortitude, and faith of the enslaved was located. Virginia is the place where schools community … no match for the righteous resolve were closed under , rather of those who struggled and sacrificed to abolish than desegregate and allow black children to this evil institution. As strong as the chains of attend, and it is the state that elected the nation’s slavery were, they were no match for the human first African American governor. Virginia is a place spirit … no match for the founding ideals of of contradictions and complexity. We take a step freedom and equality … no match for the forward and, often, a step back.” conscience that cried out demanding that the , renowned poet, writer, and promise of a ‘more perfect union’ apply to all university distinguished professor at Virginia Americans, not just some.” Tech, wrote an original poem for the 400th Following welcoming remarks, the 7th anniversary commemorative ceremony. She was Transportation Brigade Color Guard from Joint unable to attend the event due to a family illness, Base Langley-Eustis presented the colors, and the so her moving verse was read by Jacquelyn E. Pledge of Allegiance was recited. Special guest Stone, co-chair of the Commemoration’s First artist Chelsea Griffin offered an awe-inspiring Africans Committee. rendition of the National Anthem, and Dr. Joseph The next presentation was made by P. Daniel

Top: Vocalist Chelsea Green sang the National Anthem at the start of the "First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony." Middle: (L to R): Chelsea Griffin and her family with Mamie E. Locke (second from left) during the First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony. Bottom: Thousands attended the ceremony and subsequent programs at Fort Monroe.

80 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Steering Committee Report 81 “WE LOOK BACK AT THE PAST AS A MEANS OF HOPE FOR THE FUTURE. AS YOU WERE WITH MOSES AND JOSHUA, WE KNOW THAT YOU ARE WITH US. WE COME HERE TO HONOR THE RESILIENCY, THE STRENGTH AND THE UNWAVERING WILL OF OUR FATHERS WHO BENT BUT DID NOT BREAK. WE KNOW THAT THE STRENGTH, THE WILL, AND THE FORTITUDE FLOWS THROUGH OUR VEINS. AND SO, AS WE MOVE FORWARD, WE SEEK YOUR PEACE, YOUR COMFORT, AND YOUR UNITY THAT THE FUTURE IS BRIGHT, THE POSSIBILITIES ENDLESS. THE HOPE DEFERRED YET NOT DESTROYED. HELP US, FATHER, TO GROW TOGETHER, TO LOVE, AND TO DREAM TOGETHER. LET US WALK IN FORGIVENESS, LOVE, AND UNITY.”

JOSEPH GREEN, JR.

“THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE WAS ONE OF THE “THIS COMMEMORATION CHALLENGES US TO REJECT CRUELEST ATROCITIES EVER PERPETRATED BY MANKIND. SIMPLISTIC VERSIONS OF OUR HISTORY AND CONFRONT THE AND YET, HOW FORTUNATE WE ARE AS A COUNTRY THAT COMPLICATED TRUTH. THE TRUTH IS, OUR COMMONWEALTH THE DESCENDANTS OF THOSE AFRICAN SLAVES AND ALL IS THE BIRTHPLACE OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY… WHO FOLLOWED ARE STILL HERE AND PART OF THIS NATION. AND OF AMERICAN SLAVERY. OUR NATION’S CONSTITUTION IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAGINE AN AMERICA WITHOUT THE ENSHRINES BOTH THE IDEALS OF LIBERTY AND JUSTICE…AS COURAGE, SPIRIT, AND ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE AFRICAN WELL AS AMERICA’S ORIGINAL SIN.” DIASPORA.” MARK R. WARNER TIMOTHY M. KAINE

"Slavery first arrived on our shores, right here, 400 years ago. The forced labor of enslaved Africans and their descendants built this great nation, a part of our complicated history with which we continue to wrestle. Over the past 400 years, descendants and others who have followed the first ‘20 and odd’ Africans have made significant contributions to science, medicine, business, politics, law, and the arts."

Robert C. Scott

82 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution "Today, we remember this history that continues to shape our nation. We also honor the bravery of those who escaped slavery here Frank Baker, Shepard Mallory, and James Townsend, all of whom paved the way for thousands more."

Elaine G. Luria

“And here we are today, on what can be described as hallowed ground in our nation’s history. But I would guess that most of the nation doesn’t even know the story of the hallowed ground we stand on today. That we would arrive here first, and generations later would escape enslavement and seek protection right here. That the nation’s first African American president would make Fort Monroe his first designation for a national monument.”

Karen R. Bass

No matter what the color the people or language “Those enslaved Africans who have been cast into they speak, no matter which God is served, eternity largely with anonymity need us now to no matter which food is eaten or forbidden, stand up and recognize their lasting contributions which clothes are worn or not, no matter the and to celebrate their faith, perseverance, and haircovered or shaved, no matter how we look triumph of spirit in the face of unimaginable cruelty at it…there have been slaves. and seemingly insurmountable odds. They are owed

Excerpt of an original poem recognition of their contributions to Virginia and by Nikki Giovanni our nation.”

Justin E. Fairfax

Steering Committee Report 83 Smith, deputy director and interim leader of the Virginia Senator Mamie E. Locke of National Park Service. Director Smith’s 400th Hampton, a member of the 2019 Commemoration anniversary activities traced back to his service Steering Committee, followed young Mr. Dildy’s as superintendent of nearby Colonial National presentation and introduced the ceremony’s Historical Park and as a member of the federal keynote speaker. Commenting on the usefulness Jamestown 400th Commemoration Commission of our history, she stated, “When we educate during the 2007 observances. A strong supporter ourselves with the truth and commit to living of efforts to preserve and interpret Fort Monroe, out that truth, we can change our communities he congratulated all those contributing to the for the better.” success of those efforts and brought greetings Author, commentator, and CNN television from the United States Government on the host Van Jones delivered the keynote address. occasion of the First African Landing’s 400th “African American people and our close allies anniversary. have been the driving force for progress and Remarks by Brycen Dildy, a student at democracy on these shores over these 400 years,” Larkspur Middle School in Virginia Beach, next Jones observed. “We have to take charge in our captured the hearts of all those in attendance. time as seriously as the people before us did so “I challenge you to let today also be a celebration that someday, when we put our hands on our of your commitment to become a more caring hearts, we will have a democratic republic, and kind individual to all,” he declared. “Imagine with liberty and justice for all.” the problems that could be solved if all people Virginia’s lieutenant governor, Justin E. Fairfax, were kind and cared for. It doesn’t matter what offered the program’s closing remarks, after your race or religion may be, we all deserve which Reverend Monsignor Walter Barrett, Jr. kindness. And we all should show kindness. of the Peninsula Cluster Parishes delivered the And as we commemorate 400 years of the first benediction. Africans’ landing here at Fort Monroe, let’s With the I.C. Norcom High School Choir leading make them proud.” the assembled in a moving rendition of “Lift Every

Tours at Fort Monroe reached capacity during the First African Landing Weekend.

84 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Voice and Sing,” the emotional and inspirational living-history demonstrations, storytelling, ceremony concluded. It had garnered worldwide and youth and musical performances. The attention, generating more than five billion media monumental weekend’s programming ended impressions through traditional and social media. with a free public concert by rapper and actor More than 22,000 viewers had watched via the Common and the Day of Healing and Gospel Commemoration’s live stream. Music Festival. In addition to the 400th anniversary See Appendix II for a selection of speeches and commemorative ceremony, the weekend’s events remarks from this event. Transcripts and video produced by the City of Hampton, Fort Monroe footage are available on the American Evolution Authority, Project 1619, and National Park Service (americanevolution2019.com) website. featured a preview of the Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center, black cultural tours,

Left: Brycen Dildy, a student at Larkspur Middle School in Virginia Beach, spoke about the importance of kindness. Right: Keynote speaker Van Jones encouraged civic engagement while speaking on history and democracy.

Steering Committee Report 85 FIRST ENGLISH THANKSGIVING DECEMBER 4, 2019

John Woodlief of the Margaret, his passengers, and crew knelt and gave thanks to God for their safe arrival. It was the first official English Thanksgiving. To accommodate a large public audience and to ensure comfort during early December weather, American Evolution erected a large tent on the mall at Jamestown Settlement for the finale event. Paid and earned media was engaged to build enthusiasm for the program and to invite visitors to take advantage of the recently refreshed galleries at Jamestown Settlement as well as the special exhibition, “TENACITY: Women in Planning Overview Jamestown and Early Virginia.” Partners in planning the third official anniversary December 4, 2019 of the commemorative year included the Virginia Thanksgiving Festival, Berkeley Plantation, and The 400th Anniversary Commemorative Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. The program Ceremony of the First Official English was to commemorate the December 4, 1619 Thanksgiving in North America took place arrival of a group of English settlers and their from 2:00-3:00 pm at Jamestown Settlement. ensuing ceremony of Thanksgiving. The The program began with a musical prelude observance had been ordered by the Berkeley presented by the Jamestown High School Company, which declared that the anniversary Chamber Choir. Speaker M. Kirkland Cox, of the arrival must “be yearly and perpetually kept Commemoration co-chair, welcomed guests, holy as a day of Thanksgiving to Almighty God.” including Chief G. Anne Richardson of the Upon safe passage to Berkeley Hundred, upriver Rappahannock Indian Tribe, Chief Walter D. from the Jamestown settlement, Captain Brown III of the Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian

Above: Speakers joined by members of the 2019 Commemoration Executive Committee (L to R): George Keith Martin, Paul D. Koonce, Kathy J. Spangler, H. Benson Dendy III, H. Graham Woodlief, Jennifer Andrews-Weckerly, Rex M. Ellis, Pamela Northam, Catherine Tyndall Boyd, Michelle Gielan, M. Kirkland Cox, Stephen R. Adkins, Jeanne F. Zeidler, Frank B. Atkinson, Thomas K. Norment, Jr., and Philip G. Emerson. Right: 2019 Commemoration co-chairs, M. Kirkland Cox and Thomas K. Norment, Jr., presented Pamela Northam with a special plaque to honor Governor Northam’s and the First Lady’s support of the Commemoration.

86 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Tribe, Chief Lynette L. Allston of the Nottoway builds on the rich diversity that has been part Indian Tribe, former Governor and Senator George and parcel of the Commonwealth of Virginia since Allen and former First Lady Susan Allen, Justice those seminal events of 1619.” William C. Mims of the Virginia Supreme Court, Graham Woodlief, a direct descendant of former Lieutenant Governor John H. Hager, and Captain John Woodlief, spoke about the history Hampton Mayor Donnie R. Tuck. of the first Thanksgiving, which occurred a The Reverend Catherine Tyndall Boyd, Rector year before the Pilgrims feasted at Plymouth, of St. Martin’s Episcopal Church in Williamsburg, Massachusetts. “400 years ago today, a group offered the invocation. The Commemoration’s of 35 settlers and Captain John Woodlief landed other co-chair, Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr., at what is now Berkeley Plantation,” he said. led those assembled in the Pledge of Allegiance, “When they landed they kneeled and gave a followed by introductions of three speakers who prayer of thanksgiving for their safe voyage. provided reflections on each of the three cultures This was one year and 17 days before the that came together in early Virginia. Pilgrims landed in Massachusetts.” Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Sr., of the Chickahominy Dr. Rex Ellis, associate director for curatorial Indian Tribe spoke of the traditions of thanksgiving affairs emeritus at the National Museum of for millennia before the English arrived. He African American History and Culture, spoke of concluded, “My prayer is that we can navigate the faith and fortitude of Africans and African the next 400 years in a way that appreciates and Americans over the past 400 years.

2019 Commemoration,presents American Evolution

DECEMBER 4, 2019

JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA

Steering Committee Report 87 The First Lady of Virginia, Pamela Northam, As we made a way forward, you were with us as offered special remarks and introduced the people from all over the world joined us, opening keynote speaker for the ceremony. our hearts, and inviting us to become a people of The keynote presenter was Michelle Gielan, greater thanksgiving, grace, and love.” best-selling author, former CBS Morning The Jamestown High School Chamber Choir News anchor, and executive producer of “The offered a musical close to the ceremony, after Happiness Advantage” on PBS. She offered a which all in attendance were invited to tour message that highlighted the many personal the Jamestown Settlement galleries, enjoy and communal benefits of living with an attitude refreshments, and participate in a finale event of gratitude and happiness. photo on the mall. The benediction was offered by The Reverend Following the 400th anniversary Jennifer Andrews-Weckerly, Rector of the commemorative ceremony, invited guests Hickory Neck Episcopal Church in Toano: “God participated in a special “Giving Thanks” of abundance, whose almighty presence has event to mark the conclusion of the 2019 held this sacred place together in the midst of Commemoration, American Evolution. pain, suffering, betrayal, fear, and sorrow and The Miss-Behavers, a house band assembled walked us onto the path of healing, penitence, earlier for the Women’s Achieve Summit reconciliation, justice, and joy, we thank you signature event, provided special music for the for being ever present as three cultures found a evening while members of the Commemoration’s way to shape something new and full of hope. Executive Committee took turns reviewing and

Left: Michelle Gielan, best-selling author and executive producer of “The Happiness Advantage,” presented the keynote address. Right: The Jamestown High School Chamber Choir provided music during the event.

88 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution “Gratitude looks to the past, and “We should all pause and take a love looks to the present. We moment to be thankful for all our gather here in love, because love founders and forebearers. The is the path to forgiveness. We feel diverse men and women—some our feet standing firmly on this are natives of this land, some came sacred ground. The gratitude of in search of opportunity and some our hearts connects us and roots were brought against their will. us to this ground. We acknowledge Among them are sung and unsung the hard complexity and the fullness heroes who fought for Virginia to of the history that has brought us be a welcoming place for all people. to this day. With solemn hearts, we They were determined to stand up bear witness to our own suffering, and make our great Commonwealth our own joys.” and our nation live up to the core Catherine Tyndall Boyd American ideals. They deserve our thanks and gratitude.”

Pamela Northam

"For the black community in particular, Thanksgiving, was about faith and church. As time passed, sermons could be heard in early black churches all across the nation, as men of God gave voice to the fears, suffering, hopes and dreams of a people who continued to be identified as chattel, in an increasingly powerful and global nation."

Rex Ellis

Steering Committee Report 89 remarking on the year’s memorable events, See Appendix II for a selection of speeches and programs, and accomplishments. Five special remarks from these events. Transcripts and video video packages were presented, showcasing footage are available on the American Evolution the extraordinary work of volunteer committees, (americanevolution2019.com) website. sponsors, partners, contractors, and staff to mount the multifaceted Commemoration over the four-year programming period.

90 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution After the "400th Anniversary of the First Official English Thanksgiving Commemorative Ceremony" on December 4, 2019, Commemoration leadership, staff, donors, contractors, partners, sponsors, and the general public gathered for the final commemorative photo at Jamestown Settlement.

Steering Committee Report 91 Section 5 AMERICAN EVOLUTION

SIGNATURE EVENTS

92 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution American Evolution’s Signature Events encompassed each of the historical pillars and themes of the Commemoration, drawing national and international attention to Virginia’s distinctive role in the creation of the United States and the evolution of American ideals and institutions. The events also amplified Virginia’s leadership in education, tourism, and economic development and made important contributions to the Commonwealth’s performance in each of those areas. Expressly designed to attract new and younger audiences, the events explored the contemporary relevance of our history through topical conferences addressed by scholars, leaders, and activists as well as artistic performances, cultural festivals, entrepreneurial competitions, and other engaging events with varied formats. The diversity, scope, and statewide reach of American Evolution’s Signature Events ensured far-reaching impact: participants realized opportunities for broad-based connections in-person and online; partnerships forged in developing the events brought many of Virginia’s finest institutions and organizations together for new and intensified collaborations; and generous corporate sponsors provided the resources and support needed to realize the most ambitious goals for the Commemoration.

Top: Juan A. Williams, Ludmya “Mia” B. Love, and Edward L. Ayers opened the second day of the “1619: Making of America Summit.” Middle: Kathy J. Spangler presented the award for the Commonwealth Challenge to Rendyr, the winning team, during the “American Evolution Innovators Cup.” Bottom: Thomas K. Norment, Jr., Co-Chair of the 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution.

Steering Committee Report 93 Democracy

FORUM ON THE FUTURE OF threats and challenges. The time was right for a REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY thoughtful dialogue on democracy’s future, and Building on the legacy of the World Forum on what better place or moment to convene it than the Future of Democracy held in September in Williamsburg on the 400th anniversary of representative democracy’s American start just 2007 as a signature element of America’s a few miles away at Jamestown? The Steering 400th Anniversary, commemorating Jamestown’s 1607 founding, planners set out to Committee adopted plans to hold an American convene thought leaders for a multi-day reflection Evolution “Forum on the Future of Representative on the future of representative democracy. Democracy” that would coincide with the July Democracy had seemed ascendant worldwide 2019 commemorative observances marking the when the 2007 World Forum convened; by 2019, 400th anniversary of the first legislative assembly. the situation had become more clouded, with A Forum planning group was formed under the democracies facing a set of daunting new leadership of Executive Committee members

94 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Frank B. Atkinson and H. Benson Dendy III, with Colin G. Campbell, chairman emeritus of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, and Michael J. Fox, senior “The entire history of our Commonwealth and our country assistant to the president and secretary to the Board is the story of a gap, wider at times and narrower at others, of Visitors for William & Mary, also playing active between the perfect equality ideal articulated in the leadership roles. William & Mary became American Declaration of Independence and the reality of a society Evolution’s primary partner in hosting and producing unable to completely live by them.” the Forum, and Commemoration sponsors Dominion Timothy M. Kaine Energy, Altria Group, TowneBank, McGuireWoods, and the University of Virginia supported the event. The "Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy" convened at the Williamsburg Lodge on July 30, 2019, just hours after the Joint Commemorative Session marking the 400th anniversary of the first assembly adjourned at Jamestown. The Commemoration co-chairs, Speaker M. Kirkland Cox and Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr., welcomed more than 300 attendees to an opening reception and dinner, and the delegates also were greeted by U.S. Representatives Robert J. Wittman and Elaine G. Luria, William & “The reason we should take great pride as Virginians is Mary President Katherine A. Rowe, and Colonial that so many of the ideas that birthed our country’s Williamsburg Foundation President and Chief democracy actually originated right here in the Executive Officer Mitchell B. Reiss. U.S. Senators Commonwealth, long before our country was even Mark R. Warner and Timothy M. Kaine delivered founded. They have ultimately produced this enduring dinner remarks on the importance of applying Union. A union that, with all our challenges, I believe history’s lessons to the challenges of the future. is still continually engaged in the pursuit of justice and Carly Fiorina, a 2016 presidential candidate shared American values.” and former chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard, Mark R. Warner delivered keynote remarks on the health of American democracy and the connection between representative government and entrepreneurship.

Left: (L to R): Kathy J. Spangler, David L. Natzler, H. Benson Dendy III, Frank B. Atkinson, M. Kirkland Cox, Karl C. Rove, Stephen Adkins, Sr., , Melody C. Barnes, George Keith Martin, Jeanne F. Zeidler, G. Paul Nardo, C. H. Niblett, and Philip G. Emerson.

Steering Committee Report 95 Democracy and Entrepreneurship

On July 31, the Forum venue shifted to Kaplan “When we are at our best, our ideals Arena on the campus of William & Mary, where and principles are shaped by these former Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, fundamental truths about all people, William & Mary’s chancellor, delivered an opening address that shaped the contours of gained through experience. And when the day’s dialogues. Entitled “Framing Our we fall short, our ideals and principles American Evolution: Democracy, Diversity, help guide us to a better path. Here and Opportunity,” Secretary Gates drew the in this country, more things have connections between historical events and been more possible for more people contemporary challenges related to all three of all kinds, from more places, than core themes of the Commemoration: anywhere else on earth.” On Democracy: “Our entire system of representative government, since July 30, 1619, Carly Fiorina has depended on compromise. Not only is the Constitution itself a bundle of huge compromises; it creates a system of governance, of checks opportunity and safety, and others who have and balances that can only work through come here from every continent, country, and compromise.” island. The founders adopted as the country’s On Diversity: “Our diversity today has deep motto E pluribus unum—one, out of many. roots in pain and prejudice, from African slaves, Although they were referring to the 13 colonies to the Irish fleeing the potato famine, East becoming one country, the motto I think applies European and Russian Jews fleeing pogroms, in a different way today. It captures the reality Chinese coming to build our railroads, Koreans that people from many lands have come here and Vietnamese fleeing war and oppression, over the past four centuries, some voluntarily, Mexicans and other Hispanics seeking some as slaves, but today, if we’re to survive and prosper as a country, it must be as one people, Americans. E pluribus unum.” On Opportunity: “Today, more than any other time in the last 400 years, all Americans, all Americans, have the opportunity to participate in shaping our country’s future … to put their shoulder to the wheel to get America unstuck and moving forward again together.”

Left: Katherine A. Rowe welcomed attendees to William & Mary. Right: Robert M. Gates provided a keynote address on the future of representative democracy. Right page: (L to R): David M. Rubenstein, Annette Gordon-Reed, Robert C. Scott, Eric I. Cantor, and Andrew H. Card, Jr.

96 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution SESSION DESCRIPTIONS

“The difficulty that we’ve had is having Majority Rule, Minority Rights, and Individual Liberties a community... to have all Americans Majority rule is the cornerstone of all representative democracies, yet the thinking that the children of other protection of minority rights is equally fundamental. How is that balance Americans are their children, whatever best achieved, and how does a political community achieve consensus color they are, whatever religion they around a set of rules that will maintain that balance? How are racial, religious, and other group identities, histories of strife, and painful legacies are, all of those things. That’s been the like slavery and systematic discrimination to be reflected in this balance? real difficulty: how do you get this And how are the rights of individuals to be protected apart from one’s community together and at the same status as part of a political majority or minority? These are among the time the majority not exact too much issues that democracies must tackle today in striving for “liberty and justice for all.” power over the minority.” Moderator: David M. Rubenstein, co-founder and co-executive chairman Annette Gordon-Reed of The Carlyle Group Speakers: Eric I. Cantor, former majority leader, U. S. House of Representatives, and representative for the 7th Congressional District of Virginia Andrew H. Card, Jr., chairman of the National Endowment for Democracy, former U. S. secretary of transportation, and former White House chief of staff Dr. Annette Gordon-Reed, professor of American legal history at Robert C. Scott, U. S. representative for the 3rd Congressional District of Virginia

A Conversation about Constitutions: Making the Rule of Law Stick “Our democracy is so important that we want everyone to be prepared. A Rule of men … or rule of law? A society without checks and balances— where people are at the mercy of the edicts of politicians and good education, good health, a good bureaucrats—is not democracy and will strangle liberty and opportunity. perspective of who they are and who What is the role of constitutions in making the rule of law take hold in they can be, that is the foundation to emerging representative systems? And what makes a constitution last? me of a constitution that sticks, because You cannot build a free society without the rule of law being paramount— the question is how to make it stick. there are people we embrace that say, ‘You, like me, we are equal in Moderator: W. Taylor Reveley III, former president of William & Mary Speakers: Roger L. Gregory, chief judge, U. S. Court of Appeals for the worthiness to be embraced by this Fourth Circuit idea of constitutional government and A.E. Dick Howard, professor of law and public affairs at representative government.’ And I The University of Virginia think that is so much a part of the Jeffrey Rosen, president and chief executive officer of alchemy that goes into success.” the National Constitution Center and professor of law at the George Washington University Law School Roger L. Gregory

Steering Committee Report 97 Making Peace and Making Policy: Executive-Legislative “Trust in the people. Government Relations in a Polarized Era closest to the people. Representative Two policymaking branches. Two legislative houses. Two polarized parties. democracy is created to protect our How can the executive and legislative branches make peace so they can natural rights.” make policy? Are there too many checks and balances at the federal level, or too few? Why does there seem to be less gridlock in the states—do the George Allen governors and state legislatures have something to teach the President and Congress about getting along and getting things done? Democracy is about achieving common purpose: what are the obstacles and what are the solutions? Moderator: Ann Compton, former ABC News White House correspondent Speakers: George Allen, former and former U. S. senator Eric I. Cantor, former majority leader, U. S. House of Representatives, and representative for the 7th Congressional District of Virginia James H. Hodges, former governor of South Carolina Toi Hutchinson, Illinois senator and president of the National Conference of State Legislatures Karl C. Rove, senior advisor and deputy chief of staff to President George W. Bush

WILLIAMSBURG, VIRGINIA JULY 30 - AUGUST 1, 2019

Civic Education and the Culture of Citizenship

AMERICANEVOLUTION2019.COM What does it mean to be a citizen in a modern democracy? What role does education play in advancing citizenship? How are values of civility and civic engagement cultivated? What does it mean to be a global citizen in a world where both mass immigration and rising nationalism are the norms? “Whether elected as a republican or Moderator: Dr. Larry J. Sabato, founder and director of the democrat, it’s our obligation to work University of Virginia Center for Politics together for the citizens we represent.” Speakers: M. Kirkland Cox, speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates David M. Rubenstein, co-founder and co-executive M. Kirkland Cox chairman of The Carlyle Group Robert C. Scott, U. S. representative for the 3rd Congressional District of Virginia

Right: Radio personality and journalist Wil LaVeist was the emcee for the "American Evolution Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy."

98 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Democracy Under Duress: A Conversation about Global Challenges Partisan polarization. Demographic change. Globalization, economic inequality and populist discontent. Thirty years after the fall of the Iron Curtain, authoritarianism continues its hold on some countries while others are backsliding into less democratic processes and regimes. Collaboration among democratic nations remains vital but has become more challenging as interests diverge. Democratic processes themselves are vulnerable to new forms of attack from those who do not share those values. Is this a period of global democratic recession, and how will these trends impact us in the next five to ten years? Moderator: Andrea Mitchell, NBC News chief foreign affairs correspondent Speakers: Robert M. Gates, former secretary of defense and chancellor of William & Mary Robin B. Wright, journalist, author, and joint fellow at the United States Institute of Peace and the International Center

The day’s programming also included two have to be persons who have a background special presentations on the subject of civic to learn and learn quickly because the engagement by young people: spectrum of problems that they will be • Nigerian poet Patience Andrew and confronted with is just unlimited.” Virginian Reginald L. McCoy, Jr., delegates Forum participants returned to the to the May 2019 American Evolution Williamsburg Lodge for a reception and dinner. “Global Pathfinder Summit,” discussed There they enjoyed a special appearance by that international gathering and shared President , portrayed by Bryan reflections on the conversations about Austin, and President , portrayed civic engagement that took place. They by Kurt Smith. The dinner program also featured were joined for the discussion by James B. a discussion of international topics and reflection Murray, Jr., founder of the Presidential on the importance of collaborations among Precinct, the Commemoration’s lead partner democratic nations. Sharing views on this topic in producing the Global Pathfinder Summit were Dr. Robin C. H. Niblett CMB, director of Signature Event. Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International • Former U. S. Senator John W. Warner of Affairs in London, England; former Secretary of Virginia joined Dr. Larry Sabato to receive Transportation Andrew H. Card, Jr., chairman of special recognition and discuss engaging the National Endowment for Democracy; and young people in politics and government. former Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates. Stressing the importance of the learning The Forum continued at the Williamsburg process for emerging leaders, Senator Lodge on the morning of August 1. The final Warner observed, “Today’s political figures session included two lively panel discussions.

Steering Committee Report 99 The Most Powerful Perch: A View from the White House “People often think about democracy The Presidency is the most powerful office in the world. How does the as inevitable. Democracy is not future of democracy look from this special vantage point? What role can inevitable, it is actually unlikely. the American President and the U. S. Presidency play in revitalizing It is hard. It has to be fought for U. S. and global democracy? relentlessly and in a dogged Moderator: Ann Compton, former ABC News White House manner every day and everywhere.” correspondent Speakers: Melody C. Barnes, director of the Domestic Policy Melody C. Barnes Council in the administration of President Barack Obama Karl C. Rove, senior advisor and deputy chief of staff to President George W. Bush

Moderated by Ann Compton, panelists Melody C. Barnes, and Karl C. Rove discussed “The Most Powerful Perch: A View from the White House.”

100 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Democracy’s Next 400: The Path Forward “So, looking to the future of our Four hundred years ago, the first representative legislative assembly democracy, part of the element is convened at Jamestown, Virginia. As we reflect on the Forum, what giving ownership back to the conclusions can we draw about the future of democracy? What can existing democracies do to revitalize citizenship in their own countries, people, giving voice back to the and what role should they play in extending democracy around the globe? people, engaging people of all Moderator: Ryan T. McDougle, Virginia state senator ages and all backgrounds in our Speakers: William J. Antholis, director and chief executive officer of political discourse.” the Miller Center of Public Affairs at The University of Virginia Abigail Spanberger Dr. Robin C. H. Niblett CMB, director of Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs Abigail A.D. Spanberger, U. S. representative for the 7th Congressional District of Virginia

See Appendix II for a selection of speeches and remarks from this event. Transcripts and video footage are available on the American Evolution (americanevolution2019.com) website.

Ryan T. McDougle, C. H. Niblett, Abigail A.D. Spanberger, and William Antholis discussed “Democracy’s Next 400: The Path Forward.”

Steering Committee Report 101 GLOBAL PATHFINDER SUMMIT Conceived as a way to bring together The Commemoration endeavored to engage international emerging leaders for engagement young people in a signature event that would with a Virginia-based peer group, the “Global Pathfinder Summit” convened on May 20-24, encompass American Evolution’s three core themes, attract international participation, 2019, in Charlottesville with the assistance of the and leave a lasting legacy. The primary partner University of Virginia and McGuireWoods as for this event was Presidential Precinct, a presenting partners. On hand were participants Charlottesville-based nonprofit formed through from 47 countries, a diverse group comprised a collaboration by two public universities (the of 136 young political, government, and civic University of Virginia and William & Mary) leaders, including 56 Virginians. Arriving from and three presidential homes (Thomas points around the globe as varied as Uganda, Jefferson’s Monticello, James Madison’s Sri Lanka, Albania, Mexico, and the Philippines, Montpelier, and ’s Highland). the young leaders reflected on the challenges of Presidential Precinct’s successful track record leadership, civic engagement, and governance included events and related programming in today’s democracies and states aspiring to designed to connect, engage, and inspire democracy. Among the featured speakers young leaders and activists around the world. were Egyptian engineer, activist, and social

Left: Over one hundred delegates from 47 countries and Virginia discussed civic engagement, leadership, and today’s democracies during the five-day summit. Right: Frank Dukes and delegates discuss the Virginia Resolutions. Photo courtesy of The Presidential Precinct.

102 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution entrepreneur Wael Ghonim, Prime Minister Ralph national borders well into the future. E. Gonsalves of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, • A Collective Vision for the Future: and prominent historians Dr. Brian Balogh and The Virginia Resolutions. Over the course Dr. Joanne B. Freeman. Speaker M. Kirkland Cox of the Summit, delegates worked together of the Virginia House of Delegates addressed to flesh out their shared values, vision, and the gathering and engaged with delegates, as commitments related to civic engagement. did the two Executive Committee members Their work was facilitated by Dr. Frank responsible for coordinating the Commemoration’s Dukes of The University of Virginia’s democracy-related events, Frank B. Atkinson and Institute for Environmental Negotiation. H. Benson Dendy III. Two Summit representatives, delegates The Summit featured a rich variety of Patience Andrew and Reginald L. McCoy, Jr., speeches, panel discussions, seminars, and then shared the final document in July at the workshops as well as volunteer activities with Forum on the Future of Representative local nonprofits, presidential home visits, and Democracy in Williamsburg. networking opportunities. Among its lasting benefits were two notable legacies— • Digitally Connected Global Network. Summit participants developed new relationships that they will maintain, largely digitally, for many years to come. They also engaged with and joined the larger global network of emerging leaders who had participated in prior Presidential Precinct programs. Participation in this active, pre-existing and still-growing network will facilitate the sharing of ideas and experiences on civic engagement CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA

and topics of mutual interest across MAY 20-24, 2019

AMERICAN EVOLUTION2019.COM

Steering Committee Report 103 SESSION DESCRIPTIONS

The Role of Citizens in a Democracy The concepts of citizenship, civic engagement, and democracy in context to highlight the important role that universities play in shaping active, engaged citizens. Speaker: Ambassador Stephen D. Mull, vice provost for global affairs, The University of Virginia

“Citizenship is the most important element of a democracy. Yet we know from our experiences around the world today that citizenship and the democratic institutions designed to protect it are fragile. Our institutions are susceptible to distortion and manipulation by populists, demagogues, economic powers, and authoritarians who claim to defend democracy while practicing the very opposite of it.”

Stephen D. Mull

Youth, Power, and Voice Around the world, young people are at the forefront of spurring action on critical democracy and development issues. What challenges and opportunities do young leaders face as they strive to advance positive change around the world? Speakers: Catherine Constantinides, climate activist and human rights defender; co-founder, Generation Earth Andy Rabens, special advisor, Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, U. S. Department of State Liziane Silva, founding partner and former chief executive officer, Ink

104 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution “It doesn’t matter who you are. You don’t have to be an activist to be an engaged, active citizen. It is the role of society to build the communities that we want to live in. And it is so important that as young people sitting here, you’re open minded.”

Catherine Constantides

Deep Dive Breakouts • The Human Freedom Index: • Economic Opportunities for Youth: Is Freedom Under Attack? The Path to Empowerment Moderator: Tanja PorČnik, president Moderator: Jeanine Braithwaite, professor and co-founder, Visio Institute of public policy, Batten School of Leadership and Public Policy, • : A New Understanding The University of Virginia Moderator: Deborah Lawrence, professor of environmental science, The • Inclusive Societies: Tackling Discrimination University of Virginia & Intolerance Moderator: Selena Cozart, community • Combating Corruption: facilitator, Institute for Environmental Changing the Incentives Negotiation, The University of Virginia Moderator: Aaron Azelton, director of citizen participation, inclusion and security, National Democratic Institute

Left: As a living legacy, delegates created The Virginia Resolutions, a guide to the values, the meaning, the challenges, and the promise of civic engagement around the world. The Virginia Resolutions were presented to attendees during a session of the "American Evolution Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy." Above: Andy Rabens, Catherine Constantinides, and Liziane Silva participated in a session on “Youth, Power and Voice.”

Steering Committee Report 105 “As a nonprofit organization, storytelling allows you to raise awareness of the Transforming Communities through Service and Volunteerism key issues you face every day and Speaker: John Bridgeland, founder and chief executive officer, Civic Enterprises; vice chairman, Malaria No More enables your organization to raise funds in support of your mission. As a policy maker or influencer, an inspiring story can encourage others to join your cause. The Path to Equilibrium – Introspections of an Activist In any example, telling your story is the number one way to sway public opinion Speaker: Wael Ghonim, engineer, internet activist, and social entrepreneur and create meaningful change.”

Jonathan Toms

Technology for Social Change The rapid acceleration of information and communications technology and universal adoption of social media platforms is driving positive societal “You have been impacting my life change in profound ways. These are valuable tools for civic leaders, who and I have been impacting your must also learn to navigate the risks in this evolving landscape. life, we just don’t know about it. Moderator: Aaron Presnall, president, Jefferson Institute We have no way to know about it Speakers: C. Douglas Smith, managing partner, Stornoway Advisors because the world is so interconnected. Nicol Perez, civic education partner manager, Facebook Chinese, North Koreans, Americans, Pia Mancini, co-founder and chief executive officer, Iranians, Egyptians, we are just OpenCollective all one.”

Wael Ghonim

Left and middle: "Global Pathfinder Summit" delegates participated in a morning of volunteer service, assisting charitable organizations in Charlottesville. Right: Global activist and social entrepreneur Wael Ghonim was a featured speaker.

106 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Perspectives on Representative Democracy “The foundation of any organized Voting, advocacy, and running for office are powerful forms of civic engagement. In a representative democracy, it is our right and system of government, of any responsibility to use these tools to ensure that our elected officials democracy, is something called are pursuing policies and priorities that advance public good. citizenship.”

Speaker: Ralph E. Gonsalves, prime minister of Saint Vincent Ralph E. Gonsalves and the Grenadines

Leadership for Democracy “What is the experience of Trace the evolution of America’s “messy democracy” from 1619 to the another person’s life, and, once present day and consider leadership in the international context through I understand that, how can I the eyes of several influential leaders throughout American history. better understand that person.” Speakers: Brian Balogh, host, Backstory; professor of history, The University of Virginia Joanne Freeman Joanne Freeman, host, Backstory; professor of history and American studies, Yale University

Who Am I, Who Are We, Who Defines Our History: Why This Matters in Educating for Democracy and Social Justice Our own personal history, identity, and values shape our engagement with others in the civic space and our understanding of national narratives. Encourage the next generation to look at history through a critical lens to facilitate a deeper understanding and strengthen our democracy.

Speakers: Derrick Alridge, director, Center for Race and Public Education in the South, Curry School of Education, The University of Virginia Catherine Bradshaw, associate dean for research and faculty development, Curry School of Education, The University of Virginia Nancy L. Deutsch, director, Youth-Nex: The UVA Center to Promote Effective Youth Development, Curry School of Education, The University of Virginia Johari Harris, post-doctoral fellow, Youth-Nex, Curry School of Education, The University of Virginia Stephanie Van Hover, chair, Department of Curriculum, Instruction, and Special Education, Curry School of Education, The University of Virginia

Steering Committee Report 107 Teachable Moments: Education and the Spread of Democracy Educational institutions at all levels contribute to democracy by teaching young people about democratic values and institutions and by providing them with experiences that model effective civic engagement and the skills to participate in a democratic society. Moderator: Margot Rogers, vice chairman and senior advisor, The Parthenon Group Speakers: Yoni Appelbaum, senior editor for politics, The Atlantic Kristina Johnson, 13th chancellor, the State University of New York Derek Mitchell, president, National Democratic Institute Daniel Twining, president, International Republican Institute

Power of Place, Power of Ideas The revolutionary ideas of America’s founders permanently shaped the ideals and structure of American democracy. An appreciation for these ideas, as well as a nuanced understanding of the history and legacy, can strengthen our ability to participate in civic life and take a more active role in democracy. Speakers: Sara Bon-Harper, executive director, James Monroe’s Highland Christian Cotz, director of education and visitor engagement, The Montpelier Foundation Gaye Wilson, Shannon senior historian, Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies, Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello

Finding Your Path Rising leaders share the values and experiences that have brought them to the work that they do, reflect on their civic engagement path, and facilitate a conversation about unique abilities needed to make a difference in the world. Speakers: Ross Baird, co-founder, Village Capital Brennan Gould, president and chief executive officer, Charlottesville Area Community Foundation Matthew Moran, chief of staff to Speaker M. Kirkland Cox of the Virginia House of Delegates

108 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Skill-Building Breakout Workshops “Coalitions are probably sets of • Conversations across Differences organizations who are working Meg Heubeck, director of instruction, The University of Virginia Center together. They’ve got a very for Politics definite structure. It’s got its own Larry Terry, executive director, The Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service pros and cons. You can adopt Lauren Gilbert, associate director, The Sorenson Institute that if it works for you, but for • Telling Your Story movements, it’s about people. Cortney McEniry, artistic director and program manager, The University That’s where the aspects about of Virginia Acts relationships and identity come Christian Cotz, director of engagement and visitor management, into play. Don’t forget, in talking The Montpelier Foundation about movements, it’s about Denise Stewart, lecturer, The University of Virginia Department of Drama people, it’s about identity - it is about collective action.”

Samson Itodo Building a Movement Consider how to achieve change at scale: creating a shared vision, bringing others along, providing leadership while creating opportunities for others to lead, and knowing what success looks like. Moderator: Casey Gerald, co-founder and chief executive officer, “Think of your privilege. Look MBAs across America at your life. How much you have Speakers: Greisa Martinez Rosas, deputy executive director, and what will you do with it.” United We Dream Kennedy Odede Liam O’Doherty, director, Digital Youth Engagement Programs, TakeITGlobal Samson Itodo, executive director, YIAGA Africa

Creating Sustainable Change Efforts to make effective and sustainable social change must be rooted in community needs and capacities that take a systems approach to solving complex problems. Speakers: Kennedy Odede, co-founder and chief executive officer, Shining Hope for Communities Jessica Posner, co-founder, Shining Hope for Communities

See Appendix II for a selection of speeches and remarks from this event. Left: Brian Balogh and Joanne Freeman take Transcripts and video footage are available on the American Evolution questions from the delegates during the (americanevolution2019.com) website. "Leadership for Democracy" session.

Steering Committee Report 109 PRESIDENTIAL IDEAS FESTIVAL “’We the People.’ That becomes the A second democracy-related event at the responsibility of the President: to work for University of Virginia shared the limelight with ‘We the People’ in forming ‘a more perfect the Global Pathfinder Summit and provided Union.’ So, to do that, every single President, opportunities for Summit attendees to hear from George Washington to , from high-ranking American political leaders. consciously or not, has had to define what a The “Presidential Ideas Festival: Democracy in ‘more perfect Union’ means, and, in order to Dialogue” (also called “PrezFest”) was hosted do that, must first decide who, according by the University of Virginia’s Miller Center of Public Affairs in partnership with American to the Preamble [of the United States Evolution and other organizations and took Constitution], constitutes ‘We the People.’” place on May 21-23, 2019. The program’s William J. Clinton highlight, a keynote address by former President William J. Clinton entitled “Rethinking the American Presidency,” attracted hundreds of students, scholars, political commentators, and Policymaking; and The Presidency and local residents, and university officials, and the People. Among the former cabinet-level was streamed live to thousands more. officials and senior White House staff members The theme of the three-day Presidential Ideas participating in the panels: Madeleine J. Albright, Festival was The Presidency at a Crossroads. Its secretary of state under President Clinton; Andrew sessions, consisting of panel presentations, H. Card, Jr., White House chief of staff under were organized around three broad topics: The President George W. Bush and transportation Presidency and the Constitution; The Presidency secretary under President George H. W. Bush; Stephen J. Hadley, assistant to the president for national security affairs under President George W. Bush; Denis R. McDonough, White House chief of staff under President Barack Obama; Thomas F. “Mack” McLarty III, White House chief of staff under President Clinton; Karl C. Rove, senior advisor and deputy chief of staff to President George W. Bush; and Kathleen Sebelius, secretary of health and human services under President Obama. American Evolution Executive Committee members H. Benson Dendy III, Paul D. Koonce, and Frank B. Atkinson were on hand for the event.

H. Benson Dendy III represents the 2019 Commemoration during the “Presidential Ideas Festival: Democracy in Dialogue,” presented by The University of Virginia’s Miller Center. Photo courtesy of UVA Miller Center.

110 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution VISIT BY SPEAKER BERCOW OF THE legislators, Executive Branch officials, and HOUSE OF COMMONS distinguished guests who filled the chamber, The Virginia State Capitol was the venue for a he gave an animated presentation on the nature Commemoration-sponsored visit by John S. of the relationship between the United Kingdom Bercow MP, Speaker of the House of Commons and the United States, observing that “since that of the United Kingdom, on May 28, 2019. Unable first great planting of English legislative concepts to accept the Commemoration’s invitation to at Jamestown, our two great democracies have participate in the July 2019 events marking the fostered an unrivaled partnership in pursuit and 400th anniversary of the first representative promotion of these fundamental values.” He also legislative assembly, Speaker Bercow instead commented on his memorable experiences as visited Virginia during a spring trip to Washington, Speaker of the House of Commons. D.C. He was welcomed to the Capitol by After his formal remarks, Speaker Bercow Commemoration co-chairs, Speaker M. Kirkland joined Speaker Cox and Senator Norment for Cox and Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr., for a a lively dialogue on democracy and civic engagement moderated by Dr. Robert Holsworth, program organized by American Evolution in collaboration with Clerks G. Paul Nardo and a prominent political analyst. “The role of the Susan Clarke Schaar of the Virginia House of Speaker is frankly to be the facilitator of the fullest Delegates and Senate, respectively. and fairest expression of opinion that exists in Upon his arrival, Speaker Bercow was given the House,” Speaker Bercow said in response to a tour of the historic Virginia Capitol by Speaker a question about controversial issues facing the Cox, Senator Norment, Clerks Schaar and Nardo, United Kingdom and United States. “I may have and Commemoration Executive Director Kathy my own views about this matter, but it’s not for J. Spangler. Preceded by the mace of the House the Speaker to try and impose his view. It’s for the of Delegates, the Jamestown Settlement Honor Speaker to ensure that everybody else’s view is Guard, and the Virginia Capitol Police Honor heard.” He concluded the Capitol visit by mingling Guard, Speaker Bercow processed to the House with guests during an “American High Tea” in of Delegates chamber. There, to the delight of the stately Jefferson Room.

“I am very grateful to be an American. “American Evolution helped us to I was born in Czechoslovakia and I am expand our vision, putting UVA’s a refugee. One of the things I like to do founding and the American presidency more than anything is to give people in the much broader four-century history their naturalization certificate and the of democracy in America. We have been first time I did it was on July 4, 2000 able to examine efforts to incorporate at Monticello.” women, African Americans and Native

Madeleine Albright Americans fully into our body politic.” William J. Antholis

Steering Committee Report 111 Before leaving Richmond, Speaker Bercow enjoyed a preview of “Cosmologies from the Tree of Life: Art from the African American South,” a legacy project of the Commemoration, at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. The day concluded with a small dinner in his honor in the Museum’s Marble Hall attended by Speaker Cox and members of the Commemoration’s Executive “Since that first great planting of English Committee, former Lieutenant Governor John legislative concepts at Jamestown, our two H. Hager, Senate Clerk Susan Clarke Schaar, great democracies have fostered an unrivaled representatives of American Evolution sponsors partnership in pursuit and promotion of these Dominion Energy, Inova Health System, and the Richard S. Reynolds Foundation, and Virginia fundamental values.” Museum of Fine Arts leadership. John S. Bercow See Appendix II for the text of Speaker Bercow’s remarks in the House of Delegates. Choices to End the and Create a Global Commonwealth. After the remarks, the co-authors TO BUILD A BETTER WORLD: AN EVENING joined in an interview and question-and-answer WITH RICE AND ZELIKOW session moderated by Ann Compton, former On September 12, 2019, the Commemoration White House Correspondent for ABC News, and again partnered with the University of Virginia’s then took photos with attendees who received Miller Center, this time for an evening with former signed copies of their book. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Dr. Philip Secretary Rice commented on the relevance Zelikow, a professor of history at the University. of the book to the controversies and challenges Following introductory remarks by the University facing today’s democratic leaders. One of its of Virginia’s purposes, she said, was to “reassure people that former rector, we have seen ourselves and the world come executive through crises that, in retrospect, might have committee ended in conflict; might have ended in violence. member George When you think about the collapse of a Keith Martin, country with 30,000 nuclear weapons and 4 Secretary Rice million men under arms, when you can think and Dr. Zelikow about the decision to reunify Germany with all commented on that history and concerns on all sides, when you their recently think about the liberation of Eastern Europe … released book, there was no certainty that this was going to To Build a turn out to be peaceful.” Better World:

Top: John S. Bercow addressed members of the General Assembly, Executive Branch officials, and distinguished guests at the Virginia State Capitol. Bottom: (L to R): Condoleezza Rice, Frank B. Atkinson, and Philip D. Zelikow. Photo courtesy of the UVA Miller Center, Sanjay Suchak.

112 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution FANFARE TO THE MILITARY AND conductors from each branch of the military led DEMOCRACY tunes near and dear to their troops. On November 9, 2019, during Veterans Day Emcee Anita Blanton, a news anchor with weekend, the Commemoration hosted the WAVY-TV10/WVBT FOX43, and narrator MSG “Fanfare to the Military and Democracy” at the Alvy R. Powell, Jr., USA, Ret., introduced the Sandler Center for the Performing Arts in Virginia musical selections played by a band created Beach. Produced by the Virginia Arts Festival from the U. S. Joint Forces. The band included and presented by Smithfield Foods, the concert musicians from the U. S. Army Training and was the finale of the Commemoration’s three-year Doctrine Command Band, U. S. Fleet Forces Band, partnership with the Virginia Arts Festival and U. S. Air Force Heritage of America Band, U. S. paid tribute to United States military veterans, Army School of Music, Naval School of Music, active duty and reserve troops, and military Marine Detachment, and the U. S. Coast Guard families. Training Center Yorktown Ceremonial Band. Hampton Roads is home to the largest They were joined by soprano Meredith Lustig concentration of active duty and retired military in and baritone Timothy McDevitt, members of the the United States, and tickets to the free concert Concert Choir and were sold out within a matter of days. The concert F. Ludwig Diehn Chorale, the Granby High featured a diverse repertoire of music—stirring School Navy Junior Reserve Officers Training marches, patriotic songs, dramatic film music, Corps, and the Tidewater Pipes and Drums. and pop and country songs—in celebration Video footage from this event is available on the of America’s patriotic spirit. The performance American Evolution (americanevolution2019.com) showcased pride and gratitude for our veterans website. and included rousing moments of celebration as

The “Fanfare to the Military and Democracy” concert at the Sandler Center in Virginia Beach included a mass band of musicians from all branches of military service.

Steering Committee Report 113 Diversity

1619: MAKING OF AMERICA SUMMIT high school and college classrooms nationally, In partnership with Norfolk State University, so that students could witness—and remotely participate—in the important dialogues. Evening American Evolution hosted the “1619: Making of America Summit” on September 25-28, 2019, in cultural programs, including the Norfolk State Norfolk. The multi-day event explored the 400-year University Theater Company’s production of the journey of our nation’s founding cultures— play Gem of the Ocean by American playwright Native, African, and English peoples—as well August Wilson and a special screening and as immigrant stories and the contributions and discussion of the prize-winning documentary influences that shaped the creation of today’s filmGhosts of Amistad: In the Footsteps of the America. The themes of Democracy, Diversity, Rebels, rounded out the event. and Opportunity were at the forefront as scholars, Participants were welcomed to the Summit thought leaders, artists, filmmakers, dignitaries, on Wednesday evening with remarks by Dr. and students discussed “Who are we as Javaune Adams-Gaston, president of Norfolk State Americans?” using the lenses of history, University, Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander, storytelling, art, and culture. Moderated interviews, dean of Norfolk State University’s College of roundtable discussions, and breakout sessions Liberal Arts and co-chair of the Commemoration’s fostered conversation, and audience members First Recorded Africans to English North participated with the aid of a special app created American Committee, and H. Benson Dendy III, for the event. Select sessions were live-streamed to member of the Commemoration’s Executive

114 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution “This is an opportunity to think about our history as Americans, and how the year 1619, 400 years ago, stands as a pivotal moment in the nation’s formative years. It began with many things that are complex, difficult and painful. We have an opportunity 400 years later to think about, prepare and perform “We were delighted to be a part of the actions that ensure that our nation becomes official 2019 Commemoration activities. all that it was meant to be. What makes the The professionalism of its staff was bar none. American story, what makes Americans The Commemoration helped to elevate our unique, is our ability to put aside our many summit, making the conversations available differences, to rally together as one and to to anyone around the world with an be in defense of our shared values.” interest in the topic.”

Javaune Adams-Gaston Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander

Committee. The premiere of the four-part associate director emeritus of cultural affairs at docuseries 400 Years Later…’Free-ish’ by the the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African Nate Parker Foundation’s HBCU Storytellers American History and Culture; Ludmya “Mia” Project, followed. Produced by students from Love, former U. S. representative for the Fourth Hampton University, Virginia State University, Congressional District of Utah; former Virginia Virginia Union University, and Norfolk State Governor Robert F. McDonnell; and noted University, the documentary raised awareness political analyst and award-winning columnist of the 400th anniversary commemoration of the Juan A. Williams. Executive Committee members first Africans’ arrival in Virginia in 1619 and the Jeanne F. Zeidler, Paul D. Koonce, and Frank B. continuing legacy of racial inequity that exists Atkinson joined Mr. Dendy in representing the today. Virginia Senator Jennifer L. McClellan Commemoration. introduced the documentary, and Nate Parker, After the final Summit session on September actor, writer, director, and Norfolk native, 28, attendees were invited to participate in provided commentary. a “Making of America Tour” sponsored In addition to Senator McClellan and Mr. collaboratively by Norfolk State University Parker, featured speakers at the Summit included: and the Hampton Convention and Visitors Lieutenant Governor Justin E. Fairfax; Chief Bureau with support from the Commemoration. Lynette Allston of the Nottoway Indian Tribe Participants visited prominent African American of Virginia; Dr. Edward L. Ayers, professor of sites in Hampton, including Fort Monroe, the humanities and president emeritus of the Emancipation Oak, Hampton University ; Dr. Rex M. Ellis, Museum, and the Tucker Family Cemetery.

Left: (L to R): Jeanne F. Zeidler, Kathy J. Spangler, Andy Edmunds, Robert F. McDonnell, Barbara Hamm Lee, Nate Parker, Brian Favors, and Cassandra Newby-Alexander.

Steering Committee Report 115 “I believe that our calling as a community right now is to determine how the next 400 years will look in our nation. It is a heavy responsibility for us all, but I believe that if we rise to the better angels of our nature, if we build people and communities up and do not allow people to tear others down, that we will set a tone for the next 400 years that will make it look very different from the prior 400.”

Justin E. Fairfax

SESSION DESCRIPTIONS

Moderated Conversation/Speaker Interview

Moderator: Barbara Hamm Lee, executive producer and host, Another View, 89.5 WHRV-FM/WHRO Public Media Speaker: Nate Parker, actor, writer, director and producer

Top: (L to R): Barbara Hamm Lee, Justin E. Fairfax, and Joanne M. Braxton. Photo courtesy of Norfolk State University/Sam Hughes. Middle: (L to R): Andy Edmunds, Jeanne F. Zeidler, and Nate Parker. Bottom: Nate Parker introduced the four-part docuseries 400 Years Later…’Free-ish’ by the HBCU Storytellers Project. Photo courtesy of Norfolk State University/Sam Hughes.

116 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Reimagining Representations of People of Color “I think it’s up to folks like us, to The documented narrative of people of color has long been dominated by figure out how we take this stereotypes and generalizations that positioned them as threats to civilization. forward. What’s the legacy we’re These images pre-date Colonial America to the origins of American society when democracy and opportunity existed for only a select few. Centuries ago, going to leave behind? How are indigenous populations were marginalized and ostracized, slavery emerged, and we going to change this? How are stereotypical depictions of non-white Americans were used in art and theater. we going to make sure that the These images and stories essentially dehumanized people of color across young textbooks are different? How are America. Since the 1980s, however, black, Hispanic, and Native filmmakers, writers, producers, directors, musicians, and actors have challenged these we going to make sure that the stereotypes, crafting narratives that are more diverse and inclusive of all human workplace is different? How are cultures. How do media, news, entertainment, and other forms of popular we going to make sure the cultural culture play a significant role in shaping perceptions of people of color? institutions are different? So, I think Moderator: Barbara Hamm Lee, executive producer and host, this really is a reflection of where Another View, 89.5 WHRV-FM/WHRO Public Media we came from. The things we Speakers: Andy Edmunds, director, Virginia Film Office need to begin to change, but more Nate Parker, actor, writer, director and producer important, how do we move this Anthony Stockard, director, Norfolk State’s Drama and forward to the next generation?” Theatre Program Ric Murphy

Finding America’s Roots The genealogical history of European, African, Indigenous people, and other non-white immigrants is now a reality with the advent of digitized records. This complicated and deeper understanding of our true American history connects not only people of African descent to their origins in America, but also reveals a more accurate genealogy of many other people of color in American society whose ancestry was previously hidden. How has the concept and practice of diversity been manifested during the country’s more than 400-year history? Moderator: Barbara Hamm Lee, executive producer and host, Another View, 89.5 WHRV-FM/WHRO Public Media Speakers: Dr. Joanne M. Braxton, professor of humanities, Africana studies, and English at William & Mary; founder, William & Mary

Middle Passage Project NORFOLK, VIRGINIA SEPTEMBER 25-28, 2019 Justin E. Fairfax, lieutenant governor of Virginia Dr. Michael Gomez, professor of history and Middle Eastern and Islamic studies at New York University, and the director of NYU’s Center for the Study of Africa and the African Diaspora

Christina M. Rasberry, student, Norfolk State University AMERICAN EVOLUTION2019.COM Ric Murphy, national vice president for history, Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society

Steering Committee Report 117 Breakout Discussions • Reimagining Representations of People • America’s Narrative Reframed of Color Moderator: Dr. William E. White, visiting Moderator: Dr. Khadijah O. Miller, distinguished scholar, Center for chair, Department of History and American Studies, Christopher Interdisciplinary Studies, Norfolk Newport University State University • America’s Future: Citizenship and the • Finding America’s Roots Law in America Moderator: Dr. Drew Lopenzina, Moderator: Dr. William Alexander, professor professor of early and Native American of European and African Diaspora literature, Old Dominion University history, Norfolk State University

“Through our history comes our Moderated Speaker Interview strength. It makes us who we are. Moderator: Juan Williams, journalist, author, and political analyst Those struggles have allowed us Speakers: Dr. Edward Ayers, professor of the humanities and president emeritus, University of Richmond to sit at the table, and it matters Mia Love, former U. S. representative for the because I do not believe if it 4th Congressional District of Utah weren’t for black Americans in history, if it weren’t for my parents, and the struggles that America’s Narrative Reframed they have gone through, there How to fully integrate information and relevance of color into the national was no way I would be sitting narrative is an ongoing conversation for our country. With rapidly increasing here as the first and only black communication, travel, and options for connection, do opportunity and female Republican ever elected inclusion exist for all Americans? This conversation explored how the information taught in schools and colleges influences the perspectives of in Congress. I think we have America’s cultural heritage as shaped by Native, European, African, and a long way to go, but that history Hispanic cultures. Acclaimed writer Ralph Ellison emphasized the importance matters and what we do today of integrating black history into our national narrative by asserting, “Without will matter tomorrow.” the black American, something irrepressibly hopeful and creative would go out of the American spirit.” Mia Love Moderator: Juan Williams, journalist, author, and political analyst Speakers: Lynette L. Allston, chief of the Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia Dr. Edward Ayers, professor of the humanities and president emeritus, University of Richmond Dr. Rex Ellis, associate director emeritus of cultural affairs, National Museum of African American History and Culture at the Smithsonian Institution Mia Love, former U. S. representative for the 4th Congressional District of Utah

118 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution America’s Future: Citizenship and the Law in America “The thing about history is we Beginning with the House of Burgesses that first met at Jamestown should learn from it. We don’t during 1619, we are a country that has deeply internalized and formulated a democracy and an imagined order that relies on the “rule of law.” This want to repeat it. And we have conversation explored and illuminated Virginia’s political, economic, and to heal from it because we’re social history as it relates to the foundations of America and the challenges suffering; all of us are suffering that our shared history has faced throughout the centuries. What has the from historical trauma.” ideal of “equal justice under the law” taught us through history, and what does it mean today? Lynette L. Allston Moderator: Juan Williams, journalist, author, and political analyst Speakers: Dr. Martha S. Jones, Society of Black Alumni presidential professor and professor of history, The Johns Hopkins University Ayevi Price, student, Norfolk State University “This has been a terrific moment Robert L. Woodson, Sr., founder and president, to consider American history, The Woodson Center and the principles that were put in place back in 1619, and the Transcripts and video footage from this event are available on the American Evolution (americanevolution2019.com) website. evolution of how we think about us, ourselves, our people, America.”

Edward L. Ayers, Lynette L. Allston and Rex M. Ellis participated in the “America’s Juan Williams Narrative Reframed” roundtable discussion.

Steering Committee Report 119 WOMEN’S ACHIEVE SUMMIT Mark R. Warner. To maximize visibility and The Women’s Achieve participation, the Commemoration chose Summit was conceived as an Richmond on October 15, 2019, as the Summit event to recognize 400 years venue so as to align with the October 14 of women’s impact on the dedication ceremony for the “Virginia Women’s Commonwealth and the Monument in Capitol Square.” nation. In its early planning, The Summit format featured a “hostess,” a the Commemoration’s Impact variety show format, and a “house band” to keep of Women Committee chaired energy high throughout the event. Queen Latifah, by former Virginia Senator renowned actress and musical performer, was Mary Margaret Whipple booked in early 2018, creating significant and supported by Executive enthusiasm for the event. The theme of the Committee member conference was “Well-behaved women seldom Jeanne F. Zeidler envisioned an event for make history,” and the house band, named women of all ages with the goal of inspiring The Miss-Behavers, was formed with five future generations. Planners forged a partnership female musicians from across Virginia. with the Virginia Women’s Conference, an annual The event began on October 14 with an business conference organized by U. S. Senator opening reception. Ms. Zeidler hosted the

Queen Latifah hosted the "Women’s Achieve Summit" on October 15, 2019 in Richmond, Virginia. The event drew over 1,400 attendees from around the nation.

120 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution reception on behalf of the Commemoration, and “Speed Dating” session with Queen Latifah, the Julie Kirkendall Cox, wife of Speaker M. Kirkland Senator explained the impetus for the women’s Cox of the House of Delegates, brought greetings conference: “As a former governor and as a former to the assembled audience. business guy, I realized that we don’t take Queen Latifah kicked off the Women’s Achieve advantage of all of our assets. I think one of Summit on October 15 with inspiring words of our greatest assets is the potential and power women empowerment. “All year, Virginia has of women, who need to be more part of the been telling authentic stories of 400 years of economy, who need to have their representation democracy, diversity, and opportunity in in business and in politics.” America,” she said. “Women have not always Keynote speaker Mika Brzezinski, author and been invited to participate in that democracy. co-host of MSNBC’s Morning Joe program, shared Oh, but we are in it now, and we are here to advice on knowing your value: “Know it. Grow it. celebrate that today. We are actresses; we are Share it. And play the long game.” On knowing ; we are journalists, business owners, your brand, Ms. Brzezinski said, “Before tomorrow soldiers, educators; but what we all have in is over, be able to say what your value is and what common is we are women and we are committed you bring to the table in 20 seconds or less. You to a better future for our communities, Virginia, have to know what it is you bring to the table, and, of course, the world.” what you’re excited about, what you’re passionate With a capacity crowd of 1,400 on hand at about, and practice putting it into words.” the Greater Richmond Convention Center, Other speakers during the day-long Summit participants heard panel discussions, interviews, included: Virginia’s First Lady, Pamela Northam; and keynote remarks from notable female former First Lady of Virginia Susan Allen; business leaders, politicians, activists, and Wendy B. Lawrence, former NASA and major public figures as well as story-slam style U. S. Navy captain; Sergeant , commentaries from select Virginia women. member, Bronze Star and In the first-ever “Well-behaved women seldom recipient; Chief G. Anne Richardson make history” story slam, Tee Marie Hanible, Carrianne Polo, Pam M. Mines, and Lisa Renshaw—shared compelling stories about history-making, rule-breaking moments in their lives. Summit attendees also had ample time to network, engage with other participants and listen to the Miss-Behavers. U. S. Senator Mark R. Warner joined the Summit as its honorary co-host. During a

The house band, the Miss-Behavers – Suzi Fischer, Lisa Lim, Erin Lunsford, Elise Underwood, and Sarah Williams – featured female musicians from across Virginia. Formed for the “Women’s Achieve Summit,” they made a second appearance at the 2019 Commemoration finale event on December 4, 2019.

Steering Committee Report 121 of the Rappahannock Indian Tribe; and Nancy American Evolution programs for social media Redd, Miss Virginia 2003 and best-selling author. reach, with more than 22 million participating Though it did not mark a specific anniversary thanks to online access and social posts from date like the commemorative events for the first event speakers like Queen Latifah. The Summit legislative assembly and the arrival of the first also generated more than 300 media placements Africans, the Women’s Achieve Summit joined that resulted in 184 million impressions, including those two events in reaching very large audiences a front-page story the following day in the through social and traditional media. In fact, the Richmond Times-Dispatch. Women’s Achieve Summit topped all other

SESSION DESCRIPTIONS “Government functions better, candidly, when we have more women elected. Coffee Talk with Wendy B. Lawrence, former NASA Astronaut and retired U. S. Navy Captain And the reason has nothing to do with whether you’re a Democrat or Republican. It has to do with the fact Mapping the Future of Education that women are used to getting stuff Moderator: Queen Latifah done. Too many women don’t have Speakers: Dr. Irma Becerra, president, Marymount University the luxury of spending their whole Dr. Deborah Jewell-Sherman, professor of practice, time arguing and never getting to yes.” Harvard Graduate School of Education; superintendent, Richmond Public Schools (2002-2008) Mark R. Warner

Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Women Trailblazers “I think you can have it all. You just can’t Moderator: Queen Latifah Speakers: Sgt. Monica Beltran, Virginia National Guard; Bronze Star have it all at the same time. So some and Purple Heart recipient days you’re going to be a stellar mom Connie Nyholm, chief executive officer, Virginia and a so-so whatever it is that you do. International Raceway And then other days you’re going to G. Anne Richardson, chief, Rappahannock Indian prioritize whatever that is that you do Tribe of Virginia and you’ll get help to do what you need Rynthia Rost, vice president of public affairs, GEICO to as a mom. And the other thing is you have to work hard on not making ... Coffee Talk with Eboni K. Williams, attorney, best-selling author allowing your children to make you and television personality feel guilty.”

Deborah Jewell-Sherman Top: Queen Latifah interviewed (L to R): Monica Beltran, Rynthia Rost, and G. Anne Richardson. Bottom: The audience utilized the event app to interact with speakers.

122 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution “It is so very important when women are in “I love the duality of what leadership because we’re having to break down womanhood can look like and the doors and fight to get to where we want to that we make space for each go and we’ve got to teach the next generation other’s experience. We make to do the same because they have to exceed space for one another’s truth.” what we’ve done in this generation.” Eboni K. Williams G. Anne Richardson

Steering Committee Report 123

Women, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship “And I decided that I wanted to help Moderator: Queen Latifah women understand from the inside Speakers: Jay Ell C. Alexander, chief executive officer, out that this is all a scam. Beauty The Vaughn Strategy and Black Girls RUN! comes from within. Confidence comes Shannon Siriano, founder, Rebelle Con and the Rebelle Community from within and has nothing to do with your scale size or what a picture

in a magazine tells you.” Stepping into Public Life and Beyond: Nancy Redd A Conversation with Virginia’s First Ladies Pamela Northam, First Lady of Virginia Susan Allen, former First Lady of Virginia (1994-1998)

Coffee Talk with Nancy Redd, journalist, entrepreneur and former Miss Virginia

Knowing Your Worth: A Keynote Presentation

Mika Brzezinski, journalist, talk show host, political commentator, author; co-host of MNSBC’s Morning Joe

Transcripts and video footage from this event are available on the American Evolution (americanevolution2019.com) website.

124 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution DANCE THEATRE OF HARLEM The world-renowned Dance Theatre of Harlem, an American professional ballet company and school based in Harlem, New York, premiered their newest ballet, Passage, commissioned by American Evolution and the Virginia Arts Festival. The world premiere was held on May 3, 2019, at Chrysler Hall in Norfolk with presenting sponsors Sentara Healthcare, Optima Health, and the Richard S. Reynolds Foundation. Additional performances of Passage were held at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C., on May 29, 2019, with presenting sponsor Inova Health System, and at Virginia Tech’s Moss Arts Center in Blacksburg on September 13, 2019, with presenting sponsor Virginia Tech/ Carilion Partnership. The Commemoration themes of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity were reflected in the new creative work, which called to mind hardships and perseverance during the 400 years since 1619 Virginia and celebrated, in abstract, the resilience and determination of the human spirit. An all-female creative team brought the performance to life through the collaboration of choreographer Claudia Schreier, composer Jessie Montgomery, and artistic director Virginia Johnson. As a legacy of the Commemoration, Passage is now part Left page, left: (L to R): Queen Latifah, of the Dance Theatre Jay Ell C. Alexander and Shannon Siriano. of Harlem’s repertoire Left page, right: Keynote speaker Mika with more than 20 Brzezinski spoke on “Knowing Your Worth.” Top: Dance Theatre of Harlem’s performances of Passage premiered at Chrysler Hall Passage scheduled in Norfolk, Virginia on May 3, 2019. across the United Bottom: Jessie Montgomery (L) and States during 2020. Claudia Schreier spoke at the premiere.

Steering Committee Report 125 VIRGINIA INTERNATIONAL TATTOO “From the birth of the nation, serving Thousands gathered for the 23rd annual as nurses on the battlefields of the Virginia International Tattoo, held April 25-28, Revolutionary War, to current conflicts, 2019, at the Scope Arena in Norfolk. Produced serving in critical combat roles, by the Virginia Arts Festival with presenting women have strengthened the sponsor Smithfield Foods, “Courage and nation with a never-ending supply Commitment: A Salute to Women in the of courage and commitment.” Military,” honored women in the military and service women around the world. Virginia Arts Festival The Virginia International Tattoo is the largest in the United States, drawing an annual audience of over 40,000 people. Each year’s tattoo brings a new theme and new performers, offering an Master Chief Janice Ayers AVCM (AW/SW), USN Ret., first female fighter squadron Maintenance astounding display of inspirational military music, Master Chief and first female Command Master Chief majestic massed bands, pipes and drums, of a US Navy Ship (USS Shenandoah). show-stopping drill team maneuvers, colorful and Major General Donna Barbisch, USA Ret., elegant dancers, a spectacular massed chorus, first Army Reserve nurse to achieve the rank of and much more. The April 2019 event reached Major General. an audience of more than 42,000. Colonel Margarethe Cammermeyer, RN, PhD, The 2019 performances commemorated the USA Ret., challenged Army ban on homosexuals extraordinary courage and commitment of the serving in the military and won, resulting in a major women who serve in uniform today and the step forward in equality for the LGBTQ community in women whose service blazed the trail before the Armed Forces. them, providing the first such recognition Colonel Jane Carson, RN, USA Nurse Corps, of its kind. The remarkable military women Vietnam Veteran, first Active Duty Chief Nurse of recognized for their service included: the Army National Guard.

126 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Captain Deborah Doane Dempsey, USMM Dr. Condoleezza Rice, first female national security Ret.,first woman to graduate from a US maritime or advisor and former secretary of state. military academy and the first American woman to General Lori Robinson, USAF Ret., first female be licensed as a master mariner. instructor at the USAF Fighter Weapons School, the Major General Jeanette Edmunds, USA Ret., first and only female officer in the history of the U. S. first female general officer to hold command on the Armed Forces to command a major Unified Combatant Korean peninsula. Chairwoman, Women in the Command. Military Service For America Memorial Foundation. Ms. Denise Rohan, USA Veteran, first female Captain Diane Carlson Evans, RN, USA Nurse elected national commander of The . Corps, Vietnam Veteran, founder of the Vietnam Commander Elizabeth Belzer Rowe, USN Women’s Memorial. Ret., first female graduate of the U. S. Naval Academy. Captain Lauran Glover, USA, first female SK2 Ruth Rowland, USN Veteran, World War II commander of the U. S. Army Drill Team, 4th era member of the U. S. Navy Waves and longtime Battalion, 3d Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard). Williamsburg, Virginia, resident. Captain Dawn Halfaker, USA War Sergeant Miriam Guilfoyle Triscritti, USMC Veteran, seriously injured during combat, recipient Reserves, era veteran and longtime of the Purple Heart and Bronze Star for Valor. Virginia Beach, Virginia, resident. Congresswoman Elaine Luria, 2nd District of Fleet Master Chief Susan Whitman, USN Ret., Virginia, Commander, USN Ret., first female Pacific Fleet’s first female Fleet Master Chief. sailor to spend entire career on combat ships, commanded Assault Craft Unit TWO. Lieutenant General Frances Wilson, USMC, Ret., former president of the National Defense Captain Susan Orsini, U. S. Merchant Marine, University and chair of the Department of Defense the only woman currently sailing as Master with the Advisory Committee which was instrumental in Military Sealift Command and the first woman to be the decision to open all combat positions to women. in command of an MSC new construction. Ensign Matice Wright, USN Veteran, first Rear Admiral Ann Phillips, USN, Ret., first female African American naval flight officer, and female commissioned officer of a ship (USS Mustin), former White House fellow. first woman to command a Destroyer Squadron (DESRON 28) and first woman to serve as Director Surface Warfare Division.

Left page: The 2019 “Virginia International Tattoo,” produced by the Virginia Arts Festival, honored “Women in the Military.” Right page, left: Prior to the "Tattoo," participants gathered on the plaza at the Scope Arena for the “Hullabaloo” street fair. Right page, right: Over 1,000 performers from around the world participated during the four-day event.

Steering Committee Report 127 The two-hour program included 1,000 POCAHONTAS REFRAMED “STORYTELLERS” performers from eight nations, Australia, Canada, FILM FESTIVAL France, Jordan, Romania, Switzerland, the United The “Pocahontas Reframed ‘Storytellers’ Film Kingdom and the United States, musicians Festival” was created to honor the contributions of representing all five branches of the armed Native Americans and share stories of indigenous services, American military bands with female cultures to a wider audience through film. The singers and musicians, historic photos and inspiration for the Festival came from a chance videos, and special appearances by meeting in 2016 between Bradby Brown, assistant groundbreaking women. The program also chief of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe, and Dr. featured local performers such as the Virginia Peter Kirkpatrick, co-director of Richmond’s Symphony Orchestra, Colonial Williamsburg French Film Festival. The next year, following Fifes and Drums, and Norfolk Public Schools a recommendation by Virginia Film Office director All-City High School Chorus. The centerpiece Andy Edmunds, the 2019 Commemoration was a moving commentary narrated by former approved a three-year funding commitment to U. S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice that establish the “Pocahontas Reframed ‘Storytellers’ showcased women veterans who served in Film Festival” as an American Evolution legacy conflict from Korea to the Middle East, and project. The Festival has been held annually active-duty military currently serving around during the weekend before Thanksgiving at the world.

Left: First Lady Pamela Northam opened the 2nd Annual “Pocahontas Reframed ‘Storytellers’ Film Festival” in November 2018. Middle: The marquee at the Byrd Theater in Richmond. Right: The 3rd Annual "Festival” included more than 20 films and incorporated special events with the University of Richmond, The Virginia Museum of History & Culture, and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. Image courtesy of the Pocahontas Reframed Storytellers Film Festival.

128 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Richmond’s Byrd Theater and has grown into the largest Native American film festival on the East Coast. Since its inception, the Pocahontas Reframed ‘Storytellers’ Film Festival has screened more than 60 films and hosted more than 25 producers, directors, writers, and actors in Virginia. The Festival has formed strategic partnerships with Virginia Commonwealth University, the University of Richmond, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Virginia Museum of History & Culture, the Virginia Film Office, the French Film Festival, and Richmond’s Byrd Theatre. In an op-ed published in the Richmond Times-Dispatch in November 2019, Festival Director Bradby Brown wrote, “The ‘Pocahontas Reframed Storytellers Film Festival’ aims to took place March 19-21, 2019, explored the faith foster a greater awareness of, and exposure to, journeys of Africans and African Americans indigenous languages, cultures, and societies over 400 years, beginning in 1619 when the through films that share Native American first Africans were brought to the Virginia perspectives. This unique festival connects artists colony by force. Reverend Jonathan Barton, associated with each film to festival attendees, in former general minister for the Virginia Council order to share, teach, and explain their creativity of Churches, Dr. Lauranett Lee, visiting lecturer and history. It shares previously untold Native for Leadership Studies at the University of American narratives and insights and directly Richmond, and Dr. Corey D. B. Walker, author counters mainstream filmmakers’ use of and visiting professor of arts and sciences at demeaning stereotypes when incorporating the University of Richmond, led the planning Native characters or storylines.” efforts for the program. The conference offered a distinctive way FAITH JOURNEYS IN THE BLACK of thinking about Virginia history. Renowned EXPERIENCE: 1619-2019 theological scholars and historians from across Exploring the impact of 400 years of the United States presented papers followed religious history among African Americans, by conversations with the audience around the Commemoration partnered with the Virginia each subject. Presenters included Dr. William H. Council of Churches and Samuel DeWitt Proctor Brackney, professor of Baptist theology and School of Theology at Virginia Union University to ethics, Carey Theological College in Vancouver, present “Faith Journeys in the Black Experience: British Columbia; Reverend Ben Campbell, 1619 – 2019.” The scholarly conference, which pastoral associate, St. Paul’s Episcopal Church in

(L to R): David Bearinger; Nathan M. Richardson as ; and Tatev Terteryan at the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia.

Steering Committee Report 129 Richmond, Virginia; Dr. Sabrina E. Dent, director Journey Baptist Church in Richmond, and a panel of admissions and recruitment at the Religious discussion on race and reconciliation led by Freedom Center of the Freedom Forum Institute, Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Sr., of the Chickahominy Washington, D.C.; Dr. Lenneal J. Henderson, Indian Tribe, Virginia Secretary of the adjunct professor of government at William & Commonwealth Mercer, Mary; Robert J. Miller, professor of law at Senator Jennifer L. McClellan, and former Arizona State University; Dr. Yolanda Pierce, a Delegate G. Glenn Oder, executive director professor and dean of School of the Fort Monroe Authority. of Divinity; Dr. Dianne M. Stewart, associate professor of religion and African American studies at Emory University; and Jonathan K. Stubbs, professor of law at the University of Richmond. The event began with an opening reception in Richmond at the Black History Museum and Cultural Center of Virginia attended by representatives of Virginia Union University, members of the Commemoration’s Steering Committee, and other guests. The conference also featured a public education component, a concert performed by the youth choir from Pilgrim

Top: Speakers joined conference planners, 2019 Commemoration staff and attendees for a commemorative photo. Bottom: (L to R): Chrystal Greenerl, Corey D. B. Walker, Ann Elizabeth Campbell, Ben Campbell, Jonathan K. Stubbs, and Lauranett L. Lee.

130 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE African American studies at Emory University, WORLDWIDE AFRICAN DIASPORA and journalist Ta-Nehisi P. Coates. 10TH BIENNIAL CONFERENCE American Evolution partnered with the The 10th Biennial Conference of the Association Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation to host a special for the Study of the Worldwide African Diaspora evening reception for ASWAD delegates and the (ASWAD) drew 1,000 scholars, artists, and activists Foundation’s Board of Trustees at Jamestown from around the world to Williamsburg November Settlement on November 6, 2019. Reception 5-9, 2019. Co-hosted by the Middle Passage Project attendees heard remarks from distinguished in the Africana Studies Program at William & Mary, speakers, including Dr. Rex M. Ellis, associate the conference highlighted the global dimensions director emeritus of cultural affairs at the of the African Diaspora and its impacts in Africa, National Museum of African American History, North and South America, the Caribbean, the and Dr. Robert Trent Vinson, incoming president Middle East, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific. A of ASWAD and professor of history and Africana Commemoration Signature Event, the conference studies at William & Mary. The evening featured included presentations of new scholarship, cultural a candlelit remembrance walk presented by The events, remembrance ceremonies, and excursions Sankofa Project, music by Crystal Sessoms and to historic sites and museums in Hampton Roads the Sable Lick’ore band, and a demonstration and Richmond. by Capoeira Resistencia displaying traditional Virginia was chosen as the site for the martial art techniques of Brazil. Attendees also 10th biennial conference to recognize the 400th toured the newly refreshed galleries at Jamestown anniversary of the August 1619 arrival of the first Settlement and the special exhibition “TENACITY: Africans at what is now Fort Monroe in Hampton. Women in Jamestown and Early Virginia.” The conference theme was “Remembrance, Renaissance, Revolution: The Meaning of Freedom in the African World Over Time and Space.” Conference planners organized ASWAD 2019 as an exchange of ideas, political discourse, and artistic expression. Virginia historians and community members joined international scholars representing more than 30 countries, many of whom presented papers on a range of topics dealing with Africa and the Diaspora. The keynote presentations featured two accomplished authors—Dr. Carol Anderson, professor of

Members of The Sankofa Project played drums in the Rotunda at Jamestown Settlement during the ASWAD conference.

Steering Committee Report 131 Opportunity

AMERICAN EVOLUTION INNOVATORS CUP Foundation partnered with the Commemoration Virginia’s history as a place of innovation and to present two competitions. The first, identified entrepreneurship since 1619 was the inspiration as the “Social Impact Challenge,” called upon students to reimagine high school for the for the American Evolution Innovators Cup, a competition held during the popular Tom Tom future. The second of the competitions, labeled Summit and Festival in Charlottesville April 11-13, the “Commonwealth Challenge,” engaged 2019. Steering Committee members Paul D. participants in developing and presenting Koonce, H. Benson Dendy III, James D. Duffey, concepts for commercializing inventions or Jr., Chief Stephen R. Adkins, Sr., Colin M. Hood, other output from research. In the semi-final and Kishore S. Thota played instrumental roles stage, 41 teams representing 17 colleges and in helping devise the concept and in providing universities and two high schools participated. valuable advice that contributed to its successful The top honors in each competition went to execution. separate teams comprised of Virginia Tech The competition challenged Virginia students: “Redshift Education, Inc.” was the postsecondary students to develop innovative grand prize winner of the Social Impact Challenge; solutions to address important issues facing “Rendyr” won the Commonwealth Challenge’s the Commonwealth and the nation. The Galant grand prize. With those top honors went $20,000 Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at in prize money and commemorative trophies the University of Virginia and the Tom Tom sponsored by the Virginia Lottery.

Left: Finalists and semi-finalists received trophies with an engraved image of the Virginia Company Steeple Cup. Right: The winning teams, Redshift Education, Inc. and Rendyr, with H. Benson Dendy III (left), and Kevin Hall (center), executive director of the Virginia Lottery.

132 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution VIRGINIA THANKSGIVING FESTIVAL Festival features a re-enactment of the first On December 4, 1619, at Berkeley Hundred English Thanksgiving, Chickahominy Indian on the James River, Captain John Woodlief and Tribal Dancers, Colonial Williamsburg Fifes his crew of 35 English settlers held a ceremony of and Drums, colonial period games, children’s Thanksgiving after their safe arrival to the New activities, storytelling, and other historical World. As instructed by the Berkeley Company, and cultural elements. Captain Woodlief prayed, “We ordaine that this During the three years leading to 2019, day of our ship’s arrival, at the place assigned for American Evolution partnered with the Virginia plantacon (meaning plantation), in the land of Thanksgiving Festival organization to support a Virginia, shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy variety of initiatives for the Festival, ranging from as a day of Thanksgiving to Almighty God.” marketing to new period costumes. In 2016, the Some 336 years later, in 1958, the annual Commemoration supported the development of celebration of Thanksgiving at Berkeley was a 30-minute documentary film showcasing the renewed when the Jamieson family, owners story of the first English Thanksgiving in the New of Berkeley Plantation, invited members of the World. Produced by Richmond-based Virginia Woodlief family to join them to commemorate the Public Media, the film premiered at the Virginia event. That was the beginning of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture. Thanksgiving Festival, now held annually on the For the 400th anniversary of the first official first Sunday of November under the sponsorship English Thanksgiving in North America, the of a volunteer-run nonprofit organization. The Virginia Thanksgiving Festival held on November

Volunteers annually reenact the first official English Thanksgiving during the festival.

Steering Committee Report 133 3, 2019, at Berkeley Plantation drew record- breaking attendance with more than 4,200 visitors from 35 states and the United Kingdom. With the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation’s re-created ship Godspeed anchored in the James River as a backdrop, the day’s festivities included a rich variety of Festival programs and activities and a special afternoon commemorative ceremony. Participating in the afternoon program were local “Thanks to the efforts of the 2019 radio personality Bill Bevins, who served as master Commemoration, American Evolution. of ceremonies, and speakers Malcolm E. Jamieson, the visibility of our organization has owner of Berkeley Plantation, H. Graham been raised considerably. This has Woodlief, president of the Virginia Thanksgiving been a valued partnership that will Festival and descendant of Captain Woodlief, and benefit us greatly in the years American Evolution Executive Director Kathy to come.” J. Spangler. A special guest, Charles Berkeley of Gloucestershire, England, also made remarks: H. Graham Woodlief “What an occasion this is today for me as a family member from Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire to be here on this 400th anniversary. It is fantastic to imagine how those first settlers must have seen Berkeley Hundred coming up the James River and settling here 400 years ago.” The program and the day’s activities concluded with a performance by the Chickahominy Indian Tribal Dancers, who invited the audience to join them in a traditional friendship dance.

SAMPLING THE CENTURIES: CELEBRATING VIRGINIA’S FOOD FIRSTS

An American Evolution culinary event, “Sampling the Centuries: Celebrating Virginia’s Food Firsts,” was organized by the Fire, Flour & restaurants across the Commonwealth. Each Fork Festival and held at the Virginia Museum of station, connected to one of the four centuries, Fine Arts on November 2, 2019. Nearly 500 guests featured a different chef preparing dishes that enjoyed a bountiful journey of food and beverages highlighted Virginia’s food history and well-known prepared from recipes spanning the four centuries products, such as apples, ham, and seafood. since 1619 and featuring 21 chefs from notable

Top: Members of the Chickahominy Indian Tribal Dancers demonstrated traditional dancing. Bottom: A highlight of the event is the friendship dance with participation by the Chickahominy Indian Tribal Dancers, reenactors, and attendees.

134 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Stations with products from award-winning VIRGINIA CUSTOMS, All across Virginia, enjoy

a variety of events, festivals, and special programs that Virginia wineries and cideries rounded out the CULTURES, AND draw on 400 years of Virginia’s unique history and culture. fare. Memorable historical dishes and specialty CUISINE FESTIVAL Enjoy an event in your area. products ranged from foods with heirloom grains To conclude the to the future of food from companies such as year-long statewide Babylon Micro-Farm in Charlottesville, which is commemorative program, creating the next generation of hydroponic home American Evolution appliances so that food can be grown anywhere. invited Virginians and AMERICAN EVOLUTION PREMIER EVENTS November 2, 2019 November 9, 2019 Attendees came from ten states and as far away visitors to experience SAMPLING THE CENTURIES: VIRGINIA’S FOOD FIRSTS SALUTE TO THE MILITARY Virginia Museum of Fine Arts | Richmond, VA AND DEMOCRACY as Arizona and New Hampshire. Sandler Center | Virginia Beach, VA the “Virginia Customs, November 3, 2019 November 21 – 24, 2019 VIRGINIA THANKSGIVING FESTIVAL A companion VIP experience, “Dining as Berkeley Plantation | Charles City County, VA POCAHONTAS REFRAMED Cultures, and Cuisine FILM FESTIVAL November 5 – 9, 2019 Byrd Theater | Richmond, VA Living Theater,” featured renowned Virginia chef 10TH BIENNIAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE November 1 – 30, 2019 Festival” presented STUDY OF THE WORLDWIDE AFRICAN DIASPORA (ASWAD) CONFERENCE SHARE THE SPIRIT OF Patrick O’Connell, a 2019 James Beard Lifetime William & Mary | Williamsburg, VA THANKSGIVING by TowneBank. Spanning HUNGER RELIEF CAMPAIGN Achievement Award recipient, National Medal Statewide a month and including For more information on the month-long festival or to find an event in your area, visit of Humanities recipient, and owner of the Inn at AMERICANEVOLUTION2019.COM more than 40 separate FOLLOW US ON SOCIAL MEDIA @Commemorate2019 Little Washington. Held at the Virginia Museum events, the Festival of History & Culture, the event included a drew more than 31,000 facilitated conversation with Chef O’Connell participants, far and Garden & Gun magazine executive managing exceeding planners’ goals. Assisted by the editor Phillip Rhodes along with film clips and Virginia Tourism Corporation, American audience questions. Both the “Dining as Living Evolution awarded “2019 Commemoration Theater” program and its companion “Sampling Finale Grants” to 19 organizations that took the the Centuries” event were early parts of the lead in producing diverse programs during Commemoration’s month-long “Virginia Customs, November that highlighted the best of Virginia Cultures, and Cuisine Festival.” customs, culture, and cuisine.

Top: In partnership with strategic partners, the Virginia Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine Festival featured programs that highlighted the best of Virginia. Left: During “Dining as Living Theater,” Phillip Rhodes (left) interviewed Patrick O’Connell. Right: Attendees of “Sampling the Centuries” enjoyed tastings prepared by Virginia chefs. Photos courtesy of the Fire, Flour and Fork Festival.

Steering Committee Report 135 Alleghany Highlands Chamber of Commerce and Tourism – Multiple Events in November Programs included “Lift Every Voice,” a concert by the American Spiritual Ensemble (Curfman Hall, Covington, November 10), “A Cultural Tasting Experience led by Chef Liz Jordan” featuring regional African American cuisine (Historic Masonic Theater, Clifton Forge, November 16), and “A Journey Home Historical Expo and Movie Showing” that included a showing of the movie and presentations by local historical societies (Historic Masonic Theater, Clifton Forge, November 23).

Ashland Main Street Association – Ashland Train Day, November 2 Attracting 10,000 attendees, the annual street festival in Ashland celebrated Virginia’s railroad culture and history and featured live music, storytellers, model trains, children’s activities, and train rides.

Averett University, Center for Community Engagement and Career Competitiveness – Dan River Region Soul Food Festival, Danville, November 16 Cooks from African American and African churches and other community organizations in the Dan River region gathered for a soul food challenge. The event included exhibits on Danville’s history with performances by Averett University theater students. A free community meal was provided for more than 700 people, with the event designed to foster peace and goodwill toward one’s neighbors while learning about diversity and inclusion.

The booklet for the Virginia Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine Festival promoted November 2019 events and programs as well as historic sites included in the Virginia History Trail mobile app.

136 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribal Effingham Manor and Winery – Heritage Foundation – Cheroenhaka School Virginia’s Historical Wine and Food Festival, Day, Bonfire, and Corn Harvest Powwow, Nokesville, November 1-3 Courtland, November 1-3 Attendees sampled wines from 16 Virginia Students, teachers, and the general public wineries and enjoyed oysters and fare from local attended this three-day event to experience the farms and businesses. Live music rounded out customs (language, crafts, and skills), culture the family-friendly event. (drumming, native singing, and dancing), and Native cuisine of the Cheroenhaka Indian Tribe Fredericksburg Area Museum – Evening during an intertribal and community powwow. with an Expert: Farming While Black, Fredericksburg, November 21 CultureFix – "Wonderful Williamsburg Part of an ongoing series of “Evening with an Weekend," Williamsburg, November 8-10 Expert” lectures, Leah Penniman, author, farmer, Held over two days at multiple locations, food justice activist, and co-founder of Soul Fire attendees experienced “Chowderfest,” with live Farm, spoke about African and African American music and chowder from popular Williamsburg agricultural contributions to today’s organic restaurants, “Noktoberfest,” with German fare farming and current inequities in America’s food and specially brewed beer, and the “2nd Sundays system. The presentation ended with audience Art & Music Festival.” The event attracted questions and a signing of her book, Farming attendees from 16 states and across the While Black. Commonwealth.

Left: 2nd Sundays Art & Music Festival, part of the "Wonderful Williamsburg Weekend" event by CultureFix, brought vendors and guests from across 16 states. Right: Noktoberfest, an authentic Octoberfest event with German fare, beer from local breweries, and fun festivities for all. Photos courtesy of Wendy C. Miller and Jill M. Ryan.

Steering Committee Report 137 GreenSpring Foundation – GreenSpring farmers, a distillery and brewery, and local artisans. Presents “The History of Music in Virginia” Guests came from seven states as well as India, Concert, Richmond, November 10 Germany, and Italy. Organizers plan to repeat the This live performance featured music by event as a legacy of the 2019 Commemoration. the Virginia Choristers, American Youth Harp Ensemble, and GreenSpring Chamber Music and Menokin Foundation – Menokin Illuminated, provided historical context for uniquely Virginian , November 30 music from the 1600s through the present day. Celebrating Thanksgiving on the Northern The concert exceeded the expectations of Neck, this outdoor dinner featured classic organizers, attracting a diverse audience from Northern Neck cuisine from local restaurants. Virginia as well as Maryland, , Guests dined along long tables under the lights West Virginia, , and Pennsylvania. on the grounds of historic Menokin plantation, once the home of Francis Lightfoot Lee, a signer Henricus Historical Park of the Declaration of Independence. The dinner – Friendship, Trade, and generated canned goods and cash donations for Feast Weekend, Chester, the community food bank. After dinner, guests November 30 joined other residents of the community for an Participants at this illuminated tour of Menokin. annual event at the historic colonial settlement Petersburg Area Regional Tourism – Henricus experienced Oysters, Barbecue… Battersea, Petersburg, 17th-century English and November 2 native cuisine and learned Guests enjoyed Virginia’s custom of gracious about relations between hospitality while sampling fresh roasted oysters, early English colonists and craft beer, and Virginia wine during a barbecue the Indians. buffet held on the lawn of the historic Battersea plantation. The event featured tours of the Magnolias at the Mill – 251-year-old neo-Palladian house, historic Celebrating History with English cars, and live bluegrass music. the Winter Ice Garden Gala, Winchester, November 30 Petersburg Preservation Task Force – Petersburg’s Effect on the American Held at 300-year-old Evolution of Democracy, weekends West Oaks Farm, this new in November event featured 15 chefs A series of walking tours throughout joining in a celebration Petersburg provided visitors opportunities of to learn about the contributions of African agricultural history that Americans to the city’s and Virginia’s history. brought together local

“A Night of Fire and Ice,” at the 300-year-old West Oaks Farm near Leesburg, Virginia, featured 15 chefs, local farmers, a distillery, a brewery, and local artisans. Photos courtesy of Magnolias at the Mill.

138 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Radford Visitor’s Center – New River Reedville Fishermen’s Museum – Reedville Trail Days: A Festival of Traditions, Fishermen’s Museum’s Oyster Roast: 400 Faces, and Tavern Fare, Pulaski County, Years of Tradition, Reedville, November 9 November 22-24 Known as the “Best Oyster Roast on the Multiple events produced by Pulaski County’s Northern Neck,” the 30th anniversary of this American Evolution 2019 Committee, the city annual event celebrating the unique culture of of Radford, and the Wilderness Road Regional the Chesapeake Bay offered oysters, clams, and Museum Dublin included three theater a variety of other festival foods and beverages. performances highlighting the rich history of “History tidbits” during the event gave attendees the New River Valley. The Wilderness Road interesting information about the area’s Native Museum’s Harvest Dinner featured the themes population and the area’s first settlers. of the first Thanksgiving in 1619 and tavern fare found in the early 19th century. Three Rivers Trail – RESILIENCE: Three Rivers Cultural Festival, Shacklefords, Red Hill, the Patrick Henry National November 9 Memorial – Bluegrass, Barbecue, & This new event celebrated the diverse and Brew Festival, Brookneal, November 2 resilient communities along the Pamunkey, The one-day festival featured barbecue, Mattaponi, and York Rivers with food, music, Virginia craft beer and cider, and several storytelling, art, and hands-on archaeology. bluegrass and country bands highlighting Members of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe shared the culture and cuisine of information about their history and culture. as well as the life of Patrick Henry on the grounds of his last home and burial site.

Historic Battersea Plantation was the site of “Oysters, Barbecue… Battersea” in Petersburg, Virginia. Photos courtesy of Petersburg Area Regional Tourism.

Steering Committee Report 139 The Virginia Legends Walk Foundation – Wayne C. Henderson School of Appalachian 1619: When Destinies Collide at the Fort Arts – Celebrating the Guitar Along the Monroe Theater, Fort Monroe, Hampton, Crooked Road, Marion, November 22-24 November 22 A two-day series of concerts, workshops, Free performances of this original musical, demonstrations, and historical presentations which tells the heart-wrenching story of the first focusing on the history and musical culture of Africans to arrive at Port Comfort in 1619, were Southwest Virginia and the Appalachian region held at the Fort Monroe Theater. More than drew guitar enthusiasts to Marion from across 1,500 City of Hampton students attended the the country. Nationally renowned luthier performances and subsequently participated in Wayne C. Henderson joined the participants discussions and projects related to the show. A to teach, perform, and share experiences. panel discussion with the creators, actors, and a local historian followed the last performance.

Guitar legend Wayne C. Henderson taught special workshops during the “Guitar Summit 2019” in Marion, Virginia, a funded event of the 2019 Commemoration. Photo courtesy of the Wayne C. Henderson School of Appalachian Arts.

140 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution TAKE BACK THE SPIRIT OF THANKSGIVING Launched two years earlier at Virginia Tech, the “Take Back the Spirit of Thanksgiving” DONATE HERE campaign culminated during the Virginia Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine Festival. Corporate sponsors, grant recipients, food banks, and other partners collaborated on food drives and fundraising events that embraced the spirit of Thanksgiving by sharing with others in need. Through statewide promotional outreach, American Evolution boosted annual holiday food drives, including the efforts of the Federation of Virginia Food Banks, a nonprofit state association of food banks affiliated with Feeding America and Feed More in Central Virginia, Fredericksburg In honor of the 400th anniversary of the first English Thanksgiving, Regional Food Bank, Capital Area Food Bank, American Evolution is sharing the spirit of Thanksgiving and partnering Blue Ridge Area Food Bank, Feeding America with area food banks to ensure no Southwest Virginia, Foodbank of Southeastern Virginian goes hungry this November.

Virginia and the Eastern Shore, and the DONATE GIVE ONLINE Virginia Peninsula Foodbank. Many of the programs and events in the month-long or

Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine Festival Non-perishable Your dollar is items here worth 4 meals embraced the Thanksgiving theme and For more information, visit stressed the importance of gratitude, AmericanEvolution2019.com/event/ccc/ generosity, community, and service in their programming.

AMERICANEVOLUTION2019.COM FOLLOW US ON SOCIAL MEDIA @Commemorate2019

Steering Committee Report 141 Section 6 EXHIBITIONS

Left: “TENACITY: Women in Jamestown and Early Virginia” included rare objects borrowed from domestic and international lenders, many on view for the first time in the United States. Right: A 17th-century English Ducking Chair, used for punishment of “disorderly conduct,” was acquired for the exhibition and permanent collection. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. 142 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution TENACITY: WOMEN IN JAMESTOWN AND EARLY VIRGINIA “TENACITY: Women in Jamestown and Early Virginia,” a special exhibition by the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, ran from November 10, 2018, through January 5, 2020, at Jamestown Settlement. An American Evolution legacy project, TENACITY focused on little-known stories of Virginia Indian, English, and west central African women living in the Virginia colony and examined the impact of women on the forging of Jamestown and early colonial Virginia. Inspired by and designed to call attention to the 400th anniversary of the first significant recruitment of women for the Virginia colony in 1619, the special exhibition amassed contributions from more than 20 domestic and international lenders and brought together more than 60 17th-century artifacts and primary documents, many on view in the United States for the first time. Computer interactive displays invited the exploration of primary documents detailing conditions faced by women in the early Virginia colonial period. Several rare primary documents were included through signature loans. The 1621 “Ferrar Papers,” on loan from the Masters and Fellows of Magdalene College in Cambridge, England, listed names, ages, skills, and backgrounds of 56 women recruited as wives for Virginia settlers. An interactive display of the papers allowed visitors to gain insights about these women with the touch of a screen. Two musters from The National Archives, United Kingdom, listed the name of Angelo, the first documented African woman in Virginia. Court records, ship manifests, and other accounts were curated to reveal the elusive personal stories of women who personified the three distinct cultures present at Jamestown in 1619. Stories reflected themes such as marriage, childbirth, education, work, survival, servitude, laws, and punishment. Artifacts used and owned by 17th-century Virginia Indian, English, and west central African women helped bring these stories and themes to life while videos and computer interactives provided engagement for those with other learning styles. Creative storytelling helped reveal the lives of women from diverse social and ethnic backgrounds whose perspectives rarely, if ever, have been included in traditional exhibits. A legacy area featured stories of tenacious women throughout America’s history and invited visitors to add stories of their own. The TENACITY exhibition served as a platform for a yearlong series of women’s history-focused events that encouraged visitors to make connections between past and present. More than a dozen special lectures and programs over the course of the commemorative year cultivated deeper dialogue and enhanced knowledge of the lives, rights, and roles of women from the 17th century to modern day. The “After Angelo” event in February, for example, encouraged discussions on re-interpreting history through the eyes of black women and their role in building community today. The “Untamed: Women and the Law” symposium in September shared illustrative stories of tenacious women who had advanced women’s rights across the span of our nation’s history.

Steering Committee Report 143 TENACITY’s positive impact was evident in beauty, that exhibition…. It takes the little bitty many ways. Intercept interviews revealed that pieces, the nitty gritty of ordinary life and uses visitors left with an increased understanding of it as a window into a lost world.” American Virginia’s impact on American and world history, Presidential Historian and Pulitzer Prize-winning felt a personal connection to the exhibition, and author Doris Kearns Goodwin said, “It’s developed a desire to learn more about women’s spectacular. As a woman, to see what bravery roles in history. called the these women had to come here … and, as a exhibition “illuminating,” and The Washington historian, to bring back the stories of these Post called it “impressive.” Smithsonian.com women that have not often been told in history, named it a “must-see.” TENACITY garnered it is a great tribute to this place.” more than 79 million media impressions with The temporary exhibition also had a placements in diverse publications, including permanent impact at Jamestown Settlement, the San Francisco Chronicle, , as preparations for TENACITY required a New Zealand Herald, Early American Life, complete reconfiguration of the special exhibition Destinations, Budget Travel, Coastal Virginia gallery. Reorientation of the entrance improved Magazine, and Boomer Magazine. British public visitor flow through the gallery, and the removal historian Lucy Worsley, OBE, chief curator at of a number of built-in cases opened floor space Historic Royal Palaces, observed, “It’s a thing of for a new free-standing exhibition case. The

Left: “TENACITY: Women in Jamestown and Early Virginia” showcased untold stories and impact of women on the Virginia Colony. Right: The 1621 “Farrar Papers,” on view for the first time in the United States, listed information on the 56 women recruited as wives for Virginia settlers. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

144 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution investment in gallery renovation will provide “Determined” traced the experience of black a legacy of the Commemoration in design Americans from arrival in 1619 to the present flexibility for years to come. through profiles of 30 individuals and key historical events that shaped American history. More than DETERMINED: THE 400-YEAR STRUGGLE 100 evocative objects, including works of art, FOR BLACK EQUALITY signed copies of the Emancipation Proclamation American Evolution partnered with the and Thirteenth Amendment, and multimedia Virginia Museum of History & Culture to present interpretive content, enabled diverse audiences to the special exhibition, “Determined: The 400-Year engage with the exhibition. Visitors encountered Struggle for Black Equality,” from June 22, 2019 the personal stories of historical and contemporary to March 29, 2020. Commemorating the 400th figures such as James Armistead Lafayette, Mary anniversary of the arrival of the first enslaved S. Peake, Barbara Johns Powell, Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., Africans in English North America, the exhibition Governor L. Douglas Wilder, Missy Elliot, and explored the advances and setbacks, triumphs many others. The exhibition was arranged in and trials of African Americans through the chronological sections—the Colonial Period; the long fight for freedom, equality, and justice, American Revolution through the Civil War; and showed how these experiences profoundly Reconstruction through World War II; and the shaped the nature of American democracy and through today. The culture. The exhibition reflected the museum’s interactive Inspiration Wall allowed visitors to commitment to represent all Virginians and to enhance the exhibition by adding their own stories share diverse stories. and thoughts about inspiring figures and was

Left: “Determined: The 400-Year Struggle for Black Equality,” presented the 400-year history of black Americans. Right: The exhibition opened in conjunction with the official renaming ceremony for Arthur Ashe Boulevard. Photo courtesy of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture.

Steering Committee Report 145 replicated on the Virginia Museum of History & members of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Culture website. The exhibition also included Committee, including Dr. James Horn, president, a designated area for reflection, study, and Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation; Delegate conversation. Delores L. McQuinn; and Dr. Cassandra L. Virginia Museum of History & Culture Curator Newby-Alexander, dean, professor of history, of Exhibitions Karen Sherry developed the and director of the Joseph Jenkins Roberts “Determined: The 400-Year Struggle for Black Center for the Study of the African Diaspora, Equality” exhibition with support from the Norfolk State University. museum’s 1619 Advisory Committee consisting “The overwhelmingly positive response to of 13 scholars, museum professionals, and civic the exhibition we have received from visitors leaders who brought a diverse range of expertise and the community has helped to identify the on black American and Virginia history to the Virginia Museum of History & Culture as a source project. The Advisory Committee included for expertise on and resources related to black history in Virginia and America,” said Elaine McFadden, the museum’s director of Corporate and Foundation Relations. It has also led to a partnership with the Black History Museum & Cultural Center of Virginia to share collections and resources to connect more people to the full and unique story of Virginia. “Determined” opened on Saturday, June 22, 2019, in conjunction with the official dedication ceremony of Arthur Ashe Boulevard, which was held on the museum’s front lawn. The free, public dedication ceremony, co-hosted by the Virginia Museum of History & Culture, in partnership with the City of Richmond, Arthur Ashe Boulevard Initiative, and the Commonwealth of Virginia, included a ceremonial sign unveiling, comments from local and state elected officials, and remarks from renowned civil rights activist Congressman . Additional associated special programming during the exhibition’s run included special museum member tours and The Banner Lecture Series featuring noted scholars, including, among others, Ta-Nehisi Coates, journalist and

Visitors viewed evocative objects and learned the personal stories of individuals who helped shape African American history. Photos courtesy of the Virginia Museum of History & Culture.

146 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution

“2019 will be remembered as a turning point for the Virginia Museum of History & Culture—a year of growth and progress. Driven by the 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution, we emerge from this extensive partnership fundamentally changed, and for the better. We welcomed 75,000 people to experience the highly acclaimed exhibition, “Determined: The 400 Year Struggle for Black Equality,” and 2019 was the single busiest year in our institution’s nearly two centuries, with some 110,000 guests overall.”

Jamie O. Bosket

author; Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander; Margot immigration issues, refugee experiences, and Lee Shetterly, author of Hidden Figures; and Virginia’s increasing diversity. Gladys West, scientist. Videos of the lectures are A legacy project of the Commemoration, the available for viewing on the Virginia Museum of year-long exhibition located at the Library of History & Culture website. Virginia opened on December 10, 2018, and featured a series of video interviews with NEW VIRGINIANS: 1619–2019 & BEYOND first-generation immigrants and refugees who With current estimates placing the number of arrived in Virginia after 1976. The exhibition foreign-born Virginians at just under one million, included excerpts from personal conversations or about one in every eight people in the state, with immigrants and refugees from Africa, Asia, American Evolution planners concluded that a Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. description of Virginia’s history and culture over Many of the interviewees came to America the four centuries since 1619 would be enriched seeking new opportunities, while others were by calling attention to the immigrants who have refugees fleeing war and hardship. Some arrived shaped Virginia and the nation. The resulting with advanced degrees and were fluent in exhibition, “New Virginians: 1619–2019 & English; others came with no money, no formal Beyond,” produced jointly by the Library of education, and only a handful of personal Virginia and Virginia Humanities focused on belongings. Interviewees included medical the varied experiences of recent immigrants doctors, teachers, college professors, a world- in Virginia and fostered timely discussions of renowned artist, a computer engineer, two former

A traveling version of "New Virginians: 1619-2019 & Beyond" was on view at Virginia libraries beginning in the spring of 2019.

Steering Committee Report 147 Throughout the run of the exhibition, the Library held a series of public programs, including two naturalization ceremonies, genealogy workshops, a U. S. Census workshop, and speaker series. The organizers collaborated with Virginia Commonwealth University to host a film and discussion series, and partnered with Secretly Y’all, a Richmond storytelling group, to host an evening of stories about immigrants’ experiences told by members of the community. A version of the “New Virginians” exhibition traveled to ten Virginia libraries beginning in the spring of 2019. Visitors were able to view a selection of the interviews by choosing video clips from categories that included journeys, U. S. Marines, Virginia’s current secretary of opportunity, belonging, challenges, and their education, and a member of the Virginia House stories. Programming grants from Virginia of Delegates. The interviews dealt with personal Humanities were available for host venues. topics, such as why people chose to leave their As a Commemoration legacy project, the homes alone or with their families, challenges complete set of unedited interviews recorded and obstacles they faced or overcame, for “New Virginians” are available on the assimilation, language, culture, what it meant Virginia Humanities YouTube channel. Clips to be an American, and what living in Virginia of the interviews also provided content for the meant to them. Common themes were family, Library of Virginia’s Changemakers and Virginia service, opportunity, and faith. Humanities’ Global Virginia websites as a Prior to opening the exhibition, the Library permanent resource for teachers, students, of Virginia hosted the ninth annual Anne and journalists, scholars, and others seeking to Ryland Brown Teacher Institute on August 1-3, gain a more complete understanding of 2018, which brought teachers from across Virginia immigration to Virginia in the late 20th and to explore the implications of immigration and early 21st centuries. the experiences of immigrants as they come to Virginia, focusing on the themes of Democracy, COSMOLOGIES FROM THE TREE OF LIFE: Diversity, and Opportunity. Teachers discussed ART FROM THE AFRICAN AMERICAN SOUTH how to use primary sources to enhance student To artistically represent aspects of the learning in their classrooms, explored new African American experience and highlight digital resources, and learned about the lives the nation’s diversity and racial complexities of immigrant and refugee students and their in alignment with key commemorative themes, families featured in the exhibition. the Commemoration partnered with the Virginia

Presenting the personal stories of over 30 individuals, “New Virginians: 1619-2019 & Beyond” sought to foster a new understanding of the immigrant experience in Virginia. Photo courtesy of the Library of Virginia.

148 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Museum of Fine Arts for the special exhibition, American art. Many of the pieces were created “Cosmologies from the Tree of Life: Art from in the post-Civil War era through the Jim Crow the African American South.” An American period, while others were produced in the Evolution legacy project, the exhibition featured midst of the Civil Rights Movement. The works African American art that addressed profound celebrated the perseverance and resilience of subjects and persistent conditions rooted in African American artists through times of African legacies, including familial traditions segregation and oppression in life and in art. and communal ethos. Exceeding the museum’s The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts presented projections, more than 52,000 patrons visited other exhibitions during 2018 to 2019 that the exhibition during its June 8 to November were themed around diversity and showcased 17, 2019 display. A fully illustrated exhibition contributions of African and African American catalog introduced even more art enthusiasts artists. Two exhibitions featured works from to the exhibition’s important works. The Black Photographers Annual, a publication “Cosmologies” paid tribute to previously that highlighted work by a group of African marginalized “folk” or “self-taught” artists who American photographers in New York City are now included as significant contributors to between 1973 and 1980. Emerging from the American modernism. Its works were presented , which grew out of the in an impressive breadth of media, including Civil Rights Movement, each of the four annuals sculpture, quilting, painting, and on paper. The included the work of as many as 49 artists. exhibition provided an opportunity to view the “Howardena Pindell: What Remains to Be works individually and as a collection while Seen,” presented from August 25 to November considering their historical place and period in 25, 2018, featured early and recent paintings,

The “Cosmologies from the Tree of Life: Art from the African-American South” exhibition featured a collection of paintings, sculptures, installations, and drawings. Also featured were a selection of recently-acquired quilts made by the multigenerational group of quilt-making women in Gee’s Bend, . Photos courtesy of the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.

Steering Committee Report 149 video art, and works on paper that celebrated the transformed the laws, governance, and economics artist’s exploration of the intersection of art and of the early Virginia colony that it became known activism and her imprint on contemporary art to colonists, and eventually to history, as the from the 1960s to today. “Congo Masks: “Great Charter.” Pursuant to its mandate, Masterpieces from Central Africa” was open Governor George Yeardley convened the first from November 10, 2018, to February 24, 2019, representative legislative assembly in English and included more than 130 masks dating from North America at Jamestown during July 30 to the 17th through 20th centuries representing August 4, 1619. In addition to describing the various communities from across the culturally genesis of Virginia’s legislature, the “Great diverse Congolese region of central Africa. Charter” exhibition called attention to the impact of the first representative assembly in THE GREAT CHARTER AND THE GENERAL 1619 on the subsequent development of other ASSEMBLY: FOUNDING A LEGACY IN 1619 representative bodies, including the U.S. American Evolution collaborated with the Congress, state and local legislative assemblies, Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation to develop and representative bodies in other nations and present “The Great Charter and the General modeled on the American system. Assembly: Founding a Legacy in 1619” in the American Evolution created a portable Virginia State Capitol’s Visitor Center from version of the exhibit to broaden public January 25 to December 9, 2019. House of dissemination of its content. Interpretive Delegates Clerk G. Paul Nardo and the Capitol panels from the Capitol exhibition were adapted Square Preservation Council provided important to create eight pull-up panels for statewide assistance in securing the exhibition’s location, touring. The touring exhibition then went to which enabled visitors to Virginia’s current multiple venues across the Commonwealth seat of government to learn about the Virginia ranging from the Northern Neck (Historic Christ Company actions that set in motion the Church and Museum in Weems) to Southwest convening of the first General Assembly in 1619. Virginia (Wayne C. Henderson School of the The set of instructions issued by the Virginia Appalachia Arts in Marion). Company on November 18, 1618, so thoroughly

Top: “The Great Charter and the General Assembly: Founding a Legacy in 1619” exhibition was on view at the Virginia State Capitol Visitor Center throughout 2019. Bottom: Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest hosted the touring exhibition in the summer of 2019. Photo courtesy of Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest.

150 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Steering Committee Report 151 Section 7 ENGAGING THE ENTIRE COMMONWEALTH

Left: Students from Colvin Run Elementary School attended the launch of the 2019 Commemoration at the Virginia State Capitol in October 2018. Right: The 2019 Commemoration Schools initiative engaged students, educators, and staff in more than 1,450 schools across Virginia. 152 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVES 2019 Commemoration Schools The 2019 Commemoration Schools initiative engaged students, educators, and staff in every school district in Virginia with content centered on the Commemoration’s themes of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity. The initiative assisted educators in teaching a more complete and inclusive story of early Virginia history. An important element of the statewide engagement strategy, the 2019 Commemoration Schools program invited schools and homeschoolers to integrate “2019 spirit” ideas into their curriculum, projects, and programs during the 2018–2019 school year. A variety of suggested participation options were offered through an online resource kit as well as a resource box mailed to participating public and private schools. The 2019 Commemoration School boxes contained classroom resources to enhance student learning about the events of 1619 Virginia. Resources included project plans customized for primary and secondary students, a flash drive with a video library for teachers, and graphic design materials for the classroom. Digital resources were provided on a flash drive to accommodate schools without access to broadband. More than 1,450 schools, and 4,000 teachers, formally participated as 2019 Commemoration Schools from September 2018 to December 2019. Every school division in the Commonwealth had a participating school, and multiple localities had 100 percent participation in the program, including Charles City County, Gloucester County, Hampton City, Mathews County, New Kent County, and Surry County. School projects led to a student art exhibition on “Diversity” at the Virginia General Assembly’s Pocahontas Building as well as activities such as food drives, “2019 Spirit Days,” and student visits to local historical sites throughout the commemorative year. Initiatives for elementary school-based program and content creation on the state’s “Virginia Studies” standards, built a strong link between the Commemoration’s themes and elementary curriculum. WHRO Public Media, the American Evolution education contractor, led development of the “Guardians of Jamestown, 1619” video series, which used augmented reality technology to highlight the five major historical events of 1619. The series was very successful, with 61,242 total views on YouTube as of December 2019. The video series also was recognized with an Emmy Award in the Informational & Instructional Category. The Commemoration convened a group of master teachers from around the Commonwealth during the

Steering Committee Report 153 summer of 2017 to develop curriculum resources prize went to students from Matthew Fontaine that supported the practical integration of the Maury High School in Norfolk for a video project videos into the classroom. The video series entitled, “Shaping Diversity.” The video told the and curriculum resources continue to be little-known story of a group of young African available digitally for educators, partners, American students called the “Norfolk 17” who and parents via eMediaVA, PBS Learning led the fight in 1959 to desegregate public schools Media, YouTube, and the American Evolution in the City of Norfolk, and included an interview website (americanevolution2019.com). with one of the surviving students. Initiatives for secondary schools focused American Evolution also collaborated with program and content creation on the state’s the Center for Politics at the University of learning standards for civics and government. Virginia on two major civics initiatives, the During the 2018-2019 academic year, the “National Mock Election” and a new digital Commemoration sponsored the “Our American “First Amendment Wall.” Known nationwide for Story” student contest, an art and digital its trailblazing deployment of online and digital storytelling contest for secondary students tools in civics education at the secondary level, (grades 8-12) nationwide. Students created the Center for Politics also had been a primary artistic projects that expressed their education provider for the America’s 400th understanding of the commemorative themes Anniversary commemoration in 2007. Its two and how those themes relate to their lives today. civics education initiatives for American Social studies teachers, media specialists, and Evolution proved highly successful, attracting art teachers were the primary focus for promotion participation by nearly 30,000 teachers across of the contest, which attracted submissions from the country. as far away as California and Maine. The grand All of the Commemoration’s elementary and

Left: Students at Bon Air Elementary School in Chesterfield County participated in the “Take Back the Spirit of Thanksgiving” Campaign in November 2018 by sending postcards encouraging everyone to Come Home to Virginia. Photo courtesy of Bon Air Elementary School. Right: The "Our American Story" contest engaged secondary students from across the United States in the Commemoration.

154 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution secondary school initiatives depended upon and core commemorative themes. Among the effective promotion to teachers, an objective Commemoration’s strongest partnerships were that was primarily achieved through social those with Christopher Newport University, media advertising, testimonials by early-adopting , James Madison teachers, partnerships with established University, Longwood University, Marymount educational organizations, and in-person University, Norfolk State University, Old Dominion promotion at conferences, professional University, Thomas Nelson Community College, development sessions, and partner teacher University of Lynchburg, University of institutes. Partnerships were indispensable Richmond, The University of Virginia, Virginia in promoting and executing the K-12 initiatives, with the Library of Virginia, Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, and Virginia Department of Education “2019 Commemoration Schools brought making especially important contributions. new energy to history and civics classes

across the Commonwealth. Thousands of Initiatives teachers participated, and the programs Virginia’s system of public and private and assets, such as the lesson plans and colleges, universities, and community colleges ‘Guardians of Jamestown, 1619’ video routinely ranks among the nation’s best, and these series, will continue to serve Virginia postsecondary institutions enriched the American students in the future.” Evolution programming and scholarship through Atif M. Qarni a diverse mix of conferences, symposia, and campus events that addressed the 1619 history

Above: Students from Matthew Fontaine Maury High School screened their winning entry in the "Our American Story" contest during the “1619: Making of America Summit.” Pictured (L to R): Kathy J. Spangler, Jacob Hill, Kobe Nguyen, Patricia Turner, Kaleem Haq, Javier Miranda-Castro, and Bryan Bennett.

Steering Committee Report 155 PHOTOS - #66, #67, #68, #68-B , #68-C, 68-D

Commonwealth University, Virginia Tech, Virginia democracies today. Virginia Commonwealth Union University, Virginia Wesleyan University, University’s Humanities Research Center and William & Mary. Collectively, these partners presented a year-long lecture series on the first brought more than 50 events, lectures, and other Africans in 17th-century Virginia and the programs to Virginia campuses. experience of slavery and racial discrimination Scholars and students discussed the over the ensuing centuries, including contemporary impact of the 1619 events at lecture presentations by Dr. Elizabeth Stordeur Pryor series and documentary screenings. Sponsored of Smith College (“History, Race, and the College research, such as the “Enslaved Children of Classroom”) and Dr. Christina Sharpe of York George Mason” project, shed new light on University (“Virginia’s Past, Present and Future - challenging historical topics. Conferences sought Wake. Seed. Soil”). The “2018 Graphic Novel to glean contemporary solutions from historical Conference and Competition” at Norfolk State experience. “Virginia in the Vanguard,” a day-long University engaged African American innovators session sponsored by James Madison University in the film, animation, novels, and graphics fields at Madison’s historic home Montpelier, for in consideration of historical topics. example, brought together thought leaders from Several educational institutions served as higher education, historic sites, and community the backdrop for American Evolution Signature groups to consider historical lessons that could Events: Virginia Union University hosted “Faith help guide policy leaders in addressing the Journeys in the Black Experience 1619-2019”; problems plaguing mature and emerging the University of Virginia hosted the “Global

Left, top: John Charles Thomas spoke at James Madison University as part of the Madison Vision Series in February 2019. Left, bottom: The Martin Luther King Jr. Evening of Reflection event held at George Mason University in January 2019 included a panel discussion and awards to students, faculty, and staff members that uphold the legacy of Dr. King and demonstrate a passion for service and advocacy. Right: In September 2019, John R. Grisham, Jr. interviewed Jon E. Meacham in front of a live audience at James Madison University to discuss American history, the writing process, and the role of writing in the state of our democracy. Photos courtesy of James Madison University.

156 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Pathfinder Summit” and “Presidential Ideas Festival”; William & Mary hosted the “Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy” and the “10th Biennial Association for the Study of the Worldwide African Diaspora Conference.” Virginia Tech hosted the “Dance Theatre of Harlem Ballet”; and Norfolk State University hosted the “1619: Making of America Summit.” In all, students and faculty from more than 30 colleges and universities across the country participated in American Evolution programs and events, with Virginia’s outstanding higher education institutions often playing host.

COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIPS Involving community partners from all parts of Virginia was a major Commemoration goal from the earliest planning meetings. This statewide effort encouraged grassroots participation in American Evolution programs and events to stimulate interest in history and to spread tourism and other economic benefits across the Commonwealth during the commemorative year. More than 300 partners created special programming and leveraged their involvement with the Commemoration to take advantage of increased visibility and opportunities to market to potential visitors. The Virginia History Trails app project involved more than 200 local partner venues, including museums and historical sites. Schools, libraries, and community organizations across Virginia joined efforts to commemorate local history and highlight connections to the 1619 events,

Top: George Mason University’s commemoration programming lasted eighteen months, and included lectures and special performances. Photo courtesy of George Mason University. Bottom: The VCU Humanities Research Center presented a series of lectures focusing on the themes of the Commemoration. Photo courtesy of Virginia Commonwealth University.

Steering Committee Report 157 Virginia’s 400-year arc of history, and the representatives from across the Commonwealth Commemoration themes of Democracy, to discuss commemorative plans and to provide Diversity, and Opportunity. promotional materials and other resources for local American Evolution’s programming and tourism marketing. Richmond Mayor Levar M. messaging framework gave every community Stoney and Virginia Secretary of Education Atif M. in the Commonwealth an opportunity to Qarni were on hand to welcome attendees from commemorate its own unique place in the Virginia’s varied regions. The assembled story of Virginia and America. As in previous representatives heard luncheon speaker, Rita commemorations, some communities opted McClenny, president and chief executive officer for greater engagement and involvement than of the Virginia Tourism Corporation, encourage others. Some formed working groups and joined them and their communities to leverage state with partners such as museums, heritage investments in Commemoration for maximum societies, and local governments to develop impact in amplifying Virginia history and events and programs. The most active and attracting visitation. creative communities sponsored lectures, The American Evolution website included a exhibits, community meals, essay contests, community partner page and marketing materials legacy projects, and many other kinds of inviting all Virginians to learn about their history activities that will have an impact long after 2019. and experience the Commonwealth’s many places A statewide partner summit held in of historical and cultural importance. Organizations Richmond on May 14-15, 2018, brought together were able to add their own events to a community

Partners representing Virginia History Trail Sites and other statewide partners gathered in Richmond for an informational meeting in May 2018.

158 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution calendar and were provided resources, including Changemakers,” “America: Made in Virginia,” event programming ideas, marketing tool kits with and the “Virginia Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine sample press releases, social media templates, Festival.” access to the Commemoration photo library, and “Celebrate Virginia Changemakers” helped to use of the American Evolution logo for marketing build a more inclusive picture of Virginia history purposes. Community partners were invited to host by encouraging community partners to share the a private screening of “Evolution of America: 1619 untold stories of citizens, past and present, who to Today,” a one-hour documentary that explored shaped or changed their community. Virginia the significance of 1619 events and how they still History Trail sites and other partners participated resonate today as told through interviews with in varied and highly creative ways. Some partners Virginia and national leaders. Some communities designed new programs by inviting living also hosted the traveling exhibition, “The Great changemakers to tell their personal stories during Charter and the General Assembly: Founding a special events while others collaborated with Legacy in 1619,” which described the origins their local historical societies for lecture series of Virginia’s four-century-old legislature and its on little-known local changemakers. Community far-flung impact on democratic development. partners also tied the Commemoration to their Commemoration merchandise was made available African American History Month or Women’s for Virginia History Trail sites and other partners History Month programming by adding those to sell in their local gift shops, which served to events to American Evolution’s online calendar. promote their connection to American Evolution Other programs included storytelling events, oral while generating revenue for their commemorative history campaigns, and photography exhibits of programs. or by local changemakers. Community partners were asked to interact “America: Made in Virginia” brought the with the Commemoration on social media, opportunity theme to the fore across the state, tagging posts with @Commemorate2019 and with partners promoting tourism in their home using hashtags such as #AmericanEvolution and areas by encouraging local groups and individuals #AE2019. This practice increased the number of to engage with the Virginia History Trails app, overall media impressions and served to expand explore history in their own backyards, and be the Commemoration’s reach. Partners also were “a tourist in your own town.” This effort received encouraged to post untold or under-told stories to particular emphasis during June 15 to July 20, the AEStories.com platform, a digital storytelling 2019, when museums and historic sites competed platform designed to let visitors explore the many in the “Virginia History Trails Summer Fun stories that have shaped Virginia and America. Contest.” The Wilderness Road Regional Museum The crowd-sourced website allowed users to in Pulaski County won the contest by receiving view and share little-known stories of Virginia’s the most “likes” and “visits” on the Virginia 400-year arc of history and fostered conversations History Trails app. In addition, Virginia that contributed to telling a more complete and communities were asked to identify the places authentic historical narrative. and products that made Virginia and America To encourage local involvement and expand what they are today and to engage in social upon the themes of the Commemoration, media campaigns, programs, and events to three program campaigns were developed for promote their local history. Statewide partners 2019. They were called “Celebrate Virginia such as the Artisans Center of Virginia, Virginia

Steering Committee Report 159 Craft Beer Guild, Virginia Wine Board, Virginia with area food banks to hold food drives during Department of Agriculture and Consumer commemorative events and programs. Services, and local governments helped to Community partners were given spread the word about the initiative through additional opportunities to participate in their networks. the Commemoration through two contests: The “Virginia Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine • The “Virginia Cuisine Recipe Contest” was Festival,” presented by TowneBank, coincided a digital student contest for grades 6-12 and with the 400th anniversary of the first official college students designed to celebrate Thanksgiving in English North America. This the Commonwealth’s unique foodways. month-long festival was visible in every part of the Prizes included tickets to the “Sampling Commonwealth and served as a Commemoration the Centuries: Virginia’s Food Firsts” event finale. Americans from across the nation were and a Virginia ham provided by Edwards invited to “Come Home to Virginia” to enjoy Virginia Smokehouse in Smithfield. The events and special programs reflecting Virginia’s first and second place teams were comprised 400 years of distinctive history and culture. In of students from the Bridging Communities addition to five Commemoration-featured events, Regional Career and Technical Center in 19 grant recipients held their own programs and New Kent County. special events that touched all regions of Virginia. • The “Reflections Photo Contest” offered a Other non-grant-funded partners aligned existing cash prize to winners in three categories: events with the Commemoration, and their professional photographers; organizations; programs were promoted through American and amateurs. Held during October 2019 Evolution’s website, social media, paid to January 2020, the contest collected promotions, and earned media. photographs and their background stories to The Commemoration created a magazine— document the Commemoration’s impact. Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine: 400 Years of Participants shared real-life images of American Evolution, Born in Virginia—that American Evolution events and initiatives featured festival events as well as the Virginia and expressions of what the Commemoration Historic Trail sites organized by regions for ease meant to the individuals who participated. of use. The publication had wide circulation, During the Commemoration’s finale event on with 65,000 copies distributed at Commemoration December 4, 2019, Pulaski County received the events and at Virginia welcome and information Statewide Partner Award. “Pulaski County centers, and it helped boost attendance at the was the most engaged 2019 Commemoration finale-month’s events to more than 31,000. community partner and hosted a wide variety During November 2019, the “Take Back the of events,” said Kathy J. Spangler, executive Spirit of Thanksgiving” campaign encouraged director of American Evolution. “The Pulaski Virginians and Americans to remember the true County representatives truly embraced the meaning of Thanksgiving as a time for giving Commemoration’s historic components and thanks, coming together despite differences, themes.” Four other partners were recognized and taking care of families and neighbors. The for their leadership, creativity, and contributions campaign commemorated the first official English to the Commemoration: Historic Christ Church in Thanksgiving, which took place at Berkeley Weems; Hampton City Schools; James Madison Hundred on December 4, 1619. American University; and George Mason University. Evolution and local communities partnered

160 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution During the final mericA an Evolution event on December 4, 2019, the Pulaski County 2019 Commemoration Committee received the Statewide Partner Award for the number of programs and engagements that they exhibited throughout the commemoration. Photo courtesy of Carol Smith, Pulaski County 2019 Commemoration Committee.

GRANT PROGRAMS through the Virginia Tourism Corporation and American Evolution, working through the Virginia Association of Museums networks. Virginia Tourism Corporation, supported three Grant applicants were required to provide a rounds of local grant programs totaling $233,300 one-to-one dollar match and a letter of support to extend the reach of the Commemoration from their regional or local destination marketing statewide. The grants assisted Virginia localities organization (DMO). To increase awareness in marketing their destinations, local history, of the Commemoration, grantees were required and connections to American Evolution and four centuries of Virginia history. In addition to localities, grant recipients included convention and visitor bureaus, chambers of commerce, foundations, non-profit organizations, museums and attractions, historic sites, cultural events, and other tourism-related entities. The impact of the program was far-reaching, with grants helping to build enthusiasm for the Commemoration while showcasing historical and cultural attractions across the Commonwealth. Grant opportunities were promoted to potential applicants through the Virginia History Trail sites, the Commemoration’s monthly newsletter, website, and social media posts, and outreach

Steering Committee Report 161 to use the American Evolution logo on all printed • Preservation Virginia - 100 Miles of History: marketing materials, websites, and social Promoting Six Sites as One Travel Package media posts. Funded projects were included in • The Long Way Home, Inc. - Mary Draper Commemoration publications, website calendars, Ingles Trail and social media. • Lynchburg Office of Economic Development Allowable expenditures for the first two rounds & Tourism – “Little Did They Know: Voices of grants focused on marketing, with a maximum from Lynchburg’s Past” award of $7,500 in round one and $10,000 in round • The Corporation for Thomas Jefferson’s two. Eligible projects included: Poplar Forest – The Thomas Jefferson Salon Series: Race and Democracy • Establishing and promoting a local or regional historic trail(s) that aligned with • William King Museum of Art - Prosperity the Commemoration themes of Democracy, and Progress on America’s First Frontier Diversity, and Opportunity. Round Two recipients, awarded May 2018: • Creating and promoting itineraries for • Fruits & Roots Wine Tours – Promotion of tourism to the locality or region aligned Virginia History Trails App with the Commemoration themes, local • James Monroe’s Highland - American or regional trails, or the Virginia History evolution at James Monroe’s Highland Trails. Marketing Campaign • Promoting events and programs that aligned • Lewis & Clark Exploratory Center - with the Commemoration themes, historical The Lewis and Clark Expedition’s events, local or regional trails, or Virginia Democratic Vote History Trail sites. • Promoting American Evolution to build awareness of the Commemoration and Virginia’s role in the creation of the United States. Round One recipients, awarded January 2018: • Birthplace of – Birthplace of Country Music Marketing Campaign for the 2019 Commemoration • Board of Regents of Gunston Hall - American evolution Student Citizen Passport Program • Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribal Heritage Foundation - Cattashowrock Town Tourism Program • Historic Christ Church & Museum - American Evolution 2019 Marketing Initiative • Historical Society of Western Virginia - Roads and Rails to History • James Madison’s Montpelier – “The Mere Distinction of Color” Social Campaign • Louisa County Historical Society - “Give Me Liberty” Digital Trail

162 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution • Mahone’s Tavern and Museum, Inc. – Round Three recipients, awarded April, 2019: Mahone’s Tavern and Museum, Inc. • Alleghany Highlands Chamber of Commerce Marketing Project and Tourism – “A Journey Home: 400 Years • Portsmouth Department of Marketing, of Cultures, Customs & Cuisine” Communications & Tourism - 2019 • Ashland Main Street Association – Umoja African American Heritage Festival Marketing Campaign “Ashland Train Day” • Real Richmond, LLC - Fire, Flour & Fork: • Averett University, Center for Community The Power of the Recipe Box Engagement and Career Competitiveness – “Dan River Region Soul Food Festival” • Virginia Living Museum - American Adventure Exhibition • Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribal Heritage Foundation – “Cheroenhaka • Traipse, Inc. - African American Heritage (Nottoway) School Day, Bonfire, and Tour of Staunton and Augusta County Corn Harvest Powwow” The final grant round focused on November • CultureFix – “Wonderful Williamsburg 2019 programming for the “Virginia Customs, Weekend” Cultures, and Cuisine Festival” that concluded • Effingham Manor and Winery – “Virginia’s the Commemoration. The $10,000 award required Heritage Historical Wine and Food Festival” a one-to-one match, with funds used to develop • Fredericksburg Area Museum – “Evening new or enhanced programming as part of the with an Expert: Farming While Black” Festival. Each applicant submitted two stories to (with author Leah Penniman) AEStories.com and provided a local travel • GreenSpring Foundation – GreenSpring itinerary tied to the Festival. Presents “The History of Music in Virginia” Concert

Left: Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest presented two living history performances focused on Jefferson, his views on slavery and democracy. “Fire Bell in the Night” derives from a letter Jefferson wrote in 1820 concerning the Missouri Compromise. Image courtesy of Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest. Above, left: The 2019 Commemoration provided grant funding to Traipse to create an interactive trail of sites important to African American history in Staunton and Augusta County. Image courtesy of Traipse. Above, right: The "Thanksgiving Throwdown" in November 2018 featured tastings of popular Thanksgiving dishes in a competition format. Image courtesy of Fire, Flour & Fork.

Steering Committee Report 163 • Henricus Historical Park – “Friendship, procurement, fundraising, and outreach to Trade, and Feast Weekend” officials of other governments, and directed • Magnolias at the Mill – “Celebrating History other state agencies to provide assistance and with the Winter Ice Garden Gala” designate liaisons to the Commemoration upon • Petersburg Area Regional Tourism – request. The Commemoration was to be “Oysters, Barbecue... Battersea” managed through the Jamestown-Yorktown • Petersburg Preservation Task Force – Foundation’s sub-agency. Legislators in both “Petersburg’s Effect on the American political parties supported the state investments Evolution of Democracy” needed to assure a successful program of • Radford Visitor’s Center – “New River Trail statewide scope, national and international Days: A Festival of Traditions, Faces and reach, and broad and inclusive participation. Tavern Fare” Members of the Virginia General Assembly • Red Hill, the Patrick Henry National participated actively in American Evolution Memorial – “Bluegrass, Barbecue, and planning by serving on the Commemoration’s Brew Festival” Steering and Executive Committees and the • Menokin Foundation – “Menokin Jamestown-Yorktown Foundations Board of Illuminated” Trustees; by assisting in the development of • Reedville Fishermen’s Museum – “Reedville the 400th anniversary commemorative events, Fishermen’s Museum Oyster Roast: 400 signature events, and other programs; and by Years of Tradition” helping to secure nationally and internationally • The Virginia Legends Walk Foundation – prominent speakers and participants. Legislators 1619: When Destinies Collide at the lent their support by attending Commemoration Fort Monroe Theater observances and exhibitions, often in hosting, • Wayne C. Henderson School of Appalachian presiding, or speaking roles. They also shared Arts – “Celebrating the Guitar Along the Crooked Road” information about American Evolution through constituent newsletters, town hall meetings, • Three Rivers Trail - “RESILIENCE: Three Rivers Cultural Festival” speaking engagements, and social media. Their outreach to schools in their districts regarding the 2019 Commemoration Schools program STATE GOVERNMENT contributed significantly to that initiative’s Virginia General Assembly high participation rate. In 2013, the General Assembly called Legislators also took the time to participate attention to the impending 400th anniversaries in video interviews that captured what it meant of major historical events in Virginia and to them personally to be members of the “Class assigned responsibility to the Jamestown- of 400.” They shared observations regarding Yorktown Foundation as the lead state agency the influence of Virginia’s early example on the for organizing and producing the 2019 development of other legislative bodies, the Commemoration. Three years later, additional expansion of the right to vote over time, and legislation patroned by Delegate M. Kirkland the increasing diversity of the legislature’s Cox and signed into law by Governor Terence R. membership, among other topics. The “Class McAuliffe gave the Foundation authority over of 400” video series had a combined viewing operational matters such as staff hiring, count of nearly 25,000 during 2019 and remains

164 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution available for viewing on the American Evolution United Kingdom, the YouTube channel. Forum on the Future General Assembly members and staff of Representative played especially pivotal roles in the design Democracy in and execution of programming related to Williamsburg, and the the legislature’s 400th anniversary and the Joint Commemorative commemorative Democracy theme. Speaker Session of the First M. Kirkland Cox of the House of Delegates and Representative Senate Majority Leader Thomas K. Norment, Jr., Legislative Assembly co-chaired American Evolution and, as detailed at Jamestown. elsewhere in this report, often presided or The Clerks of the delivered remarks at major events. They and House of Delegates and other legislators participated prominently in Senate, G. Paul Nardo and Susan Clarke Schaar, the Democracy-themed programs, such as the respectively, and their staffs provided invaluable Global Pathfinder Summit in Charlottesville, support and guidance to the Commemoration, the visit to the Virginia Capitol by Speaker especially in planning and executing the Joint of the House of Commons of the Commemorative Session and related events on

Top: Members of the Virginia General Assembly received special pins designating them as members of the Class of 400. Bottom: Susan Clarke Schaar and G. Paul Nardo (R), pictured with John S. Bercow, played instrumental roles in the planning and execution of numerous Commemoration events.

Steering Committee Report 165 July 30, 2019, marking the 400th anniversary Institute participants studied how the of the convening of the first representative state workforce could contribute to the legislative assembly at Jamestown. That Commemoration. Among the suggestions complicated day-long program, which included in their final report was the creation of a First a presidential visit, involvement of U.S. and Thanksgiving postcard designed to remind foreign dignitaries, and participation by current the nation that the first official Thanksgiving and former Virginia governors and members of observance occurred in Virginia and not the General Assembly in multiple settings, posed Massachusetts. American Evolution embraced quite a substantial set of logistical, procedural, the idea, and during the Commemoration and protocol issues. The day could not have been thousands of First Thanksgiving postcards such a resounding success without the Clerks’ found their way to family members, friends, careful planning. and associates of state employees across the country and around the world. STATE AGENCIES State employees also supported the Three successive Governors—Robert F. Commemoration through the Virginia McDonnell, Terence R. McAuliffe, and Government Employees Association. The Ralph S. Northam—led the Commonwealth Association assisted in numerous ways, during the American Evolution preparations including sponsoring a state employee to and programming. Each made distinctive attend the Global Pathfinder Summit, promoting contributions to the program’s success, as did commemorative programs to state employees, other Executive Branch leaders, cabinet officers, and ensuring state employee participation at and administration officials. Governor Northam public events. and First Lady Pamela Northam deserve special Several state agencies partnered with thanks for the prominent roles they played in American Evolution to display Commemoration the Commemoration’s major 2019 observances. posters at their heavily trafficked public sites, Executive Branch support of the including Alcoholic Beverage Control stores, Commemoration was particularly evident Department of Motor Vehicles customer in the assistance provided by multiple state service offices, Capitol Square office buildings, agencies. When requested, agencies and Department of Transportation rest stops, the institutions invariably responded with Jamestown-Scotland Ferry, Virginia State enthusiasm and were pleased to play a part Parks, Virginia Welcome Centers, and Virginia in the Commemoration. Employment Commission offices. Most of these Among the first to sign on was the Virginia agencies also distributed the American Executive Institute. Led by the Performance Evolution Calendar of Events and Virginia Management Group, part of the Center for History Trails brochures. With their assistance, Public Policy in Virginia Commonwealth every part of the Commonwealth had University’s L. Douglas Wilder School of Commemoration materials prominently Government and Public Affairs, the Institute displayed. engages an impressive network of current and The Department of Human Resource former state officials who lend their expertise to Management reached out to state human leadership development in state government. resource managers to encourage participation During the spring of 2017, Virginia Executive in the “Women’s Achieve Summit,” commending

166 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution the event as “an excellent professional Police were actively involved in American development opportunity for state employees.” Evolution while commemorating their own The endorsement undoubtedly played a key 401th anniversary during 2019, reflecting part in selling out the Summit, which had their distinction as America’s oldest law more than 1,400 registrations. enforcement agency. Two state entities played a major role in Other contributions by state agencies and keeping participants safe at multiple events higher education institutions are detailed throughout the Commemoration. The Virginia throughout this report. As noted earlier, special Capitol Police and Virginia State Police worked recognition is due the Virginia Department of with local law enforcement, the Secret Service, Education, Virginia Department of Transportation, U. S. Department of Homeland Security, National and Virginia Tourism Corporation for their spirit Park Service, emergency medical services, and of partnership and the many significant ways fire departments on various events. The Capitol they supported the Commemoration.

Members of the Virginia Division of Capitol Police and the Jamestown Settlement Honor Guard during the Commemoration Launch in October 2018.

Steering Committee Report 167 Section 8 LASTING LEGACIES

Above: The Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center showcases the more than 400-year history of the fort and the intersection of three cultures: American Indian, African, and English. Right: The Freedom’s Fortress Gallery. Photos courtesy of the Fort Monroe Foundation. 168 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution FORT MONROE VISITOR AND EDUCATION CENTER

An American Evolution legacy project, the Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center represents a collaboration by the Fort Monroe Authority and National Park Service. Scheduled to open in 2020, the Center is designed to welcome and orient visitors to the Fort Monroe National Monument and tell the story of the first enslaved Africans who landed in English North America at Point Comfort during 1619. Its interpretive and interactive exhibits also illumine the impact of the intersection of three cultures—American Indian, African, and English—in early Virginia and highlight the historic role of Fort Monroe as a refuge for escaped enslaved people during the Civil War. In addition to its interpretive features, the Center enables visitors to conduct research and access archival resources. The Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center was made possible through funding from the Commonwealth of Virginia and major donors, including American Evolution, Dominion Energy, TowneBank, Huntington Ingalls Industries, the Mary Morton Parsons Foundation, and the Hampton Roads Community Foundation. The two-story, 16,000-square-foot building was developed through preservation and adaptive reuse of Fort Monroe’s Coast Artillery School Library, which originally opened in 1909. Contractors began rehabilitating the building in 2018, taking care to preserve key architectural elements while refurbishing it. The Center’s “Change in Cultural Landscape Gallery” features exhibits about the Chesapeake Bay, its surrounding land, and the three cultures that were present there in the early 17th century. Visitors learn how the Fort’s location at the southern end of the Bay produced rich harvests from both the land and sea for centuries, and how the area facilitated a booming economy and evolved into a site for global trade. Exhibits focus on the Kecoughtan Indian Tribe, the 1612 map by Captain John Smith, the 1619 arrival of Africans at Point Comfort, the institution of slavery, the physical and cultural changes that followed the arrival of Europeans and Africans, and legislation that influenced daily life at Fort Monroe. The other major gallery, called the “Freedom’s Fortress Gallery,” further interprets how the culture of the first Africans intertwined with the history of the Fort and impacted the culture and history of the United States. Exhibits highlight the construction of what became the largest stone fort in America and the people who built it, the Fort’s role as

Steering Committee Report 169 a place of refuge for escaping enslaved persons Capitol Square in Richmond during the 2019 declared to be “contraband” during the Civil War, commemorative year. Embracing the opportunity and how early efforts in education led to the to provide a lasting tribute to Virginia women, the creation of what is now Hampton University. Commemoration adopted the Virginia Women’s Profiles of historical and contemporary figures Monument as one of its earliest legacy projects. who played significant roles in the history of the The initiative’s importance and timeliness were Fort, Hampton University, and the surrounding reinforced by the rarity of such tributes: out of community also are included. an estimated 5,193 public statues across the United States, fewer than 400 depicted women. VOICES FROM THE GARDEN, THE VIRGINIA In addition, no state capitol grounds in America WOMEN’S MONUMENT had a monument dedicated to women’s With the 1619 recruitment of English women achievements. The Virginia Women’s Monument in significant numbers to the Virginia colony as would set an example for the country by telling one of the Commemoration’s five historical pillars, the inspirational stories of many extraordinary an American Evolution objective from the outset and influential Virginia women, adding depth to of planning was to call attention to four centuries our understanding of the Commonwealth’s and of impact and contributions by Virginia women. our nation’s history. During 2015, the Virginia Women’s Monument American Evolution in 2017 made a significant Commission set a goal to complete the Voices financial contribution to the Virginia Women’s from the Garden women’s monument in Monument to assist in funding phase one of the project. This included the oval-shaped plaza designed to contain 12 bronze statues depicting women of accomplishment from different centuries, backgrounds, and areas of the Commonwealth. The Monument’s design also included a wall of honor inscribed with the names of Virginia women who had notable achievements, made significant contributions, or set important examples within their chosen fields of

Above: The Change in Cultural Landscape Gallery. Photo courtesy of the Fort Monroe Foundation. Right page, left: Terence R. McAuliffe participated in the groundbreaking for “Voices from the Garden: The Virginia Women’s Monument.” Right page, right: “Voices from the Garden” features a plaza with twelve bronze statues depicting Virginia women through history who have demonstrated notable achievement or made significant contributions to the Commonwealth. Photo courtesy of the Virginia Capitol Foundation.

170 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution endeavor at the regional, state, or national levels. Besides providing direct financial support, the Anne Burras Laydon, Colonist; Commemoration conceived and implemented a 1594 - 1625; Jamestown social media campaign in 2017 called “March to , Pamunkey Chief; Mother’s Day” to build awareness of the project 1656 -1686; and encourage donations. On December 4, 2017, the Virginia Women’s , Frontierswoman; 1732 -1815; New River Valley Monument Commission held a groundbreaking ceremony attended by Governor Terence R. , First Lady; McAuliffe and other state officials, Commission 1731 - 1802; Fairfax County members, American Evolution leadership and , Printer; staff, and more than 700 enthusiastic supporters 1740 - 1774; Williamsburg and observers. The groundbreaking ceremony Elizabeth Keckly, Seamstress and Author; brought helpful public attention to the project and 1818 - 1907; Dinwiddie County spurred further financial support. Virginia House Sally L. Tompkins, Hospital Administrator; of Delegates Speaker M. Kirkland Cox, offered 1833 - 1916; Mathews County remarks on behalf of American Evolution. Maggie L. Walker, Entrepreneur and Civil In the fall of 2018, the plaza and the wall of Rights Leader; 1864- 1934; Richmond honor were dedicated and opened to the public. The wall debuted with 230 inscribed names and Sarah G. Jones, Physician; 1866 - 1905; Richmond ample space for the addition of other outstanding women’s names in the future, inspiring young Laura S. Copenhaver, Entrepreneur and visitors to the Monument to perhaps envision Lutheran Lay Leader; 1868 - 1940; Smyth County their own names eventually appearing on the Virginia E. Randolph, Educator; wall. Meanwhile, work continued to raise funds 1870 - 1958; Henrico County for the 12 bronze statues that would adorn the Adèle Clark, Suffragist and Artist; plaza and honor the following Virginia women: 1882 - 1983; Richmond On October 14, 2019, the Virginia Women’s

Steering Committee Report 171 Monument Commission officially unveiled seven director and Perry artistic director of the Virginia of the bronze statues for Voices from the Garden. Arts Festival, was a strong advocate for including Addressing the gathering in Capitol Square, a wide array of voices and range of artistic former Senator Mary Margaret Whipple, vice-chair expression in the commemorative programming. of the Virginia Women’s Monument Commission Under his leadership, the Virginia Arts Festival and chair of American Evolution’s Impact of in 2017 began discussions to commission new Women Committee, declared, “This monument dance pieces with the internationally acclaimed embodies the goals of the Women’s Monument Dance Theatre of Harlem and Richard Alston Commission—not to put women on a pedestal, Dance Company. Artistic directors for the two not to have a mythic or symbolic figure, but to companies, which had enjoyed a long partnership honor real women who did real things in this with the Virginia Arts Festival, were intrigued Commonwealth.” Senator Ryan T. McDougle, by the history being commemorated and the member of the Commemoration’s Executive importance of the story of the first Africans to Committee, and Senate Clerk Susan Clarke arrive in English North America in August 1619. Schaar of the American Evolution Steering During the 2019 Virginia Arts Festival, both Committee also offered remarks that saluted the achievements of Virginia women and applauded the collaboration that produced the Monument. “We wanted to celebrate the By the end of 2019, the Virginia Capitol African American presence, Foundation, which led fundraising efforts on the strength of women. behalf of the Virginia Women’s Monument We so seldom talk about Commission, had achieved its goal of raising $3.8 million, with all 12 statues either complete women, who were the or under construction as this report went to builders of this country.” press. American Evolution’s timely and Virginia Johnson significant support, recognized on the Monument’s inscription of major contributors, helped the Commission achieve its goal of making this lasting tribute a reality in the 400th companies debuted new work that honored this anniversary commemorative year. The women compelling history—and the passage of 400 depicted on the statues, listed on the wall of years—through dance. The artistic journey of honor, and described in the accompanying these works, from concept through rehearsal virtual educational modules include renowned and ultimately to the stage, is chronicled in the Virginians as well as those whose stories have documentary film, Dancing on the Shoulders of been little told, but all of them will continue to Giants, produced by WHRO Public Media. inspire future generations as a lasting legacy The new work by the London-based Richard of the 2019 Commemoration. Alston Dance Company, Arrival, was jointly commissioned by American Evolution and the ARRIVAL AND PASSAGE: Virginia Arts Festival and premiered on March 21, COMMISSIONED BALLETS 2019, at Chrysler Hall in Norfolk. The performance An early enthusiast and partner of the included a complement of 20 young dancers from Commemoration, Robert W. Cross, executive the Governor’s School for the Arts in Norfolk. The

172 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Dance Theatre of Harlem’s Passage, commissioned by the 2019 Commemoration and the Virginia Arts Festival, is now part of the company’s permanent repertoire.

high schoolers had so impressed choreographer Composer, violinist, and arts educator Jessie Sir Richard Alston in 2017 (when he led a master Montgomery wrote the score with the influence class as a part of the Virginia Arts Festival) that he of classical music combined with elements of jazz. decided to make the school a part of his newest “The Virginia Arts Festival encouraged me work. For music, Alston chose a piece by Claudio to explore the themes of the Commemoration— Monteverdi, an Italian composer whose music Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity—and was rising in popularity in 1619. Inspiration for the create a work that connected to these foundational new work came to Alston and his dancers through ideals in whatever way resonated most,” said Ms. visits to Fort Monroe, the site of the arrival of the Schreier. “Jessie and I felt strongly that the work first Africans, and from researching the history should not explicitly illustrate the events of 1619, of that period. The work begins with a single but instead reflect, through abstraction, the couple on stage and moves toward the future individual and collective journeys put in motion as additional dancers join them, depicting the by this historic moment.” The collaboration of hardships endured and overcome in the 400- two women of color was notable for a performance year-long journey. “One of the wonderful things piece that focused not only on the African about dance,” declared Alston, “is it breaks down American presence, but also on the strength of barriers and brings human beings together, and women throughout America’s history. “I thought, I always want to celebrate that.” well, wouldn’t this be a wonderful and suitable As her first Dance Theatre of Harlem ballet, combination for the 1619 commemoration that choreographer Claudia Schreier created the ballet these two women of color are creating such Passage to evoke the resolve of the human spirit. exciting works,” said Virginia Johnson, artistic

Steering Committee Report 173 director of the Dance Theatre of Harlem. “This debuted in 2006 in advance of the 400th combination of giving voice to people who are not anniversary of Jamestown’s 1607 founding, traditionally given voice in this field, and the idea and the 2019 refresh incorporated new historical of that fateful coming together of cultures that research to update the stories of the people was 1619, seemed to be a really wonderful match.” and events in Jamestown from 1607 to 1699. As described earlier in this report, An expanded collection of more than 500 period performances of Passage by the Dance Theatre objects from Europe, Africa, and Virginia further of Harlem at Norfolk’s Chrysler Hall, the Kennedy enriched interpretation of the Jamestown Center, and Virginia Tech’s Moss Arts Center settlement’s context, evolution, and impact. were among the Commemoration’s Signature Of particular note was the new galleries’ special Events in 2019. A notable legacy of American commemorative exhibit featuring the original Evolution, the Dance Theatre of Harlem has “Proceedings of the First General Assembly, incorporated Passage in its repertoire and has July 30, 1619” recorded by the hand of Speaker more than 20 bookings nationwide during the John Pory. Back in America for the first time in company’s 50th anniversary season in 2020. four centuries thanks to a loan from The National Archives of the United Kingdom, the document JAMESTOWN SETTLEMENT GALLERY was a particular favorite of commemorative-year REFRESH visitors. In addition to serving as the lead state agency Using the latest technology, new interactive for the Commemoration, the Jamestown-Yorktown exhibits enhanced learning opportunities in Foundation undertook a $10.6 million several areas of the refreshed galleries. Exhibits enhancement to the permanent exhibition interpreting the Powhatan Indian, west central galleries at Jamestown Settlement in time for African, and English cultures benefited from more the commemorative year. The original galleries immersive settings, interactive elements, and

Left: Jamestown Settlement’s exhibition gallery refresh incorporates new historical research and technology to present historical events in innovative ways. Right: A Women in Virginia timeline has been added to the permanent galleries. Photos courtesy of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

174 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution new objects. The commemoration-year special Virginia’s past, the Jamestown Settlement exhibition “TENACITY: Women in Jamestown permanent exhibition galleries offer a new and and Early Virginia,” with its stories of women from thought-provoking experience of life in early the three cultures that interacted at Jamestown, Jamestown. A major legacy of American had its own legacy, supplying additional artifacts Evolution, they will be an educational asset and interactives that became part of Jamestown of the Commonwealth for many years to come. Settlement’s enhanced permanent exhibitions. Another key feature of the permanent gallery HISTORIC JAMESTOWNE PERMANENT refresh was the Rebellion Theater, a 4-D EXHIBITIONS experiential theater that tells the story of In April 2019, Jamestown Rediscovery opened Bacon’s Rebellion, a large-scale armed uprising the “1619: Democracy, Diversity, and Discovery” in 1676 led by colonist Nathaniel Bacon against permanent exhibitions at Historic Jamestowne the rule of Governor William Berkeley. Using with support from the 2019 Commemoration. Two new, multi-layered projection screens, smoke, exhibits—“In the Footsteps of Democracy” and wind, dramatic lighting effects, and faux fire, the “From Fort to Port: Legacies of 1619”—were multi-sensory presentation details the historical enriched by ground-breaking recent research events that produced popular upheaval in the and archaeological work that was translated into colony and led to the burning of Jamestown. highly informative, publicly accessible learning A feature common to all of the new museum resources and visitor experiences. elements, and to the refreshed exhibitions “In the Footsteps of Democracy” showcases generally, is the emphasis on individual stories the archaeological discoveries that identified the to which visitors can relate. By combining the exact footprint of Jamestown’s 1617-18 church, latest research, advanced technology, and where the first legislative assembly was held in compelling narratives about individuals from 1619 and democracy in America was born. The

A new permanent exhibition in the Nathalie P. & Alan M. Voorhees Archaearium at Historic Jamestowne, “Fort to Port,” examines Jamestown’s evolution from a small triangular fort to a port city. Photo courtesy of Jamestown Rediscovery.

Steering Committee Report 175 slavery, and the establishment of a plantation society reliant on tobacco. It also explores the upheaval produced by Bacon’s Rebellion. The exhibit includes a full-scale representation of the two rows of houses constructed in James Fort in 1610-11 as the beginning of the new phase of exhibition inside the Memorial Church reflects the timber-frame construction leading to the 1617-18 interior of the earlier church with wooden floors, church building. a center aisle of brick, and pavers in the chancel As in 2007 with the 400th anniversary of around the restored Knight’s Tombstone. A partial Jamestown’s founding, the 2019 anniversary reconstruction of the 1617-18 timber-frame church, occasioned development and presentation of including a belfry that houses a reconstruction of valuable new educational and interpretive assets the original bell, helps define the size of the space by Jamestown Rediscovery that will continue for visitors. Reinforced glass covers the Knight’s to engage Historic Jamestowne visitors and Tombstone, and another glass portal covers a have a lasting legacy in education, scholarship, portion of the original 1617-18 cobblestone and and tourism. brick foundations along the south wall. “From Fort to Port,” the new exhibition in the “EVOLUTION OF AMERICA: 1619 TO TODAY” DOCUMENTARY Nathalie P. & Alan M. Voorhees Archaearium, examines Jamestown’s evolution from a small The Commemoration partnered with Cinebar triangular fort to a thriving port city. It challenges Productions and Maryland Public Television to long-held perceptions of democracy, diversity, produce “Evolution of America: 1619 to Today,” and race in early English America through a one-hour documentary on the formative explorationof difficult themes such as the events of 1619. Topical segments of the show “othering” and exploitation of Africans, include the first representative legislative Virginia Indians, and indentured servants, assembly in the New World, the arrival of the the genesis of an English system of race-based first recorded Africans in English North America,

Left: “In the Footsteps of Democracy” showcases the archaeological discoveries that identified the exact footprint of Jamestown’s 1617-18 church where the First Representative Legislative Assembly took place. Photo courtesy of Jamestown Rediscovery. Right: The “Evolution of America: 1619 to Today” documentary explores the historical events of 1619. Image courtesy of Cinebar Productions, Inc.

176 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution the recruitment of English women in significant Before the nationwide airing on PBS, several numbers to the Virginia colony, and the first Commemoration partners, including George official English Thanksgiving in North America. Mason University and Pulaski County, hosted Each segment explored the effect that 1619 preview showings. events had on the growth and development of the United States we know today. PUBLICATIONS Much of the documentary is drawn from American Evolution supported interviews with Virginia and national leaders publications that are additional who commented on how the events of 1619 legacies of the Commemoration. in Virginia still influence modern-day American society. Featured interviewees include U.S. Virginia 1619: Slavery & Freedom Senator Timothy M. Kaine; former Governor in the Making of English America and U. S. Senator George Allen, former Governor Edited by Dr. Paul P. L. Douglas Wilder, Dr. Cassandra L. Newby- Musselwhite, Dr. Peter C. Alexander, dean of liberal arts at Norfolk State Mancall, and Dr. James Horn, University; Dr. Ashley Atkins-Spivey, director this publication features essays of the Pamunkey Indian Resource Center; Dr. from scholars on both sides James Horn, president and chief officer of the of the Atlantic concerning the Jamestown Rediscovery Project at Historic intersection of “self-government, Jamestowne, and Dr. Larry J. Sabato, director slavery, and native dispossession” of the Center for Politics at the University of in early Virginia. Funded in part Virginia. The documentary also included by the Commemoration, the work “man-on-the-street” interviews at iconic was published by the Omohundro locations in Baltimore, Boston, , Institute of Early American and Washington, D.C. Randomly selected History and Culture at William interviewees were asked about the 1619 events, & Mary and the University and their inability to supply correct answers of North Carolina Press. illustrated the widespread lack of knowledge about important aspects of American history. Cosmologies from the Tree In 2019, the show aired on PBS stations in of Life: Art from the African 25 states, reaching 125 million households as American South far-flung as Maryland, California, Texas, North Published by the Virginia Dakota, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. Museum of Fine Arts and written by Valerie Cassel Oliver, the museum’s curator of modern “So, you know, it hasn’t been without pain, and contemporary art, this catalog it hasn’t been without sacrifice and struggle, accompanied the exhibition of the but together, collectively, we’ve created same name, which ran from something amazing.” June 8 to November 17, 2019. Twenty-one African American artists from the 20th and 21st centuries G. Anne Richardson were featured in the exhibition, which was a legacy project of the Commemoration.

Steering Committee Report 177 1619-2019: Democracy, Diversity, Discovery promoted by the Commemoration via news This publication was produced by Jamestown releases and other means. Rediscovery and primarily authored by Dr. James Horn, Mark Summers, and David M. Givens. DIGITAL/ONLINE ASSETS It tells the story of 1619, focusing on the first As the first digital commemoration in history, representative governing body and the first American Evolution enabled people around the enslaved Africans in English North America. Commonwealth, the nation, and the globe to The publication references recent archaeological participate in commemorative events and work by Jamestown projects to a much greater extent than prior Rediscovery at the 1617 commemorations. The digital assets created for church, where the first the 2019 Commemoration—from authentic General Assembly meeting stories of more than 200 historical places, to was held, and on the videos of the best of Virginia’s history sites, “Angela” site, where to instructional tools for teachers, and much one of the first Africans more—will have lasting educational and tourism in English North America value. These digital assets represent an evergreen lived. The Commemoration legacy that will enhance awareness of Virginia’s provided funding for the role in the creation of the United States and publication of these new inspire future generations to continue to uncover archaeological findings. and share a more complete, authentic, and inclusive Virginia historical narrative. Faith Journeys in the Black Experience Our American Evolution This publication will be released in 2020 Interactive Online Documentary as a collection of papers presented during the American Evolution-funded “Faith Journeys in This online documentary leverages the the Black Experience: 1619-2019” symposium extensive and evocative multimedia assets of the held March 20 & 21, 2019, at Virginia Union Commemoration to carry forward the storytelling University. In addition, it will include five aspects of American Evolution and the useful poems by performance poet, historian, and conversations they inspired. The immersive author Nathan M. Richardson and essays by interactive documentary focuses on the “why” esteemed scholars Dr. Lauranett L. Lee and behind the Commemoration and encourages Dr. Corey D. B. Walker. individual and group exploration of the important and often challenging topics addressed during Other Publications the year-long commemorative program. A companion study guide suitable for classroom Although not funded by or produced in and community use facilitates conversations conjunction with American Evolution, two about difficult history and promotes increased other very significant works pertaining to awareness, understanding, and healing. This 1619—Dr. James Horn’s 1619: Jamestown and resource is available on the Commemoration’s the Forging of American Democracy, and website (americanevolution2019.com). Dr. Linda M. Heywood’s Njinga of Angola: Africa’s Warrior Queen—were actively

178 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution AMERICAN EVOLUTION tm THE SMARTEST WAY TO EXPLORE VIRGINIA AND THE 2019 COMMEMORATION EVENTS

THE VIRGINIA HISTORY TRAILS APP FEATURES INFORMATION ABOUT EVENTS AND MORE THAN 200 PLACES TO VISIT IN VIRGINIA.

USER FRIENDLY Sign up in a snap and start exploring Virginia with your friends & family.

BE RECOGNIZED Earn badges for “checking in” to sites & share using #VAHistoryTrails.

200+ HISTORIC DESTINATIONS Visit 200+ of VA’s most treasured locations. Learn about our rich history. VIRGINIA BE THE FIRST TO KNOW Get notifications of upcoming events and festivals you will not want to miss! HISTORY TRAILS DOWNLOAD

New Virginians: 1619–2019 & Beyond THE FREE APP TODAY! This exhibition consisted of video interviews with first-generation immigrants and refugees who arrived in Virginia after 1976. It revealed AMERICANEVOLUTION 2019 the complexities of immigration for people FOLLOW US ON SOCIAL MEDIA .COM @Commemorate2019 representing a wide range of personal backgrounds, experiences, ages, and countries of origin. The complete, unedited interviews recorded for the exhibition are available on With 20 thematic trails, the the Virginia Humanities YouTube channel. mobile app enables visitors Clips of the interviews and related materials to curate travel itineraries also can be accessed through the Library of based on areas of interest, Virginia and Virginia Humanities websites as such as African American permanent resources for teachers, students, history, citizenship, civil journalists, scholars, and others to use in gaining rights, democracy, Virginia a better, more complete understanding of Indians, and women. immigration to Virginia in the late-20th and Educators and students early-21st centuries. of all ages will find the Virginia History Trails Virginia History Trails App App a useful resource as they learn about This navigational tool continues to enhance four centuries of Virginia history. The Virginia visits to the Commonwealth of Virginia and History Trails App will continue to be supported supports classroom projects by providing ready through the Virginia Tourism Corporation access to more than 400 stories and 200 historic website (Virginia.org). sites touching every part of the Commonwealth.

Left: Video interviews used in the “New Virginians: 1619-2019 & Beyond” exhibition provide a new understanding of the immigrant experience. Image courtesy of Library of Virginia. Right: The Virginia History Trails mobile app is part storybook, part travel guide. Bottom: The official Virginia History Trails sign identifies sites featured in the mobile app, such as the Moses Myers House in Norfolk. Photo courtesy of the Moses Myers House.

Steering Committee Report 179 Virginia to America Video Series the Commemoration’s three core themes— The Virginia to America video series highlights Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity—and key tourism themes and promotes visitation includes thousands of photos and hundreds to Virginia while also building awareness of the of videos. The portal includes a searchable important events of 1619. Virginia to America database utilizing Google Drive and enables features the history of select destinations in searches by category, location, year, logo, the Commonwealth by sharing the stories of and American Evolution collateral. multi-generational Virginia families, with topics Accessible via the Commemoration website as diverse as the changing culinary experiences (americanevolution2019.com), it will serve of Virginia’s varied cultures and the evolving as a preservation function and provide struggle for equality and civil rights. Produced in collaboration with the Virginia Tourism Corporation, the 11-part video series will continue to be accessible on the Commemoration’s YouTube channel as well as the Virginia Tourism Corporation website (Virginia.org).

American Evolution Online Media Asset Library This portal, established in 2017 to house all Commemoration multimedia assets, including videos, photos, and documents, shows the depth and breadth of the American Evolution program. The asset collection plan was organized around

Top: The Virginia to America video series highlights key Commemoration themes and 400 years of America’s history while showcasing the people and stories of eleven distinct Virginia destinations. All videos can be found on the Virginia is for Lovers YouTube page. Bottom: The American Evolution Online Media Asset Library preserves multi-media assets of the Commemoration for use by scholars and partners. The Library is accessible on the Commemoration’s website, AmericanEvolution2019.com.

180 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Commemoration partners, Virginia institutions, scholars, researchers, and others with easy access to the Commemoration’s digital media for years to come.

American Evolution Website

The American Evolution website (americanevolution2019.com) will be accessible to partners, scholars, and commemoration planners as a legacy of the Commemoration. The archival website will continue to provide audiences with an understanding of the Commemoration’s vision and mission as well as relevant content describing events, projects, and publications. Resources for educators, media, and partners helped shape America. Each episode of the series will remain accessible through the site. offers three to five minutes of content based on Virginia’s Standards of Learning and is suitable for in-school or after-school programs. The videos are available on the Commemoration website (americanevolution2019.com).

Primary Source Audio Recordings A series of dramatic readings of Virginia primary source documents brings the to life for students and lifelong learners. The seven audio recordings, which touch topics as varied as the proceedings of Virginia’s first General Assembly in 1619, John Smith’s account of Pocahontas, and the content of runaway slave Presented by ads, are available on the Commemoration website (americanevolution2019.com).

Guardians of Jamestown: 1619 K-12 Curriculum Resources “Guardians of Jamestown: 1619” is an Emmy A digital curriculum focused on 1619 events Award-winning video series focused on the five was developed by Virginia master teachers Virginia-based historical events in 1619 that for American Evolution. The curriculum

The Emmy Award-winning Guardians of Jamestown video series, highlighting the historical events of 1619, is available through eMediaVA.com and AmericanEvolution2019.com.

Steering Committee Report 181 contains all relevant links and materials to integrate the history and themes of 1619 into the classroom. Five lesson plans each for elementary and for secondary school-age children are available on the Commemoration website (americanevolution2019.com).

University of Virginia Center for Politics First Freedom Wall The digital “First Freedom Wall” was created to encourage students from across the country to communicate with each other on a variety of contemporary topics related to civic engagement and civil discourse and debate. The “First Freedom Wall” models appropriate use of social media and develops critical thinking skills. National topics will be added and updated on a regular basis to keep the conversations relevant. The project is managed by the Youth Leadership Initiative of the Center for Politics and can be accessed via its website (youthleadership.net).

Evolution of America: 1619 to Today Documentary “Evolution of America: 1619 to Today” is a one- hour documentary created for a national audience that explores 1619 historical events that influenced the growth and development of the United States and continues to resonate today. Maryland Public Television in partnership with producer, Cinebar Productions, Inc., serves as the presenting PBS station for national marketing and distribution. Maryland Public Television offers a streaming option to view the documentary on its website (MPT.org), and the show also can be accessed through PBS.org.

Building Democracy: The Story of Legislatures “Building Democracy: The Story of Legislatures” is a special six-part podcast series by the National Conference of State Legislatures that covers the history, characters, and stories of state legislatures in America, from the beginnings in Jamestown to the present day. Episode 1, “Virginia: America’s

182 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution First Startup,” was created in partnership with Together the sites unfold the story of American the Commemoration. The podcast is available democracy, focusing on the experiences of Virginia at NCSL.org. Indians, women, and African Americans. This trail is much like a treasure hunt and a mystery game Little Did They Know: Voices from combined. It can be downloaded from the Louisa Lynchburg’s Past Podcast County website (louisacounty.com). This historical podcast series was created by the Lynchburg Department of Economic Development American Evolution Stories and Tourism and the Lynchburg Museum System. American Evolution Stories (AEStories.com), Each of the podcast’s five episodes share stories launched in August 2018, was an online digital of Lynchburg’s platform designed to stimulate interest in the history, some with Commemoration; paint a more complete, impacts on the authentic and inclusive story of Virginia’s history state and others and leadership role in the United States; with significance encourage audiences to participate on a grassroots for the nation. level; and highlight Commemoration partner Each episode institutions and historic sites to promote tourism features the three to Virginia. Users added their own insights and main components of narration, interviews, and family history to the stories included on the a monologue. The podcast is available online at Virginia History Trails App, people and events littledidtheyknow.com. through the 400-year arc of Virginia’s history, from 1619 to today. In doing so, AE Stories helped to African American Heritage Tour of Staunton reveal the full story of “Virginia to America.” and Augusta County The stories are now part of Discovery Virginia, a Visitors can explore this family-friendly digital archive managed by Virginia Humanities interactive trail of sites important to African (discoveryvirginia.org). American history in Staunton and surrounding Augusta County. The trail takes visitors to sites that were relevant to the life of African Americans as slaves in the 1600s through the civil rights movement of the and 1960s. The trail uses the free Traipse app, which allows users to explore at their leisure. It keeps users active with site-specific challenges and engages their curiosity with curated resources about each location. The trail is available on the Traipse app, which can be downloaded through the Apple Store and Google Play.

Give Me Liberty Interactive Digital Trail This interactive digital trail allows users to identify more than 50 sites in Louisa County.

Steering Committee Report 183 Section RESULTS AND RECOGNITION

ECONOMIC IMPACT engagement, the Chmura firm examined the Generating a positive economic impact for sales, job, and tax revenue impacts that resulted the Commonwealth of Virginia was an early in Virginia from the combination of spending to produce the commemorative programming and continual objective for American Evolution leaders and staff. This consideration, among and spending by visitors who attended and others, drove strategic decisions to plan and carry participated. The key economic impact findings out a multi-year and multi-faceted program, to are summarized here. broadly engage partners and communities in More than 2.7 million individuals every region of the Commonwealth, to recruit a participated in various Commemoration diverse array of generous corporate sponsors and events and exhibitions in Virginia from individual donors, and to collaborate extensively 2016 through 2019. with local governments, state agencies, local • An estimated 1.2 million individuals school divisions, higher education institutions, participated in 379 events and exhibitions and nonprofit organizations. The commitment to organized by American Evolution or its produce a strong economic return on investment strategic partners. for the Commonwealth also played a key role • An estimated 1.5 million individuals attended in the Commemoration’s decisions to produce Commemoration-related events and programs and events with strong visitation exhibitions organized by American Evolution appeal, to cultivate broad media interest and grant recipients and other partners. promote programs to a national audience, and • Millions more across the country were to use partnerships creatively to leverage the exposed to the Commemoration via print, American Evolution brand for the benefit of online, and broadcast media platforms. existing Virginia cultural and historical sites Virginia derived an estimated $197 million and legacy attractions. in total economic impact (direct, indirect, and To measure the economic results derived from induced) from combined Commemoration and these strategic choices, American Evolution visitor spending in 2016-2019. contracted with Chmura Economics & Analytics, an experienced and highly regarded Virginia- • American Evolution operations, grants, and based firm, to assess and report comprehensively event spending produced an estimated total on the economic impact of the Commemoration’s economic impact of $96.3 million. 2016 to 2019 programming. As part of this • Spending by visitors to Commemoration

184 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Summary of the economic and fiscal impact of American Evolution programs, events, and exhibitions in Virginia.

events and exhibitions generated an • Local governments collectively received estimated $100.7 million in total economic $3 million in Commemoration-generated impact. tax revenues during the same period. American Evolution-related For the full economic impact report, visit Commemoration and visitor spending americanevolution2019.com. accounted for nearly 2,000 Virginia jobs in 2016-2019. AWARDS AND RECOGNITION • Spending for Commemoration- and American Evolution earned a remarkable partner-produced programs, events, and variety of professional accolades, including exhibitions (direct, indirect, and induced) awards for marketing and communications supported 964 jobs in Virginia during strategies, graphic design, innovative digital 2016-2019. content, and educational material. Together, these laurels affirmA merican Evolution’s • Visitor spending (direct, indirect, and standing as the first digital commemoration. induced) supported 1,034 Virginia jobs Much of the recognition arose from the creative during the same period. deployment of new technologies to reach new The Commemoration also generated and younger audiences and to authentically $8 million in combined state and local present a more complete and compelling government revenue during 2016-2019. treatment of challenging historical topics and • The Commonwealth received approximately Virginia’s foundational role in the evolution of $5 million in increased state revenue as a American ideals. result of direct, indirect, and induced impacts of Commemoration and visitor spending during 2016-2019.

Steering Committee Report 185 “Guardians of Virginia’s 2019 Virginia History Jamestown: 1619” Commemoration, Trails App American Evolution Emmy Award Targeted Op-ed Campaign Best Mobile App Awards, Information & Best New Mobile App Instructional MarCom Awards, Gold Award, 2018 Category, 2017 Gold Award, 2017 FINN Partners WHRO Public Media FINN Partners

2019

Virginia History American Evolution, American Evolution, Trails App 2019 Commemoration 2019 Commemoration Sponsorship Kit Official Schedule Brochure Media Excellence Awards, Excellence Graphic Design USA, Summit International in Immersive American Graphic Awards Creative Experience, 2018 Design Award, 2018 Awards-Silver, 2019 FINN Partners Howell Creative Group Howell Creative Group

Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution National Strategic Communications and Public Relations Campaign

MarCom Awards, Platinum Award, 2019 FINN Partners

186 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution “2019 Commemoration, TENACITY: Women American Evolution American Evolution: in Jamestown and Where America Really Early Virginia Exhibit PR Daily's Digital Marketing & Began…and Where It American Association for Social Media Awards is Going” State and Local History Brand Awareness, Honorable Mention, 2020 PRWeek US Awards, Award of Excellence, Best in Public Sector, Leadership in History Social Media Campaign, Finalist, 2020 Jamestown-Yorktown Honorable Mention, 2020 Foundation, 2020 FINN Partners Native Collaboration Legacy project of the 2019 Commemoration

“American Evolution, 2019 “American Evolution, 2019 Commemoration Where America Commemoration, Where America Really Began…and Where It is Going” Really Began…and Where It is Going”

SABRE Award, Government Agencies Bulldog PR Awards, Best Government/ Finalist, 2020 Public Service Campaign, 2020 FINN Partners FINN Partners

American Evolution, 2019 American Evolution, 2019 Commemoration Honoring the 400th Commemoration Honoring the 400th Anniversary of the Arrival of the First Anniversary of the Arrival of the First Enslaved Africans in North America Enslaved Africans in North America

SABRE Award, Government Agencies Bulldog PR Awards, Best Diversity/ Finalist, 2020 Inclusion Campaign, 2020 FINN Partners FINN Partners

Steering Committee Report 187 Section 10 CONCLUDING REFLECTION

ENHANCING OUR HISTORICAL MEMORY: an historical commemoration perspective. There STEWARDSHIP, DISCOVERY, AND certainly were skeptics who doubted that such EDUCATION FOR A NEW GENERATION complex and challenging history could be Producing any historical commemoration in the conveyed in an understandable and inclusive United States is a challenging undertaking way, especially during a politically polarized time because the American impulse is to focus when the loudest voices often tend to drown out forward, not look back. Commemorating the the most thoughtful. Then, too, there was the 400th anniversaries of 1619 posed an especially ever-vexing problem of perspective. Some prior daunting challenge because the year’s momentous historical observances had tended to view the milestones and legacies had been so seldom past through a narrow frame, inviting celebration highlighted and so little noticed for so many years. more than reflection, selectively presenting This lack of awareness and interest, while the narratives that drew the brightest, straightest general rule, fortunately was not true of those who lines between noble pursuits and seemingly preserve and interpret the site of America’s first foreordained positive outcomes. Yet, our real-life permanent English settlement at Jamestown … paths are rarely so brightly marked or straightly nor of the many historians and educators here blazed, and our history is a collection of circuitous and elsewhere who take seriously the causes and even calamitous routes on which the twists, and effects of important things … nor of the turns, trials, and tragedies often have been the Commonwealth of Virginia, whose schools have things that produced the greatest growth and taught generations of elementary students that supplied the most useful lessons. In glossing what happened in Virginia’s “Red Letter Year” over difficult history—or, as has often occurred, profoundly affected their state and nation. Indeed, ignoring it completely—not only have many 1619 was, as Senator Timothy M. Kaine so aptly people and their stories been left out of the described it, “America’s Big Bang”—the year narrative; missed, too, have been many of the when so much of what has evolved into today’s hard-learned lessons that can make history America got its sudden start. And, if the year’s instructive in the present and useful for the future. significance is little understood and appreciated, The Commonwealth of Virginia’s leaders chose then the work of those who do know and care— to embrace this challenge rather than retreat from the stewards of its legacies—is all the more vital it. The resulting 2019 Commemoration, American indeed. Evolution thus was both an enlightened exercise The Commonwealth of Virginia could have let in historical stewardship and a useful illustration the year 2019 pass in relative quiet, at least from for other states, communities, schools, and

188 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution historical and cultural organizations that will face path of civilization, while never straight, is similar programming and content challenges in essentially forward…” the future. At the core of American Evolution’s As Virginia and America move forward, a new success was the invitation it broadly extended— generation of leaders will be taking the helm. and the framework it creatively provided—for Their understanding of history, the experts tell us, diverse and authentic storytelling around core will not be what it should be—historical literacy themes that have come to define American has been eroding in our country for some time. society: representative democracy; diversity and But if we can bring history’s lessons to light in inclusion; and the opportunity to pursue one’s practical, usable ways … if we can enliven it with own aspirations and ideals, from matters of discoveries as new stories and insights surface conscience and personal expression to commerce … if we can make it less about past rights and and entrepreneurial innovation. For those who wrongs and more about the possibilities and browse this report, there are many notable opportunities it opens for the future … then benefits to savor: the impressive economic perhaps our history will take on new relevance impact; the billions of news impressions that and hold new appeal for the leaders of tomorrow. put Virginia in the limelight; the far-reaching This is certainly what American Evolution educational programs; the new collaborations and endeavored to do as it engaged younger other legacies created across the Commonwealth; Virginians extensively in commemorative the accolades and much more. But American programs and conversations. Evolution likely will be remembered most for One of Virginia’s foremost historians, Douglas what it taught us about the unifying, edifying, Southall Freeman, once observed, “We Virginians uplifting impact of diverse and authentic do not go to the storied shrines of the past to do storytelling by people of goodwill. worship, but rather to gain inspiration.” The 2019 In his remarks at Jamestown’s re-created Commemoration sought to affirm the accuracy fort on the 400th anniversary of America’s first of Dr. Freeman’s declaration but also to broaden representative legislative assembly, Presidential its vision. American Evolution aimed to inspire Historian Jon Meacham captured this redemptive Virginians not only by taking them to the storied aspect of forthright historical stewardship. shrines but to the less traveled places, by calling “History has a capacity to bring us together, to mind not only the most recognizable heroes but for our story is ultimately one of obstacles also the hidden figures, and in the process lifting overcome, crises resolved, and freedom up positive exemplars for a diverse new generation expanded,” Meacham said. “We learn the most in an ever-evolving Commonwealth. Since from those who came before not by looking inspiration matters most when it prompts action, up at them uncritically or down on them the real measure of the 2019 Commemoration’s condescendingly but by looking them in the success in enhancing our nation’s historical eye and taking their true measure as human memory will be reflected in the stewardship, beings, not as impossibly perfect heroes—or as discovery, and education that it fosters among the hopelessly irredeemable villains… A person who newest heirs to 1619’s considerable benefits and understands the past, in all its glory and grandeur burdens. Therein lies the hope that the continuing and horror and injustice, understands that the American evolution one day will fulfill its promise.

Steering Committee Report 189 Section 1 1 APPENDICES Appendix LEADERS, SPONSORS, PARTNERS

COMMITTEES

MEMBERS OF THE JAMESTOWN-YORKTOWN FOUNDATION BOARD OF TRUSTEES, 2013 – 2019

Governors of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 2013 – 2019 Robert R. McDonnell Terence R. McAuliffe Ralph S. Northam

A. Marshall Acuff, Jr. Emmett W. Hanger, Jr. Christopher K. Peace Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. Mark R. Herring Kenneth R. Plum L. Ray Ashworth† Daun S. Hester Brenda L. Pogge Frank B. Atkinson Anne B. Holton Harry R. Purkey† William T. Bolling A.E. Dick Howard Lacey E. Putney† Anedra W. Bourne Janet D. Howell Atif M. Qarni Vincent F. Callahan, Jr.† William J. Howell Sue Ellen Rocovich John T. Casteen III Riley E. Ingram Frank M. Ruff, Jr. J. Peter Clements Johnny S. Joannou† Beverly J. Sherwood Charles J. Colgan† Reginald N. Jones Javaid Siddiqi Stuart W. Connock S. Chris Jones Burson Taylor Snyder M. Kirkland Cox* Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. Christopher P. Stolle Kenneth T. Cuccinelli II Barry D. Knight Walter A. Stosch Shirley Custalow-McGowan Constance R. Kincheloe Susan R. Swecker H. Benson Dendy III* Paul D. Koonce Fred D. Thompson, Jr. Timothy P. Dykstra Terence R. McAuliffe Dietra Y. Trent Justin E. Fairfax Robert F. McDonnell R. Lee Ware, Jr. Clifford B. Fleet Ryan T. McDougle Judy F. Wason Suzanne O. Flippo Nancy Robertson McNerney John C. Watkins Laura W. Fornash Delores L. McQuinn Susan L. Genovese Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander * Denotes individuals who served as Chairman of the Sue H. Gerdelman Stephen D. Newman Jamestown-Yorktown Thomas A. Greason Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Foundation during this period. John H. Hager Ralph S. Northam † Deceased

Steering Committee Report 191 2019 COMMEMORATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

M. Kirkland Cox George Keith Martin Co-Chair Vice Chair for Partnerships Treasurer, 2019 Commemoration, Inc. Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Co-Chair Ryan T. McDougle Frank B. Atkinson Jeanne F. Zeidler Vice-President and Secretary Vice Chair for Outreach 2019 Commemoration, Inc. Philip G. Emerson H. Benson Dendy III Ex Officio Vice Chair for Organization Kathy J. Spangler Paul D. Koonce Executive Director President, 2019 Commemoration, Inc.

2019 COMMEMORATION STEERING COMMITTEE

M. Kirkland Cox Sue H. Gerdelman Christopher P. Stolle Co-Chair Kym A. Hall Jacquelyn E. Stone Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Colin M. Hood Kishore S. Thota Co-Chair James Horn Dietra Y. Trent Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. Reginald N. Jones John C. Watkins D. Cash Arehart S. Chris Jones Mary Margaret Whipple L. Ray Ashworth† Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. H. Graham Woodlief Frank B. Atkinson Quentin Kidd Jeanne F. Zeidler Warren M. Billings Bobbie G. Kilberg Philip G. Emerson Ex Officio Jamie O. Bosket Paul D. Koonce Donald W. Lemons Kathy J. Spangler Terry E. Brown Executive Director Nancy N. Campbell Mamie E. Locke Eric I. Cantor George Keith Martin † Deceased John T. Casteen III Ryan T. McDougle Barbara J. Comstock Delores L. McQuinn Stuart W. Connock G. Paul Nardo Anne Geddy Cross Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander Kevin Crossett G. Glenn Oder H. Benson Dendy III Mitchell B. Reiss James D. Duffey, Jr.† Susan Clarke Schaar Clifford B. Fleet III M. David Skiles

192 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution PROGRAMS AND LOGISTICS COMMITTEE

George Keith Martin M. Kirkland Cox Ryan T. McDougle Co-Chair Anne Geddy Cross G. Paul Nardo Jeanne F. Zeidler Kevin Crossett Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander Co-Chair H. Benson Dendy III Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. James D. Duffey, Jr.† G. Glenn Oder Cash Arehart Clifford B. Fleet III Nancy Rodrigues L. Ray Ashworth† Sue H. Gerdelman Susan Clarke Schaar Frank B. Atkinson Kym A. Hall M. David Skiles Warren M. Billings James Horn Christopher P. Stolle Jamie O. Bosket S. Chris Jones Jacquelyn E. Stone Nancy N. Campbell Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. Kishore S. Thota Eric I. Cantor Quentin Kidd John C. Watkins John T. Casteen III Bobbie G. Kilberg Mary Margaret Whipple Barbara J. Comstock Paul D. Koonce H. Graham Woodlief Stuart W. Connock Mamie E. Locke † Deceased

HISTORIAN ADVISORY COUNCIL

Warren M. Billings Linda M. Heywood James D. Rice Chair James Horn Sheri M. Shuck-Hall Douglas Bradburn A.E. Dick Howard John K. Thornton John C. Coombs Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. Sandra G. Treadway Tom Davidson Cynthia A. Kierner Lauren Working Michael Guasco Lauranett Lee Karin Wulf Alexander Haskell Paul Musselwhite Meg Heubeck Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander

FIRST REPRESENTATIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE

G. Paul Nardo H. Benson Dendy III James B. Murray, Jr. Co-Chair Stewart Gamage Leighton Powell Susan Clarke Schaar James Horn William C. Wampler Co-Chair S. Chris Jones John C. Watkins George Allen Timothy M. Kaine Benming Zhang Cash Arehart Donald W. Lemons Frank B. Atkinson Ann Loomis Advisors Nancy N. Campbell Ryan T. McDougle Warren M. Billings Eric I. Cantor Matt Moran Colin G. Campbell

Steering Committee Report 193 FIRST RECORDED AFRICANS TO ENGLISH NORTH AMERICA COMMITTEE

Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander Stacy L. Burrs Mamie E. Locke Co-Chair Eric W. Claville G. Glenn Oder Jacquelyn E. Stone Tom Davidson Calvin Pearson Co-Chair Audrey P. Davis Donnie R. Tuck L. Douglas Wilder H. Benson Dendy III Rhonda VanLowe Honorary Chair Colita N. Fairfax George Wallace Belinda C. Anderson Barbara Hamm Lee Bruce Williams Dante Barry Ervin L. Jordan, Jr. Terry E. Brown Lauranett Lee

IMPACT OF WOMEN COMMITTEE

Mary Margaret Whipple Suzanne O. Flippo Lynda Johnson Robb Chair Sue H. Gerdelman Nancy Rodrigues Betsy Rawls Agelasto Lisa M. Hicks-Thomas Susan Clarke Schaar Susan Allen Ashley Myers Hood Sheri M. Shuck-Hall Viola O. Baskerville Susan B. Horne C. Douglas Smith Betsy D. Beamer Patricia A. Jackson Sandra G. Treadway Barbara J. Comstock Judith Williams Jagdmann Robert C. Vaughan III† Anne Geddy Cross Cynthia A. Kierner † Deceased Siobhan S. Dunnavant Juliette L. Landphair

FIRST OFFICIAL ENGLISH THANKSGIVING IN NORTH AMERICA COMMITTEE

H. Graham Woodlief Malcolm E. Jamieson Warren Stewart Chair William C. Mims Fred P. Woodlief Wayne Adkins Edward D. Mitchell L. Ray Ashworth† Katherine Godin Mitchell Advisors Ann Berry Kenneth R. Plum Gerald L. Baliles† Karla Bruno Barbara Ramos Sue H. Gerdelman Henry L. Chambers, Jr. Karen Riordan † Deceased April T. Greenwood John Sadler R. Patrick Hill Jordan Saunders

194 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution ENTREPRENEURIALISM AND INNOVATION COMMITTEE

Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. Barry DuVal T. Preston Lloyd, Jr. Co-Chair Thomas W. Hall Pamela J. Royal James D. Duffey, Jr.† Nicholas Sladic Co-Chair Bruce R. Hazelgrove III Todd Stottlemyer A. Marshall Acuff, Jr. Colin Hood Fred D. Thompson, Jr. Edward Albrigo James Horn Kishore S. Thota Henry N. Butler Mark J. Hourigan † Deceased C. Daniel Clemente Bruce Howard, Sr. Glenn DuBois Bobbie Greene Kilberg

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE

H. Benson Dendy III M. Kirkland Cox Susan Clarke Schaar Chair Ryan T. McDougle Frank B. Atkinson G. Paul Nardo

VIRGINIA HONORARY COUNCIL

George Allen Emmett W. Hanger, Jr. Edwina P. Dalton Phillips Susan Allen Mark R. Herring Denver Lee Riggleman III Gerald L. Baliles† Anne B. Holton Charles S. Robb Jeannie P. Baliles A. , Jr. Lynda Johnson Robb Donald S. Beyer, Jr. Virginia Holton Richard L. Saslaw David A. Brat William J. Howell Robert C. Scott Leslie L. Byrne S. Chris Jones Abigail Spanberger Eric I. Cantor Timothy M. Kaine Scott W. Taylor Benjamin L. Cline Donald W. Lemons Barbara J. Comstock Elaine G. Luria David J. Toscano Gerald E. Connolly Dorothy S. McAuliffe Paul S. Trible, Jr. M. Kirkland Cox Terence R. McAuliffe R. Lee Ware, Jr. Thelma D. Drake Robert F. McDonnell John W. Warner Justin E. Fairfax A. Donald McEachin Lisa Collis Warner Todd C. Gilbert James P. Moran, Jr. Mark R. Warner James S. Gilmore, III Stephen D. Newman Jennifer L. Wexton Roxane Gilmore Thomas K. Norment, Jr. L. Douglas Wilder Robert W. Goodlatte Ralph S. Northam Robert J. Wittman

H. Pamela Northam † Deceased John H. Hager L.F. Payne

Steering Committee Report 195 HIGHER EDUCATION WORKING GROUP

Peter Blake Colita N. Fairfax Gregory K. McLeod Fran Bradford Mary Ferrari Lauren McMillan Tom Camden Paula Gentius Cameron Patterson Tara Cassidy Thomas W. Hall Stacey Schneider Osubi Craig Sharon Roger Hepburn Jessica Schwab Mike Davis Patti Jackson Sally Selden Rich Diddams Alissa Karton Sheri Shuck-Hall James Doering Quentin Kidd Bill Thomas Rachel Eller Jeffrey Kraus Miriam Zarin

AMERICAN EVOLUTION FORUM ON THE FUTURE OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY FORUM WORKING GROUP

Frank B. Atkinson Colin G. Campbell Ann W. Loomis Co-Chair Nancy N. Campbell George Keith Martin H. Benson Dendy III G. Paul Nardo Co-Chair Matt A. Conrad John Rainey, Jr. George Allen Michael J. Fox Mitchell B. Reiss Betsy D. Beamer Stewart Gamage Susan Clarke Schaar James W. Beamer Eva S. Hardy Kenneth S. Stroupe Anedra W. Bourne Robert D. Holsworth Jeanne F. Zeidler

WOMEN’S ACHIEVE SUMMIT WORKING GROUP

Mary Margaret Whipple Sue Patow Chair Allison Jones Susan Clarke Schaar Arlyn Elise Burgess Lou Kadiri Sandra G. Treadway Kelly Cannon Judy Lutes Jennifer Wicker

196 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution SPONSORS

SPECIAL THANKS TO THE VIRGINIA GENERAL ASSEMBLY

FOUNDING PARTNER Dominion Energy

VIRGINIA COLONY PARTNERS Altria TowneBank

PRESENTING PARTNERS Huntington Ingalls Industries/ Sentara Healthcare/Optima Health Virginia Tech Carilion Partnership Newport News Shipbuilding University of Virginia

VIRGINIA TO AMERICA PARTNERS Ferguson Enterprises McGuireWoods Smithfield Foods Inova Health System Richard S. Reynolds Foundation The Landmark Foundation

STATEWIDE ENGAGEMENT PARTNERS AREVA/Framatome Virginia Department of Rail and Virginia Lottery Riverside Health System Public Transportation/Amtrak

AMERICAN EVOLUTION CHAMPIONS Carilion Clinic National Park Service/Preservation CGI Virginia/Jamestown Rediscovery Hourigan Construction NewMarket Corporation WestRock

Steering Committee Report 197 AMERICAN EVOLUTION FRIENDS

Aetna Frank B. Atkinson Virginia Commonwealth University Anheuser-Busch Froehling & Robertson, Inc. Health Injury and Violence Anonymous Donor in honor of GEICO Prevention Program the National Society of Claiborne Judy and Harry Wason Virginia Credit Union League Descendants Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC Williams Mullen Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield Virginia Commonwealth University BWX Technologies, Inc. Grace E. Harris Leadership David L. Peebles Institute/L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs

VIRGINIA LEADERSHIP COUNCIL Individuals contributing $50,000 and leaders of organizations contributing $100,000 or more.

Nancy H. Agee J. Stephen Jones James E. Ryan Frank Batten, Jr. Jane and Jim Kaplan Timothy D. Sands Harry F. Byrd III Howard P. Kern Kenneth M. Sullivan J. Morgan Davis Paul D. Koonce Howard A. Willard III Thomas F. Farrell II Dennis A. Matheis John O. Wynne, Jr.

W. Heywood Fralin G. Gilmer Minor III †Deceased Sue and John† Gerdelman Kevin M. Murphy Jonathan P. Harmon Richard S. Reynolds III

Right: (L to R): Yuri R. Milligan, Katelyn M. Davis-Hawkins, Ann C. Berry, Margaret W. Giordano, Richard C. Emrey, Cynthia F. Gray, Kristin P. Ritchey, Nancy Rodrigues, Queen Latifah, Kathy J. Spangler, Chanin L. Consoer, Fionnuala C. Fisk, Kelly K. Jaeger, Amy A. L. Ritchie, Jill L. Samuelson-Devriendt.

198 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution 2019 COMMEMORATION STAFF

Kathy J. Spangler Katelyn M. Davis-Hawkins Executive Director (2015 - 2020) Event Assistant (2019) Cynthia F. Gray Lindsey M. Horner Deputy Director of Marketing and Education and Programs Specialist (2016 - 2019) Communications (2017 - 2020) Jessica M. DiPette Nancy Rodrigues Digital Marketing Coordinator (2018 - 2019) Deputy Director for Program Richard C. Emrey Administration (2018 - 2020) Marketing Specialist (2018 - 2020) Yuri R. Milligan Fionnuala C. Fisk Associate Director of Marketing and Protocol and Programs Assistant (2018 - 2020) Communications (2016 - 2020) Margaret W. Giordano Amy A. L. Ritchie Marketing and Communications Associate Director of Partnership Coordinator (2019 - 2020) Programs (2016 - 2020) Annika A. Hughes Laura W. Bailey Marketing Specialist (2017 - 2019) Special Projects (2019 – 2020) Kelly K. Jaeger Ann C. Berry Brand Creative Manager (2018 - 2020) Special Projects Assistant (2016 - 2020) Katherine D. James Myra C. Borchardt Fiscal Analyst (2018 - 2019) Administrative Assistant (2019) Amanda S. McKee Georgia C. Carles Administrative Assistant (2018 - 2019) Executive Assistant (2018 - 2019) Kristin P. Ritchey Tami F. Carsillo Statewide Engagement Coordinator (2017 - 2019) Partnership and Education Programs Assistant (2018 - 2019) Jill L. Samuelson-Devriendt Marketing and Communications Specialist (2019) Chanin L. Consoer Financial Services Specialist (2018 - 2020) Alice G. Young Event Specialist (2018 - 2019)

Steering Committee Report 199 2019 COMMEMORATION STAFF (PRIOR TO 2019, LISTED ALPHABETICALLY)

Christine F. Bata (2016 - 2018) Caroline P. Johnson (2018) Jennifer A. Bommelje-Butler (2015 - 2017) Sylvia J. Pollock (2016) A. Brady Cain (2015 - 2017) Kevin M. Sanders (2017) Erica M. Carter (2017) Elizabeth A. Scherbing (2017 - 2018) Mellissa C. Cheema (2018) Diane E. Schwarz (2016) Leslie D. Clark (2017) Julie M. Smith (2017) Jennifer L. Diamonti (2017) Timothy E. Sutphin (2017) Ralph L. Ferebee III (2017 - 2018) Grace F. Van Divender (2015 - 2016) Amanda S. Green (2017 - 2018) Catherine N. Williams (2016 - 2017) Stacey T. Grimsley (2015 - 2017) Sharon H. Worthy (2016 - 2017)

The 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution would like to thank all members of the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation staff for their generous spirit of collaboration.

200 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution PARTNERS

STRATEGIC PARTNERS

City of Hampton University of Virginia Fort Monroe Authority Virginia Arts Festival Hampton City Public Schools Virginia Department of Education Jamestown Rediscovery/Preservation Virginia Virginia General Assembly Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Library of Virginia Virginia Museum of History & Culture National Park Service Virginia Tech Norfolk State University William & Mary

PROGRAM PARTNERS

Berkeley Plantation University of Lynchburg City of Williamsburg University of Richmond Christopher Newport University University of Virginia Center for Politics Cinebar Productions, Inc. University of Virginia Galant Center for Innovation Fire, Flour, & Fork Festival and Entrepreneurship George Mason University University of Virginia Miller Center Girl Scout Council of the Colonial Coast Virginia Capitol Foundation Hampton History Museum Virginia Commonwealth University Historic Christ Church & Museum Virginia Council of Churches James City County Virginia Department of Human Resource James Madison University Management James Madison’s Montpelier - Virginia Division of Capitol Police The Robert H. Smith Center for the Constitution Virginia History Day National Conference of State Legislatures Virginia Humanities National History Day Virginia Thanksgiving Festival Omohundro Institute Virginia Union University Pocahontas Reframed “Storytellers” Film Festival Virginia Wesleyan University Presidential Precinct Virginia Women’s Conference Pulaski County WHRO Public Media Richmond Symphony York County Tom Tom Summit & Festival

Steering Committee Report 201 PROMOTIONAL PARTNERS

African American Historical & Virginia Department of General Service Genealogical Society Virginia Department of Historic Resources Association for the Study of African American Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles Life and History Virginia Department of Transportation Virginia’s Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Virginia Employment Commission Memorial Commission Virginia History Trails App Sites Greater Williamsburg Chamber & Virginia Lottery Tourism Alliance Virginia State Parks Preservation Virginia Virginia State Police Virginia Alcoholic Beverage Control Authority Virginia Tourism Corporation Virginia Association of Museums

GRANTEES

Alleghany Highlands Chamber of Commerce Fredericksburg Area Museum - Evening with and Tourism - A Journey Home: 400 Years of an Expert: Farming While Black Customs, Cultures, and Cuisine Fruits & Roots Wine Tours – Marketing Ashland Main Street Association - Ashland American Evolution Train Day GreenSpring Foundation - GreenSpring Presents Averett University, Center for Community “The History of Music in Virginia” Concert Engagement and Career Competitiveness - Dan River Region Soul Food Festival Henricus Historical Park - Friendship, Trade, and Feast Birthplace of Country Music - Birthplace of Country Music Marketing Campaign for the Historic Christ Church & Museum - American American Evolution Commemoration Evolution 2019 Marketing Initiative

Board of Regents of Gunston Hall - American Historical Society of Western Virginia - Roads Evolution Student Citizen Passport Program and Rails to History

Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribal Heritage James Madison’s Montpelier - “The Mere Foundation - Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) School Distinction of Color” Social Campaign Day, Bonfire, and Corn Harvest Powwow James Monroe’s Highland - American Evolution at Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe - James Monroe’s Highland Marketing Campaign Cattashowrock Town Tourism Program Lewis & Clark Exploratory Center - The Lewis and CultureFix - Wonderful Williamsburg Weekend Clark Expedition’s Democratic Vote

Effingham Winery - Virginia Historical Wine Louisa County Historical Society - “Give Me and Food Festival Liberty” Digital Trail

202 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Lynchburg Office of Economic Development & Reedville Fishermen’s Museum - Reedville Tourism - Little Did They Know: Voices from Fishermen’s Museum’s Oyster Roast: 400 Years Lynchburg’s Past of Tradition

Magnolias at the Mill - A Night of Fire and Ice The Corporation for Jefferson’s Poplar Forest - The Thomas Jefferson Salon Series: Race and Mahone’s Tavern and Museum, Inc. - Mahone’s Democracy Tavern and Museum, Inc. Marketing Program The Long Way Home, Inc. - Mary Draper Menokin Foundation - Menokin Illuminated Ingles Trail

Petersburg Area Regional Tourism - Oysters, Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest - American Barbecue, Battersea Evolution at Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest

Petersburg Preservation Task Force - Petersburg’s Three Rivers Trail - RESILIENCE: Three Rivers Effect on the American Evolution of Democracy Cultural Festival

Portsmouth Department of Marketing, Traipse, Inc. - African-American Heritage Tour Communications & Tourism - 2019 Umoja of Staunton and Augusta County African-American Heritage Festival Marketing Campaign Virginia Legends Walk - 1619: When Destinies Collide at Fort Monroe Preservation Virginia - 100 Miles of History: Promoting Six Sites as One Travel Package Virginia Living Museum - American Adventure Exhibition Radford Visitor’s Center - New River Trail Days: a Festival of Traditions, Faces, and Tavern Fare Wayne C. Henderson School of Appalachian Arts - Celebrating the Guitar Along the Crooked Road Real Richmond, LLC - Fire, Flour & Fork: The Power of the Recipe Box William King Museum of Art - Prosperity and Progress on America’s First Frontier Red Hill, the Patrick Henry National Memorial - Bluegrass, Barbecue, and Brew Festival

VIRGINIA HISTORY TRAIL STORIES AND SITES

1619 Arrival of Africans at Old Point Comfort, Abingdon Muster Grounds, Abingdon, 1750-1800 Fort Monroe, 1600-1650 , Richmond, 1900-1950 1619 Entrepreneurialism & the Virginia Company African American Heritage Museum, Wytheville, of London, Richmond, 1600-1650 1850-1900 1619 meeting of the First Representative Assembly, Aldie Mill Historic Park, Aldie, 1800-1850 Historic Jamestowne, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Alexander Purdie, Williamsburg, 1750-1800 1619 Recruitment of Women to the Colony, Historic Jamestowne, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Alexandria Black History Museum, Alexandria, 1950-2000 1619 religious observance of Thanksgiving at Berkeley Plantation, Charles City, 1600-1650 Alleghany Historical Society at the Covington C&O Depot, Covington, 1750-1800 1705 Slave Code, Williamsburg, 1700-1750 American Civil War Museum, Richmond, 1850-1900

Steering Committee Report 203 American Revolution Museum at Yorktown, Yorktown, Bill “Bojangles” Robinson, Richmond, 1900-1950 1750-1800 Birthplace of Country Music Museum, Bristol, 1900-1950 American Shakespeare Center, Staunton, 1950-2000 Black History Museum and Cultural Center, Richmond, Andrew Lewis, Salem, 1750-1800 1850-1900 Angela Site at Historic Jamestowne, Williamsburg, Blandford Cemetery, Petersburg, 1700-1750 1600-1650 Blue Ridge Institute & Museum, Ferrum, 1950-2000 Anglo-Powhatan Wars, Chester, 1600-1650 Blue Ridge Tunnel, Afton, 1850-1900 Ann Burras Laydon, Historic Jamestowne, Williamsburg, Booker T. Washington, Hardy, 1850-1900 1600-1650 Bray School, Williamsburg, 1750-1800 , Lynchburg, 1900-1950 , Breaks, 1950-2000 Anti-Lynching Law (1908), Norfolk, 1900-1950 Bremo Slave Chapel, Bremo Bluff, 1800-1850 Appalachian African-American Cultural and Community Development Center, Pennington Gap, 1900-1950 Brentsville Historic Jail, Bristow, 1800-1850 Aquia Episcopal Church, Stafford, 1750-1800 Brooklyn Tobacco Factory, South Boston, 1850-1900 Archaearium Archaeology Museum, Historic Bruton Parish Church, Williamsburg, 1650-1700 Jamestowne, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Buchanan County Courthouse, Grundy, 1900-1950 Arlington National Cemetery & Monuments, Fort Myer, Buffalo Church, Pamplin, 1750-1800 1850-1900 Camp Manufacturing Company, Franklin, 1850-1900 Arthur Ashe, Richmond, 1950-2000 Cape Charles Museum & Welcome Center, Assimilation Education at Hampton Normal & Cape Charles, 1850-1900 Agricultural Institute, Hampton, 1850-1900 Cape Henry Lighthouse, Fort Story, 1750-1800 Attucks Theatre, Norfolk, 1900-1950 Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Augusta Female Seminary, Staunton, 1800-1850 Historic Trail, Jamestown, 1600-1650 Augusta Stone Presbyterian Church, Fort Defiance, Carlyle House Historic Park, Alexandria, 1850-1900 1700-1750 Carrie Buck & Buck v. Bell, Madison Heights, 1900-1950 Bacon’s Castle, Surry, 1650-1700 Carter Family Memorial Music Center, Hiltons, Bacon’s Rebellion, Historic Jamestowne, Williamsburg, 1950-2000 1650-1700 Carter G. Woodson & the Journal of African Barter Theatre, Abingdon, 1900-1950 American History, Bremo Bluff, 1900-1950 Battle of Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania, 1850-1900 Carter Henry Harrison, Cartersville, 1750-1800 Battle of Great Bridge, Chesapeake, 1750-1800 Carter v. School Board of Arlington County, Arlington, Battle of the Hook, Gloucester, 1750-1800 1950-2000 Battle of Yorktown, Yorktown, 1750-1800 Caverns, Luray, 1800-1850 Belle Boyd, Front Royal, 1850-1900 Central State Hospital, Petersburg, 1850-1900 Belle Grove Plantation, King George, 1750-1800 Charlotte County Courthouse, Charlotte Court House, 1800-1850 Belle Grove Plantation, Middletown, 1750-1800 Chatham Manor, Fredericksburg, 1750-1800 Belmead Plantation, Powhatan, 1850-1900 Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe, Courtland, Berry Hill Plantation, South Boston, 1800-1850 Before 1650 Berryville Historic District, Berryville, 1850-1900 Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, Virginia Beach, Beth Ahabah Museum and Archives, Richmond, 1950-2000 1750-1800

204 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Chickahominy Indians, Charles City County, Before 1650 Edna Lewis, Unionville, 1950-2000 Chickahominy Indians Eastern Division, New Kent Elder Lightfoot Solomon Michaux, Williamsburg, County, Before 1650 1900-1950 Chincoteague Pony Swim, Chincoteague, 1950-2000 Elizabeth Bermingham Lacy, Richmond, 1950-2000 Chippokes Plantation State Park, Surry, 1600-1650 Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell, Saltville, 1800-1850 Christ Church (Alexandria), Alexandria, 1750-1800 Elizabeth Hobbs Keckly, Dinwiddie, 1850-1900 Christ Church (Lancaster County), Weems, 1700-1750 Elizabeth Jordan Carr, Norfolk, 1950-2000 Christ Church (Middlesex), Saluda, 1700-1750 Elizabeth Key Grinstead, Historic Jamestowne, Christiana Burdett Campbell, Williamsburg, 1750-1800 Williamsburg, 1650-1700 ’s Spy Ring, Richmond, 1850-1900 Christiansburg Industrial Institute, Christiansburg, 1850-1900 , Richmond, 1900-1950 Civil Rights in Education Trail, Farmville, 1950-2000 Elmwood Cemetery, Norfolk, 1850-1900 Civil Rights Movement, Richmond, 1950-2000 Equal League Founded, Richmond, 1900-1950 Civil War Richmond, Richmond, 1850-1900 Essex County Museum and Historical Society, Clementina Rind, Williamsburg, 1750-1800 Tappahannock, 1950-2000 Cockacoeske, King William, 1650-1700 Eva Fleming Scott, Richmond, 20th Century Cold War Museum, Vint Hill, 1950-2000 Ex Parte Virginia (1880), Chatham, 1850-1900 College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, 1650-1700 Executive Mansion, Richmond, 1800-1850 Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, 1900-1950 Eyre Hall, Cheriton, 1750-1800 Columbia Pike, Arlington, 2000-present Fairfax Museum & Visitor Center, Fairfax, 1850-1900 Ferdinando Fairfax, Fort Belvoir, 1750-1800 Cooperative Education Association, Richmond, 1900-1950 First & Second Battle of Manassas, Manassas, Court Street Baptist Church, Lynchburg, 1800-1850 1850-1900 Crooked Road, Abingdon, 1900-1950 First African Baptist Church, Richmond, 1800-1850 Custis Tombs, Cape Charles, 1700-1750 First Baptist Church of Williamsburg, Williamsburg, 1750-1800 Cynthia Dinah Fannon Kinser, Richmond, 2000-present First Roman Catholic Settlement in Virginia, Dan River Mills, Danville, 1850-1900 Stafford, 1600-1650 Dante Coal Mining & Railroad Museum, Dante, First Tobacco Shipment, Chester, 1600-1650 1900-1950 Flora Cooke Stuart, Staunton, 1850-1900 Danville Museum of Fine Arts & History, Danville, Floyd Historic District, Floyd, 1900-1950 1850-1900 Fort Christanna Historic Site, Lawrenceville, 1700-1750 DEA Museum & Visitors Center, Arlington, 1950-2000 Fort Monroe, Hampton, 1850-1900 Diamond Hill Baptist Church, Lynchburg, 1850-1900 Fort Ward Museum & Historic Site, Alexandria, Domestic Slave Trade, Alexandria, 1800-1850 1850-1900 Dred Scott Decision, Courtland, 1850-1900 Freedman’s Bank, Richmond, 1850-1900 Dunmore’s Proclamation, Chesapeake, 1750-1800 Friends Asylum for Colored Orphans, Richmond, Eastern State Hospital, Petersburg, 1850-1900 1850-1900 Eastville Historic District, Eastville, 1700-1750 From Africa to Virginia, Jamestown Settlement, Eden Center, Falls Church, 1950-2000 Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Edinburg Historic District, Edinburg, 1800-1850 Frontier Culture Museum, Staunton, 1950-2000

Steering Committee Report 205 Frying Pan Baptist Meeting House, Herndon, Harry W. Meador Coal Museum, Big Stone Gap, 1750-1800 1900-1950 Gabriel’s Conspiracy, Henrico, 1800-1850 Hartshorn Memorial College, Richmond, 1850-1900 Gadsby’s Tavern, Alexandria, 1750-1800 Hebron Lutheran Church, Madison, 1700-1750 Gari Melchers Home & Studio, Fredericksburg, Helen T. Henderson, Big Stone Gap, 1900-1950 1900-1950 Henry “Box” Brown, Stafford, 1850-1900 George & Rebecca Latimer, Norfolk, 1800-1850 Hermanze E. Fauntleroy, Jr. and Dr. Florence George Mason, Mason Neck, 1750-1800 Farley, Petersburg, 1950-2000 George Washington, Mount Vernon, 1750-1800 Highland Historical Society, McDowell, 1850-1900 George Washington Birthplace, Colonial Beach, Highway Marker Program, Richmond, 1900-1950 1700-1750 Hillsville Massacre, Hillsville, 1900-1950 Germanna (), Locust Grove, Historic Crab Orchard Museum, Tazewell, 1700-1750 1750-1800 Gibson Chapel Memorial and Martha Bagby Historic St. Luke’s Church, Smithfield, 1650-1700 Battle House, St. George, 1900-1950 Historic Rosewell, Gloucester, 1700-1750 Giles County Historical Society, Pearisburg, 1800-1850 Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Richmond, 1850-1900 Gillfield Baptist Church, Petersburg, 1750-1800 Holley Graded School, Heathsville, 1850-1900 Glencoe Museum, Radford, 1850-1900 , Roanoke, 1800-1850 Grace Sherwood, Virginia Beach, 1700-1750 Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, 1800-1850 Graffiti House, Brandy Station, 1850-1900 House of Burgesses Meets Independently (1643), Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Historic Jamestowne, 1600-1650 Reformers, Richmond, 1850-1900 Huguenot Settlement in Virginia: Manakin Town, Grayson Highlands State Park, Mouth of Wilson, Midlothian, 1700-1750 1950-2000 Humpback Bridge, Covington, 1850-1900 Great Dismal Swamp, Suffolk, 1800-1850 Israel Hill Settlement (ca. 1810), Farmville, Great Falls Park (Patowmack Canal), McLean, 1750-1800 1800-1850 Great Moonshine Conspiracy Trial, Chase City, Jack Jouett’s Ride, Mineral, 1750-1800 1900-1950 Historic District, Richmond, Greenway Trail, New Castle, 1950-2000 1850-1900 Gum Springs Museum & Cultural Center, James Hemings, Charlottesville, 1750-1800 Gum Springs, 1950-2000 James Lafayette, New Kent, 1750-1800 H. T. Klugel Architectural Sheet Metal Work Building, Emporia, 1900-1950 James Madison, Montpelier Station, 1750-1800 Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden Sydney, 1750-1800 James Madison Museum of Orange County Heritage, Orange, 1750-1800 Hampton History Museum, Hampton, 2000-present James Monroe, Charlottesville, 1750-1800 Hampton University, Hampton, 1850-1900 James Monroe’s Highland, Charlottesville, 1800-1850 Hanover Presbytery in Virginia, Mechanicsville, 1700-1750 James Monroe Family Home Site & Birthplace, Colonial Beach, 1750-1800 Harrison Museum of African American Culture, Roanoke, 1900-1950 James Monroe Museum, Fredericksburg, 1750-1800

206 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution James River and Kanawha Company, Buchanan, Lott Cary, Charles City, 1800-1850 1800-1850 Louis E. Henegar Miners Memorial Park, Appalachia, Jamestown Discovery Trail, Henrico, 1600-1650 1900-1950 Jamestown Settlement, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Loving v. Virginia (1967), Richmond, 1950-2000 Jerry Falwell Museum & Library, Lynchburg, 1950-2000 Lumpkin’s Jail, Richmond, 1800-1850 Joel Sweeney, Appomattox, 1800-1850 Lynch’s Law, Altavista, 1750-1800 John A. Lomax & Harold Spivacke, Maidens 1900-1950 MacArthur Memorial, Norfolk, 1950-2000 John Brown’s Raid, Amissville, 1850-1900 MacCallum More Museum and Gardens, Chase City, 1900-1950 , Richmond, 1800-1850 Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, Richmond, John Mercer Langston, Louisa, 1850-1900 1900-1950 John Mitchell Jr., Richmond, 1900-1950 Manassas Industrial School for Colored Youth, John Punch, Historic Jamestowne, Williamsburg, Manassas, 1850-1900 1600-1650 Mantle, the Virginia Indian Statue on Capitol Square, John Smith, Historic Jamestowne, Williamsburg Richmond, 2000-present 1600-1650 The Mariners’ Museum & Park, Newport News, John Tyler, Charles City, 1800-1850 1850-1900 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, Petersburg, 1850-1900 Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, Mount Vernon, Journey through Hallowed Ground, Waterford, 1800-1850 1850-1900 Kenmore Plantation, Fredericksburg, 1750-1800 Martinsville-Henry County Heritage Center & Museum, Martinsville, 1800-1850 King and Queen Courthouse Tavern Museum, King and Queen Courthouse 1950-2000 Martinsville Speedway, Ridgeway, 1900-1947 Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, Elkton, 1700-1750 Mary Draper Ingles, Radford, 1750-1800 L. Douglas Wilder Elected Governor, Richmond, , Warm Springs, 1900-1950 1950-2000 & “Virginia House-Wife”, Bermuda, Lady Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Danville, 1800-1850 1850-1900 Mary Washington House, Fredericksburg, 1750-1800 Lancaster Court House District, Lancaster, 1950-2000 Mary Willing Byrd, Charles City, 1750-1800 Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver, Troutdale, 1900-1950 Mattaponi Indians, King William County, Before 1650 Lee Hall, Newport News, 1850-1900 Mauck Meeting House, Luray, 1800-1850 Leesburg Historic District, Leesburg, 1950-2000 Maymont, Richmond, 1850-1900 Legends of Music Walk of Fame, Norfolk, 1950-2000 McCormick Farm & Workshop, Raphine, 1800-1850 Leroy Rountree Hassell, Richmond, 1950-2000 Menokin, Warsaw, 1750-1800 Leslie Larkin Byrne, Annandale, 1950-2000 Miles B. Carpenter Museum of Folk Art, Waverly, Lewis and Clark Expedition, Charlottesville, 1800-1850 1850-1900 Library of Virginia, Richmond, 1800-1850 Monacan Indians, Amherst, Before 1650 , Richmond, 1900-1950 Moncure Conway, Falmouth, 1850-1900 Lincoln Homestead & Cemetery, Linville, 1700-1750 Monticello, Charlottesville, 1750-1800 Linwood Holton, Roanoke, 1950-2000 Montpelier, Montpelier Station, 1750-1800 Little England Chapel, Hampton, 1850-1900 Historic District, Richmond, 1900-1950 Longwood University, Farmville, 1800-1850

Steering Committee Report 207 Morgan v. Virginia (1946), Saluda, 1900-1950 Pat Robertson, Virginia Beach, 1950-2000 Moses Myers House, Norfolk, 1750-1800 Patawomeck Indians, Stafford County, Before 1650 Moton School Strike, Farmville, 1950-2000 Patrick Henry, Beaverdam, 1750-1800 Mount Hebron Cemetery, Winchester, 1750-1800 Patrick Henry’s , Beaverdam, 1750-1800 Mount Vernon, Mount Vernon, 1750-1800 Historic House, Winchester, 1950-2000 Museum of the Middle Appalachians, Saltville, Peanut Cultivation in Virginia, Courtland, 1800-1850 1950-2000 Peter Francisco, Jetersville, 1750-1800 Museum of the Shenandoah Valley, Winchester, Petersburg During the Civil War, Petersburg, 1850-1900 2000-present Philippine Cultural Center, Virginia Beach, 2000-present Nansemond Indians, Suffolk, Before 1650 Pierre Daura, Lynchburg, 1900-1950 NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Chincoteague, 1950-2000 Pocahontas Exhibition Coal Mine & Museum, Pocahontas, 1850-1900 Nat Turner’s Rebellion, Courtland, 1800-1850 Pocahontas, Jamestown Settlement, Williamsburg, National Air & Space Museum’s Steven F. 1600-1650 Udvar-Hazy Center, Chantilly, 2000-present Pocahontas Marries John Rolfe, Historic Jamestowne, National D-Day Memorial, Bedford, 1900-1950 Williamsburg, 1600-1650 National Museum of the Marine Corps, Triangle, Poe Museum, Richmond, 1800-1850 2000-present Poll Tax (Evelyn Butts), Norfolk, 1950-2000 Natural Bridge, Natural Bridge, 2000-present Poquoson Museum, Poquoson, 2000-present Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, 1900-1950 Portsmouth Colored Community Library Museum, Nelson 151 Trail, Lovingston, 1950-present Portsmouth, 1950-2000 New Kent High School & George W. Watkins School, Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum, Portsmouth, New Kent, 1950-2000 1900-1950 The Newsome House Museum & Cultural Center, Powhatan (Wahunsonacock), Jamestown Settlement, Newport News, 1900-1950 Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Norfolk 17, Norfolk, 1950-2000 Prestwould Plantation, Clarksville, 1750-1800 Norfolk Naval Station, Norfolk, 1900-1950 Public Assemblages Act (1926), Hampton, 1950-2000 Norfolk State University, 1900-1950 Ralph Stanley Museum and Traditional Mountain Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia, Capron, Before 1650 Music Center, Clintwood, 2000-present O. Winston Link Museum, Roanoke, 1950-2000 Rappahannock Indians, King & Queen County, , Clarksville, 1650-1700 Before 1650 Occoquan Workhouse, Lorton, 1900-1950 (), Courtland, 1850-1900 Official Fleet of the Commonwealth, Jamestown Re-created Powhatan Indian Village, Jamestown Settlement, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Settlement, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Old Courthouse in Buena Vista, Buena Vista, 1850-1900 Red Hill Patrick Henry National Memorial, Brookneal, Old Fiddler’s Convention, Galax, 2000-present 1750-1800 Oliver W. Hill, Richmond, 1950-2000 Reedville Historic District, Reedville, 1850-1900 , Manquin, 1600-1650 Representative Government, Jamestown Settlement, Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Abingdon, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 1750-1800 Restored , Alexandria, 1850-1900 Pamunkey Indians, King William, Before 1650 Reverend L. Francis Griffin, Sr., Farmville, 1950-2000

208 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution , Critz, 1800-1850 St. George Tucker publishes “Dissertation on Slavery,” Richard Evelyn Byrd, Arlington, 1900-1950 Williamsburg, 1750-1800 Richlands Historic District, Richlands, 2000-present St. John’s Church (Hampton), Hampton, 1700-1750 Richmond Coalfields, Midlothian, 1700-1750 St. John’s Church (Richmond), Richmond, 1750-1800 Richmond County Courthouse, Warsaw, 1850-1900 St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Alexandria, 1800-1850 Richmond Liberty Trail, Richmond, 1950-present St. Paul’s Church (Richmond), Richmond, 1800-1850 Richmond Slave Trade, Richmond, 1800-1850 St. Paul’s College, Lawrenceville, 1850-1900 Richmond Streetcar Boycotts (1904), 1900-1950 St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, Norfolk, 1700-1750 Richmond Theater Fire, Richmond, 1800-1850 St. Peter’s Episcopal Church, New Kent, 1700-1750 Riddick’s Folly House Museum, Suffolk, 1800-1850 State Capitol, Richmond, 1750-1800 Road to Revolution Heritage Trail, Richmond, 1750-1800 Stonewall Jackson House, Lexington, 1850-1900 Robert Preston House (Walnut Grove), Bristol, 1800-1850 Strasburg Historic District, Strasburg, 1850-1900 Robert Russa Moton, Gloucester, 1860-1940 Stratford Hall, Stratford, 1700-1750 Rosenwald Schools, Castleton, 1900-1950 Surrender at Appomattox, Appomattox, 1850-1900 Route 5 Plantations, Charles City, 1600-1650 Tangier Island, Tangier, 1800-1850 Sally Hemings, Charlottesville, 1750-1800 The Homestead, Hot Springs, 1750-1800 , Mathews, 1850-1900 The Valentine, Richmond, 1850-1900 , Richmond, 1850-1900 Thomas Balch Library, Leesburg, 1900-1950 Sarah Lee Fain, Norfolk, 1900-1950 Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, 1750-1800 Schoolhouse Museum, Smithfield, 1900-1950 Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest, Forest, 1800-1850 Secretariat, Doswell, 1950-2000 Thoroughgood House, Virginia Beach, 1700-1750 Shadrach Minkins, Norfolk, 1800-1850 Toast the Coast Virginia: Beer, Wine and Shine Trail, Newport News, 1950-present Sharon Lutheran Church and Cemetery, Ceres, Tobacco Farm Life Museum of Virginia, South Hill, 1800-1850 1900-1950 , Stanley, 1900-1950 Tobacco Heritage Trail, Victoria, 2000-present Shockoe Hill Cemetery, Richmond, 1800-1850 Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730, Dumfries, 1700-1750 Shot Tower State Park & New River Trail State Park, Austinville, 1750-1800 Torpedo Factory Art Center, Alexandria, 1950-2000 Sir William & Frances Berkeley, Williamsburg, 1650-1700 Trail to Freedom, Fredericksburg, 1850-1900 Sixth Mount Zion Baptist Church, Richmond, 1850-1900 Treaty & Trade with the Indians, Jamestown Settlement, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Smithfield Plantation, Blacksburg, 1750-1800 Trial of Anthony Burns, Falmouth, 1850-1900 Smith’s Fort Plantation, Surry, 1750-1800 Tucker Family Cemetery, Hampton, 1600-1650 Solomon & Ambrose Henkel, New Market, 1800-1850 Twin Lakes State Park, Green Bay, 1950-2000 South River Quaker Meeting House, Lynchburg, U.S. Army Women’s Museum, Fort Lee, 1950-2000 1750-1800 Underground Railroad in Virginia, Norfolk, 1800-1850 Southern Aid & Insurance Company, Richmond, 1850-1900 United States Colored Troops, Henrico, 1850-1900 Southwest Virginia Museum Historic State Park, University of Virginia’s Rotunda, Charlottesville, Big Stone Gap, 1850-1900 1800-1850

Steering Committee Report 209 Upper Mattaponi Indians, King William County, Virginia’s , Luray, 1900-1950 Before 1650 Virginia’s Barrier Islands, Machipongo, 1650-1950 Urbanna Historic District, Urbanna, 1750-1800 Virginia’s Coal Heritage Trail, Appalachia, 1850-1900 Valley Brethren-Mennonite Center, Harrisonburg, Walter Plecker, Richmond, 1900-1950 1800-1850 War Conference (1988 LGBT meeting), Warrenton, Valley Turnpike Museum, Harrisonburg, 1800-1850 1950-2000 Vernon Johns, Petersburg, 1890-1965 Warrenton Historic District, Warrenton, 1800-1850 Virginia & Tobacco, Jamestown Settlement, Waterford Historic District, Waterford, 1800-1850 Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Waynesboro Heritage Museum, Waynesboro, 1900-1950 Virginia Air and Space Center, Hampton, 1950-2000 Wendell Scott, Danville, 1950-2000 Virginia Anti-Saloon League, Richmond, 1900-1950 Werowocomoco (Powhatan), Gloucester, 1600-1650 Virginia Beach Surf & Rescue Museum, Virginia Beach, 1900-1950 Westmoreland County Museum, Montross, 1900-1950 Virginia Birding & Wildlife Trail, Chesterfield, White House of the Confederacy, Richmond, 1850-1900 1950-present Wilderness Road, Winchester, 1750-1800 Virginia Born Presidents, Staunton, 1750-1800 Wilderness Road Regional Museum, Dublin, 1800-1850 Virginia Civil War Trails, Richmond, 1850-1900 Wilderness Road State Park, Ewing, 1750-1800 Virginia Company of London, Jamestown Settlement, William “Extra Billy” Smith, King George, 1850-1900 Williamsburg, 1600-1650 William Ferguson Reid, Richmond, 1950-2000 Virginia Creeper Trail, Damascus, 1900-1950 William Henry Harrison, Charles City, 1800-1850 Virginia Declaration of Rights, Mason Neck, 1750-1800 William Parks, Williamsburg, 1700-1750 Virginia Estelle Randolph, Glen Allen, 1900-1950 Wilton House, Richmond, 1750-1800 Virginia Heritage Wineries, Statewide, 1950-present Women in Jamestown & Early America, Jamestown Virginia Holocaust Museum, Richmond, 1900-1950 Settlement, Williamsburg, 1600-1650 Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, 1800-1850 Woodlawn & Pope-Leighey House, Alexandria, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, 1900-1950 1900-1950 Virginia Museum of History & Culture, Richmond, Woodrow Wilson, Staunton, 1900-1950 1800-1850 Woodstock Historic District, Woodstock, 1750-1800 Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, Yates Tavern, Gretna, 1750-1800 1950-2000 Yvonne Bond Miller, Norfolk, 1950-2000 Virginia Museum of Transportation, Roanoke, 1900-1950 Zachary Taylor, Barboursville, 1800-1850 Virginia School for the Deaf & Blind, Staunton, 1800-1850 Virginia State Parks, Marion, 1900-1950 Virginia State University, Petersburg, 1850-1900 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Richmond, 1750-1800 Virginia Theological Seminary, Lynchburg, 1850-1900 Virginia Union University, Richmond, 1850-1900 Virginia War Memorial, Richmond, 1950-2000 Virginia Wine Trails, Washington, 1950-present

210 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Appendix PAPERS, REMARKS, COMMENTARY

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND PAPERS

FIRST LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY IN THE NEW WORLD, 1619

In 1618, a faction within the Virginia Company of the General Assembly were formed into several pushed through a series of reforms resulting in committees, tasked with reviewing aspects of the the “Great Charter,” a set of instructions sent to Great Charter sent from the Virginia Company, as George Yeardley, who was set to begin a term as well as working on new laws based on concerns governor in 1619. Officials authorized Yeardley brought by the burgesses to the Assembly. All to oversee the selection of two male settlers laws passed by the Assembly were subject to from each of the eleven major settlement areas the approval of the Virginia Company in England. to attend a “General Assembly” with the purpose The General Assembly also acted as a high of passing laws and hopefully improving court of justice and heard complaints of a judicial management in the colony. This new form of nature. Later, in 1634, courts would be established government divided political and judicial power for minor offenses, but major cases were brought between the governor, a council appointed by before the Assembly. the Virginia Company, and the new General After 1619 the General Assembly met only Assembly. The representatives, called burgesses, sporadically, and formal recognition of the sat with the governor and his appointed council Assembly by the English crown did not come as the Assembly. The governor could veto until 1627. The Virginia Company continued legislation or dissolve the Assembly. to appoint governors and issue instructions, but The meeting of the first General Assembly representation of the will of the people had begun. took place from July 30 through August 4 in the The concept of parliamentary government was church in Jamestown, probably because the brought to Virginia, and the General Assembly church was the largest building at the time. gradually evolved into a two-house form of John Pory, Secretary of the Colony, served as government (1640s). This bicameral legislature Speaker of the Assembly. Six appointed council continues today as Virginia’s General Assembly. members attended along with 20 selected It became the model for other English colonies burgesses. The two burgesses selected from John and eventually the basis for the democratic Martin’s plantation (located in present day Prince government of the United States of America. George County) were not allowed to sit because of a problem with Martin’s land patent. Members

Steering Committee Report 211 FIRST RECORDED AFRICANS TO ENGLISH NORTH AMERICA, 1619

In August 1619, a privateering vessel flying converted by the Portuguese before or after their the flag of the Dutch Republic arrived at Point capture. After taking on as many captive Africans Comfort, Virginia (in present-day Hampton). as their ships could carry, Jope and Elfrith chose According to John Rolfe, the ship held no cargo to sail north to the Virginia colony. but “20 and odd” Africans, who were traded to While John Rolfe’s account confirms that the Governor George Yeardley and Cape Merchant enslaved Africans aboard the White Lion were Abraham Peirsey in exchange for provisions. left in Virginia in 1619, the same cannot be said These individuals, originally captured by of those aboard the Treasurer. After receiving Portuguese slavers in West Central Africa word that representatives of the Governor were (likely modern-day Angola), were the first recorded heading to Point Comfort, the Treasurer abruptly Africans to arrive in English North America. departed Virginia, heading for Bermuda. As John While the White Lion, which carried the first Rolfe knew, the reason for this swift departure Africans to Virginia, did fly a Dutch flag, modern was because Governor Yeardley questioned the research has revealed that both the ship and validity of the Treasurer’s letter of marque, and its captain, John Jope, were English. Jope held had planned to question Captain Elfrith about his a letter of marque from Vlissingen, a notorious acts of alleged piracy against the Spanish. The privateer haven in the Netherlands, which allowed Treasurer did not return to Virginia. him to legally plunder Spanish and Portuguese Despite the fact that slavery was not officially vessels. He could not have done so under English acknowledged in the laws of Virginia until 1661, authority, as England and Spain were at peace in there can be no mistaking that the first Africans 1619. While patrolling the Gulf of Mexico in late brought to the colony aboard the White Lion were July or early August 1619, Jope encountered the treated much as slaves were in other European Treasurer, another privateering vessel captained colonies, regardless of age or gender. Scattered by Daniel Elfrith. Sailing in consort with one amongst a variety of plantations, including another, the White Lion and the Treasurer those owned by Governor Yeardley, they were managed to capture a Portuguese slave trading immediately treated as commodities by the vessel, the São João Bautista (Saint John the colonial elite. In rare instances, some Africans Baptist), which was bound for Vera Cruz, Mexico. were allowed to work their own land, earn an Jope and Elfrith soon discovered that the income, and eventually purchase their freedom, São João Bautista, which departed from the but most were assigned to heavy labor in Angolan port city of Luanda, was carrying fields, kitchens, and outhouses. The African approximately 350 enslaved Africans. Luis population in Virginia remained quite small for Mendes de Vasconcellos, the Portuguese the next several decades, with only 300 Africans governor of Angola, enslaved approximately residing in the colony by 1650. By 1680, however, fifty thousand Africans between 1617 and 1621, that number had increased to 3,000 and by 1704, sending them from Luanda to colonies in Spanish to 10,000. America. It is likely that many of the enslaved Africans onboard the São João Bautista were skilled laborers from West Central Africa’s urban centers, and many were likely Christians as well,

212 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution RECRUITMENT OF ENGLISH WOMEN IN SIGNIFICANT NUMBERS, 1619

When the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and husbands, some widows obtained freedom from Discovery arrived in Virginia with a group of the legal and economic control of men, and were 104 settlers in 1607, women were not among able to consolidate wealth and property of their them. Despite the references of habitation and own, engage in trade, and protect their interests plantation in the Jamestown colony’s charter, the in court. Virginia Company sent men to Virginia primarily Long before English women arrived in the to explore the region and discover how to best colony, some Native American women lived exploit its natural resources for commercial profit. amongst the English settlers at Jamestown. These men did not initially expect to settle Women held an important role in Native permanently in Virginia, and thus they rarely American society. Amongst the Powhatan traveled with their families. The first English people of Virginia, the position of chief was women to come to Virginia, Mistress Forest and inherited through the female line, and women her maid Anne Burras, arrived as the only two could hold positions of significant authority, women amongst Jamestown’s second supply although few ever did. The daily responsibilities of colonists in 1608. Other women followed in of Powhatan men and women were also divided subsequent years but were not sent in any along gendered lines. Women were responsible systematic fashion. for farming, foraging, home construction, and After many years of hardship, Virginia , giving them a great deal of influence Company officials recognized that they would through their control of the tribes’ primary food need to establish a family structure in the colony supply. Men were responsible for hunting, fishing, if they wished to bring stability to Virginia and and managing political or military councils. ensure that Jamestown became a permanent The first documented African women in settlement. They viewed the family as the basic Virginia arrived in 1619 after having been held as building block of society and government, and slaves aboard a Portuguese trade vessel. In the argued that “The plantation can never flourish till colony’s early years, some African women were families be planted and the respect of wives and treated as servants, able to earn their freedom children fix the people on the soil.” In November after five to seven years of bondage. Mary, an 1619, under the leadership of Sir Edwyn Sandys, African woman who arrived in Virginia in 1623, the Virginia Company declared its intention to was able to obtain her freedom and marry recruit “a fit hundredth . . . of women, maids Anthony Johnson, a former servant. The couple young and uncorrupt to make wives to the started their own tobacco plantation on the Inhabitants and by that means to make the men Eastern Shore, eventually owning 250 acres of there more settled and less movable.” Ninety land. Some African women were also held by women arrived in Jamestown in May 1620, planters as lifelong slaves, despite the lack of followed by another 57 women in 1621. any law guaranteeing their right to do so until In Virginia, as in England, women were subject the 1660s. to the doctrine of coverture, meaning that their legal rights were surrendered to their husbands. They could not vote, hold public office, or control their own property. Upon the death of their

Steering Committee Report 213 FIRST OFFICIAL ENGLISH THANKSGIVING IN NORTH AMERICA, 1619

In the 16th and 17th centuries, European settlers would have held a formal religious settlers and explorers in America frequently observance, thanking God for their safe arrival gave thanks to God after experiencing good in Virginia. fortune or completing an arduous journey. Unlike earlier expressions of thanksgiving Before Europeans arrived in the New World, which took place in the New World, the observance Native American peoples marked successful at Berkeley Plantation was unique because it was harvests with feasts and communal celebration. both the first officially sanctioned Thanksgiving in While these events are reminiscent of America’s America as well as the first Thanksgiving designed modern Thanksgiving, they were traditionally to become part of an annual tradition. spontaneous affairs, as opposed to regularly In 1620, 50 more settlers arrived at Berkeley, scheduled celebrations. including several women and children. The In February 1619, the Virginia Company plantation enjoyed a period of peaceful granted four investors 8,000 acres of property for development until March 1622 when the Second the settlement of a plantation along the James Anglo-Powhatan War began. Eleven of Berkeley River, to be called Berkeley Hundred. These Plantation’s citizens, including investor George investors soon invited Sir George Yeardley, Thorpe, were killed in the conflict, and the Governor of the Virginia colony, to join in their survivors were forced to evacuate to safer endeavor, and recruited 38 men to send to plantations. Berkeley Plantation remained Virginia as tenants and servants aboard the empty for several years, as evidenced by the ship Margaret. Captain John Woodlief was also plantation’s absence in the 1625 Virginia census. chosen to act as the plantation’s commander. The history of America’s first Thanksgiving Before leaving England in September 1619, was lost for centuries until Dr. Lyon G. Tyler, son Woodlief was given written instructions from of President John Tyler, discovered the records the plantation’s investors, including instructions of Berkeley Plantation investor John Smyth in which stated: 1931. In 1962, Virginia Senator John J. Wicker That the day of our ships arrival at the place contacted the White House to chastise President assigned for plantacon (plantation) in the land John F. Kennedy for neglecting to mention of Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept Virginia in his annual Thanksgiving Proclamation. holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God. He received a response from prominent historian While no documentation survives to confirm and Special Assistant to the President Arthur whether or not the settlers of Berkeley Plantation Schlesinger, Jr., who admitted that Virginia was followed the Virginia Company’s instructions indeed the site of the first Thanksgiving and that after arriving in Virginia on December 4th, 1619, Kennedy’s failure to include Virginia in his annual it is reasonable to assume that they would have proclamation was a result of “unconquerable New followed such an official order. Given the lack of England bias on the part of the White House staff.” any permanent structures at the landing site In 1963, President Kennedy appeared to amend for and the crew’s presumed lack of supplies his earlier mistake by crediting “our forefathers in after travelling across the Atlantic, the first Virginia and in Massachusetts” for their role in the Thanksgiving at Berkeley would not have creation of the Thanksgiving holiday. included a grand feast. Instead, the plantation’s

214 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution ENTREPRENEURIALISM AND ECONOMIC INNOVATION IN VIRGINIA, 1619

From its inception in 1607, the entire Virginia The Company, acting as the entrepreneur, enterprise was an expression of corporate enacted legislation that every man, seated upon entrepreneurialism, a private joint stock trading his land division or grant, should plant and company. Originally, all land was owned by the maintain a specified number of mulberry trees Virginia Company and all work was done for the (on which silk worms feed, which then produce Company, with the idea of turning profits for the silk), grow hemp and flax, and plant and maintain Company stockholders. There was no individual vines. They ordered colonists to experiment private enterprise or encouragement for private with different plants in a new environment. entrepreneurs. Technically, this system lasted The Assembly also regulated how settlers traded until the demise of the Company in 1624. with the Indians and established prices for However, around 1614 the first semi-private the tobacco cultivated by private landowners. land grants were made to colonists, allotting Finally, they allowed tradesmen and artisans to three acres of land upon which settlers could come to Virginia, rent a house and some land, plant tobacco as long as they also planted corn and be paid for their work, upon condition that for common use. In 1616, the Company had they continue to perform their trade. realized no profits to pay those who had Because of regulation and controls set by purchased stock in 1609 under a seven-year term. the Company, the spirit of free enterprise was In order to compensate investors, Company not realized for individuals during the Company officials began a land distribution system under period. The Company was the innovator, the the 1618 “Great Charter” and accompanying corporate entrepreneur that decided how to “Instructions,” with provisions for reforming diversify the attempts at profit-making. the colony politically, economically, and socially. Unfortunately, most of their attempts failed to The Company’s goal was to create an orderly produce the profits they sought. Even later government and society and to control who ventures into ironworks and sawmills did not would get land and how. This system rewarded help produce profits. In May/June 1623, Virginia individuals with 100 acres of land in Virginia Company officials noted in despair: “The many for every share of stock they had purchased or wilde & vast projects set on foot all at one time, 50 acres if they paid the transportation costs of viz 3 Iron works, saw mills, planting of silkgrass, themselves or others to the colony. They could vines, mulbury trees, potashes, pitch, tarr and send over servants and supplies to establish salt &c … by a handful of men that were not “particular plantations” upon which most would able to build houses, plant corne to lodge & grow tobacco. feed themselves & so came to nothing.” Most In 1618, the Company’s new leader, Sir Edwin entrepreneurial attempts at diversification by Sandys, sought new ways to economically the Virginia Company would ultimately fail with diversify the colony and increase population. the failure of the Company in 1624. Tobacco In 1619, Company officials sent instructions would still produce the largest profits. indicating the ways they hoped to create profits from pursuits other than tobacco. The list was adopted during the meeting of the first General Assembly in July 1619.

Steering Committee Report 215 APPENDIX II SPEECHES AND REMARKS

A selection of speeches from the 2019

Commemoration, American Evolution events follows. Final talking points were used for these remarks rather than a transcription. The talking points may not perfectly match video recordings of the event. Event videos and transcripts of select presentations can be located at americanevolution2019.com or by contacting the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation.

216 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Democracy

The Honorable Donald J. Trump President of the United States 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Jamestown Settlement July 30, 2019

Thank you. the host and other federal, state, local, and tribal I want to thank you, Speaker Cox. It’s a true leaders all with us today. Thank you very much. privilege to be back in the great Commonwealth We’re also very thankful as well to have with of Virginia. And it’s a tremendous honor to stand us Secretary Ben Carson. Ben, thank you very on these historic grounds, as the first President much. And Acting Director – a person that you to address a joint session of the oldest lawmaking know very well – Acting Director . body in all of the Western Hemisphere, the He has spent a lot of time with you folks and has Virginia General Assembly. Congratulations. a lot of respect for you. And the terrific people at On this day 400 years ago, here on the shores the Department of the Interior and the National of the James River, the first representative Park Service. I want to thank you all for being legislative assembly in the New World convened. here with us. It’s a great honor. By the devotion of generations of patriots, it has I also want to recognize everyone at American flourished throughout the ages. And, now, that Evolution, and the Jamestown Settlement, the proud tradition continues with all of you. Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, the Jamestown To every Virginian and every legislator with Rediscovery Project, and Preservation Virginia. us today, congratulations on four incredible Thank you very much. What a great job you do. centuries of history, heritage, and commitment to The fact is that each of you has helped protect the righteous cause of American self-government. and preserve our national treasures here at This is truly a momentous occasion. Jamestown, and it’s a great debt. We owe you I want to thank the Governor of Virginia for a great, great debt. Thank you. What a job. inviting me to speak at this very important On this day in 1619, just a mile south of where event. And with us this morning are many we are gathered now, 22 newly elected members distinguished guests and officials from across the of the House of Burgesses assembled in a small Commonwealth, including Lieutenant Governor wooden church. They were adventurers and . Thank you very much. Speaker explorers, farmers and planters, soldiers, scholars, . Thank you, Kirk. Senate Majority Leader and clergymen. All had struggled, all had suffered, . Thank you. And members of and all had sacrificed in pursuit of one wild

Steering Committee Report 217 and very improbable dream. They called that been no survivors – none at all. But where others dream “Virginia.” had typically perished, the Virginians were It had been only 13 years since three small determined to succeed. They endured by the ships – the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and sweat of their labor, the aid of the Powhatan the Discovery – set sail across a vast ocean. Indians, and the leadership of Captain John Smith. They carried 104 settlers to carve out a home on As the years passed, ships bearing supplies the edge of this uncharted continent. They came and settlers from England also brought a culture for God and country. They came in search of and a way of life that would define the New World. opportunity and fortune. And they journeyed into It all began here. In time, dozens of brave, strong the unknown with only meager supplies, long women made the journey and joined the colony. odds, and the power of their Christian faith. And in 1618, the Great Charter and other Upon reaching Cape Henry, at the mouth of reforms established a system based on English the Chesapeake Bay in 1607, a long time ago, the common law. For the first time, Virginia allowed first men of the Virginia Company erected a cross private land ownership. It created a basic judicial upon the shore. They gave thanks to God and they system. Finally, it gave the colonists a say in their asked His blessing for their great undertaking. In own future: the right to elect representatives by the months and years ahead, they would dearly popular vote. need it. The dangers were unparalleled. With us today, in tribute to that English legal The Jamestown settlers arrived in America inheritance, is the former Clerk of the British amid one of the worst droughts in over seven House of Commons, Sir David Natzler. Sir David, centuries. Of 104 original colonists, 66 died by we are thrilled to have you with us. Thank you the year’s end. During the third winter, known very much for being here. as the “Starving Time,” a population of up to At that first American assembly in 1619, the 500 settlers was reduced to 60. weather was so hot that one legislator actually By spring, those who remained were in died. Mercifully, the session was cut very short. search of whatever they could get to survive, and But before adjourning, the assembly passed they were in dire trouble. They left Jamestown laws on taxation, agriculture, and trade with deserted. They just sailed away, never to come the Indians. back. But they had not gone far down the James With true American optimism, the assembly River when they encountered the answer to their even endorsed a plan to build a world-class prayers: ships bearing a year’s worth of supplies university in the still rugged wilderness. It was and more than 300 new settlers. As we can see a vision that would one day be fulfilled just miles today on this great anniversary, it would not be from here at one of America’s earliest educational the last time that God looked out for Virginia. institutions, the esteemed College of William & Together, the settlers forged what would Mary. Great place. Great place. become the timeless traits of the American As we mark the first representative legislature character. They worked hard. They had courage at Jamestown, our nation also reflects upon an in abundance and a wealth of self-reliance. anniversary from that same summer four centuries They strived mightily to turn a profit. They ago. In August 1619, the first enslaved Africans experimented with producing silk, corn, in the English colonies arrived in Virginia. It was tobacco, and the very first Virginia wines. the beginning of a barbaric trade in human lives. At a prior settlement at Roanoke, there had Today, in honor, we remember every sacred soul

218 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution who suffered the horrors of slavery and the Richard Henry Lee from Westmoreland County. anguish of bondage. Incredible names. More than 150 years later, at America’s Self-government in Virginia did not just give founding, our Declaration of Independence us a state we love. In a very true sense, it gave us recognized the immortal truth that “all men are the country we love: the United States of America. created equal.” Yet, it would ultimately take a When Madison drafted the First Amendment Civil War, 85 years after that document was to our Constitution, he drew inspiration from signed, to abolish the evil of slavery. It would take Virginia’s Statute for Religious Freedom. more than another century for our nation, in the As John Adams wrote in Philadelphia words of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., to live just before the adoption of the Declaration of out “the true meaning of its creed” and extend Independence, “We all look up to Virginia for the blessings of freedom to all Americans. examples.” In the face of grave oppression and grave And when Patrick Henry rose to speak his injustice, African Americans have built, famous words at St. John’s Church in Richmond, strengthened, inspired, uplifted, protected, “Give me liberty, or give me death!” he spoke in defended, and sustained our nation from its defense of a tradition that began more than 150 very earliest days. Last year, I was privileged years before at Jamestown. Right here. It was a to sign the law establishing a commission to heritage those patriots would fight a long war of commemorate the arrival of the first Africans to independence to defend. And it is a heritage that the English colonies, and the 400 years of African countless Americans have fought and died for to American history that have followed. That was an secure in all of those centuries since. incredible day. That was an incredible event. In our time, we must vigorously defend those Today, we are grateful to be joined by that cherished democratic traditions that have made commission’s chairman, Dr. Joseph Green. our beloved republic the envy of the entire world Thank you, Dr. Green. – and it still is, as much as ever before, and maybe In the decades that followed that first more. Our hard-won culture of self-government legislative assembly, the democratic tradition must be nourished, protected, and constantly established here laid deep roots all across preserved. That is why we must speak out Virginia. It spread up and down the Atlantic strongly against anyone who would take power Coast. One fact was quickly established for all away from citizens, individuals, and state time: In America, we are not ruled from afar. governments such as yours. Americans govern ourselves, and so help us In America, the people will forever rule, the God, we always will. people will forever reign, and the people will Right here in Virginia, your predecessors forever be sovereign. came to Williamsburg from places you all know From the first legislative assembly down to very well. They were names such as George today, America has been the story of citizens who Washington from Fairfax County; Thomas take ownership of their future and their control Jefferson from Albemarle County; James Madison of their destiny. That is what self-rule is all about: from Orange County; James Monroe from everyday Americans coming together to take Spotsylvania County; Patrick Henry from action, to build, to create, to seize opportunities, Louisa County; George Mason from Fairfax to pursue the common good, and to never stop County; George Wythe from Williamsburg; and striving for greatness.

Steering Committee Report 219 Four centuries ago, one early voyager to and I congratulate you. It started right here. Jamestown captured the spirit of confidence Now, we must go bravely into the future, and daring that has always powered our great just as those bold explorers first ventured into experiment in self-government. He wrote, “We this majestic land. We must call upon the hope to plant a nation where none before same scale of imagination, the same thirst for hath stood.” knowledge, the same love of adventure, the In that hope, the men and women of same unrelenting courage, and the same total Jamestown achieved success beyond anything determination to prevail. they could possibly have imagined. They started Above all, we must be proud of our heritage, the nation that settled the wilderness, won our united in our purpose, and filled with confidence independence, tamed the Wild West, ended in our shared, great, great, great American slavery, secured civil rights, invented the airplane, destiny. vanquished the Nazis, brought communism to For, in America, no challenge is too great, its knees, and placed our great American flag on no journey is too tough, no task is too large, no the face of the moon. dream is beyond our reach. When we set our And in a program that has just started, sights on the summit, nothing can stand in someday very soon, American astronauts will our way. America always gets the job done. plant our beautiful Stars and Stripes on the America always wins. surface of Mars. That is why, after 400 years of glorious But among all of America’s towering American democracy, we have returned here achievements, none exceeds the triumph that to this place to declare to all the world that the we are here to celebrate today: our nation’s United States of America and the great priceless culture of freedom, independence, Commonwealth of Virginia are just getting equality, justice, and self-determination under started. Our future is bigger, bolder, better, God. That culture is the source of who we are. and brighter than ever before. It is our prized inheritance. It is our proudest It’s been a great honor for me to be with you legacy. It is among the greatest human this morning. I’d like to thank you. God bless you, accomplishments in the history of the world. God bless Virginia, and God bless America. What you have done is the greatest Thank you very much everybody. Thank you. accomplishment in the history of the world,

220 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable William J. Clinton President of the United States (1993 - 2001) Presidential Ideas Festival Old Cabell Hall, The University of Virginia May 23, 2019 The following section includes excerpts from a speech given by U.S. President William J. Clinton during the Presidential Ideas Festival at The University of Virginia’s Old Cabell Hall on May 23, 2019. For the more information, please visit millercenter.org.

For all the hundreds of thousands of pages of checks and balances to prevent a slide into that have been written about the presidency tyranny. I think—and I hope—they did a good and specific presidents, there’s still quite a lot of job of all three…. mystery about it. It remains an intensely debated They were sobered by the French Revolution, institution and it’s always evolving. And that’s and so they distrusted unrestrained popular the one thing I want you to focus on today. The opinion and provided instead for the selection Constitution talks about the presidency, but we of a president through electors selected by state know that what people thought it was 200 years legislatures, with the right to vote just being ago is not what they think it is today. We know advisory anyway and still confined to white male that many of our early presidents thought that property owners. And, if, God forbid, after all they should have a restrained view of the Office. these barriers were unsuccessful in giving us an John [F.] Kennedy saw it as a vital center of action. appropriate selection and there was a tie in the We know that we feel close to some presidents, electoral college—as Thomas Jefferson and alienated from others, and that the further they Aaron Burr discovered—the decision was get away from us, the more we see them through deferred to the House of Representatives. a filter that somebody else built for us…. Article II states the basic powers and The first interesting thing about the presidency responsibilities of the presidency: Commander- is that the framers created what was, at the time, in-Chief of the Armed Forces; can call Congress a fairly unique position: a democratically elected into special session; has the ability to enter title that is both a job—chief executive—and a treaties and nominate judicial and executive position—head of state, the voice of the nation…. officials, with the advice and consent of the Now, we all know that when we started, the Senate; and can issue . From time to time, framers were obsessed with preventing abuses the president is required to give information of power that they found inherent in monarchies, to Congress on the state of the Union, and must whether they were hereditary or imposed, so they faithfully execute the law. tried to give us a government that was strong Beyond that position is the head of state, enough to do important things, flexible enough to which in effect requires every president in adapt to changing circumstances, but full enough some form or fashion to align all the policies,

Steering Committee Report 221 appointments, and initiatives into a larger this question has been answered vastly differently mission—being the voice of the nation, a role over 200 years and sometimes even differently most important in dealing with other countries within a single presidency, depending on and in speaking to and for all Americans in what the question is. It’s best not to be too trying times. sanctimonious about this, but it’s still important. I think the best guide for the mission of the It’s very hard for a democracy to endure if you head of state is not found in Article II, but in really believe you can institutionalize one set the simple one-sentence Preamble to the entire of rules for your crowd and another for document, since every new president must swear everybody else. an oath to uphold the whole shebang. “We the So at best, when you have a presidential People of the United States, in Order to form a election, anyway, it’s this vast job interview— more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure the greatest job interview in the world. And all domestic Tranquility, provide for the common the people who vote are your employers. They defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure get to hire you—or somebody. And the greatest the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our thing is, every four years, beyond the bare words Prosperity, do ordain and establish this of the Constitution, you get hired to do a job that Constitution for the United States of America.” they define every four years. So you’ve got to keep “We the People.” That becomes the on your toes if you run more than once, because responsibility of the president: to work for “We the it doesn’t work, what you did before—you’ve got People” in forming “a more perfect Union.” So to to keep up with the changes. do that, every single president, from George In effect, the American people say, “At this Washington to Donald Trump, consciously or moment in history, here are our problems. Solve not, has had to define what “more perfect Union” them. Here are our opportunities. Seize them. means, and, in order to do that, must first decide Here are our fears. Ease them. Here are our who, according to the Preamble, constitutes dreams. Make them come true.” And then we “We the People.” have an election to argue about what all that Now, who is “We the People”? Is it just the means…. people who supported and voted for you? Is it all I think the best presidents have sought to the people who are eligible to vote but otherwise define “We the People” in a way that broadens can’t do anything for you? Is it just people who both the idea and the reality of who counts in this look like you, pray like you, love like you, speak the country. They have basically committed, each same mother tongue as you do? And do you really in their own way, given the options before them, believe that the Declaration of Independence is given the constraints they faced, to see “We the right, and we are all created equal, entitled to People” expand from the few to the many. the same rights and freedoms, worthy of every So far, all of our presidents have acknowledged opportunity to freely make our own future and an obligation not to block off entire parts of the the life of our country? nation who didn’t vote for them, not to deprive Or instead, do you think the most important people in those places of their rights or restrict thing is the current dominant position of your their participation in the life of the nation. So far crowd, however you define that, and do you think they’ve had enough humility to know that no it’s okay to have one set of rules for you and your one is right all the time and that power must crowd and a different set for everybody else? Now be exercised with some care. And they’ve had

222 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution enough confidence to accept Benjamin Franklin’s every day, because it’s just carrying your hopes for wry observation that “our enemies are our friends, a more perfect Union. When I served, that’s what for they show us our faults.” I tried to do. I tried to work with everybody. Heck, As president, my often-stated definition of the Republicans investigated me for six years and making our Union more perfect was this: I thought I just kept on meeting. I’d knock on the door and my job was to widen the circle of opportunity, ease around and try to figure out: What makes this to deepen the meaning of freedom, and to person tick? What makes that person tick? What strengthen the bonds of our community. I believe are their hopes? What are their fears? How can we cooperation works better than conflict. I believe make America work? That’s our obligation…. diverse groups make better decisions than We’re all tribal…. We have identities. That’s homogenous ones and lone geniuses. I believe fine. And there are good reasons why some people over the long run, in an interdependent world, have resentment. But I’m just telling you: we need full of vast opportunities and profound a president to speak for a bigger “We the People,” challenges…. We have to decide now some not a smaller one…. fundamental things. We are living in the most Twenty years ago, we had, I think, it was the interdependent time in history, and we are still 30th anniversary of the Moon walk…. So NASA the best-positioned country in the world for the [National Aeronautics and Space Administration] 21st century…. brings me a Moon rock in a vacuum-packed deal. It is my experience that it is almost impossible And we’re all sitting there, appropriately awed to extinguish the urge to make our Union more and taking pictures. And the surviving astronauts perfect. But there are forces who would, by were there. And I said, “How old is that thing?” making sure that it becomes more ideological, And they said, “Well, it had been carbon-dated at more racially homogenous, less engaged with 3.6 billion years.” I said, “May I borrow it?” I mean, the rest of the world, and more dedicated to you can’t just go pick up a Moon rock, you know? having one set of rules for them and another set And I said, “No, I’ll give it back to you. And I’ve for us. There are lots and lots and lots of members got it well guarded, as you can see.” I said, “I really of the other party that don’t agree with that. need this rock.” And they looked at me like, “Oh There are a lot in there now, and some people my God, the President’s lost his mind.” I said, “I in our party who think we should take a page really need this rock.” out of that book. So the next day I had a delegation from Here’s what I know: I’m 72, and I’m not Congress come to visit and the Republicans were running for anything. Zero-sum solutions in an sitting here, and the Democrats were sitting here, interdependent world do not work as well as and all of a sudden they started fighting. And I positive solutions. Diverse groups committed listened to them talk two or three minutes, and to the rule of law and believing in growing “We I said, “Wait a minute. Everybody take a deep the People” will make better decisions over any breath. Look at that rock.” I said, “That rock, I just relevant amount of time than homogenous groups got it. It came off the Moon, and it’s 3.6 billion or even lone geniuses. We can build a future years old.” I said, “Now we are all just passing together. A lot of the differences of opinion could through. What do you say we settle down and be resolved easily…. get something done?” This is an old document, this Constitution. So I think the job of the president is to help It’s an old office, the presidency. Yet, it’s still new make our Union more perfect. I think the position

Steering Committee Report 223 of head of state, on some rare but significant think it’s 85 percent likely and those of us who days, is even more important than the job of think it’s 95 percent likely.” And he said, “If you chief executive…. look at it, that’s quite a large range, because And if you have a period of time when you’re there’s a lot of stuff out there.” not sure you believe that we can make our Union Now what I’m trying to say is that when I get more perfect, when you’re not sure that you can really discouraged, I try to think of something big find somebody to be president who will lift us like that that puts our little, fascinating lives in up instead of tear us apart, when you’re not sure position. The black hole has such a powerful—it’s whether you should keep knocking on the door so big, and its magnetic pull is so great, that if of the current administration, think about this. our entire solar system went by close enough, We just got to see a picture, every one of us— it would be sucked in and disintegrated and I bet everybody in this audience did—in immediately into a pile of dirt that could fit in a the newspaper: the first photograph ever made thimble. Now think of that. If that’s true, it’s not available, to earthlings, at least, of a black hole in so important to be on Mount Rushmore, is it? the universe. Fifty-five million light years away, Really. It does not make the life of any public in one of the 1 billion-plus, not planets, galaxies, servant less significant; it makes the trappings, in our universe. We’re on this little piece of dirt, the image, the BS, less significant. You’ve just the third rock from the Sun, in one tiny, little solar got a little bit of time…. system, in one galaxy of a billion. So I ask you to think of this: do not return A couple of years ago, Hillary and I went to demeaning rhetoric with demeaning rhetoric. Hawaii to see the Keck Telescope, the biggest one It drives people crazy, just stark raving crazy, in the world, and we were up there talking to this when you’re nice to them. Did you know that? scientist. I’ll never forget. It was January, it was But that’s not why you shouldn’t do it. You 89 degrees on the ground and 18 by the time we shouldn’t do it because here we are on this little got up there. And I’m looking into Andromeda planet, leading a miraculous life in a time of in the telescope. And then we go back, and we discovery and given the responsibility to keep start—you know, we had a cup of coffee and we expanding “We the People” and keep making were talking—and I said, “Do you guys ever argue our Union more perfect. If we do our part, chances about whether there’s life on other planets?” And are, we’ll get a president—he, and I hope to God he said, “Oh, yeah.” I said, “Is there a difference someday she—who certainly will do the same. of opinion?” And he said, “Huge.” I said, “How Thank you. much?” He said, “Oh, there are those of us who

224 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Ralph S. Northam Governor of Virginia 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne on Jamestown Island

July 30, 2019

Good morning. Thank you, Senator Norment, And it was plagued, early on, from a high for that introduction. death rate and a martial-law style of governance I served in the state Senate along with Senator that didn’t actually make Virginia a very attractive Norment, and also presided over that body as place to come. Potential colonists were not eager Lieutenant Governor. That gave me a deep to go to Virginia. appreciation for the history of the Senate, as To save the colony, the men running the part of our General Assembly. Virginia Company started to make changes, to I appreciate Senator Norment’s service and make the place more attractive. They granted leadership in the Senate. We both were shaped by land to men who would go there. And with ideas our experiences at the Virginia Military Institute. planted by Sir Edwin Sandys, they started talking It’s a long way from our days on the rat line to be about a different system of government. They here, at an event like this today, commemorating directed the creation of a General Assembly. such important events in our state’s and our On this very day, July 30, in 1619, 22 burgesses country’s history. met here in this place – this church stands on the Thanks to all of you for being here today. foundations of the one in which they met. Like We are gathered here this morning at the spot today, it was hot. It was humid. where, 400 years ago, representative democracy For six days, they sweated out the details began on this continent. of what would become our first representative We look back across these 400 years at the government. They built a framework to settle colony of Jamestown, and from our perspective disputes, pass laws, and manage the colony in 2019, it’s hard to imagine what life was like in through discussion and legislation. that colony. And over the years and the centuries, as the And it’s hard to imagine, now when the ideas Jamestown colony and the Plymouth colony of America and democracy are so rooted in our became 13 colonies, then states, then those states minds, that Jamestown was an experiment that became united as America, the ideals of freedom nearly failed. and representative government have flourished It was not founded to give birth to a new way here. They spread out from this very ground here of governing, or to be an incubator for our lofty at Jamestown. ideals of freedom. But that’s not the only thing that spread from It was founded to make money for investors this place. While we mark this history, we must and establish a foothold on a new continent. also remember that it is more complex. The story

Steering Committee Report 225 of Virginia is rooted in the simultaneous pursuit I want to thank the many people and of both liberty and enslavement. organizations that have worked to create Because just a few weeks after that first this event today: Preservation Virginia, the General Assembly in 1619, a ship arrived, carrying Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, Fort Monroe stolen African people, taken from Angola. Here, Authority, the National Park Service. they were sold, and sold again—the first enslaved And I want to thank all of those people who Africans, people who were not granted the work to preserve these sites here at Jamestown same freedoms that would be given to white, and Point Comfort, now Fort Monroe. landowning colonists. The archaeologists and historians who work And here, those enslaved Africans joined the to understand what happened here, from the thousands of Virginia Indians, who were here first, food people ate to the laws they passed. and who also would wait centuries to have the I have always believed that if you don’t know same freedoms. where you come from, you can’t know where So today, as we hold these commemorations of you’re going. To understand America as it is the first representative assembly in the free world, today, and as it will be tomorrow, we have to we have to remember who it included, and who it understand America as it was yesterday. This site, did not. and these commemorations, are an important part That’s the paradox of Virginia, of America, and of that understanding. of our representative democracy. I’m grateful we can come together to talk A full accounting demands that we confront about all of those aspects of our history, and the and discuss those aspects of our history. And importance of this place and those events 400 it demands that we look not just to a point in years ago. They made us what we are today, time 400 years in the past, but at how our and inform us as we work to be better tomorrow. Commonwealth and our country evolved over Thank you. the course of those four centuries. A true commemoration of the founding of our democracy requires us to examine how we have lived up to our ideals, or failed to do so.

226 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Mark R. Warner United States Senator Governor of Virginia (2002 - 2006) American Evolution Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy Williamsburg Lodge July 30, 2019

Tonight, we commemorate the anniversary argue not only is our democracy worth defending, of our democracy, and I’ve been asked to it requires defending, if we’re going to pass it on consider a little bit about its past and our future. to future generations. We face significant threats today, but we have The reason we should take great pride as since our founding. We have come to the brink Virginians is that so many of the ideas that of disintegration more than once. Yet the truth birthed our country’s democracy actually is, American democracy has endured almost a originated right here in the Commonwealth, quarter of a millennium. Not many governments long before our country was even founded. They can claim that. have ultimately produced this enduring Union. At every stage of our history we have been A union that with all our challenges, I believe is tested either by foreign adversaries, internal still continually engaged in the pursuit of justice divisions or technological changes. At each and and shared American values. every step, we’ve been tempted to depart from Tonight we celebrate that rich 400-year the path our constitution charted towards a more tradition. We celebrate what I think is the perfect union. principle of our democratic republic. This doesn’t Now there are shelves full of books analyzing matter whether you’re a Democrat, Republican, the how and why we survived those upheavals, Independent, Libertarian or even vegetarian—in threats, and even internal divisions. But I would our democratic republic, the power flows from observe that, if you look through all of those the people to the government and not the other challenges, at its core whenever we have been way around. confronted, what has gotten us through has been But as we celebrate tonight, we also have to our faith and trust in our democratic institutions. recognize and consider all of our history; the good The notion that we are a country with free the bad and the ugly. Representative democracy elections, the notion that our founders had an has endured in Virginia and the United States for enormous brilliance in creating a system of centuries but it looks a lot different today and I representative government—with three branches believe for the better than it looked centuries ago. and a unique set of checks and balances. Through So why do we celebrate 400 years of thick and thin, we all acknowledged and respected representative democracy? If we look at that we all had to live with a certain amount democracy in America in 2019 we’ve got to of respect for rule of law in our constitution. acknowledge that the democracy we have We face threats going forward, but I would today represents literally millions of people who

Steering Committee Report 227 the framers never actually intended to have plan to end American economic and technological the fruits of democracy. dominance. These and other regimes are in effect Whether it be women, African Americans, offering a competing model to nations around Native Americans, those without property just the world; a model that emphasizes surveillance to name a few. The truth is that our democracy of its people, an authoritarian form of business that represents all of those voices isn’t quite leadership, and a complete rejection of the notions so old. Matter of fact, for many that full voice of freedom and democracy that we celebrate and representative democracy may be only tonight. The past few years have made clear that decades old. we are at a crossroads. And how we respond is This four hundred commemoration confronts going to judge us for future generations. us as well with this uncomfortable truth, the With the benefit of a 400-year anniversary, year that the seeds of democracy were planted we can look back and see that we faced similar here in America, was the same year that the challenges before. When we think about America first enslaved Africans came to our country. at its founding, think about how radical America Throughout our history and even today, America’s was 400 years ago in a world where the governing original sin has stood in the way of us fully living philosophy of virtually every industrial nation was up to the values that we celebrate tonight. the Divine Right of Kings. Think how audacious I think we need to acknowledge at different it was that a group of Americans, led mostly by a times Virginia has not only been the mother of group of Virginians, had the idea of representative presidents, but also the capital of the Confederacy, democracy. the home of massive resistance and the birthplace When we think about the questions that are of Barbara Johns who had the courage to take being constantly asked like; what does it mean to that on even as a young person. be an American? Who is an American? Where do While our nation’s struggle with race illustrates they come from? defects that we’ve not yet resolved, our history is Well these are not new issues; they have been always moving towards justice. I think we all need tested time and time again since Adams and to continue to commit ourselves to that theme. Jefferson battled over the Alien and Sedition Candidly, from where I sit in the United Act. We’ve seen as well in the 20th century, States Senate, particularly in my role as vice anti-democratic philosophies like fascism and chairman of the Intelligence Committee, we face communism, but in every case it was democracy significant challenges in 2019. Around the world, that prevailed. I believe, because of our values. authoritarian and anti-democratic regimes seek The threats we face come not only from to dislodge the United States from its position of ideologies or foreign powers. We also face leadership in the world. For the first time, the very enormous changes in American life. Over the internal workings of our democracy were attacked past few decades our economy and society have by a foreign nation in 2016. That attack showed undergone major changes due to globalization in many ways the vulnerabilities our system has and changing technologies. For many Americans, posed by cyber and information warfare. I fear at 2019 seems almost unrecognizable. But once times that faith amongst the great number of our again, if we look back at our history we’ve been American fellow citizens in our democracy is at there before. an all-time low. If you think about four hundred years ago, Meanwhile an ascendant China has a clear the idea of America as a colony was one of the

228 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution very first acts of globalization, and yet we came swaths of Americans behind. through all of that. Our democracy has had no I say this with some trepidation, as someone other alternative but to constantly adapt to who has benefited from our economic system. I changing technologies that have disrupted think when it works at its best, there’s been no American life. From electricity and railroads to system that has brought more people out of radio and television and now to social media. poverty than capitalism. But I worry that too Let me say as somebody who has been wrestling often modern American capitalism focuses on with these issues on a regular basis and there’s short-term, quarter-to-quarter value—rather than nothing democrat or republican about them or long-term value creation. That’s not a system liberal or conservative, they really are issues more that can survive. framed in the sense of future versus past and I Finally as the Commonwealth reminds us, do have worries. we continue to face unresolved tensions around Some of the challenges we face in 2019 are issues of race and identity that aren’t going to wrought by technology and are of a nature that go away. We have to engage directly if our we’ve never seen before. Today over 65% of democracy’s going to survive. I’ve got ideas on Americans get news from Facebook and Google. all of those but I’m not going to offer you them, The internal workings of these platforms and the unlike some of my 25 friends who are running algorithms that drive them can oftentimes be for president, my plan on those. manipulated by adversaries who do not want to I would argue that if we strip away the specific actually bring us together, but instead use these policy plans, our framers again gave us some tools of information to spread misinformation and pretty good tools in the forms of representative spread the most extreme voices on both the democracy. left and the right. And for many of our foreign We think just back over our history—time and adversaries, their goal is nothing more than to time again, people who have been marginalized pit one American against another. in our society have demanded a seat at the table. We’ve seen, as well, vulnerabilities in our Today our representative bodies, both here in voting machines and in our voting systems. I Virginia and in Congress, look more like Virginia believe we need to unite around the idea that our and more like America than they ever have in the election infrastructure is as vital to our democracy past, and I think that’s a good thing. as our power grids and other assets. They ought This is the genius of a checks and balance to be treated with that same type of respect and system. We could have set up another system. protection in a nonpartisan way. We also have Parliamentary systems work all right, and in those to make sure that our economy is resilient systems if you win, you get to run the show until enough to withstand the changes brought you lose. But our founders set up something about by technology. different. This notion of an independent Senate, Secretary Gates focused on the emergence an independent House and an independent of China and seeing that difference between president. If anything was going to work, we’d all our spending and their spending on issues like have to figure out ways to work together. artificial intelligence, 5G, quantum computing, Candidly where I work, we’ve not been doing and automation. There are great opportunities a very good job. Richmond still does a better job. in each of these challenges. But there’s also the This is an area we have to improve upon, but I possibility that these changes could leave wide still would not trade away our system for another.

Steering Committee Report 229 To make sure that we move forward I think we continue to be, the best system to move Virginia have to go back and choose leaders who embrace and America forward. I believe those were the our democratic traditions and appeal, as Abraham ideas that formed the General Assembly 400 years Lincoln did to our better angels of our nature. ago and for those of you who’ve had the honor That’s always been leaders in Virginia who’ve of serving in the Virginia General Assembly I done that and have served our Commonwealth commend you for a job well done. We’ve got the best. enormous challenges in front of us, but there is We must defend with our words and our nothing that, if we stay true to these values, we actions, the notion that American patriotism is can’t succeed at as Virginians and Americans. not rooted in race, region, or partisan identity, Thank you so much for having me tonight. but in the sense of a common purpose in shared God bless you, God bless Virginia and God bless American values. the United States of America. I believe that democracy has been, and will

230 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Timothy M. Kaine United States Senator Governor of Virginia (2006 - 2010) American Evolution Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy Williamsburg Lodge July 30, 2019

Thank you so very much. Thank you. I want Jefferson. And then the establishment of the to thank my friend Tommy [Norment] for his kind English colony at Jamestown. But in each event, words and his long-time friendship. I said we not only talked about the past; we talked to him when I came up, “The best thing about about how far we have come from our earliest that musical performance [during America’s days and especially about how far we have Anniversary Weekend in 2007] is they turned my left to go. microphone down.” So you’re right, I was playing Anniversaries like today’s, when we [the harmonica] enthusiastically, but I was not commemorate 400 years of representative subjecting the crowd to a musical amateurism. democracy, growing from the tiny acorn of its This is such a treat to be here with friends: origin on Jamestown Island and the Virginia Speaker Cox, Tommy Norment, and so many General Assembly, remind us of the words of good friends who are here. Senator Warner and William Faulkner: “the past isn’t dead, it’s not I are happy to be here together, but as Senator even past.” And we know in Virginia that the Norment mentioned, Mark and I are voting this past is full of immense pain and controversy. evening. John Warner remembers this very well, It’s impossible to talk about where we have that you always know the votes that will take been without controversy. It’s impossible to place on a day, you just don’t know what time talk about where we are without controversy. they will take place. And so we’re sorry that It’s impossible to talk about where we might be we’re with you just for the beginning, but we going without controversy. so wanted to be with you, and the governor was There has been pain and controversy today kind enough to send his plane to bring us down due to heartfelt feelings about the participation and bring us back. of President Trump in these events. Some believe It is always good to be here in Williamsburg. obviously that inviting a president to a celebration As Tommy said, I have a very special feeling such as this, much as Teddy Roosevelt came about this place. I was inaugurated here in 2006, to the Jamestown 300th Commemoration, or and together so many of us welcomed Queen President George W. Bush to the 400th, is a Elizabeth here in 2007. On each occasion, we natural extension of respect that we owe to the commemorated, as we are commemorating executive of the world’s greatest democracy. tonight, Virginia’s amazing history. In that case, Others believe that the current president evinces it was the inauguration of the earliest governors disrespect for democracy and particularly for the in Williamsburg, Patrick Henry and Thomas American form of liberal democracy in which

Steering Committee Report 231 minorities and immigrants are of course due grapple with that central fact of American life respect equal to all others. And I am one, among next month at Point Comfort, where “20 and many Virginians, who actually believe in both of odd” slaves arrived in August 1619. In the 18th the propositions that I just stated. century, this General Assembly helped create When the controversy arose, I thought first an American gift to the world, the notion that a of the good people who had spent years, many person can worship or not in a manner of his or of whom very close friends, organizing this her own choosing, without being preferred or commemoration. And I felt bad for them. Because punished for that choice. And additionally, no one wants to plan a celebration and then this General Assembly became pivotal in the have it marred by a dispute. But the dispute is ratification of the Bill of Rights to the American honest, and real, and appropriate. And it’s directly Constitution. In the 19th century, this General connected to our commemoration of 400 years Assembly gathered in 1861 and created a of messy, imperfect, but yes, representative convention that paved the way for Virginia democracy in Virginia and in the new world. seceding from the nation four months later. In The entire history of our Commonwealth and the 20th century, this General Assembly first our country is the story of a gap, wider at times fought to maintain racial segregation in all areas and narrower at others, between the perfect of civic life, but then evolved and fought to equality ideal articulated in the Declaration of become the first southern state to pass a law Independence and the reality of a society unable prohibiting discrimination in housing. to completely live by them. And in the 21st century, this General Assembly That’s the source of concern raised by is deeply involved in all the controversies of the groups like the Legislative Black Caucus: not day: abortion, the rights of LGBTQ persons, disagreement with the president, which will the , gun safety, our always be the case, whatever the party of the environment, immigration, the Affordable Care president or whatever the party of Congress or Act, the rights of labor, tax policy, and oh yes, legislators, but rather dread created when disputes over specialty license plates. Lots and America’s leader refuses to condemn white lots of bills about specialty license plates. supremacy, even as it manifests itself in So a commemoration of four centuries of the murderous hate in Virginia. In other words, the General Assembly that was all celebration and dispute is about the most fundamental among good cheer would be hollow and it would be false. our principles. So you know, it would have been Because the General Assembly is a body that is nice to have a commemoration free of any defined by controversy. Is the General Assembly controversy, but who are we trying to kid? Is defined by controversy because of its inherent it realistic to think that a true accounting of structure? No. Is the General Assembly a body 400 years of representative democracy could defined by controversy because of unique not court controversy? characteristics of Virginians? No. It is a body The General Assembly, formed in 1619, has defined by controversy because it is composed been engaged in one controversy after the next of human beings. And we human beings are a over four centuries. Beginning in the 17th quarrelsome lot with vastly different perspectives, century, the General Assembly played the pivotal each of us with a unique mix of insight and role in creating the monstrous legal architecture imperfection and each of us capable of great of slavery in the English colonies. And we will accomplishment and great error.

232 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution In fact, a way to look at the General Assembly General Assembly to put about 1,000 bills on my or any legislative democracy is that the body desk by the end of the legislative session. And I exists precisely because of our human differences, would have the opportunity to sign them, amend our failures, and our injustices. The General them, or veto them. In my first year as governor, Assembly, or a legislative democracy, is an as I was undergoing that rigorous process, I attempt to structure dialogue about our disputes noticed that only a small portion of the bills were and our challenges and our problems. Because new laws. The vast majority were amendments or people disagree with each other, we need a fixes or improvements to existing laws by fixing forum and we need a structure where human mistakes through incremental improvements, a controversies can be civilly, one can always part of our ongoing evolution. So many mistakes hope, discussed and resolved, at least for the time have been made and then corrected by the being. And a legislative body that is unwilling Virginia General Assembly, by Congress, by to address controversy or redress injustice would everyday people. So many mistakes await have no purpose. correction still. This shall always be so. The The title settled on for the Virginia legislative mistakes of the General Assembly in 2119, body captures this notion. The General Assembly. when Tommy Norment will be leading the General means common. It is an open and 500th commemoration of the General Assembly, inclusive word, even as the membership in this those mistakes will need correction from body has been anything but open and inclusive succeeding General Assemblies. for much of its history. Assembly just means I conclude with the words of another writer, gathering. It’s not a stuffy word, it’s not a formal Faulkner’s Irish contemporary, Samuel Beckett. word. Common people gather periodically to do “Ever tried, ever failed. No matter. Try again, their best in establishing the rules by which we fail again. Fail better.” May God ever give us, live. There is no guarantee that the body will act the General Assembly, Virginians, Americans, wisely. But the most important thing is that the the courage to try, the humility to recognize body is continuous, meaning that the mistakes our mistakes, and the resolve to keep trying of today can always be corrected tomorrow. and keep improving. Thank you. When I was governor, and I wonder if Mark had the same experience, it was common for the

Steering Committee Report 233 The Honorable M. Kirkland Cox Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Co-Chair of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne on Jamestown Island July 30, 2019

Here’s the wonderful thing about Virginia: moving within the region – from season to season 400 years later, 400 years down the road of – in order to cultivate new lands and find game. history, despite the growth in population, the The land itself was managed. The Indians development of cities and suburbs, the roads, cleared the underbrush of the forests with railways, and airports, you may easily find controlled fires. spots – particularly along the rivers – where There were no domesticated animals except things have hardly changed at all. dogs. There were no fences. That’s what I would say about the district I So, when the settlers began arriving, the represent. It’s modern and growing – and not. Indians could adjust – but only up to the point You can straddle the centuries with little effort. that they wanted to adjust. You may also reach back through time and Initially, they did not see the settlers lasting acquire guidance for the future. very long. And, eventually, they began to push The more you look, the more you examine back. the past, the more advantages you give yourself Of course, today you can leap back and forth to engage the challenges today. across the centuries. We have built bridges. Past heroics give you inspiration; past You will find Henricus Historical Park – where mistakes give you guidance. I have been telling re-enactments pay tribute to Native Americans my students that, more or less, since I first and the English settlers – in my district. walked into a classroom. It sits 80 miles up the James River from the The early days of the first settlements were original settlement. rough, uncertain, and full of physical dangers. This was the second settlement and it was Life expectancy of an early Virginia colonist named for King James I’s eldest son Henry. was abbreviated. Sir settled Henricus with 300 It was a young population and mostly male of his English countrymen and it is open today. between the ages of 16 and 25. Few children And tomorrow. And most days. knew their grandparents. You can visit. Buy a souvenir. Learn about For the Native Americans, the settlers were America’s early years. a disruptive force. How could it be otherwise? One thing you will learn quickly is that Still, the Indians had flexibility built into their governance of the settlements was always culture and habits. Houses were not meant to difficult. If the leadership – or the governing last long periods, because the tribes were often system itself – failed to be responsive to the

234 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution people and their concerns, then the leadership or It was once said that, when it came to history, the system failed, too. Virginians were strong on what might have been Two words on that subject: Nathaniel Bacon. and weak on what is. There is a reason why he is memorialized in the There is some truth to that. Sometimes there Virginia State Capitol to this day. was more sentiment than sense. The common political phrasing – “time for a But this event – an examination of ourselves, change” – echoes through the centuries. as much as a commemoration of ourselves – What you find, right from the beginning, continues our progress in a more inclusive and is a struggle to combine leadership with comprehensive direction. accountability. The passage – the evolution of our It did not always work. Adjustments – commonwealth – is worth understanding. dramatic adjustments – were often made. And my district, along with most of Virginia, And you see that process, as democracy offers endless opportunities to learn. gains a foothold, played out over the centuries along the James River. I have always tried to emphasize that civics is not a fixed thing. It is as changeable and flexible as humanity itself.

Steering Committee Report 235 The Honorable Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Majority Leader of the Senate of Virginia Co-Chair of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne on Jamestown Island July 30, 2019

Ladies and gentlemen, the district I represent I honestly don’t know what they did in 1719 in the Virginia State Senate includes some of the or 1819 to commemorate the 100th and 200th most important historical sites in our country. anniversaries. But when the 20th century arrived, It includes the first English settlement and the news accounts and records indicate that efforts at reconstructed remnants and remains of colonial remembrance and commemoration mostly involved Virginia. Between here and the York River, you will a sustained salute of our English roots. find sites directly related to the birth of our nation In point of fact, we do appreciate our English and others that involved the near-destruction of roots. It is foundational to our law and political this nation. structure. But now we understand so much more On Jamestown Island itself, site of the first – and it’s no accident. We worked at it. We have permanent English colony, sit the earthworks of examined events that occurred here – including three Civil War forts. Of course, when you grow up their consequences – and we have done so with surrounded by history, where different things are much greater care and honesty. It seems to me that preserved, protected and interpreted, you simply this is our duty. It is the duty we owe each other. accept it as part of your surroundings. It’s just We must learn it all, as best we can. And then home. That’s why, when you see a person in the tell it all, as best we can. There is history and there supermarket, for instance, dressed in leggings, a is memory. I will leave it to the scholars to make the waistcoat and a tricorn hat, you think nothing of it. necessary distinctions. But clearly the two enjoy a The same thing goes for Indians in traditional close relationship. native dress or women in large, elaborate dresses Someone wrote recently that memory remains of a bygone era. Bygone is what we do. History, for a subject of reflection and anxiety—not least many of us, is a preoccupation and an occupation. because as people live longer, more of them survive It is a central part of our present and we hope it will without connections to their past. always be part of our future. My neighbors explore, Technology and a far more open approach to teach and preserve history as a living. history may change that. I hope so. Clearly people Even so, we took on the 400th anniversary of yearn to better understand their own ancestry. representative government – with all the efforts to But we need to pull apart and closely examine better understand the emergence of slavery, the our national DNA as well. role of women and the effects of this colony on Historical milestones – including Native Americans – as a challenge to do it all better. commemorations such as these – offer us the We have worked at it very hard; considerable opportunity to do so. We want to remember. thought has gone into it. We want to commemorate.

236 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable T. Montgomery Mason Senate of Virginia, 1st District 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne on Jamestown Island July 30, 2019

Remarkable people have been arriving here for worldly, tolerant, untidy town, quite willing to 400 years – and you can stack on another 10,000 absorb just about everyone. years if you include Native Americans – and it Some things do not change. has made for a rich and dynamic community. And that’s why I mention this. The early If you go back and look at what was happening inclinations of different colonies – the way they here 400 years ago, I don’t see how it could get were structured and ordered, right from the any more dynamic or bewildering or contradictory beginning – establishes enduring, lasting or exciting or historical. characteristics. Jim Horn has written Jamestown nearly came to nothing. But it magnificently about this in his book published survived to cause the world to pivot in ways last year, which he titled simply, “1619.” that remain a core challenge to our nation. At this point, 400 years ago, the leadership of The instinct for representative government the Virginia Company has its mind set to “fashion was strong here. The Virginia Company may a society that promoted an abiding commitment have opened the door to the General Assembly, to Anglican ritual and God’s word, just laws, but it remained open forevermore. equitable government, and an economy based It was not always so in other parts of colonial on a wide variety of crops and industries, trade, America. After the English seized the colony and public works that would benefit the Company called New Amsterdam and turned it into New and the multitudes of settlers who would shortly York, the instinct for assembly did not take hold flock to the colony.” until the end of the 17th century. A governor They were not just interested in surviving. strictly ruled. They intended to prosper. That was the core Of course, New York gets a few things right, idea – and you can find within that core idea too. The governor was instructed to tolerate all the substance of thinking that still animates people of all religions and he does so. In the Virginia to this day. words of one historian, New York becomes a

Steering Committee Report 237 The Honorable Toi W. Hutchinson Senate of Illinois, 40th District President of the National Conference of State Legislatures 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Jamestown Settlement July 30, 2019

When the group of 20 Burgesses convened here legislative staff. It is a tremendous honor to be here. in Jamestown on this day in 1619, little did they NCSL also began as an experiment, nearly know that they were establishing a template for 45 years ago. Our formation was the product of self-governance that would endure for 400 years. intensive study, debate and compromise. And the A form of representative democracy practiced by members and staff of this organization remain as billions of people worldwide. What a privilege it committed to its founding principles today as is for us to be on these very grounds, to mark this they were then. We were founded with the belief monumental moment in political history. To honor that a powerful, cohesive voice representing that moment in time and celebrate the legacy that legislatures is integral to shaping federal action. their experiment left behind. And to affirm the We were founded on the principle that the bonds enormous potential that representative democracy that unite us are stronger than the differences still provides for our future. that divide us. And, we were founded in the Generations have passed since that mid- conviction that legislative service is one of summer day; a day that I imagine was probably democracy’s worthiest pursuits. just as hot and humid as this one. From that I am proud to stand here with you today. Proud humble beginning evolved a system of American as the president of NCSL; proud as a state senator democracy of which the legislative institution is from the great state of Illinois; proud as a woman the cornerstone. That evolution is breathtaking–– of color, a mother, and an American. I am proud from that rudimentary gathering of a handful of because we, as a people, have protected and land-owning white men to professional legislative nurtured the nascent idea born in this place so bodies filled with the best and brightest of every many years ago, and have worked tirelessly to race, gender and creed. Legislatures now serve as ensure its survival and further its success. I am the place where ordinary hard-working Americans proud because, despite the many challenges and become extraordinary ambassadors of their setbacks this country has faced, America is still neighborhoods, towns, and cities and strive a place where our right to self-governance is not together to secure the blessings of liberty. taken for granted, and the institutions which Legislatures are where innovation and provide for that right are held dear. experimentation flourish, where people come And most of all, I am proud because our state together to solve vexing problems and where the legislatures remain places where we come voice of the people is expressed in self-governance. together, even in the most divisive of times, to I’m here today as President of the National find solutions to the problems that plague us and Conference of State Legislatures, representing over serve the people of the United States of America. 7,500 American legislators and more than 30,000

238 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. Chief of the Chickahominy Indian Tribe 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Jamestown Settlement July 30, 2019

Great Spirit Loving Father of all Nations Our At this very time and in this very place cause Father God in Heaven, we come today seeking us to lift up the downtrodden, love the unlovely, the benediction of your love and wisdom on this enable resilience among the vulnerable, give voice historic gathering of elected officials, friends, to the voiceless, and reach out to the needy. and guests as we adjourn this General Assembly Empower these leaders and friends to boldly session. approach your throne of grace and seek your We seek your guidance as we continue our guidance on every decision made and every journey toward a more perfect union through initiative undertaken. the very principles of representative government Bless and guide our president, whose actions espoused in a similar gathering 400 years ago and decisions have worldwide implication. today. Let us move forward with optimism enabling Our prayer is for transparency and us to embrace the impossible so that we establish forthrightness as we rally around a government a foundation upon which the next 400 years of the people, for the people, and by the people. can stand. We pray for genuineness and authenticity as As we stand amidst a world full of turmoil and we work through ideological differences and strife, let us be that beacon of light as was that disagreements toward a shared consensus. Assembly four centuries ago. A place where blurred lines around political Finally, cause us to recognize that even as you parties result in discussions without rancor or did with Esther in the Old Testament, perhaps ill will. you have placed us here at this time and in this A place where principles and ideologies place for such a time as this. are not compromised but, rather, are clearly AHO understood. Amen.

Steering Committee Report 239 The Honorable G. Anne Richardson Chief of the Rappahannock Indian Tribe 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne on Jamestown Island July 30, 2019

Oh my Yah: the grass grows and the river flows. We thank you that we have come together to May we all be united as brothers and sisters commemorate the coming of the British, their not because of our differences but because of our Women and the Africans to Tsenacomoco. love for our God and our Country. Many came here seeking political and religious We here in the Commonwealth of Virginia have freedom and we thank you that they drew from been blessed with exceptional leaders in every our model of representative government that aspect of government and civic life. existed here for thousands of years prior to It is an honor that our commander-in-chief, their coming. President Trump, and our distinguished Governor Our Indigenous culture also honored women as Ralph Northam are with us today. our life givers because they knew how important I thank you both for all you have done their role was in the survival of their nations. for Virginia. “No nation is ever conquered until the faces As we are, one nation under God, I ask that of their women are on the ground.” They are the your hand remain upon us, oh Lord, for your backbone of the family, and our nation. divine guidance and protection from all enemies From the people who were the first enslaved both foreign and domestic. on this land, I officially welcome the African I thank God for each of you and ask Him descendants in hopes that the roots of the to bless you, bless the Tribal Nations, the rejection your people have experienced here, Commonwealth of Virginia and United States can be healed and the honor your people deserve of America. for their role in birthing this country can truly be restored. God placed a “Spirit of Freedom” upon this land we call America when He created it and everyone who comes here should fight for that freedom.

May equality, liberty, and justice for all in Chief Richardson was unable to attend this event so America be accomplished through respect, honor, excerpts of this invocation were shared by Senator and love, in the words of our first treaty, as long as Thomas K. Norment, Jr.

240 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Robert M. Gates Chancellor of William & Mary United States Secretary of Defense (2006 – 2011) American Evolution Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy Kaplan Arena at William & Mary July 31, 2019

Thank you Katherine Rowe for that overly until August 4th and was comprised of the generous introduction. It’s a pleasure to be with governor, four counselors, and 22 burgesses all of you here at William & Mary on campus. chosen by the free, white, male inhabitants of Of course I have to tell you, it’s a pleasure to be every town, corporation, and large plantation. anywhere but Washington, D.C. In those tough early days, getting the people’s We are here to celebrate the 400th anniversary business done was often a matter of sheer survival. of the creation of representative government in Of course, that didn’t stop the earliest American America. We’re also here to commemorate the politicians from behaving like, well, like politicians. 400th anniversary of the arrival of slaves on these The historian Richard Brookhiser wrote of shores. Jamestown, “Its leaders were always fighting.” The glory of representative government and the The typical 17th-century account argues that shameful burden of slavery together have shaped everything would have gone well if everyone the history of our country. We have spent more than besides the author had not done wrong. Sounds two centuries making representative democracy like a lot of modern D.C. memoirs. more representative and eliminating slavery and Just a few weeks after that first assembly, the overcoming its awful legacy. We’ve made dramatic first Africans arrived in Tidewater. They were from progress in both endeavors, but the paralysis in Angola, captured in wars between the Portuguese Washington and signs of persistent racism and African kingdoms. Three hundred and fifty demonstrate that four centuries after Jamestown, Africans were put on board a ship, the San Juan and 232 years after the Constitution was signed, Bautista, bound for Veracruz, Mexico. The ship the United States of America remains very much was attacked by English privateers, who took 50 a work in progress. to 60 of the Africans, and they arrived not far from So much that defines America first took root Jamestown at the end of August 1619. here in Virginia along the banks of the James River. By March 1620, 32 Africans were recorded That first representative assembly convened in the living in Virginia. They would be the first of Jamestown church on July 30th, 1619, in response hundreds of thousands of African slaves in British to instructions from the Virginia Company to North America. One hundred and seventy years establish one equal and uniform government over later, in the first U.S. census in 1790, nearly 20% all Virginia and to provide just laws for the happy of 4 million Americans were African; roughly guiding and governing of the people there 800,000 slaves. inhabiting. The First Assembly met from July 30th From the first representative assembly 400

Steering Committee Report 241 years ago, elected by free white men, to universal founding and ultimate success of our Republic. Bold suffrage, it has been a prolonged and tortuous path. and compelling statements of principle are found During the colonial and revolutionary period, voting in documents such as Virginia’s Declaration of was limited to property owners, almost all of whom Rights, which informed America’s Declaration of were white, male Protestants over 21. Just 6% Independence, and Virginia’s Declaration of of Americans were eligible to vote for George Religious Freedom, which prefigured the Washington for president. Only in 1856 did the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. last state abolish property ownership as a But the core principles behind these requirement to vote. declarations were turned into enduring structures The 14th Amendment to the Constitution in of governance largely through deliberation and 1868 granted citizenship to former slaves, and in compromise. The Virginia Plan, for example, a 1870, the 15th Amendment stated explicitly that compromise presented at the Constitutional the right to vote could not be denied by either the Convention, sought to balance the interests of federal or state governments based on race. But small and large states in a bicameral legislature. African Americans in many parts of the country Another critical compromise was the would have to wait another 95 years, until the agreement to tolerate slavery, even though the slave Voting Rights Act of 1965, for state-level obstacles trade would be prohibited in 1808. Without that to voting to be removed. compromise, the southern states would never have It took 301 years from that first representative agreed to ratify the Constitution, and there would assembly in Jamestown for women to be granted have been no United States of America. With the the right to vote. And Native Americans would compromise, a great wrong was embedded in our have to wait until 1947 for the right to vote, 333 foundational document, and the seeds of civil years after Chief Powhatan’s favorite daughter, war were sown. The founders, even many of the Pocahontas, married John Rolfe. slaveholders among them, acknowledged slavery Progress toward ensuring that representative was an abomination, antithetical to the Declaration government is truly representative of all the of Independence many of them had signed. Most people has been agonizingly slow. And we know hoped it would disappear for economic reasons. that there still lurk various electoral stratagems But for 80 years, Americans would live with to suppress voter registration and turnout. the stark contradiction between the existence of But progress there has been, and today virtually slavery within its borders and the first principle of everyone 18 or older, other than convicted felons, the Declaration, that all men are created equal and who wants to vote can do so. After many long and endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable painful struggles to expand voting rights, more’s rights. That contradiction was resolved only by the pity so many choose not to exercise them. the blood of more than 600,000 Americans. Beset by rancor and division, from that first I recount this history not for its own sake, but meeting of the Burgesses and later the Continental because I believe that the example of the Founding Congress and Constitutional Convention, the Fathers, who stood on principle whenever they survival and progress of Virginia and subsequently could, yet compromised when necessary to the United States would depend on finding ways create and then sustain the nation, has important to overcome differences. lessons for today. It is a lesson I’m afraid too This balance, this calibration of principle and many of today’s politicians, members of today’s compromise was a feature of the early history of representative assemblies, have failed to the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the key to the understand in an era of zero-sum politics and

242 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution scorched-earth, ideological warfare. native criminal class. The humorist Will Rogers Virtues such as civility, mutual respect, putting wryly noted, “I don’t make jokes. I just watch the country before self and country before party, government and report the facts.” seem today to be quaint historical relics, to be But our problems go much deeper than put on display at the Smithsonian, perhaps next individual personalities. The predicament we are to Mr. Rogers’ sweater or Julia Child’s kitchen. in today is the result of several structural changes After 400 years of representative government, over the last several decades. The first, the highly we recognize that vitriol and nastiness in politics gerrymandered system of drawing congressional are nothing new, nor is the failure of our political districts to create safe seats for incumbents, both system to deal with issues that deeply divide the Democratic and Republican. This means that in country along ideological, cultural and regional all but a few dozen congressional districts, the lines. In more recent decades, crises such as primaries are the real election, thus making most assassinations, Vietnam, Watergate, Iran-Contra, elected representatives in both parties beholden impeachment, and a contested presidential to their party’s most hardcore ideological base. election have all convulsed the American political Second, wave elections sweep one party into system. But in each case, however painful and power after another, each seized with ideological divisive these episodes were, our governing zeal and the righteousness of its agenda. And institutions recovered their equilibrium and their this has made it difficult, if not impossible, to ability to function. sustain policies and programs or even foreign So what of the future of representative commitments consistently beyond one presidency democracy? I do believe that we are in uncharted or one Congress. And this comes at a time when territory when it comes to the dysfunction in our addressing our very real and very deep problems political system. It appears that, as a result of here at home will require continuity of effort over several polarizing trends in American politics and many years. culture, we have lost the ability to execute even Third, we have seen the transformation of the basic functions of government, much less our two major political parties from big tent effectively address the most difficult and divisive organizations, with room for people of widely problems facing our country. differing points of view, to increasingly ideological Now politicians in Congress do make easy movements, where to stray from orthodoxy targets. George Washington in 1778 wrote of results in shunning or even excommunication. Congress in terms that sound quite relevant to A transformation from pragmatic flexibility to today. I quote, “Party disputes and personal quarrels political conformity. are the great business of the day, while great and Fourth, we confront a phenomenon the accumulated debt, ruined finances, depreciated Founders failed to foresee: career politicians. money, and want of credit were postponed from day Men and women who have spent decades in to day, from week to week, as if our affairs were the political office and are determined to remain most promising aspect.” there until they die. There are too many men and James Monroe wrote to Jefferson in 1785, women in Congress for whom Washington D.C. has “The majority of the U.S. in Congress assembled become their real home. Men and women for whom are competent only to the inferior duties of staying in office is their primary goal and getting government.” re-elected is more important than doing what’s On an even more acerbic note, Mark Twain once right for the country. labeled members of Congress as America’s only The distinguished historian Gordon Wood

Steering Committee Report 243 wrote in his book, Empire of Liberty, that the have the right answers, who demonize those who revolutionary leaders did not conceive of politics think differently, who refuse to listen and to take as a profession and office holding as a career. He other points of view into account. quoted Jefferson, that “In a virtuous government... Now despite all the serious problems I’ve just public offices are what they should be - burdens to described, strangely enough, I remain an optimist those appointed to them which it would be wrong about the future of representative government and to decline, though foreseen to bring intense labor the future of the United States. and great private loss.” I am so partly because of historical perspective. Fifth, a 24/7 digital and cable media From the beginning, we Americans have environment now provides a forum, and wide periodically gone into a funk, believing our best dissemination, for the most extreme and vitriolic days are behind us, that we have no worthy leaders. views, leading to a coarsening and dumbing down One of our most esteemed statesmen wrote, “We of the national political dialogue. have not men fit for the times. We are deficient As a result of these and other polarizing factors, in genius, in education, in everything. I feel the moderate center, the foundation of our political unutterable anxiety.” That was John Adams in 1774. system and its stability, is not holding. Moderation In 1897, Harper’s Weekly Magazine editorialized, is now equated with lacking principles. “It’s a gloomy moment in the history of our country. Compromise means selling out. Not in the lifetime of most men has there been so Yet our entire system of representative much grave and deep apprehension. Never has the government, since July 30th, 1619, has depended future seemed so uncertain as it does at this time. on compromise. Not only is the Constitution itself The political cauldron seethes and bubbles with a bundle of huge compromises, it creates a system uncertainty. It is a solemn moment for our troubles; of governance, of checks and balances that can only no man can see the end.” work through compromise. Or the historian James MacGregor Burns, who Critical ideas for progress in our history have wrote in 1963, “We are at a critical stage of the often come from thinkers and ideologues on both somber and inexorable cycle that seems to have the left and the right. But the laws and the policies gripped the public affairs of the nation.” that ultimately have implemented the best of those Mired in government deadlock, we ideas have come from the vital political center. So underestimate the extent to which our system just at a time when this country, our representative was designed for deadlock and inaction. democracy, needs more bipartisan strategies and Looking at the future from a different angle, we policies to deal with our most serious long-term should also take some comfort from the fact that problems, most of the trends are pointing in the from the convening of that first assembly 400 years opposite direction. ago, American politics has always been a contact I entered public service 53 years ago next sport - and a fairly dirty one at that. Founding month. I worked for eight presidents, and I have Fathers we revere today tore each other apart in the known many politicians over the last five decades. press and behind closed doors. John Adams was And I never met one who had a monopoly on re- called a “hideous hermaphroditical character, who vealed truth. At a time when our country faces deep has neither the force nor firmness of a man nor the problems at home and serious challenges abroad, gentleness and sensibility of a woman.” Jefferson’s we have too many leaders across the political sex life was fodder for gossips and pamphleteers. spectrum whose outsized egos are coupled with Our first Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton undersized backbones. People who think they alone was killed in a duel following a dispute with the

244 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution former Vice President Aaron Burr. And even George elected to Congress. When young, they put on their Washington wasn’t immune to the slings and uniform to serve the country. I believe their sense arrows of critics, who among other things accused of purpose and sacrifice will be a great asset for all him of monarchical aspirations. of us. I’m optimistic for other reasons. Today, more And finally, I’m optimistic because even than any other time in the last four hundred years, though we have a lot of work to do and enormous all Americans, all Americans, have the opportunity obstacles ahead of us, we do have the power and to participate in shaping our country’s future. To the means to overcome them, just as this country put their shoulder to the wheel to get America has overcome challenges in the past. But it will take unstuck and moving forward again together. embracing those attributes of the Burgesses 400 Our diversity today has deep roots in pain and years ago - a willingness to make tough prejudice, from African slaves, to the Irish fleeing decisions, the clear-eyed realism to see the world the potato famine, East European and Russian as it is rather than as we would like it to be, the Jews fleeing pogroms, Chinese coming to build our willingness to listen and to learn from one another, railroads, Koreans and Vietnamese fleeing war and an ability to see and understand other points of oppression, Mexicans and other Hispanics seeking view, and the wisdom to calibrate principle and opportunity and safety, and others who have come compromise for the greater good of the country. here from every continent, country, and island. No country in the world is as openly self-critical The founders adopted as the country’s motto as the United States. We talk incessantly about our e pluribus unum, one out of many. Although they faults and our deficiencies. Mistrust of government were referring to the 13 colonies becoming one is buried deep in the American DNA. country, the motto I think applies in a different But no other country has been so successful over way today. It captures the reality that people the centuries in reforming itself and remedying its from many lands have come here over the past deficiencies, sometimes at extraordinary cost in four centuries, some voluntarily, some as slaves, blood and treasure. We’ve come a long way since but today, if we’re to survive and prosper as a 1619 in extending representative government to country, it must be as one people, Americans. ensure that it represents all the people and in trying E pluribus unum. to overcome the legacy of slavery. The good and the I’m optimistic because of our young people. As evil that appeared nearly simultaneously 400 years President of Texas A&M University, Chancellor ago on a little patch of ground 10 miles from here. of William & Mary, Secretary of Defense under America continues to be a work in progress to two presidents and during two wars, and national ensure liberty and opportunity for all. The French president of the Boy Scouts, I think I have some Nobel Prize recipient Anatole France once wrote, claim to interacting with more young people from “To accomplish great things, we must not only act, every walk of life than almost anyone. And they but also dream. Not only plan, but also believe.” fill me with hope. They are involved in their We must dream, we must believe, and we must communities. They care about issues. They are act to realize the full potential of representative willing to put their lives on the line for our country, government, achieve the aspiration of our founders and they are committed to building a better to form a more perfect union, and to preserve and America. They have values. They detest hypocrisy. strengthen what called “the last They want integrity in their leaders. best hope of the Earth.” I’m especially deeply encouraged to see Thank you. veterans of our wars in Iraq and Afghanistan being

Steering Committee Report 245 His Royal Highness Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex Reception to mark the 400th Anniversary of the founding of Representative Democracy Ambassador’s Residence, British Embassy, Washington, DC September 11, 2018

It’s a great pleasure to be able to join you who established the first House of Burgesses, as as you mark 400 years of the Virginia General the Assembly was known in those days. What Assembly. This is quite a milestone, especially seemed like a small act of good governance then in a country which tends to think that 200 years is now being celebrated as a major historical is a long time! I am delighted to bring greetings milestone. from Her Majesty and The Duke of Edinburgh who As the world becomes ever more complex and remember well their visit to Jamestown ten years our societies and our communities more diverse, ago. That occasion helped to bring to life for many celebrating our common heritage – that which our shared history. binds rather than divides – seems to become ever This anniversary is also an important way to more important. recall the events of yesteryear as well as those I therefore particularly want to wish you people that have influenced how we got here well with your celebrations and offer my and why. People like Governor George Yeardley congratulations on marking this historic milestone.

246 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Right Honourable John S. Bercow, MP Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Special visit to the Virginia State Capitol Richmond

May 28, 2019

Colleagues, Ladies, and Gentlemen. devotion to comparable and comparably, that is Tommy! Senator Norment is a lot more to say by each of us, valued democratic ideals. experienced than I am. And he has just Now before I dwell on some of these matters at sagaciously observed to me that he learned a quite the most propitious and momentous time in long time ago that if he was getting applause the history of Virginia, I just want briefly to rewind before he started to speak, it was probably a the tape, if you will, and to refer to something that good idea to sit down. Or otherwise colloquially was said a few moments ago by Speaker Cox in known as, quit while you’re ahead. showing his very considerable familiarity with the And indeed I’m bound to say on the strength evolution of British parliamentary democracy. He of that extraordinary generosity from Speaker Cox, referred to really the raison d’etre of the speaker. buttressed by comparable generosity from Senator Because people, you know, often say to me, Norment, that having heard myself introduced, even now in the United Kingdom, “Mr. Speaker, and notwithstanding your wise counsel, having why are you so called, because even though you heard myself introduced, ladies and gentlemen, speak in the chamber as a moderator, as a referee, I can hardly wait to hear myself speak! Whether as an umpire, you don’t speak in debates.” I’ll feel the same way, and more particularly, Indeed, my constituents in Buckingham whether you’ll feel the same way at the end of sometimes say that. my remarks is a matter for legitimate speculation Well, the answer is that originally, the speaker and conjecture. was so called because the speaker was expected But I want to start by placing on the record, to be the monarch’s, that is to say the King’s, before I say anything further, my profuse spokesman to Parliament. This was well before appreciation of and gratitude to you, led by - not just decades or generations, but centuries Speaker Cox and his extraordinarily warm and before - the successful resolution of the battle gracious wife, Julie, because I have been here for the establishment and consolidation of but an hour or so, and I have been made to feel parliamentary democracy. incredibly welcome. We had not previously met, The speaker in those earlier centuries was not we did not know each other personally, but within merely expected or exhorted, my friends, ladies the space of not much more than 60 minutes, I and gentlemen, but required as a matter of explicit feel there’s an umbilical cord that ties us. And and continuing obligation, to seek to do the that is based, I hope, upon some notable degree monarch’s will in Parliament. And very specifically, of personal empathy, reinforced by the fact of our to communicate the wishes of said monarch and

Steering Committee Report 247 to seek to secure the compliance of Parliament what some of these more downmarket scribblers with those wishes, which as you correctly and say, that John Bercow is the shortest man ever perceptively noted, generally involved securing to be speaker of the UK House of Commons. Parliament’s support in the raising of the requisite Sir John Bussy, speaker of the House from 1394 taxes to finance the conduct of wars, not least to 1398, Sir John Wenlock, speaker of the House but notably in, and with France. from 1455 to 1456, and Sir , And it is really the story of the development speaker of the House in 1459, are all believed to of our democracy in the United Kingdom that have been shorter than I am, although I do have the speaker eventually ceased to be the King’s to admit that it was true only after all three of spokesman to Parliament and became instead them had been beheaded. Parliament’s spokesman to the King. And over Indeed, as you rightly observed, Mr. Speaker, the last 60 plus years, Parliament’s spokesman no fewer than seven of my predecessors met their to Her Majesty the Queen. end on the executioner’s block. One was killed And therefore, I just want to treat one quite in battle, and a further poor unfortunate soul was sensitive matter, which I think your natural brutally murdered. So, you will understand that courtesy will probably disincline you to raise with this does enable me to view the weights and me directly, but which if unaddressed, will lurk challenges which afflict and confront the House mischievously, perhaps from my vantage point, of Commons, and which can periodically afflict my friends, perilously in the undergrowth and and confront me, with an appropriate sense of therefore must be knocked on the head at the historical perspective. That is to say, whatever outset. And that is the sensitive and delicate else happens to me, I’m not likely to lose my head, matter of height. notwithstanding the occasional rumors and the Very specifically, it has been rooted in some of printed wishlists to the contrary. the more downmarket parts of the media that I’m And it is a joy to be here. I won’t say that I’m the shortest man ever to be Speaker of the United a regular, frequent, prolific visitor to the United Kingdom's House of Commons. States, but I’ve been several times. I remember Now, I always say that there is nothing wrong my first experience at age 12 going to Disney with being short. We short people should stick World with my sister and my mother on a much together. We may be short, but we might also enjoyed holiday. And, I’ve been to Florida a be perfectly formed, and in any case, we’re number of times. I’ve been to Washington D.C. environmentally friendly because we don’t take on a number of occasions, and indeed, to New up a lot of space! York. And, indeed, last time I was here, I also Moreover, I’m making a virtue of necessity, went, as I should be going tomorrow, to Boston my friends, I’ve always been short. I’m now as well. 56 years old, and I remain short, and given I’ve never been to this building, and what the known impacts of the aging process on a treat it is, because we are marking and physiognomy, the overwhelming likelihood is celebrating 400 years since the establishment that I shall become inexorably and irrevocably of a representative legislature. That calling shorter still. And I’m completely relaxed about that together, very similar to the evolution of the continued and soon-to-be exacerbated shortness. British story, of those 22 burgesses, was the But I’m not intensely relaxed about the sign post. It was the mission light, which led to historical accuracy of this point. It’s quite wrong something very much greater, richer, and fuller

248 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution in later years, decades, and centuries. And, the values that we share, notwithstanding And, to see that history writ large here so differences on individual issues from time to time, magnificently, but also in a sense, my friends, are values that have stood the test of time. ladies and gentlemen, so compactly in one I, in my country, am obliged to be impartial place – you’re in the sight of the old chamber, between the political parties, between the the presence of the new chamber. The House government and the opposition. But I always say of Delegates, the Senate, the significance of the I’m impartial within the chamber. But I’m not Lieutenant Governor in the Senate, even the impartial about the chamber. I’m not impartial beautiful symmetry of the two houses meeting about democracy. I’m not impartial about the for different periods of time in odd years and even Rule of Law. I’m not impartial about the merits years, depending upon, as I understand it, the of representative democracy. I’m not impartial passage of the budget and therefore the requisite about the compelling requirement, the crucial allocation of time that was needed in the light imperative, of the distribution of power amongst of the extent of the duties. All of that speaks to several different forces in any free society. your priorities, the needs of your legislature. And, And there’s something else about which, if of course, the presence of those two chambers I may say so, representatives, members of civil underscores quite an important principle of some society, ladies and gentlemen, I’m not impartial. sort of diffusion, very, very consistent with the I’m not impartial in my conviction that for all whole American tradition of power, so that there its shortcomings and its sharp edges and its isn’t an exclusive concentration in one person or weaknesses, the society that creates wealth even in one assembly. through business, through entrepreneurship, And what do we celebrate? I’m not here just through self-reliance, is likely to be a much in a spirit of politeness, although there is no harm more successful generator of wealth and motive in good manners and much harm in bad. We do force in the creation and maintenance of decent celebrate the fact that we believe in legislatures. living standards, compatible with human liberty, We believe that representatives have a duty not than a society which is characterized by a to act as nodding donkeys, but to serve, to use command economy, an absence of enterprise, their judgment, to study, to question, to probe, and by overweening state, or in your case to scrutinize, to challenge, periodically even to federal, power. contradict or expose the errors of omission or of Like most believers in liberal democracy - commission of the executive of the day, be it at a and I am passionate about liberal democracy, very local level, at a state level, or indeed for that about pluralism, and about the principle that matter, at a federal level. there is a “we” as well as a “me”, that there are And all of those concepts, those notions, others as well as the self, that we are part of are encapsulated and almost enshrined and something wider - of course, I believe that there emblazoned right across this building, with is a protective role for government. There is an wonderful depictions of people who played an important principle that some services must be important role in Virginia legislatures. Not to delivered by publicly funded sources or even mention your great presidents of the United directly by government agencies. States, several of whom are here featured – And I believe passionately that there should people very special to you, but also, if I may say be both equality before the law for every citizen, so, hugely revered by us in the United Kingdom. regardless of race, of color, of creed, of gender, of

Steering Committee Report 249 , of disability. That to me should question and challenge that. And that is an be part of the DNA of a decent society, and I incredibly important principle. A principle think it’s a sense that is widely shared across dear to your free society, and it’s a principle my country and, I am sure, across yours. But I do dear to ours. believe that there has to be a very, very, very I think it was that great American Walter substantial space for enterprise to flourish, for Lippmann who famously said, “In a free society, local representatives to serve their communities, the state does not administer the affairs of men.” and indeed for there to be one or another form In modern parlance, I hope he would have said, of separation of powers. “it does not administer the affairs of men and Here in the United States, you have a very women,” but he said, “In a free society, the explicit separation of powers, to the extent that state does not administer the affairs of men. It members of the administration don’t sit in administers justice among men,” – and I would Congress, and you respect that principle of now add women – “who conduct their own judicial independence. affairs.” An absolutely critical principle. In the United Kingdom, our separation of And you know, there’s another thing in powers is a little different. We have a very strict common with us. I think we’re proud of our separation of powers between Parliament and democracies. We’re proud of our legislatures. the judiciary and that concept of comity with We’re proud of the civic commitment that the courts. Our recognition of their role, their people make. recognition of ours, crucially underpins what I have just met one of your great civic I would call the democratic settlement in the representatives, who has now served 39 years United Kingdom. We don’t have quite the same as a legislator. And, I jokingly and teasingly separation of powers, as you know, because said to him, and he did not seem to look askance members of our government, members of the or take umbrage, that I wondered if he felt able, executive branch, members of that body of people confidently, to say that he had now reached the called ministers, do sit in Parliament, both in the midpoint of his legislative career. But, he hinted House of Commons and the House of Lords. to me that with the approach of elections, he Though they are very much the smaller part. would make no such commitment. He was not We’ve got about 18 ministers in the House of going to pronounce his prospective retirement, Commons. We’ve got about 650 MPs. So the and it may well be that he’s got more to go. MPs’ role, the vast majority of the MPs’ role, And I’ve met somebody else. Cause, you see, is not to serve in government at any one time. you’re all part of the mix that makes you the The MPs’ role, as I said a few minutes ago, is happy, successful, thriving, proud, self-confident, to question and to probe and to scrutinize, to sense of history-orientated legislature. I’ve just review legislation, to amend legislation, to met your wonderful Virginia photographer, improve legislation. And to study and challenge who started in 1968. Began over half a century and question and probe and hold to account ago - he looks very well on it. those responsible, not just for the presentation And of course all these great Virginians who’ve of legislation on behalf of government, but the gone on to the highest things in public service. I pursuit of policy, and the administration of don’t know whether it’s something in the water, government business, and the conduct of something about the Virginia diet, something the government as a whole. MPs are there to about the countryside areas, but there seems to

250 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution be a very high intelligence quota amongst the in Parliament, adjacent to the House of Lords, people of Virginia. which opened in 2015. You’ve had a brilliant I said, “You are proud of who you are, and visitor center in Washington D.C. for as long what you’ve done, and where you’re going, and as I can remember. We’ve only just recently the values you embody. You’re also proud about established our education center. A digital, and conscious of your responsibility in this regard interactive, high-tech, state-of-the-art, cutting- of disseminating and inculcating into the young edge facility which is allowing us to bring 100,000 those values.” young people a year to Parliament to learn about Because you reference, very generously, that the journey from the signing of the Magna Carta I am passionate about the United Kingdom Youth in 1215 to the rights and responsibilities which Parliament. I chair it every year and have done citizens enjoy today. since 2009. And I said to the United Kingdom Well, we can’t exactly be accused of hurrying Youth Parliament, which is an elected parliament matters, because the center was opened in the and considerably more diverse in gender and year that marked the 800-year anniversary of the ethnic terms, in fact, than the House of Commons, signing of the Magna Carta. But all these things I said, “Look, I’m not going to picket you. I’m speak to the premium that we attach to building not going to turn up uninvited. But if you want, a rapport, with an offering of respect and I promise you that I’ll come to your conference encouragement, to the next generation of citizens, wherever it takes place in the United Kingdom of voters, of legislators, of executive office holders, every year to talk.” and of others in public service. And if you’re a real cynic, you’ll say, “Well, And, what a joy it is to be with you to mark John, you’ll do that because John, generally the 400th anniversary, and so much imagination speaking, is generally speaking. And you like is being brought to bear. So much loving care speaking, and you want to speak to them.” addressed with four centuries of prominent And of course, you’d be right. women who made a difference to Virginia. A But I go for another reason into the speaker’s wonderful guide focused on so many features of chair to chair their session, on the green, leather the history of Virginia, of the way in which you’ve benches of the House of Commons, once a year cherished, honed, nurtured, and built upon your and to their conference. And that is because I Democratic principles. And you certainly know, believe, as you clearly in Virginia believe, with 70 if I may say so your guides know how to pluck years track record of having a model legislature for at the heartstrings of a visiting British speaker, young people from across Virginia – I believe that because not only did you tell me about your great if we want to be respected by young people, who presidents I’ve read about some of your great are, after all, the future of our democracy and, in a presidents. Indeed, my favorite book, my favorite very real sense, the future of our country, we have American book is actually Robert Caro’s four- to show respect for young people. Respect is not volume of Lyndon Johnson. The most our automatic right; it’s an earned credit, or a stunning book about a quite extraordinary two-way street if you will. individual. Remarkable in all sorts of different And you know, I often say to people in my own ways, remarkable in good, remarkable in bad, but constituency who know nothing of the work of the an amazing figure. And in fact Caro, in the end of Youth Parliament, that it’s important. And I tell the fourth volume, hasn’t actually got to talking them about the education center that we’ve built about the war in Vietnam or the Great Society

Steering Committee Report 251 programs. I gather that awaits the fifth volume of And the editor said, “Yeah, you go, and you file his extraordinary work. your copy.” And the young man goes to this great But you also know to talk about heroes dear to party in one of the great rooms of the House of Britain. And let me just finish with saying that I Commons. And he wrangles his way to the front feel incredibly proud to come here where one of where Churchill is sitting and having attendance the great British statespersons of all time, one of danced upon him, really, by Conservative MPs. the greatest British statesmen ever, also came. And the young reporter is completely There’s no greater British statesman in wartime overcome with emotion. He manages to get than Winston Churchill. And if there’s anybody himself introduced, and he says, “Wow, Sir here who could even remember Churchill alive, Winston, you know, this is the most extraordinary well you have the advantage on me. Churchill honor for me. I’m a new reporter on the London died sadly for me when I was two. But Churchill Evening Standard. But I’ve always admired really was a great, and we were just talking about you, my parents admire you. I’ve been brought Nancy Astor and his famously feisty, some would up to admire you. This is a really quite a say toxic, relationship with Nancy Astor. remarkable day.” But I want to finish on a slightly different note, And Churchill said absolutely nothing, just which is testament to how some people, no rhyme sort of sat there and nodded. And the young or reason to this, just seem to endure and endure man, becoming completely overcome, said, and endure and keep the sharpest of wits. Many “Sir, in wishing you a happy 90th birthday, this of the stories about Churchill are very well known, is the happiest day of my life, I just hope, Sir, if but I just want to finish in thanking you and it isn’t presumptuous of me, that I may be able celebrating the Virginia legislature and Virginian to come back here in ten years time on the democracy by telling you this. occasion of your 100th birthday to offer you On the occasion of Churchill’s 90th birthday, my birthday greetings.” there was a rookie reporter on the London To which Churchill at the age of 90, with Evening Standard who was really keen to report barely a pause for breath, replied, “I don’t see on a party that Conservative MPs were holding why not, young man. You look perfectly healthy for Churchill in the House of Commons. And the to me.” young reporter went in to see the editor and said, So there you are. Thank you very much “Sir, I was brought up by my parents to admire indeed. Here’s to the next 400 years of Virginian Churchill. I’ve got memorabilia of Churchill. I democracy and the next 400 years of United know some of the great speeches of Churchill. States democracy. Thank you. Thank you. Conservative MPs are holding a great party for Churchill. May I go, sir, and report on it?”

252 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Right Honourable Ralph E. Gonsalves Prime Minister of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Global Pathfinder Summit The University of Virginia May 22, 2019

I want to thank Jim Murray for the introduction self-governed in 1969 and earned independence and for putting out certain basic facts about in 1979. St. Vincent and the Grenadines. I’ll make one Now it is important to understand, when a addition in terms of backdrop. Though we are colonial state is established, what it does to a small, 150 square miles, we have a seascape of people. The foundation of any organized system 11,000 square nautical miles. That’s very of government, of any democracy, is something important, because it means that though the land called citizenship. It is the highest office in the on which we live is of great importance, the sea land. It is the one which joins all persons who and its resources are at the center of our own are citizens in a political community or society developmental thrust. And the issues concerning organized as a state within a particular set of global warming relate not only to matters of geographical boundaries. adaptation and mitigation in respect to the But if this state is imposed and doesn’t arise, landscape, but also to the sea, the availability as it did for instance in Europe and in several of those resources and how we protect those other countries of the world, as a consequence resources. Marine resources, fish and lobster and of the internal contradictions of the society... If conch, tourism resources... We have to deal this state is imposed and the imposition is with rising sea levels and the like. The matter of emphasizing minimalist functions - collection climate change has become urgent because the of taxes, provision of basic services, and very changes have been unusual and they have been importantly the maintenance of law and order unprecedented. And anyone who tells you, “don’t and using the legal system as repressive - then worry about climate change” and denies it, they those who are from there, in such a society with deny science. It’s real, and it’s happening before an external imposition of a state... The ordinary our eyes. And we see it especially in small islands man and woman, the ordinary citizen of this state and in developing countries. which has been imposed from outside, sees the Now we have been fashioned as a democracy. state as a constellation of institutions to be used, Colonialism – British colonialism – came to us misused, and abused. And therefore, they have in 1763. There was a general carve up in the no commitment to it. eastern Caribbean between France and Britain. To have a true representative democracy, you And Britain ruled basically uninterrupted – save have to own the state. It has to belong to you. You and except for about five years in the latter part have to own your government. Now you will go of the 18th century. And we became internally and you will see; you will read on the internet and

Steering Committee Report 253 you will see that St. Vincent and the Grenadines freedom and dignity of man – and woman. is the only country in the eastern Caribbean, the B. desired that their society be so organized, Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, which so ordered, as to express their recognition of doesn’t sell its passport and doesn’t sell its the principles of democracy, free institutions, citizenship. How can we, if citizenship is the social justice, and equality before the law. highest office in the land? C. Realize that the maintenance of human It’s an interesting Jeffersonian concept. Citizen dignity presupposes safeguarding the rights is a title higher than President. It’s higher than of privacy, of family life, of property, and a Prime Minister. And if citizenship is the highest fostering of the pursuit of just economic office in the land, and if it is the bond and the glue rewards for labor. which keeps us together in something called an D. desire that their constitution should en organized society, clearly that which is the highest shrine the above mentioned freedoms, office in the land cannot be sold. And the passport principles, and ideals.” is the outward sign of the inward grace of And then, a set of institutional arrangements citizenship and cannot be sold. are put in place and a set of protective provisions To those who should wish to sell those things of fundamental rights and freedoms in the usual in order to provide food, I say that is unsustainable parliamentary system, British-style. Though it and it is antithetical to sustainable development. would be a mistake to think that what we have is Because hear me this and hear me well – if a carbon copy of the British Parliamentary system, the state sells a citizenship, if the state sells the because you don’t transpose Westminster and passport for money, what happens then? The Whitehall across the Atlantic and have them ordinary citizen will see that the leaders are using, remain in their pristine forms. But we are faithful misusing, and abusing the state institutions. to the fundamental principles of representative And if they can do that, we can do the same democracy and freedom, separation of powers, thing, and should do the same thing, until we all which you read in the textbooks. I don’t have can gather enough money to see if we can jump to go through those, because you are familiar on a plane to come to the United States of with them. America if Donald Trump will allow us to come in. But there are real flesh and blood people that So there would be no commitment. And have to run these institutions. How did we come you would find, as W. B. Yeats puts it in The together as a people? Second Coming, that, “The worst among us are Our country comprises largely of migrant full of passionate intensity, and the best lack peoples, some who arrived freely and some who conviction.” And lack commitment. Commitment were enslaved. is vital in the building of any representative When the British came, they met about 10,000 democracy. people. The Kalinago and the Garifuna. The Now I can read for you the preamble in our Kalinago are what you’d call the Yellow Caribs. constitution, which would give a flavor as to And the Garifuna, the Black Caribs – a mixture what we have. The words are really majestic. of persons of African descent who had come there “Whereas the people of the islands of in various ways. Some ran away from Barbados, St. Vincent, who are known as Vincentians, because Barbados had a slave society earlier. A. have affirmed that the nation is founded Barbados had flat lands; we had a lot of mountains on the belief of the supremacy of God and the and still do. There was also a shipwreck in the

254 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution late 17th century where a slave ship had come of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, called ashore. And in an earlier period, a small number Baliceaux. The indigenous people lived there of slaves were brought there by French people for six months. Half of them died – they didn’t on the western side of the island. have any water, they didn’t have any food. And When the British came, they owned the the other half were deported, exiled to Roatán Kalinago and the Garifuna. Owned all the land Island in the bay of Honduras. From there they in common. went to Belize, to Guatemala, to Honduras, and When they arrived there was a Chief, a to Nicaragua. For these people, our Garifuna Paramount Chief. brothers and sisters, St. Vincent and the In 1764, the British made a mistake. They Grenadines is their spiritual homeland, known declared that all of the land belonged to the as Yurumein. And Chatoyer is a national hero British crown. Well, if you come from London in Guatemala, known as Satuye, though he and Manchester, and you come to never set foot there. St. Vincent, and you meet me at my land and And of course, the British wanted to plant you take it away from me, I will fight you. sugar, so they brought in slaves. Between 1764 For 31 years, between 1764 and 1795, a and 1807, when the slave trade ended, some guerilla war was fought against the British. 55,000 slaves were landed, and some 10,000 And the might of the took a from West Africa died along the way coming long time before it could subdue the Kalinago to St. Vincent. and particularly the Garifuna. Then slavery came to an end in 1838, but 2,200 Incidentally, the word “caribs” is a derogatory Madeirans were brought. Madeira is a tropical/ term. I don’t know if you know this; it comes subtropical island. The British had brought some from the North Venetian term meaning “fierce donkeys from Madeira, and they did very well. and warlike.” And because the people reacted And they thought it would be a magnificent idea to the theft of their lands and their subjugation, if some two-legged ones would come, since all Europeans called them fierce and warlike. of the slaves had decided that they weren’t But the people in their own language called going to go back on the plantations to work. themselves Kalinago, which meant “the peaceful Then a little later, some Indians were brought ones.” We were there living peacefully, and as indentured servants. you came from where you came from to take So, you notice the population mix already? my land. And I will fight you. It’s elemental. You have the Anglo-Saxons that came as The people fight their neighbors over 100 colonists, you have the indigenous people, square feet of land and the boundaries. Much you have the Africans, and you have the Indians. less you come and take all the land and say that Then later on, some Chinese came, and then it’s yours? some Arabs, and so on. Then the British carried out genocide when This country, up to the late 19th century, was they defeated the indigenous people and killed a classic pluralistic society, where each ethnic, the Paramount Chief Chatoyer, whom my racial, cultural section had its own relatively government has installed as the first national distinct pattern of socio-cultural integration. hero of our country. The only one thus far. Never the twain shall meet. They were in a They killed a large number, then transported society, but there was no core set of values among about 5,000 to a neighboring island, just part any of these groups that were held together by

Steering Committee Report 255 force. But through the fever of history, remarkable Peter on the Sea of Galilee, you need educated things happen, and adjustments are made. people. But only 39% of the twelve-year-olds were Biology assists. And we grew to be a people at secondary school, what you call high school. with a core set of shared values as to who we are, Within five years I had all of them in secondary around principles of how we change peacefully, school. I carried out an education revolution which and how we will build representative institutions is ongoing. And I’m on target for one university and better our lives. We changed to such an graduate per household at an average by the year extent that we have grown to be a society which 2030. Remarkable changes have taken place in has become homogeneous. that regard, and we have benefited in dividends. You may not know this, you may not realize You can’t have tourism and other services it, but perhaps you do if you think about it. The unless you have proper air services. Therefore number of people who identify themselves to you must build a modern international airport the census taker or who are identified to the and develop organized, proper air services. census taker in St. Vincent as being Portuguese You do the same thing with the port. These are is less than 500. The majority of the population, important cross-cutting developmental issues. 98%, are of African descent. And yet you have There’s a gentleman – His Excellency Donald J. someone in power who looks like me, who doesn’t Trump – who has an acute understanding of look like my Surinamese brother, whom the bulk small islands. Remember? When Hurricane Maria of the population would look like. And I have been struck Puerto Rico, he didn’t respond with the the most popular politician in the country for the alacrity that some of his critics thought that he last twenty years. should. He said his critics didn’t understand This is not an Obama moment in reverse. Puerto Rico… that Puerto Rico is an island, We take my being in power as something that is surrounded by water – as though islands can normal because of the way in which the society be surrounded other than by water. Just in has evolved and because of the way in which case you missed the point, he said, “Big water. I myself developed. The folk molded me, and Ocean water.” they helped me to be where I am. And I agree entirely with the president We have an economy largely of services, for having such an acute and profound which is true now; about 18% of our economy understanding of islands! You’re surrounded is services. When I came to office in 2001, I by big water, ocean water. We can’t get from led the first government which never had, there to elsewhere by road or by rail, so we since 1763, an economy where an agricultural have to fix up our airports for air transportation commodity dominated. In succession we had and our ports for sea transportation. sugar, arrowroot, cotton, bananas. Between And importantly, if we want to be an example 1956 and 1995, bananas were the major income to everybody in this era of climate change, we earner. And I came to office in a situation where have to go green. By February 2022, 80% of the bananas were gone, because Britain entered electricity in my country will be generated by the European single market economy and the renewable energy. banana preferences went. All these are works of a democratically elected You want to have services. But if you want to government. In fair elections, periodic, every five have tourism, you need educated people. If you years. We don’t have term limits, so I can go as want to have banking services, if you want to long as the people want me to go, or as long as have fishing done other than how it was done by my wife Louise permits me to go.

256 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Energy is critical. Another important a political activist. And I have contested every cross-cutting issue. We receive 20% of our single Parliamentary election since independence energy already from three small hydro-electric in 1979. I’m the only one in my country who has plants. We are doing solar, and we are at the been a participant in every Parliamentary election. moment working on the production of boring 40 years. holes for geothermal energy, of which we have And a lot of people thought, well, why is this an abundance. Of course, the price of energy guy - he has a Ph.D. in political economy, he would fall by at least 25%, which makes a big has his legal training, he is called to the bar in difference to uplift the competitiveness of St. England and Wales. He can make a living Vincent and the Grenadines. And we’ll have anywhere. Why is he spending all his time doing energy security and all the rest. this? I want to tell you. Those who endure When I entered office, I met poverty. I met wilderness years are likely, if ever, to get to office, indigence in 25.6% of the population. It’s now to last longer. It is important for wilderness years 3.9%. Intractable, that small amount, but still if you want to make change. You have to have we are working assiduously on it. commitment and sacrifice. It doesn’t come easily. Now, many important changes have had to What I am telling you is not something new. You be made. And I’ll tell you this. Elections and read the Hebrew Bible: there is Moses, there is change in a parliamentary democracy, in a Joshua, there is the prophet builder Nehemiah... representative democracy, and particularly in Once I told the Parliament in St. Vincent and the the age of the internet: not an easy business. Grenadines when they didn’t quite understand Not an easy business at all. wilderness years, I said humorously, “And there It may well be easier to effect change through is Ralph.” command government. The only thing is this: Now, you have to build organizations. You change through command governments always want to be a leader? You better love people. is tenuous, and it will not be long lasting. That’s the first requisite. You have to love people. Because another commander will come and I am sure all of you are bright. Many of you change it. But if a change is deeply embedded have degrees and doing graduate degrees, and in the laws and arises from a consensus in the so on and so forth. When they come, all the young society, if ever they were to kick my butt or if men and women, I say the first requisite is that I were to demit, whoever comes after will have you love people. And don’t love them in some to be very careful if they make alterations to marginal kind of manner. You love them in a initiatives which the people have already voted focused way. You love them in a manner in which upon and which the people see embedded in a tempests cannot shake you. And you have a legislative, jurisprudential basis. You’ll have to clear vision as to where you want to go, and you go to Parliament to change them; you’ll have to are organized. have discussion; private sector groups, civil Now, I’m a Roman Catholic. There are two society groups, and so on, are going to be principles on leadership in the church which are involved. You can’t change it in this way. useful for consideration. The first one, it is said Now, it means that you have to master in the church that once you sing in the choir, everything about parliamentary democracy. you can be pope. So that is to say that there is You have to know elections, and you have to nothing wrong with having an ambition. Once have a lot of patience. The person that you see you’re singing in the choir, the papacy is not standing in front of you, I am now 50 years as outside of your reach.

Steering Committee Report 257 But the ambition inherent in that proposition Sometimes I would speak to audiences consisting is constrained, by a beautiful hymn, that says, of an old man, a fat woman, and a dog – the dog “The good lord shows his face on he or she being the most attentive of my three listeners. who waits his or her turn.” You have to be in But then I go there in the week, and talk to the communion with the people, have them knock people. And two weeks later I go back, and then you about. you see a few people out. And I go back again. I’ll tell you this - today, when I go to a political And then after the meeting, a family would ask rally, there are all the modern paraphernalia, and me if I am hungry, if I want some food to eat. 10,000 to 15,000 people are there. There’s music “Please come and eat some food. Because you and everything! All the razzmatazz of modern talked too much tonight.” And then you are mobilization. But it didn’t start like that. That’s making progress, because you are learning; where you build it. people see your love. It’s tangible, it’s real. I had a small party, a small political party. On Don’t worry. You will make history, as sure a Thursday night, I’ll have an executive meeting, as the sun rises. and we’ll decide that we’re going into a particular But remember this always, great leaders make area in the countryside to have a political meeting history. Great men and women make history. on the Saturday, at 5 o’clock in the evening. But only to the extent that the circumstances I had an old Cortina car, had a steering wheel of history permit them so to make. tough like a truck. I had in the trunk the four I reference one of the least recognized of the funnel horns. Do you remember those old funnel leaders of the twelve tribes of Israel, Issachar; you horns? Oh, you probably wouldn’t remember read the Book of Chronicles, and there’s a simple them. I had a small black amplifier on the back line about Issachar. “Issachar knew the times, seat, and the car has a twelve volt battery. I set and he acted accordingly.” You have to know up my amplifier and everything, with this twelve the times. You have to understand people. You volt battery. have to know their possibilities, and you have And I waited for my colleagues to come. to know their strengths. You have to know Nobody else turns up! The girlfriend wanted the their limitations, and you have to know their car… They had to go somewhere else... Good weaknesses. You have to study the whole people, but you have to have discipline, and you extant circumstances to what you are doing. have to do this thing well. I know you will attend a lot of formal courses But I wouldn’t go away. I’d be the chairman on leadership. And you’ll read books which of the meeting. I’ll say the opening prayer. I’m emphasize that you must inspire people. And the chairman. I’m the first speaker. I’m the that’s true. A leader must inspire. A leader second speaker. I’m the third and fourth speaker. must put in. But far more important for a leader I would speak for three hours or thereabouts to do is to draw out. To draw out of the people nonstop. And when I was finished – on every whom he or she is leading. To draw out of them subject under the sun – I gave the benediction. their qualities, their strengths, their possibilities, I would then take up my equipment. their goodness, their nobility. And draw out of I went into certain areas, and the people were them that which they do not as yet know that so hostile, they wouldn’t even come out. As soon they possess. If you can do this you would as I set up, they closed their doors and their have achieved a high mark, a high distinction windows. I’m speaking. You’re hearing me. in leadership.

258 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution I have been Prime Minister for 18 years and And we are on target now to be the smallest I’m the longest serving head of government in country ever to be a non-permanent member of the hemisphere. I never thought that would the Security Council. We started happen. In the dark days of the wilderness, I this quest twelve years ago. I didn’t know I was didn’t even know whether I would become leader going to be in office at this time. But we built it. for one day, much less through 18 years. But you And we did our work. Now it is more than likely, do what you think you have to do. And you build. indeed it would be a surprise, if we didn’t get St. Vincent and the Grenadines, we don’t two-thirds of the general assembly on June the believe - and I don’t believe - in bling. I’m not a 7th to sit as a non-permanent member of the bling man. I don’t believe in doing things which Security Council. And we have done it without are not sustainable. And I explain to people why. spending one cent in relation to anybody who I tell the people of my country that there is no is supporting us. We did it with ideas, and progressive society, anywhere in the world, which sincerity, clarity of thought. And just by working has been built on leisure, pleasure, and nice time. on an ongoing basis. I love leisure, I love pleasure, and I love nice time. Just think of it. St. Vincent and the Grenadines, I’m a Caribbean man to my bones. despite our small size, sitting, in 2020 and 2021, But, if I don’t produce, if I don’t work hard or deciding on matters of world peace and security. smart, I can’t do leisure, I can’t do pleasure, and We will be with the five permanent members – I can’t do nice time. I’ll have to take it from the United States of America, Britain, France, somebody else in order to have leisure, pleasure, Russia, and China – and be one of 10 non- and nice time. There’s too much emphasis on permanent members, elected for two years. leisure, pleasure, and nice time. And not enough You know, in the preparation for that, I now on hard and smart work. A progressive society have on my staff in the United Nations young must work hard and smart. But as our Constitution people, not older than you, who speak Mandarin says, we must have just rewards, just economic Chinese, who speak Russian. French and Spanish rewards for your labor. Vital. And we agreed on are par for the course. If I need somebody with those values in a consensus way. the ability to speak the language of the Turks, St. Vincent and Grenadines has to make use of I can have it, because I have it at home. its instruments of sovereignty and independence The world is hostile to small island states. to mobilize resources. Private sector and also state Climate change is a matter of existential resources. Resources from developmental partners significance. But I can’t put my hands behind and institutions. To do so, it must always be very me and sit on them. I have to do the only thing careful and always be very prepared. And always that human beings have done from the beginning: have a clear path forward. come to terms with nature, and come to terms Currently St. Vincent and the Grenadines is the with their external environment. president of ECOSOC, the Economic and Social And we must work it out among ourselves. Council of the United Nations. One of the major And we have the experience and the knowledge institutions, and we’re the smallest country ever. of people like Jefferson, and others of the We’re the 3rd Caribbean country since 1945 to Founding Fathers in the great United States, head ECOSOC. Jamaica did it and Haiti, nobody to build something which is lasting. else.

Steering Committee Report 259 Sir David L. Natzler KCB Clerk of the British House of Commons of the United Kingdom (2014 - 2019) 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Memorial Church at Historic Jamestowne on Jamestown Island July 30, 2019

On this very day 400 years ago and in this Athens and again here in Jamestown 400 years very place, something very special happened. ago, has survived those centuries of contact The first meeting of an elected parliament in what with reality. was then the New World. It was a real assembly The General Assembly was the first child of not a ceremonial or ritual meeting: combative, Westminster, and a first child occupies a special assertive, discursive, and ultimately productive. place in a parent’s heart. It has descendants It sat here at the hottest time of the year - hot across the states, and siblings to the north in enough to kill one of its members; we all now Canada and to the south across Latin America, share some idea of what the weather would across Africa and Asia, and as far as Australia have been like. And a year later a very similar and Oceania. assembly was held in Bermuda. Obstructed by authoritarians, resisted by But it is not in a merely antiquarian spirit elites, mocked by cynics, again and again the that this event of 400 years ago needs to be idea of a freely elected assembly resurfaces. commemorated and acknowledged. It is An inexorable tide where a people seek freedom important not only here in Virginia, not only and self-rule. In the 1950s and 1960s in former throughout the United States and its network European colonies in Africa and Asia. In the of state legislatures which give your country 1990s in nations freed from soviet control in its very name, but throughout the world central and eastern Europe. In the last decade wherever the idea has taken root that people the countries of the Arab spring and Burma. wish to be governed by laws made by their As we meet, in Sudan and Venezuela. own elected representatives: representative People yearning to be free demand one simple democracy. It is not a perfect system of remedy: a freely elected representative assembly. government. It is not the rule of the saints Thousands have fought and died for the right even in Massachusetts. to elect their representatives. Assisting these The 22 burgesses gathered here 400 years legitimate demands is and should be a common ago were not exceptionally righteous or upright endeavor between the great representative men (and they were all men). They were no democracies, foremost among them the United doubt liable to all the shortcomings shown by States of America and the United Kingdom. their successors in elected assemblies over the Of course it is not and was not that simple. centuries. But the ideal of representative As a descendant of the British emancipator democracy, first expressed 2,500 years ago in William Wilberforce, I am only too aware that

260 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution you are also marking here the arrival 400 years purpose-built buildings, and public sittings. ago of the first enslaved black men and But not in substance. The meeting here women in Virginia. And in 1619 there was no 400 years ago of two dozen hot and bothered representative democracy for women. Nor was early settlers marks the humble start of a very there justice for those who already occupied the big idea, that the best form of government land. Having an assembly did not even begin to involves a representative democracy of some right these wrongs. sort and that this is the best protection against And around the world parliamentary tyranny and arbitrary government. representative democracy is under attack. And that is why I am profoundly honored to It will not survive unless it is defended and be bringing you greetings from the mother of sustained and constructively criticized by parliaments at Westminster to the 1619 general engaged citizens. Modern assemblies are assembly, its eldest child. Friday, July 30 1619 different in form to Jamestown in 1619, with was a very special day, and so is today. professional representatives and their staff,

Steering Committee Report 261 Carly Fiorina CEO of Hewlett-Packard (1995 – 2005) Founder and Chair of Carly Fiorina Enterprises and Unlocking Potential American Evolution Forum on the Future of Representative Democracy Williamsburg Lodge July 30, 2019

Thank you and good evening. I am well aware, to thank Frank Atkinson, who was very helpful as the after dinner speaker, that you have heard to me in preparing for this evening. lots of wonderful speeches, all day long, and My grandmother was a Virginian, and indeed many wonderful speeches this evening. although I was born in Texas and most people And so as I was thinking about bringing think of me as a Californian, in fact I moved to up the rear, so to speak, as the after dinner Virginia in 1982. I met my husband Frank, who entertainment, the words of advice of my 6th is right down there in front, here, and we raised grade teacher, Mr. Cross, came to mind. When our family here. And Frank and I returned to Mr. Cross would assign us a paper, we would all Virginia about eight years ago. This is the place ask him, “How long should it be?” And Mr. Cross where I have always felt most at home, and so as would say, “Long enough to cover the subject, a Virginian, it’s really a special honor for me to be short enough to be interesting.” I hope I will asked to speak with you tonight. follow his advice. As you’ve heard so often today, Virginia and I want to begin tonight on a point of personal Virginians have been at the very center of our privilege, if I may. I’d also like to add my thanks to national experience. Powhatan Indians, English three people who have been special in my arrival men and women, enslaved Africans, all of their here tonight. The first is Colin Campbell. I first descendants, all of the many, many people - met Colin Campbell when I began my service native born, immigrants, or transplant - who as a Trustee on the Board here at Colonial have worked and struggled and strived and Williamsburg. And it is Colin who first called me succeeded here over the generations. Famous during the planning of this event. His passion names and unsung heroes alike, the people of for the preservation of history is truly inspiring, Virginia have made history. and his leadership of Colonial Williamsburg is All around us, from that first landing in legendary. And I know we all wish both Colin and Jamestown to the present day, the most Nancy Campbell the very, very best. I spoke with momentous events in our shared history have him earlier this afternoon, and he so wished he occurred here. Virginia is the place where both could be with all of us. democracy and slavery were born. Virginia was Thanks as well go to our current CEO here the heartbeat of both the Revolutionary War and at Colonial Williamsburg, Mitchell Reiss, whose the Civil War. It is a place famous for the soaring strong leadership has been very important in oratory that founded a nation and a symbol of consequential times here. And finally, I’d also like Jim Crow segregation and oppression.

262 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution And in the tension of that searing Virginia Company a charter to explore the New contradiction, between liberty and enslavement, World. And so, as you know, in 1607, 104 men and Virginia has always been a crucible for an ideal, boys arrived on three sailing ships and established that we are all created equal. And that we are Jamestown. all endowed by God, not government, with certain By the winter of 1608 and 1609, dissension, inalienable rights, among them, life, liberty, and disease, and death had decimated the settlement. the pursuit of happiness. And so, faced with abysmal failure, the Virginia Faced with both the heroes and the horrors of Company asked the Crown for a new charter. our history, we are tempted so often to simplify They realized that the people actually living in the past or to focus only on those elements that Jamestown were in a better position to choose serve a particular rhetorical or political purpose. the best course of action than people that sat an Overlooking their all too human contradictions ocean and a literal world away. and failures, we place some people on lofty The Company’s goal in this new charter was pedestals while completely ignoring others. In to establish local lines of authority and local the end, however, when the full truth about a decision-making. The charter, granted in 1609, historical figure or historic event is inevitably called for a sole governor, advised by counselors revealed, these efforts to shade our history rather appointed by the Crown. The first Governor, than fully reveal it breed cynicism or indifference Sir Thomas West, arrived in 1610. He decided or resentment. And that is a great loss. everything about daily life, from how often men The surging popularity of genealogy or apps were to attend worship services, twice a day, to like 23andMe speak to the deep, intuitive longing the punishment for every transgression, large or by all of us to understand who we are by learning small. The governor’s code, lest you doubted his about who and what came before us. We can authority, was called “Lawes Divine, Morall, never fully understand the present. And therefore and Martial.” His power was absolute and his we cannot effectively face the future unless we authority was unquestioned. fully understand the past. In 1612, tobacco was introduced to As a Trustee here at Colonial Williamsburg, I Jamestown, and this cash crop became have the privilege of serving with many notable profitable. Nevertheless, Jamestown continued people. Among them is the renowned historian to disappoint its investors. Disease, malnutrition, Edward Ayers, and he has this to say, and I quote, death were ever present. Potential colonists and “Nostalgia for the past and a love of history are not investors were attracted by other places, like the same thing. Nostalgia dims and diminishes the West Indies and Bermuda. The promise of the past by softening its contours. History honors a harsh life dictated by the harsh laws of a the past by taking its struggles seriously.” near-dictator wasn’t very appealing to other And so tonight, as we have today and as you potential colonists or investors. will over the next few days, let us speak of our In other words, to compete and succeed, history and what it means to our present and Jamestown needed an overhaul. In 1618, Sir our future. Concerned by the economic success Edwin Sandys of the Virginia Company, as you of the Spaniards in exploiting the New World to heard Kirk mention, created what is known the south and the incursions of the French to the as the “Great Charter.” And this new charter north, the English monarchy decided it was time dramatically reduced the power of the Governor to catch up. And so the Crown granted to the and created the General Assembly, whose

Steering Committee Report 263 members, the burgesses, would be elected by the some are more human than others and the people, represent the people, and enact laws on institutionalization of human slavery. And this behalf of the people. shame of our nation also built a great deal of the And the Great Charter, as you also heard wealth for our nation and entwined itself in our mentioned, introduced property ownership. It social fabric. did so to spur growth. Any investor who came to I studied history and philosophy in college, and Jamestown would be awarded 100 acres of land. I remember well reading Plato for the first time. And adventurers, who paid their own passage to Plato observed that ideals and principles can feel Jamestown, were to be granted 50 acres and an abstract because we cannot touch them or talk additional 50 acres for any additional person they with them or observe them. Against the bright brought along with them. colors, the loud noises, the hurly-burly distractions 1619, the year we are here to celebrate, was of the real world, ideals and principles can feel as indeed a momentous year. Because both the faint and as silent as flickering shadows cast by political and economic reforms of the Great firelight in a cave. Charter were implemented. The General And yet, Plato said, ideals and principles are Assembly held its first meeting 400 years ago real and powerful. They can drive change. When today. Property ownership for the first time could insight into what feeds the human spirit and be purchased or earned. The first women settlers experience about what works in the real world arrived, and so now, men were no longer simply are combined with principles and ideals, then the working for wages from the Virginia Company. world can change. Men and women were working for themselves, And this interplay between practicality and for their families, and for their futures. And ideals is America’s story. Practicality and idealism so began representative democracy and are our gift to the world. entrepreneurship, foundations upon which So what practical, real world fundamentals can the strength and the wealth of this nation have we distill from the early history of Jamestown? I been built. think there are four, and I think we all know them In truth, economic necessity forced political to be true. and economic freedoms to achieve economic First, the people closest to the problem know gain. Power had to be relinquished, and risks best how to solve it. Decision-making far away had to be taken. in England just didn’t work. Only someone in And of course also in 1619, the first enslaved Jamestown, familiar with what was happening Africans arrived, bound in chains, for the entirety here, could make the necessary and sound of their journey across an ocean, in the literal decisions. This is so obvious – the people closest hellhole of the slave ship. And while we know to the problem know best how to solve it – but from contemporaneous accounts that many we so frequently forget it in life. Whenever I have residents of Jamestown were truly horrified by encountered a festering problem, whether in a unspeakably cruel treatment endured by these team or a business or in a community, I have new arrivals, we also know that investors always begun by asking the people most impacted recognized that this new source of labor could by that problem and therefore who know it best ensure manpower for the increasingly lucrative what they would do. And whether or not they have but very labor intensive tobacco crops. And so titles or positions or power, those people closest also here began the normalization of the idea that to the problem always, always have good ideas

264 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution about how to make things better. Sadly, we so success. People have more potential than we often fail to ask them. can see by looking at them or their current Second, power concentrated is power circumstances. Someone needs to take a abused and potential squandered. The power chance on all of us. concentrated in a single governor was abused Economists disagree about many things. to dictate every aspect of life. The exercise of that Whither goest interest rates? When will the next power ultimately failed. Faced with no ability recession come? But all economists agree on to influence outcomes, potential investors saw one thing: when more people participate in inadequate payoff for their risk and their effort. an economy, because they have a stake in the Resentment over harsh conditions and a lack of fruits of their labor, the more economic growth control over their own lives meant the people of is achieved. I have learned over and over again Jamestown saw no stake in their future, and they that everyone has more potential than they or we applied less than their full energy, motivation, and realize. In the right circumstances, people can creativity to the challenges at hand. Potential new amaze and surprise you with their capacity. The settlers were going somewhere else. best leaders are those who know that success is Sometimes we try to convince ourselves that achieved always by unlocking potential in others. if power is only concentrated in good hands or Indeed, this is a leader’s highest calling. the right hands, then it will not be abused, and And finally, fourth, our own self-interest, the best outcomes will be achieved. Both business particularly our economic interest, can blind us experience and political history teach us to the suffering of others and cause us to ignore otherwise. Pure motives, good intentions, and both our principles and what we know to be true. even promising beginnings cannot change the Perhaps the very real fear of starvation and loss reality that no group of few people is smart of life in Jamestown made it easier to ignore the enough or capable enough to make all the myriad cruelties of slavery. So often, the fear of losing of right decisions on behalf of the many. And the something makes it easier to demonize or exercise of that power becomes an end in itself. dehumanize someone else. It is why so often the driving purpose of the People closest to the problem know best how powerful becomes self-preservation. And to solve it. Power concentrated is power abused. eventually, when the many have grown frustrated People need a stake in their own lives to achieve enough, they check out, move on, or rebel. their full potential, and when people apply their Third, people will not achieve their full best efforts, we all benefit and growth is achieved. potential and perform at their best unless they We are all human, and therefore, flawed. Our fears are working for their own benefit, not just for – of loss, of power, of wealth, of status, or way someone else’s. Ambition, energy, creativity, and of life – can cause us to look the other way and hard work are in direct proportion for all of us to ignore self-evident truths. These fundamentals how much stake someone has in the outcome of have forged our nation. their efforts. If my efforts cannot impact my future, Our Constitution and Bill of Rights recognized then why waste my efforts? If I have no stake in the importance of local decision-making and my future, why build it? hence enshrined state’s rights. Because New A corollary is what we learn when land was York should no more tell Virginia what to do than granted to anyone who paid their own passage England could. The federal government was given to America. It is hard to predict someone else’s important, enumerated, but limited powers, so

Steering Committee Report 265 that power concentrated in the nation’s capital and our inspiring ideals to build a better, more should not be abused. Three branches of prosperous future for everyone. government were designed to achieve checks on Diversity, democracy, opportunity: these are that power and balance between centers of power. the themes of this commemoration, for good Inspired by their own experiences of building reason. Despite all of our flaws and contradictions, their own life and a future for themselves, and diversity, democracy, and opportunity have built lifted up as well by philosophers like Locke, this nation. We know that people closest to Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and others, the problem know best how to solve it. We know immortal words were written by the inheritors of that power concentrated is power abused. We the lessons of Jamestown: that all men are created know that talent, creativity, the capacity for hard equal, that they are endowed by their Creator work, ensured potential, are not determined by with certain inalienable rights, among these life, someone’s past or where one comes from or what liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They formed one looks like. We know that when someone is a government, of the people, by the people, and willing to take a risk and make an investment of for the people. Once liberty and self-determination time, energy, money, they should have a stake in are tasted, they are very hard to relinquish. the future they help create, and that economic Entrepreneurialism was born here, and and political freedom go hand in hand. We have entrepreneurs of all kinds flourished here. They always been a practical people. built businesses and invented new ones. And The story of Jamestown reminds us of other people have always come from all over the world truths as well that are important. Lasting change to do the same. Immigration and entrepreneurship does not happen all at once. Positive change founded our nation and continue to sustain it. always happens from the ground up, driven And of course the contradiction between by people trying to make a better life. Smaller, inspiring words and limitless opportunity for incremental experiences are important some and the reality of enslavement for others preparation for the groundbreaking declarations. was always obvious and became more and Setback and failure can be as clarifying as more glaring as time went on. Before the progress and success. Leaders are not always Constitutional Convention in 1767, Arthur Lee those with enormous power or lofty positions. wrote in the Virginia Gazette, “Freedom is Leaders are those who change the order of things unquestionably the birthright of all mankind, for the better, wherever they are. And those of Africans as well as Europeans.” Many enslaved leaders come in all sizes, shapes, colors, and people resisted and inspired others to do the kinds and from many different circumstances. same. When we are at our best, our ideals and Virginians had been at the heart of that principles are shaped by these fundamental resistance throughout our nation’s history, from truths about all people, gained through the 17th century to the present day, whether experience. And when we fall short, our ideals engaging in work stoppage on a plantation or a and principles help guide us to a better path. rebellion or engaging in a sit-in at a segregated Here in this country, more things have been more counter or a protest. possible for more people of all kinds, from more And throughout our history as well people of places, than anywhere else on earth. goodwill have strived to rise above our divisions This is not nostalgia. These are the facts of our and applied both our common sense experience history. Our economy, powered by the idea that

266 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution anyone can have a stake in the future by taking the order of things for the better right where they a risk and making an investment, has driven are. When setbacks occur, learn the lesson they the economy of the world. Our representative teach and move forward. When problem solving government has inspired the world. This is the falters, ask those who know the problem best for only country in the world, and indeed in all of guidance. human history, founded not on ethnicity or And so, to someone who does not like territory or religion, but instead on a unique history and doesn’t know about Jamestown, to combination of practical experience and that someone who might ask, “What difference inspiring ideas. does Jamestown make?” On a smaller scale, for each of us in our own Our answer tonight, over the next few days, lives, let us carry Jamestown forward. When we and hopefully in the Commonwealth and in our are disappointed by a lack of progress on the nation going forward national stage, look for inspiration in what is “What difference does the Jamestown of 400 happening in our own communities. When we years ago make?” grow frustrated by people in power who seem to All the difference to you and me, and all the have forgotten those they serve, we should look difference in the world. for those real leaders all around us who change Thank you so very much.

Steering Committee Report 267 Jon Meacham Presidential Historian 400th Anniversary of America’s First Representative Legislative Assembly Re-created Church at Jamestown Settlement July 30, 2019

The story begins with dreams of God and of centuries ago this week, from Tuesday, July 30, gold—not, alas, necessarily in that order. Issued through Sunday, August 4. John Pory, secretary by King James I in 1606, the First Charter of of the colony, served as Speaker. Six appointed Virginia was 3,805 words long; 98 of those words council members attended along with 20 of the are about carrying religion to “such people as 22 selected burgesses. And so representative yet live in darkness and miserable ignorance of government in the New World began. the true knowledge and worship of God.” Ninety As Abraham Lincoln reminded us, we cannot seven percent of the charter concerns the taking escape history—nor should we want to try to, of “all the Lands, Woods, Soil, Grounds, Havens, for by virtue of our heritage and of our hope, Ports, Rivers, Mines, Minerals, Marshes, Waters, Americans are charged with a sacred duty: to Fishing, Commodities,” as well as orders to “dig, fulfill the injunction that to whom much is given, mine, and search for all manner of mines of gold, much is expected. silver, and copper.” And as Americans we have been given And so God and mammon propelled men much, and those gifts in many ways are rooted across the seas; the evolutionary beginnings here at Jamestown—gifts of liberty and of of popular government came soon after their opportunity, of self-government and of what arrival. We are here this morning in large measure Lincoln was to call a “fair chance” to enable us because, in 1618, a faction within the Virginia to lead lives of prosperity and of peace. Company, led by Sir Edwin Sandys, successfully Which is why this is a good moment, and a argued for a series of reforms resulting in the good place, to reflect on who we’ve been, who “Great Charter,” a set of instructions sent to we are, and where we might go in the next George Yeardley, who was to begin a term as 400 years. For to know what’s come before is governor in 1619. Officials authorized the to be armed against despair. If the men and governor to oversee the selection of two male women of the past—with all their flaws and settlers from each of the eleven major settlement limitations and ambitions and appetites—could areas to attend a “General Assembly” in press on through ignorance and superstition, Jamestown. This new form of government racism and sexism, selfishness and greed, then divided political and judicial power between perhaps we, too, can take another step toward the governor, a council appointed by the Virginia a more perfect Union. History has the capacity Company, and the new General Assembly. to bring us together, for our story is ultimately The assembly’s first meeting took place four the story of obstacles overcome, crises resolved,

268 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution freedom expanded. first recorded Africans to arrive in English North The story—Jamestown’s story, and America. And they were treated much as slaves America’s—is about the best of us and, yes, were in other European colonies, regardless of the worst of us. There was human enslavement. age or gender. There was the abuse and the dispossession The irony was not lost on the Old World. of the native inhabitants (some of whom were “How is it,” the English man of letters Samuel essential to the survival of the Jamestown Johnson once asked, “that we hear the loudest settlement in its earliest days). There was the yelps for liberty among the drivers of negroes?” subjugation of women. There was—is—our How is it? Well, this is how: Americans are mixed record of welcoming new immigrants to not perfect. We are a fallen and a sinful people. our shores. We get some things right and some things And yet, and yet—so much of American wrong. We are driven by appetite and ambition. history is captured in that phrase: And yet. We try; we fail; but we must try again, and again, And yet in this place representative and again, for only in trial is progress possible. government—a government of the people, And the story of America is a story of progress. not of princes and of prelates—began. This At our best we look ahead, we reach out, we first assembly on the banks of the James was dream big. And at our best we close the gap the forerunner of the United States Congress, between the ideal and the real. of the other 49 state legislatures, and of all The test of a nation, like the test of an other American legislative bodies. In the fullness individual, cannot be perfection, for perfection of time, this first planting blossomed into a is not possible on this side of Paradise. The worldwide flowering of democratic institutions test, rather, turns on how often we can heed and of free nations, a development in which our better angels rather than our worst instincts. American leadership and sacrifice played an The work of America is not done and that in indispensable role. (We should note, too, that many ways the American Revolution—indeed, the first Thanksgiving in America can be traced the American Evolution—unfolds still. That’s not to the Yankees at Plymouth Rock but to our our blessing—and our burden. Extremism, fellow Southerners here in Virginia—an instance racism, nativism, xenophobia, and isolationism, of New England imperialism we should not driven by fear of the unknown, tend to spike in reward. After all, don’t we throw better parties? periods of stress—a period like our own. As As a Tennessean I’d say so.) we gather here, faith in our representative We should not sentimentalize the American institutions is ebbing; reflexive partisanship experience; the nation has been morally flawed is the order of the day; too many seem more from the beginning. We must be honest about interested in producing heat rather than that. And our honesty should lead us to do all shedding light. Our politics rewards the that we can to be about the work of justice. clenched fist and the harsh remark more In August 1619, the White Lion, a privateering than the open hand and the welcoming word. vessel, arrived at Point Comfort, Virginia, at Yet history teaches us that we’ve always present-day Hampton. The ship held “20 and grown stronger the more widely we’ve opened odd” Africans, who were traded in exchange for our arms and the more generously we’ve provisions. Originally captured by Portuguese interpreted the most important sentence ever slavers in West Central Africa, these were the originally rendered in English: Thomas Jefferson’s

Steering Committee Report 269 assertion that all men are created equal. totalitarianism. Without a Great Charter in We don’t tend to build monuments to people Jamestown, there might not have been an who shut doors; we build monuments to people Atlantic Charter amid the winds of the Second who open doors. We honor liberators, not captors. World War. The battle between hope and fear, between More broadly, without a Jamestown in 1619, what’s right and what’s convenient, between there might not have been a Lexington and the larger good and personal interest: those are Concord in 1775. Nor a Philadelphia in 1776 the battles that have been fought in our common and in 1787. Nor a Seneca Falls in 1848. experience for 400 years—and they are fought Nor an Appomattox in 1865. Nor an Omaha even now. Beach in 1944. Nor a Selma in 1965. Nor a And the terrain on which light and dark Stonewall in 1969. Nor a Berlin in 1989. contend is nothing less than the arena of the In our search—in our hunger—for a way soul. Socrates believed the soul was the animating forward through the maelstrom of Twitter and force of reality. In the second chapter of Genesis, of tribalism, I would commend the utility of the soul was life itself: “And the Lord God formed history—the very kind of remembrance we’re man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into undertaking at this hour. his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a The beginning of wisdom lies in an living soul.” In the Greek New Testament, when appreciation of the past—which, as William Jesus says “Greater love hath no man than this, Faulkner taught us, isn’t dead; it isn’t even that a man lay down his life for his friends,” the past. What can we learn from the kind of history word for “life” could also be translated as “soul.” we contemplate today? That the perfect should And our history is determined by the not be the enemy of the good. That compromise outcome of the clashes within our soul between is the oxygen of democracy. And that we learn liberty and slavery, between grace and rage, the most from those who came before not by between kindness and cruelty. Good—great looking up at them uncritically or down on good—dwells in our national soul. Yet there is them condescendingly but by looking them evil, too. in the eye and taking their true measure as Good and evil: such is the stuff of the human beings, not as impossibly perfect unfolding lives of nations down the centuries. heroes—or as hopelessly irredeemable villains. During a secret summit at sea in August 1941, Knowing the history of freedom is not only Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill illuminating but enabling. A person who attended a church service aboard the HMS understands the past, in all its glory and Prince of Wales. Together they sang “O God grandeur and horror and injustice, understands Our Help in Ages Past,” “Onward, Christian that the path of civilization, while never Soldiers,” and “Eternal Father, Strong to Save.” straight, is essentially forward—forward to Afterward FDR remarked: “‘Onward, Christian what Churchill once called “broad and sun-lit Soldiers.’ Yes, we are Christian soldiers, and uplands.” we will go on, with God’s help.” For all its faults, Jamestown was the place And on we went. A product of that where different cultures first came together in rendezvous between FDR and Churchill was English North America, setting the stage for the Atlantic Charter, a statement of war aims racial, ethnic, and eventually religious and in the showdown with fascism and with other forms of diversity. Capitalism and private

270 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution enterprise are rooted here, too. Jamestown is a mirror of who we were, and who we are. Dreamers and doers came here, and they built, and we stand in the light of their achievement. In our finest hours, America has been about life; America has been about liberty; America has been about the pursuit of happiness not just for some but for all. And in that history— history rooted here, in this place—lies our hope.

Steering Committee Report 271 Diversity

The Honorable Barack H. Obama President of the United States (2009 – 2017)

Presidential letter dated August 5, 2016, on the occasion of African Arrival Day ceremonies on Saturday, August 20, 2016, at Fort Monroe in Hampton to officially launch the 2019 Commemoration program activities. The letter was read at the ceremony by U.S. Representative Robert C. Scott.

It was on the shores of Old Point Comfort Monuments like Fort Monroe carry forward the where the first Africans arrived in the New World lessons of our past, reminding us that we are not a after being taken from their homelands. Two people defined by our mistakes and that with each centuries later, as the stain of slavery marred our successive generation we can remake our Nation history, the hands of their descendants built the to more closely align with our highest ideals. As walls of Fort Monroe. When our Union was nearly you officially launch the 2019 Commemoration torn asunder, some four decades after, by the very events, I commend the Commonwealth of institution that oppressed black men, women, and Virginia, the Fort Monroe Authority, the City of children, Fort Monroe became a sanctuary to the Hampton, and the National Park Service for all people who toiled to construct it. Today, we reflect they have done to preserve these historic sites. on the journey our Nation has taken since the Your stewardship builds on the long arc of triumphant forces of liberty and equality defeated progress that has always guided our country the notion that our country could exist as half- toward greater freedom and equality. slave and half-free. As you gather where slaves were first shackled We still have a long way to go until all our – and where fugitive slaves were first freed – you people – no matter who they are, where they have my best regards for a meaningful event. come from, or what color their skin is – are treated with the dignity and respect they deserve.

272 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Ralph S. Northam Governor of Virginia First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe August 24, 2019

Good morning. Today is a time to reckon with the fact that What a beautiful setting this is. I thank you for four hundred years ago, enslaved Africans arrived the privilege of speaking to you at Fort Monroe for the first time on Virginia shores. Like you and today. As a former member and vice-chairman of me, they had lives and families—lives and families the Fort Monroe Authority, it’s always a pleasure to they would never see again. be here at this site. Just up the river in Jamestown, a few weeks Thank you all for being here today to earlier, white landowning men had come commemorate 400 years of American history. For together to establish a system of representative those of you from out of state, welcome to Virginia. government. But that system did not represent It’s great to be here today with former governors, all of the people who arrived here at Old Point now Senators and , and Comfort, people whose skin looked different than former governors McDonnell and Baliles. I also want mine. That government did not represent them to recognize Lieutenant Governor Justin Fairfax, during 246 years of slavery. It did not represent Attorney General , Congressman them through nearly 100 years of Reconstruction Bobby Scott, Congresswoman Elaine Luria, House and Jim Crow terror and discrimination. And in of Delegates Speaker Kirk Cox, members of our many ways, it struggles to represent them today. legislative black caucus, and other elected officials. That is the truth, and that is what we must I would like to thank everyone who has worked reckon with as we move forward. How do we hard to make this Commemoration a reality— tell the full and true story of our past 400 years? Fort Monroe Authority director Glenn Oder, How do we do so with honor and dignity for Fort Monroe Authority Board of Trustees people whose honor and dignity were taken Chairman , members of the Fort away from them? Who should tell that story? Monroe Authority board, Fort Monroe National And how do we learn from those lessons as we Monument Superintendent Terry Brown, the move forward? National Park Service, Kathy Spangler, Nancy Ida B. Wells wrote that “The way to right Rodrigues, and the team from American wrongs is to turn the light of truth upon them.” Evolution. I’d also like to thank the Hampton If we are going to begin to truly right the 2019 Commemorative Commission for all the hard wrongs of our four centuries of history, if we are work they have done around these events in their going to turn the light of truth upon them, we home city. have to start with ourselves. We are here today for a commemoration, and Over the past several months, as I have met a reckoning. with people around the state and listened to their

Steering Committee Report 273 views on the disparities and inequities that still That’s why earlier today, I signed an executive exist today, I have had to confront some painful directive to establish a Commission on African- truths. Among those truths was my own American History Education in the Commonwealth. incomplete understanding regarding race and This Commission will review our educational equity. I have learned a great deal from those standards, instructional practices, content, and discussions, and I have more to learn. But I also resources currently used to teach African-American learned that the more I know, the more I can do. history in the Commonwealth. We want to make For too long, the burden has been on individuals sure all students develop a full and comprehensive and communities of color to lead these discussions. understanding of the African-American voices But if more of us have these hard conversations, that contribute to our story. and truly listen and learn from them, we’ll be better But that is not the only thing we can do. When able to shine that light of truth. Because the eyes we look back at events of 1619, or 1861, or 1964, can’t see what the mind doesn’t know. when the Civil Rights Act was signed, we often We can start those conversations at places look at them as history—frozen in time or locked in like this, Fort Monroe, the ground where the first a book, relics of the past. We memorize dates, but enslaved Africans landed. This is also the same not connections. We don’t teach the themes that ground where the end of slavery began. It was appear in our history over and over again. We often here where enslaved people sought refuge, and fail to draw the connecting lines from those past were granted it, a decision that eventually led events to our present day. But to move forward, to emancipation. General Butler’s contraband that is what we must do. decision has been hailed by Ed Ayers—a We know that racism and discrimination aren’t nationally known historian of the American South, locked in the past. They weren’t solved with the and a member of the Fort Monroe Authority—as Civil Rights Act. They didn’t disappear—they “the greatest moment in American history.” evolved. They’re still with us, in the disparities Virginia is the place where enslaved Africans we see in educational attainment and school first landed and where American representative suspension rates, in maternal and neonatal democracy was born. Virginia is the place where mortality for black and white mothers, in our emancipation began and the Confederate capitol courts and prisons, and in our business practices. was located. Virginia is the place where schools Through 400 years of American history, were closed under Massive Resistance, rather than starting with the enslavement of Africans, through desegregate and allow black children to attend, Jim Crow, Massive Resistance, and now mass and it is the state that elected the nation’s first incarceration, black oppression has always African American governor. Virginia is a place existed in this country, just in different forms. of contradictions and complexity. We take a step The legacy of racism continues not just in forward and, often, a step back. isolated incidents, but as part of a system that And we have to acknowledge that. We have touches every person and every aspect of our lives, to teach that complexity to our children, and whether we know it or not. And if we’re serious often to our adults. We are a state that for too about righting the wrong that began here at this long has told a false story of ourselves. place, we need to do more than talk. We need to The story we tell is insufficient and inadequate, take action. especially when it comes to black history. We must The Commission I mentioned earlier is just remember that black history IS American history. one action. My administration is taking bold

274 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution steps to right historical inequities in education, to ensure that the community has the chance in our health system, and in access to business to express their opinion on what this memorial opportunities. We established a commission to project means to them, and what experiences examine racial inequities in Virginia law. We should be included in the design. I’m delighted have set a goal to eliminate racial disparities in that the artist for the Fort Monroe African Landing maternal and neonatal mortality by 2025. Memorial Art Project is here with us today. I signed an executive order to advance equity Mr. Brian Owens, would you please stand? I look for our small women-, minority- and veteran- forward to seeing Mr. Owens’ project and how it owned businesses, including a statewide disparity will contribute to this site and the telling of this study, and we are working to reduce evictions. important American story. A few weeks ago, I was here at Fort Monroe to On this very day last year, I was at the Tucker announce the removal of letters from the arch that family cemetery, a cemetery named after the first once celebrated the president of the Confederacy. documented child of African descent born in Jefferson Davis was charged with treason and English-speaking North America. William Tucker’s was imprisoned here at Fort Monroe, a traitor to parents, Antoney and Isabella, were among those his country. And I believe it is no coincidence that who were brought here to Old Point Comfort in the same year that Virginia enacted Massive in 1619. Like too many African-American Resistance as official state policy, that arch went cemeteries, the Tucker family cemetery had up in his honor. fallen victim to neglect. But it is also a testament To have a monument glorifying a person who to revival and restoration. Family members and worked to maintain slavery, on the same site on interested groups are working to restore that which enslaved Africans both first arrived here cemetery, and I want to recognize Delegate and were later freed, is not just inappropriate, Delores McQuinn for her work on this issue. In it is offensive, and it is wrong. Removing that that restoration work, and in the events here this monument is one way we can act to better tell weekend, I see steps forward. I see us working the true story here in Virginia. to acknowledge the wrongs and the evils done in And I am pleased and proud to announce the past—and in the present. Because, while we today another important step in how we represent cannot change the past, we can use it and learn the full and true story of our Commonwealth. from it. When we know more, we can do more. Last year, I requested and the General Assembly I know more, and as your governor, I will do more. agreed to allocate $500,000 toward the first And as we reckon with the painful legacy of African Landing Memorial Art Project here at Virginia’s racist past, and acknowledge that it Fort Monroe. continues to shape our present, we can and must Since that time, the Fort Monroe Authority continue to act to improve the future. We must and the Virginia Commission for the Arts, in work to tell our full and true story. partnership with the National Park Service, the It is our job—all of us that make up this diverse Fort Monroe Foundation, and Project 1619, led a society—to ensure that when the next generation national search for an artist who could create this looks back—a generation that is hopefully more memorial art project at Old Point Comfort. inclusive than we have been—they see a more The art project will be dedicated to the first accurate narrative, one that tells the truth, and landing of African people here on these shores. includes everyone. Importantly, the artist will engage with the public Thank you.

Steering Committee Report 275 The Honorable Mark R. Warner United States Senator Governor of Virginia (2002 - 2006) First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe

August 24, 2019

Thank you. It is an honor to be here today to African-American history…and that commemorate the 400th anniversary of the first African-American history is central​ to Virginia’s African landing. history and America’s history. This Commemoration challenges us to reject Frankly it’s a recognition that’s long overdue. simplistic versions of our history and confront I remember one day years ago, when I was the complicated truth. The truth is, our Governor, our youngest daughter asked why Commonwealth is the birthplace of representative there were no statues of in Capitol democracy…and of American slavery. Our Square. The easy answer would have been, nation’s Constitution enshrines both the ideals “She wasn’t from Virginia.” But Lisa and I of liberty and justice…as well as America’s knew the truth was not that simple. Those original sin. conversations motivated us to help bring about Frederick Douglass spoke about this the Virginia Civil Rights Memorial. And when contradiction a few weeks after the Dred Scott we broke ground in 2008, it was a historic decision. He said that American slavery endured occasion, but it was bittersweet. “not because of any paper Constitution…but in The truth is, it shouldn’t have taken more the moral blindness of the American people.” than 50 years to honor Barbara Johns in Capitol In remembering the first landing of enslaved Square. And Barbara Johns should never have Africans, we come face to face with that moral had to walk out of class to get an equal shot at an blindness, as it existed in 1619…in 1776…and education in the first place. It’s a reminder that even today. no monument…no legislation or court case can The truth is, our founders’ idea of simply erase the stain of slavery. It will never representative democracy did not include be that easy. many of the people gathered here today. Little The truth is, an American democracy did they know that the descendants of the where all men and women are entitled to equal people America had enslaved would one day citizenship is a very recent creation. Many of be free…and that they would challenge this the people here today were born in an America nation to finally live up to our founding ideals. where “separate but equal” was still the law of We honor the heroes of that struggle today… the land. as well as the men and women whose stories Many of us remember the years of Massive are lost to history. We recognize that 1619 also Resistance that followed… enabled by the marks the first chapter in the 400-year story of widespread complacency of White America.

276 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution And we ought to recognize that the project of That is why this Commemoration—and the righting those wrongs continues to this day. national conversation it has fostered—are so We have made progress as a nation. But that important. If we are going to be a country that progress is recent. It is incomplete. And it is only truly lives up to our founding principles…then as durable as our commitment to advancing and we need to tell the truth about our history…the defending it. Two years ago this month, we saw good, the bad, and the ugly. the violent forces of hate and backlash on display So as we mark the 400-year commemoration of in Charlottesville. That tragedy had a lot of folks the first African landing…it is my hope that this asking is this who we are? The history we will be a moment to both comfort the afflicted… confront today reminds us that the answer is and afflict the comfortable. complicated. And I thank you for letting me be a part of But it is not who we should be. And I believe this important work today. every American—especially our leaders—has a moral responsibility to speak up…and demand America deliver on its promise of liberty and justice for all.

Steering Committee Report 277 The Honorable Timothy M. Kaine United States Senator Governor of Virginia (2006 - 2010) First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe

August 24, 2019

It is an honor to stand before you on such an made sure he got to meet Queen Elizabeth as she important day. I want to thank all assembled and and Prince Philip visited the Capitol in the week particularly thank the federal 400 years of African after he celebrated his 100th birthday. And when American History Commission. I played a role he passed on, later that year, we honored him by with Congressman Scott and Senator Warner in having his body lie in state in the Governor’s passing the federal legislation to recognize this Mansion. The Commonwealth that was set like momentous occasion and am deeply moved by stone against him at his birth accorded him its today’s gathering. highest honors at his death. What does this day mean? Mr. Hill grappled with the significance of In searching for a way to describe its 1619. In fact, he organized a panel symposium in significance, I was drawn to the words of Jamestown 50 years ago—September 1969–to Oliver White Hill, the pioneering Virginia discuss what we are grappling with today—the civil rights lawyer who I came to know when monstrous tragedy of slavery and its deep and I was a young civil rights lawyer beginning my lasting consequences. career in Richmond. Mr. Hill wrote an autobiography in 2000 and Mr. Hill was born in 1907, as Virginia chose an unusual title: The Big Bang. The book’s commemorated the 300th anniversary of the theme was the evolution of mankind and the need arrival of English settlers at Jamestown. He for a continuing American evolution. And I can entered an ironclad segregated Virginia that think of no better way to describe the significance had just passed a Constitution to guarantee of the arrival of the “20 and odd” African slaves discrimination against all people of color. From at Point Comfort in August 1619. It was the this start, he set his sights on the emancipation Big Bang. of African-Americans, indeed all Americans, In physics, the Big Bang is posited as the from the bonds of prejudice. In the military, violent event that began the universe. Its in the courts, as an elected official, as a civil consequences linger. It was a starting point, rabble-rouser. He helped win the historic Brown but the process commenced with the Big Bang v. Board of Education case and was awarded is not yet complete. the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999. The birth of slavery in our nation was equally Mr. Hill lived a century and saw a very different violent, both at its start and then for another 246 Virginia commemorate the 400th anniversary of years. And its debilitating consequences linger in the Jamestown settlement in 2007. As Governor, I our collective soul.

278 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution It occurred precisely at the same time as the monstrous tragedy, in the passage of time, may birth of legislative democracy in our nation. And sow the seeds of great beauty? beginning in 1619, Virginia legislators and courts And so we gather here 400 years later—in a helped build the legal architecture enshrining nation of resilient indigenous people who face slavery on this shore, just as a Virginian proudly mighty struggles, in a country of immigrants proclaimed a society based on the truth that all who too often face shouts to go back where were created equal. This dualism, high-minded they came from, in a land where the historical principle and indescribable cruelty, has defined burden of slavery, racism, and legally mandated us. And the war between our cardinal equality discrimination still act as a shackle burdening principle and the prejudices we still cling to African-Americans. continues to define us. And we are faced with the conflict between We cannot tell the story of our nation without our high-minded principles and the realities we speaking about its indigenous peoples. And sinful humans often accept or even perpetrate. we cannot tell the story of our nation without How might we move forward? speaking about its immigrant character, as drawn As Mr. Hill concluded The Big Bang: “Many from experiences of the Spanish settlers of 1565, of our problems stem from several inadequacies. the English settlers of 1607, the French settlers of One is a lack of understanding of evolution and 1608 and the waves of others who freely arrived in the inevitability of change. Instead of opposing their appointed time from all corners of the world. change, we should try to direct the change in a But neither of these stories are the full story of constructive direction. The second is the lack America today. When the first Africans arrived of a model of the type of environment needed in 1619, our nation now contained the powerful for a truly civilized society. We need to work combination of indigenous, immigrant, and assiduously to correct this defect. One way to enslaved. And that mixture became the Big do that is to promote in the twenty-first century Bang creating America as we know it. a renaissance in human relationships. That’s I want to close with a feeling that I have a where I am now.” hard time putting into words. The Trans-Atlantic It’s on each of us to understand our nation’s slave trade was one of the cruelest atrocities ever history and “direct the change” toward a better perpetrated by mankind. And yet, how fortunate future. And we can’t do this silently from the we are as a country that the descendants of those sidelines. Let’s honor our African roots by finally African slaves and all who followed are still here living up to the American ideal that we are all and part of this nation. It is impossible to imagine created equal and deserve to live free. an America without the courage, spirit, and accomplishment of the African diaspora. America would be so much the poorer without our African roots. What does it mean to say that

Steering Committee Report 279 The Honorable M. Kirkland Cox Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Co-Chair of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe

August 24, 2019

Good morning. As co-chairman of the 2019 evil that became systemic enslavement based American Evolution Commemoration, it is my on race. This occasion will challenge us to seek a honor to welcome you to this important deeper understanding of not only our history, but ceremony today. also our future. The history is all too real. Let me begin by thanking the co-chairs of our From these shores, to the slave auction blocks First African American to English North America of Richmond, to the tobacco fields of , Committee, Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander and the original sin of slavery left a permanent stain Jackie Stone, and the entire committee for their on our Commonwealth. From the around "20 and leadership and guidance in advising the programs odd" enslaved people who came ashore at Point and activities of this 2019 Commemoration, Comfort, Virginia’s enslaved population of Virginia American Evolution event. would reach 500,000 by 1860 – the highest of any A few weeks ago, we commemorated the state in the union. From these shores, to slave 400th anniversary of the New World’s first auction blocks in port cities up and down our representative assembly. It was a moment worthy coast, to the plantations of the south, the original of remembrance not only for what began then, sin of slavery left an indelible scar on our nation. but for how far we have come in the 400 years From the "20 and odd" enslaved people who came since then. Certainly, the same is true of this ashore here, the enslaved population of the anniversary, for we commemorate four centuries United States would reach 3,953,761 by 1860. of African American contributions that have But, as strong as the chains of slavery were, enriched our commonwealth and country and they were no match for the justice of our God shaped the America we know today. … no match for the perseverance, fortitude, and And, yet, we also know the unspeakable faith of the enslaved community … no match for tragedy and awful injustice that marked that the righteous resolve of those who struggled and beginning. sacrificed to abolish this evil institution. As I said at Jamestown last month, the year As strong as the chains of slavery were, they 1619 saw the beginning of not only the “highs” were no match for the human spirit … no match of America, but also the “lows” of America. And for the founding ideals of freedom and equality we are here today to acknowledge the lowest of … no match for the conscience that cried out our lows – the forced arrival of Africans to English demanding that the promise of a “more perfect North America right here on these very shores, union” apply to all Americans, not just some. which tragically was the genesis of the shameful Over these four centuries, African Americans

280 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution have overcome the legacy of those chains to saw a nation and a people through civil war and leave an equally permanent, indelible, and reconstruction, through Jim Crow and the Civil positive mark on our commonwealth and our Rights Movement, to where we are today and nation. And so today we celebrate those what we hope to become tomorrow. contributions, especially the achievements As we gather here now, the future is in our of so many outstanding Virginians who shaped hands. What will we do to shape and mold the the America we know today—men and women future of Virginia? of achievement in industries as diverse as our Today, we will hear perspectives, viewpoints, nation… role models for all Americans like: histories, and more that are part of a much-needed Booker T. Washington and Maggie Walker, Dred dialogue, one American Evolution has worked Scott and Mary Elizabeth Bowser, Oliver Hill diligently to help foster throughout this year-long and Spottswood Robinson, Doug Wilder and commemoration. Henry Marsh, Henrietta Lacks and , Hopefully, that dialogue will allow us to go Barbara Johns, Arthur Ashe, and so many more from contradiction to reconciliation. From whose stories we will recall this weekend. sinful past, to a brighter future and a more perfect Each of these people has a story of great Commonwealth as part of a more perfect Union. achievement, of overcoming adversity, of blazing We know that our history does not live up to our trails and opening doors for others. And their ideals, but we also know that our future can – and individual stories are part of this epic story that with God’s help and our work together, it will. brings us here today—a story that began in Thank you. tragedy on this shore at Point Comfort, and that

Steering Committee Report 281 The Honorable Justin E. Fairfax Lieutenant Governor of Virginia First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe August 24, 2019

Good morning, everyone. I am deeply stand and be recognized by all of us. We are honored to be here with you all today with this grateful you are the legacy that we are here to distinguished array of wonderful public servants. commemorate and celebrate. Let us please I thank you all for your leadership, for your recognize all of those who represent the best of inspiration, for all that you do on behalf of the who we are in Virginia and in this nation, the Commonwealth of Virginia and on behalf of this foundational part of why we are here today. nation. I recognize all of those who previously We have heard a lot this morning, rightfully have been recognized here in the audience. so, about truth. There is power in the truth. Thank you all for your service. I also wanted to There is power in knowing our history. There especially recognize a couple of dear friends who is power in knowing from whence we came. have been instrumental in this Commemoration During the week of our inauguration in Weekend and have given their heart and soul to January of 2018, I learned how my family got making this so successful. To the Co-Chairmen the last name Fairfax. It was discovered that of the Hampton Commemoration Commission, week in the old Fairfax County courthouse a Lieutenant Colonel Claude Vann III and Dr. Colita manumission document that had freed my great Nichols Fairfax. I want to recognize them if they great great grandfather, Simon Fairfax, from would stand and please take a bow. Thank you slavery in Fairfax County, Virginia on June the for your tremendous leadership, for all that you 5th, 1798. He was freed by a man named Thomas have done. I also am very grateful for being joined Fairfax, who was the ninth Lord Fairfax. My here by my wonderful family. My brilliant wife, father got a copy of that document two days Dr. Cerina Fairfax, our two young children, before our inauguration. He gave a copy of it to Cameron and Carys, my mother-in-law, Conchita me, and I saw it for the very first time in my life Wanzer-Clark, thank you all. The Ashton branch 20 minutes before I walked up the steps of the of the Fairfax family - we are grateful that you Capitol on Inauguration Day to take the oath made the trip to be with us here. of office of the 41st Lieutenant Governor of the But there is also a group here at Fort Monroe Commonwealth of Virginia. I had that document that I wanted to recognize who has not yet been in my breast pocket. And so 220 years later, I believe properly recognized. If you anywhere on Simon Fairfax’s great great great grandson was this fort are the descendent of anyone who has being sworn in as the number two in command of been enslaved, whether you know their name or the very same state where he had been enslaved. not, I would be honored if you are able to please God is good, and the arc of the moral universe is

282 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution long, but it ultimately bends towards justice. with the beautiful descendants of the great And today, we mark this Commemoration legacy. As I stood there on those hallowed to ensure that the world will always remember grounds in a cemetery that represented life more how the United States of America got its start. than death, I thought about the famous quote, And the enslaved Africans whose labor and “they tried to bury us but they didn’t know we lives are foundational to the beginning and were seeds.” the success of our nation. We stand today on The Tucker family story is the African- sacred and hallowed ground from which sprang American story, but is also the American story. the foundation of America. We also stand at the We as a people have triumphed over obstacles awe-inspiring intersection of four hundred years no others have, and we will do it again and again. of a very complex history. A history filled with We built this country. Do not tell us to go back the dual strands of darkness and light that have where we came from. We have found victory run through the veins of the Commonwealth of over systematic subjugation and seen our Virginia and through our nation for centuries. way through. We have prevailed over lies and A history of tragedy and triumph, of pain and succeeded against all odds. No one can stop promise, of slavery and salvation, of opposition us. We have made a way out of no way. We and opportunity. A history of heartbreak and hope. should be proud of it all. At this intersection, we must decide what the We stand on the shoulders of the strongest next 400 years will look like in this land that we ancestors in world history. Ancestors whose love. We must decide whether we finally abandon faith, resilience, perseverance, and love have the racism, sexism, dehumanization, unequal allowed us to rise in spite of all the many treatment under the law, and racial and economic obstacles created to stop our progress. subjugation that met the 20 some odd Africans In the famous and immortal words of Maya as they were forced to land on this very spot Angelo, “Out of the huts of history’s shame I 400 years ago. We must decide whether in the rise. Up from a past that’s rooted in pain, I rise. next 400 years we will rise to the better angels I’m a black ocean leaping and wide, welling and of our nature. swelling, I bear in the tide. Leaving behind nights There is power in the truth. For generations, of terror and fear I rise, into a daybreak that is Americans have been taught that the first wondrously clear. I rise. Bringing the gifts that enslaved Africans arrived in Jamestown in my ancestors gave, I am the dream and the 1619. Today however, we raise up the truth hope of the slave. I rise, I rise, I rise.” that they in fact were forced to land right here It is said that Antoney, Isabella, and the 40 miles southeast in Point Comfort, modern-day 20 some odd Africans came here with nothing. Hampton, Virginia. But that’s not quite true either. Having nothing The truth is that among that small band of would not have allowed them to survive the brave, surviving souls on the White Lion were brutal month-long journey from Angola to where Antoney and Isabella, who would later find love we stand today in the bowels of wooden ships. even in the midst of enslavement to produce Having nothing would not have permitted their William Tucker, the first named African child born spirits to believe in the capacity of love even as in English North America. Yesterday, eight miles hate and degradation was their daily reality. up the road, we commemorated the 400-year Having nothing would not have allowed them milestone of the Tucker family cemetery to continue to burn the flame of hope in the

Steering Committee Report 283 seemingly unending midnight of slavery. What And now, it is our time to write another they had was spiritual wealth. The faith, the chapter in the great story of America. I believe it values, the compassion, the love of others and will be a chapter where we continue to see the the belief that tomorrow could be brighter best of who we are, because I have an unwavering than today. belief in the fundamental decency, goodwill, and See the truth is, for centuries, we have sailed humanity of the people of Virginia and America. masterfully in rough seas. Over alternating waves Comforted by the God of our weary years and the of progress and high tides of adversity, powered God of our silent tears, and with our eyes focused by the unflagging wins of faith and hope and ever firmly on the promised land, we will rise to the steered in the direction of liberation and uplift. We clarion call of history and to the better angels of have carried each successive generation to lands our nature together. God bless you all, God bless of opportunity hoped and prayed for by prior ones. Anthony, Isabella, the 20 odd enslaved Africans, The pace of our progress is sometimes painfully William Tucker, the Commonwealth of Virginia, slow and at other times breathtakingly rapid. and the United States of America. We will rise But in the broad sweep of our collective journey, together. God bless you all. because our moral compass remains true, we always make progress. We always rise together. That is the nature of our story in America. It is the hallmark of who we are.

284 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Robert C. “Bobby” Scott United States House of Representatives 3rd Congressional District of Virginia First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe August 24, 2019

Good morning. I am honored to join all of you before I began my first term in Congress. My here at Freedom’s Fortress on this historic and service in Congress, and that of so many others, solemn day. I want to thank everyone who made would not be possible if not for those who fought this Commemoration possible and who traveled to pave the way – the first black senators and to be with us today, especially my friend and representatives elected after the Civil War during colleague, Congresswoman Karen Bass, chair of Reconstruction, like Langston, as well as the the Congressional Black Caucus. many who put their lives on the line to advance Slavery first arrived on our shores, right here, civil rights and defend voting rights for African 400 years ago. The forced labor of enslaved Americans. After federal troops were withdrawn Africans and their descendants built this great from the South, ushering in the era of Jim Crow, nation, a part of our complicated history with there were no black representatives in Congress which we continue to wrestle. Over the past for almost 30 years. 400 years, descendants and others who have But even before becoming Virginia’s first black followed the first “20 and odd Africans” have congressman, John Mercer Langston had already made significant contributions to science, left a mark on our Commonwealth and nation – as medicine, business, politics, law, and the arts. a student, abolitionist, patriot, lawyer, educator, As we continue the work of addressing diplomat, and public official. In 1829, Langston equity in education, mass incarceration, income was born a free man in Louisa County, Virginia, inequality, , and attacks on voting and later, following the death of his parents, rights, we also pause to celebrate their incredible moved to . Langston’s brother ensured he resiliency. It is in that spirit that I’ve been asked to received a good education but could not protect discuss one individual whose fight for justice has him from the realities of restrictive “Black Laws” much to teach us today. in place there at the time. Despite this, Langston When I am introduced at public gatherings, graduated from and became one it is often mentioned that I am the first African of our nation’s first black attorneys. American to represent Virginia in the House of As an abolitionist, Langston risked his life Representatives since Reconstruction and only to assist those escaping slavery along the the second in the history of the Commonwealth. Underground Railroad. As a patriot, he joined The first was John Mercer Langston, who, after Frederick Douglass and other abolitionists in successfully contesting the election of 1888, was recruiting Black men to fight for the Union and seated as a representative in 1890, 103 years turn the tide of the Civil War. As an educator,

Steering Committee Report 285 Langston helped establish Howard University’s A portrait of Congressman Langston hangs law school – the nation’s first black law school in my office, a visible reminder of one of many and alma mater of two of America’s greatest civil visionary black Virginians and Americans whose rights attorneys, Thurgood Marshall and fellow dogged pursuit of equality helped to shape a Virginian, Oliver Hill, Sr., as well as Virginia’s first more perfect union. African-American Governor, L. Douglas Wilder. We may never know all the names and stories Langston also served as the first president of what of the men and women who were brought to is today Virginia State University in Petersburg. Point Comfort in 1619. But as we remember, Langston was encouraged by both whites mourn, and honor them, let us also remember and blacks to run for the U.S. House of the individuals, trailblazers like John Mercer Representatives in 1888. It initially appeared that Langston, who followed them, believing in and he lost but Langston contested the results due fighting for our nation to live up to its creed. to obvious voter intimidation and fraud. The I hope that reflecting on our nation’s House of Representatives eventually declared complicated history reminds us of our him the winner and he took his seat on September responsibility to one another and inspires 23, 1890 – and was only able to serve the few each of us, like John Mercer Langston, to work remaining months of the two-year term. Though to achieve liberty and justice, for all. Thank you. he lost his re-election bid, Langston had already left an indelible mark on the cause of freedom.

286 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Karen R. Bass United States House of Representatives 37th Congressional District of California Chairwoman Congressional Black Caucus First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe August 24, 2019

Good morning everyone. I want to thank the horror-filled journey. Before they were captured, great people of the state of Virginia for organizing they lived in villages with sophisticated levels a series of events commemorating the 400-year of organization. Many were skilled craftsmen, anniversary of the arrival of enslaved Africans. farmers, healers, and leaders. They were first I want to thank all of the community and elected taken from villages and forced to walk hundreds leaders here for your invitation to participate of miles to dungeons. Our delegation visited on behalf of the 55 member strong Congressional these dungeons that looked like the old European Black Caucus. This is the largest number of African forts common in many parts of the world. Americans ever elected to Congress, and in The two dungeons we visited are called Elmina Congress, CBC members hold major positions and Cape Coast. Ironically, they are in a beautiful of leadership and have accomplished significant part of the country, right on the beach. It was a change through legislative victories. solemn and emotional experience to enter the One of the most significant legislative dungeon. To close our eyes and imagine what victories of the year was accomplished by your our ancestors experienced. own representative, Representative Bobby Scott, An added challenge we all faced was the who by the way, I know you are aware, is the mystery of knowing that our ancestors were held chair of one of the most important committees in captive there, but that we have no knowledge of Congress, the committee governing the nation’s who they were. Captured Africans were stripped education system. He led and is leading the effort of their languages, ethnic identities, tribal and to raise the nation’s national . family ties. We saw the areas of the dungeons that Let me acknowledge another member of were large enough to hold about 50 to 100 people, the Congressional Black Caucus who is in the but where hundreds were held. Rooms without audience with us today, Representative Lacey sunlight, forced to lay in their own excrement, no Clay, from the great state of Missouri. access to water to bathe. Only given enough food So today we commemorate the anniversary and water to keep them alive, but deliberately of the arrival here of Africans, but earlier kept in a weakened state so that they could not this month, a delegation of members of the organize or resist. Those that did attempt to resist Congressional Black Caucus, led by Speaker were mutilated and left in separate rooms and , traveled to Ghana, West Africa, to slowly starved to death. Females were routinely pay homage to our ancestors and to visit where made to stand in line while their captors would they were held captive before they began that choose one of them. She was then washed and led

Steering Committee Report 287 up a staircase to a bedroom, where she was raped here first, and generations later would escape and then returned back. The men, women, and enslavement and seek protection right here. children were held in the dungeons for months, That the nation’s first African-American president awaiting the time they would be forced onto would make Fort Monroe his first designation for boats to begin a journey that lasted for months. a national monument. We have all seen the drawings of hundreds of From enslaved ancestors to Mayor Tuck people stuffed onto ships and heard the stories and Vice Mayor Grey, that in spite of 250 years of what happened during their journey. When of enslavement, there would be 57 African individuals became too sick or died, or women Americans in Congress, representing all of gave birth, they were then thrown overboard the America. I only wish the entire nation could ship to the sharks who followed along. The ones witness what you are doing here today, the that survived, arrived, only to live out their lives as history of Fort Monroe, how you have honestly property, in captivity. acknowledged all of our nation’s history, not It is difficult to believe that this level of brutality just the parts that make us feel good, but the lasted for hundreds of years and affected millions difficult parts as well. And I can’t tell you what it of Africans. But when we stood in the dungeons, feels like for me, to sit here – this is my first time filled with sadness, our heads lowered, reliving here – but the emotion that I feel in listening to or trying to imagine what they went through, at the speakers tell the truth. The sad thing about the very same time, we lifted our heads and our our nation, and why we continue to have the chests were filled with pride and amazement at issues we do, is because we have denied part the strength and resilience of our ancestors. of our history. And here we are today, on what can be And I believe that if the entire nation could described as hallowed ground in our nation’s experience, could learn and understand our true history. But I would guess that most of the nation and full history, we might not be witnessing a doesn’t even know the story of the hallowed resurrection of hate. Thank you so much for the ground we stand on today. That we would arrive honor of speaking to you today.

288 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The Honorable Donnie R. Tuck Mayor of the City of Hampton First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe August 24, 2019

Good morning and welcome to the 400th welcome you to Point Comfort; Old Point Comfort; anniversary of the First African Landing Freedom’s Fortress; Ft. Monroe; and now, Commemorative Ceremony. It is my honor to Ft. Monroe National Monument in Hampton, welcome Governor Ralph Northam and First Lady Virginia. Today’s Hampton is a historic city that Pam Northam; Lieutenant Governor Justin Fairfax; is 409 years old. When I greet visitors to our Attorney General Mark Herring; Senator Mark city, I often tell them that we don’t look that old Warner and Senator Tim Kaine; U.S. House of because we have been burned to the ground Representatives Robert C. Scott and Elaine Luria at least twice! From almost its beginning, of Virginia; Congresswoman Karen Bass of Hampton has been a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural California and Congressman William Clay of city, a model for the rest of the nation and world Missouri; Speaker of the Virginia House of to emulate. Delegates, Kirk Cox; Former Virginia Governors At its founding in July 1610, there were two and Bob McDonnell; as well as ethnicities and two cultures here in Hampton former Missouri Governor Eric Greitens; Former – that of the English colonists and that of the Congressman James Moran; Chief Judge Roger Kecoughtan Indians. Just over nine years later, Gregory of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals; a third ethnicity and culture – that of African – Members of the Governor’s Cabinet; Aurelia was introduced. In late August 1619, an English Skipwith, Deputy Assistant Secretary of U. S. privateer ship, the White Lion, arrived at Point Fish and Wildlife and Parks; David Vela, Acting Comfort with human cargo it had captured in Deputy Director for Operations of the National an attack on the Spanish slave ship, the San Park Service; Members of the Virginia General Juan Bautista. John Rolfe, the Virginia Colony Assembly; Norfolk Mayor Kenneth Alexander; secretary, stated that “20 and odd" Negroes Portsmouth Mayor John Rowe; Hampton were traded for food and supplies. Vice-Mayor Jimmy Gray; Councilwoman Eleanor Among those first documented Africans to Brown; Councilman Steve Brown; Councilwoman be brought to North America in 1619 were two Linda Curtis; Councilwoman Chris Snead; individuals, simply called Antoney and Isabella. members of the 400 Years of African American They married and, in 1624, it is believed that History Federal Commission; and special guests. they gave birth to the first African child born in On behalf of the members of the Hampton city English America. Council, our city government and the residents They named him William Tucker in honor of this great city, it is my honor and privilege to of a Virginia planter. Descendants of Antoney

Steering Committee Report 289 and Isabella, the Tucker Family, are with us transatlantic slave trade; of these millions, just this morning. over 380,000 were brought to the shores of This weekend’s 400-Year Anniversary America. This weekend, we honor, salute, and Commemoration events began with yesterday’s commemorate those “20 and odd,” along with ceremony at the Tucker Family Cemetery, about those other individuals – yay, our ancestors – eight miles northwest of here. who, because of their strength, determination, Another-African American family that is here endurance, perseverance, and resilience today – the Charity Family – can trace its roots in survived the capture and months-long transport Charles City County to the mid-1600s. through the “Middle Passage,” and endured I want to acknowledge the organizations the indignities, dehumanization, brutality and and agencies that have collaborated the past atrocities of that “peculiar institution.” 4-5 years to plan and execute not just this To borrow from Hebrews, Chapter 11: weekend’s Commemoration events, but speakers, All these people died having faith. They symposiums, panel discussions, cultural exhibits, didn’t receive the things that God had promised concerts, and educational seminars over the them, but they saw these things coming in the last three years. These are the Hampton 2019 distant future and rejoiced. They acknowledged Commemoration Commission; Project 1619, Inc.; that they were living as strangers with no the Commonwealth of Virginia’s American permanent home on earth. Evolution; the Fort Monroe Authority; the Fort Today, I can imagine that as our ancestors Monroe National Monument of the National Park are looking over the “battlements of glory” Service; and the 400 Years of African American and beholding on this podium two congressional History Federal Commission. I would like to representatives, a lieutenant governor, a especially recognize Calvin Pearson and Project state senator and a mayor who are all African 1619, who began telling the story of the first Americans, their hearts must be overflowing African’s arrival at Point Comfort in Hampton, with joy! not Jamestown, with African Landing events annually since August 2008. In closing, researchers and historians tell us that more than 12 million individuals were taken from the African continent during the

290 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Brycen Dildy Student, Larkspur Middle School First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe August 24, 2019

Good morning everyone. My name is Brycen journey alone. With the help of others, I collected Dildy, and today, I am honored and delighted to 551 cards to encourage her and brighten her most be a youthful voice to help celebrate this occasion. difficult days ahead. When the first Africans landed here at Fort We can all find ways to show kindness to Monroe 400 years ago, they may not have known one another. For example, hold the door open for how their sacrifices and contributions would someone walking behind you. Or walk around help shape our community and nation. As the with a smile on your face. Your smile may years and generations passed, there are also brighten up someone else’s day. Be helpful to local African Americans who continue to give the elderly and disabled. Pray for our country contributions to society. Such as Katherine and others during times of tragedy. Create ways Johnson, a resident of Hampton, a mathematician to volunteer and help others. who is known for calculating trajectories for Why do all of this you may ask? Well, in my many of NASA’s crew missions. We should also 11 years of being on this earth, I realized that recognize Mary Jackson, who in 1958 became ’s quote is true. She said people NASA’s first black female engineer and who may not remember what you say or do, but they was born and educated right here in Hampton, never forget how you made them feel. Imagine Virginia. the problems that would be solved if all people I am sure the first Africans would be proud of were kind and felt cared for. It doesn’t matter their accomplishments, however, there is another what your race or religion may be; we all deserve way that we can all give back to our community. kindness. And we all should show kindness. And We can simply start with how we treat one as we commemorate 400 years of the first Africans another. Are you kind to others daily? I’m not just landing here at Fort Monroe, let’s make them talking about being kind to friends and family. proud. This is more than just a speech. I challenge How about being kind to people you barely know? you to let the day also be a celebration of your Or do not know at all? commitment to become a more caring and kind I want to share a personal story. Earlier this individual to all. year, my teacher was battling cancer, so I wanted Thank you and God bless you all. to do something to let her know she wasn’t on this

Steering Committee Report 291 Van Jones TV Host, Author, and Change-Maker First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe August 24, 2019

I am relieved, because nobody is going to they put of my father on the funeral program was remember anything that happened except for my father standing in front of Yale Law School the Brycen Dildy. Give that young man a hand. day I graduated, with his hands in the air saying, My goodness. Everybody was wiping away “We did it!” We did it! We showed them. In one tears listening to that young man. generation we showed them. You just take the I will save time by just echoing and amening foot off our neck a little bit, we can go anywhere all of the great words of appreciation and all the and compete with anybody. honors to all the people who are here and just say My one great pain is that my father lost his a few words. battle with cancer before being able to see Barack I’m a ninth generation American, and I’m the Obama enter the White House. Yet in some ways, first person in my family who was born with all maybe it’s good. Because my father was not the my rights recognized by this government. kind of man who would have taken it easy on me So when people say, “Why do you guys keep or easy on us. As we look to the future, my father talking about these issues?” I am not talking would have asked me, “Son, how can you be about my great-great-great-great-grandparents, happy to have one black man in the White House though I could and should. My mother and my and almost a million black men in the jailhouse father were born under segregation. My father, and not doing enough about it?” Willie Anthony Jones, was born in poverty and He would not be easy on me. He would not be segregation in Memphis, . He joined easy on us. How can you be happy to celebrate the military; when everybody was running out a few black billionaires when the average wealth of the military, my father ran in, so he could of the black family is going down and down and put himself through college. He went to a little down to almost zero? He would be tough on us. black college in Jackson, Tennessee, called Lane He would not accept the answer that there are College, and he married the college president’s racists in the country, that there are opponents in daughter because my father had it like that. My the country. You know, when I would come home dad had it like that. He knew what he was doing. from school and talk about racism at Yale, my After he got out, he and my mother put my father would say, “Well, did they put any dogs on Uncle Milton through college, his little brother. you, son? Well, go on and get yo’ lesson.” And their cousin through college. And my entire So, yes, he would say we have to deal with family got out of poverty on this bridge called my those issues, but my father would also say father’s back. When my father died, the picture something which I want to share with you.

292 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution That when you have the right strategy, it is hard complex. I am proud that in Washington, D.C., to hurt you. When you have the wrong strategy, Bobby Scott is bringing conservatives and liberals it is hard to help you. When your enemy down- together to do something about incarceration. grades, you’ve got to upgrade your approach. Conservatives believe in liberty, liberals believe As we now look to the next 400 years, we often in justice, and our incarceration industry denies have Black History Month. I love Black History liberty and justice to too many people. And that Month. And we need more black history – it is why Bobby Scott is such a champion for liberty shouldn’t just be a month. But I would sometimes and justice for all. I love this brother, and he is feel tempted to trade at least one Black History my leader. Month for a Black Future Weekend. Can we talk But D.C. is only one corner of a four corner about the black future? Can we talk about where power system. If you leave Washington, D.C. and we are going? And can we talk about what is get on the train and go north just a few hours, you necessary to get there, as we look at the next are in New York City. Wall Street. Finance. Big 400 years? capital. Very few African-Americans there. I want We learned a tough lesson in the Obama White to make sure that the next generation sitting House. We believed that we had gotten to the in our classrooms will study Robert Smith, the mountaintop that Dr. King talked about. But African American who is beginning to dominate when we got to that mountaintop, we realized Wall Street as much as we study anybody else. that our sisters and brothers in Haiti, who had Big money, big power, Wall Street. If you leave been dropped off by other boats, were correct Wall Street, take an Uber or a Lyft or a taxi, and when they say behind the mountain is another you go to the airport, JFK, you can fly across the mountain. That achievement in 2008 was not country, and within five hours you are in the Bay the end, it was the beginning of a new journey. Area of northern California. Silicon Valley, where Behind the mountain of Washington, D.C., there you have Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon; the are other mountains of power. people who are building the future. We used to There are four centers of power in our country, write the future in laws in Washington, D.C. Now and we did not know that until we got to the future is being written in computer code in Washington, D.C. We spent most of the last Silicon Valley. They are changing your phone century trying to get to Washington, D.C. right now, and they don’t ask your permission. Frederick Douglass went to D.C. to talk to The power to write and to dictate the future is Lincoln. Dr. King, a young preacher, marched in Silicon Valley. Very few African Americans in on Washington, D.C., hoping a president would Silicon Valley. Our children are happy to be given do better. Barack and Michelle Obama went to the opportunity to download apps and are not the White House. Our entire strategy primarily being taught how to write their own and upload focused on Washington, D.C. When we got to apps. We need a generation of uploaders, not that corner of power, it turned out there were just downloaders, for the next generation, if three others that we didn’t know anything about. we’re going to get anywhere. It’s another corner If we’re going to be honest, there is work left to of power. be done in Washington, D.C. I am proud to be Lastly, you could take a leisurely drive from under the leadership and the tutelage of northern California to southern California. You Bobby Scott doing that work to deal with mass will very quickly be in a place called Hollywood. incarceration, to deal with the prison industrial You can see stars, not just in the sky but on the

Steering Committee Report 293 sidewalks. Another place of power where, too The suffragettes, demanding that women have often, we are the stars, but we do not own the the right to vote, that they be included, were a studios. Media ownership in an information part of founding a democratic republic; they age, another mountain to climb. I say this to were founders too. Ella Jo Baker, Fannie Lou you because the way we got here was because Hamer, Dr. Martin Luther King, Bayard Rustin – African Americans and our allies were willing to challenging segregation, demanding that we look coldly, clearly, and honestly at the challenges live up to these principles – they were founders that they faced. And with less than we have – too. The folks who stood up at Stonewall and with less technology, with less money, with less said stop mistreating us because of who we love, support, with less understanding – they met every they were founders too. single challenge up to this day. They understood The process of founding a truly multiracial, that sometimes you have to have an evolution in multiclass democratic republic is the toughest the revolution. When your enemy downgrades, job taken on by any people in the world. To have sometimes you have to upgrade, and we are now one country with every kind of human being ever at that moment. born living within it – one country with every I am confident that we can meet this moment race, every faith, every gender presentation, and meet this challenge and climb the mountain every sexuality, every kind of human being ever of policy in D.C., finance in Wall Street, technology born in one place living as a democracy, as a in Silicon Valley, media ownership in Hollywood, democratic republic – is the toughest challenge and any other mountain revealed to us because taken on ever by any people on earth. That African-American people and our close allies have challenge is a challenge that was taken on been the driving force for progress and democracy centuries ago, and we will be working to on these shores through these 400 years. develop it centuries from now. And do not forget the original fake news. We But what that challenge means for us today were sold in 1776, when they said and maybe is that you are a founder. You are a founder. The even believed, that we had created, that we had people on this stage are founding the republic that founded, a democratic republic on these shores the Brycen Dildys of the world will live in, and we on one day in 1776. Fake news. We hadn’t yet have to take our charge in our time as seriously founded a democratic republic. We had begun as the people before us did, so that someday, the process. someday, when we put our hands on our hearts, But Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman we will have a democratic republic with liberty standing up to end slavery were founders too of a and justice for all. Thank you very much. democratic republic. They too were founders.

294 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution 1619 Jamestown (but not only) An Answer to the New York Times Original poem by Nikki Giovanni First African Landing Commemorative Ceremony Fort Monroe

August 24, 2019

There may be a timeline, but there is no time We know Europeans didn’t go into limit to change that does not, will not, cannot communities to find West Africans. change. Africans did. No matter what the color the people or We know when communities recognized language they speak, no matter which God defeat they were lined up and brought to shore is served, no matter which food is eaten or to be sold. forbidden, which clothes are worn or not, no But don’t we also see a grandmother trying matter the hair covered or shaved, no matter to defend her grandson and failing reaching to how we look at it…there have been slaves. put in his hand a peanut. Every civilization or rather most, reach a point “Don’t forget me,” she says. where slavery is recognized as wrong or in some And he holds tightly to what will be called cases simply a bad idea. America where he is sold. Or perhaps more accurately those who used He plants that charge for a promise to keep. to sell slaves now no longer have the currency or And he stays to watch it grow. strength to control the lives of human beings so Others would escape and think him cowardly. they create a lie on a supreme court for the But he had promises to keep. same purpose. Others did not understand the strength it takes I have often wondered when I think of the to wipe spit from your hanging brother, to cradle murder of Jesus what he and Simon the Cyprian your daughter after a rape, to lovingly put your talked about as Simon gave Jesus some relief wife into the ground. with getting the Cross to Calvary. But he had promises to keep. We have a bit of an idea what Socrates was And he kept them. thinking as he drank hemlock. Virginia is not the Peanut State. In our time we know Martin Luther King Virginia is the State of Promises. wanted to hear music at dinner “Play it beautifully The only question is will we keep them. for me” before the shots took his life. And there would be many others who were Nikki Giovanni wrote this poem in honor of the 2019 hanged, beaten to death, fought in wars for the Commemoration of the First African Landing. The right or wrong side. poem was read for the first time on August 24, 2019 by But I have wondered, as a person living in Jacquelyn E. Stone at the First African Landing Virginia how the peanut got here. Commemorative Ceremony at Fort Monroe in Hampton, Virginia. .

Steering Committee Report 295 Opportunity

The Honorable Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. Chief of the Chickahominy Indian Tribe First English Thanksgiving Commemorative Ceremony Jamestown Settlement December 4, 2019

Good Afternoon. Am I thankful that 90% of my people had We are here today to reflect on Thanksgiving. perished by 1699, that Lord Delaware ordered the The calendar settles the question of the first annihilation of the Paspehegh Tribe in 1610, or English-speaking Thanksgiving event in North that my people were driven from their ancestral America. Surely no one can dispute the fact that lands by 1677? Of course not! However, I am very 1619 preceded 1620. thankful we are still here, that our contributions While Virginia’s Indigenous peoples did not are being recognized, that our history is being gather at Berkeley in 1619, they had practiced ransomed and shared with a populace hungry Thanksgiving celebrations for many years prior for the truth, that institutions like Jamestown- to December 4, 1619. In fact, fall celebrations Yorktown Foundation are researching the history centered on giving thanks to the Creator for the of Virginia’s Indigenous peoples and their role bounties harvested from Mother Earth. in the shaping of both the history of the Fast forward to December 4, 2019. We Commonwealth and the USA while boldly sharing are culminating a year of 400th-anniversary and even showcasing that untold history. commemorations. The arrival of enslaved My prayer is that we can navigate the next Africans, the arrival of English women, the 400 years in a way that appreciates and builds seating of the first English speaking legislature on the rich diversity that has been part and comprised of public representatives and, yes, parcel of the Commonwealth of Virginia since the first English-speaking Thanksgiving. those seminal events of 1619. May these I would contend that convening that first commemorative events create a legacy that will general assembly was a significant step toward a stimulate further study, enable deeper learning “more perfect union” in a Republic characterized and promote an environment where treating by a government of the people, by the people, for each other with dignity and respect becomes the people as espoused in the United States the norm. In this holiday season may we all Constitution in 1799. To be sure, there have been work to achieve peace on earth and goodwill fits and starts along the way, yet the journey to humankind. continues.

296 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution H. Graham Woodlief Descendant of Captain John Woodlief First English Thanksgiving Commemorative Ceremony Jamestown Settlement December 4, 2019

This year marks the 400th Anniversary of the at 8:00 in the morning. They spent two and a half first Official English Thanksgiving in the New months on a stormy Atlantic Ocean. The men World. 400 years ago, today, a group of 35 settlers were homesick, claustrophobic, there was vermin and Captain John Woodlief landed at what is infestation, and they prayed constantly. They now Berkeley Plantation. When they landed they entered the Chesapeake Bay on November 28th kneeled and gave a prayer of Thanksgiving for and sailed toward the King James River. their safe voyage. This was one year and On December 4, 1619 the good ship Margaret seventeen days before the Pilgrims landed landed at Berkeley Hundred and the men in Massachusetts. kneeled and prayed a prayer of Thanksgiving, How did this journey begin? as instructed by the Berkeley Company. In the spring of 1618, four Englishmen, known It was a simple prayer, in the middle of the as the Berkeley Company, met in London to winter, by 35 men on the barren banks of the discuss starting a settlement in Virginia. A piece James River. They prayed: of land, 8,000 acres, was granted to the Berkeley “We ordain this day of our ship’s arrival, at Company by King James I. a place assigned for plantacon in the land of They needed an experienced leader for the Virginia shall be yearly and perpetually kept holy expedition and chose John Woodlief, of whom as a day of Thanksgiving to Almighty God.” I am a descendant. Woodlief had been to the The first Official English Thanksgiving in the New World several times and had survived the New World had just occurred. “Starving Time” at Jamestown. They made him a In 1931, Dr. Lyon Tyler, president of William and Captain and Governor of the Berkeley colony and Mary College and the son of President John Tyler, gave him a list of ten instructions once he landed. uncovered papers, known as the Nibley papers, The very first instruction was that he was to give at the New York Public Library, which recorded thanks to Almighty God for their safe voyage and Woodlief’s journey across the Atlantic. Dr. Tyler, to give a prayer of Thanksgiving annually and a columnist for the Richmond News Leader, then perpetually thereafter. wrote an article entitled “First Thanksgiving in Woodlief chose 35 able-bodied men to America was Decreed for Town of Berkeley on accompany him. He leased the good ship James.” He told his neighbor Malcolm Jamieson Margaret, which weighed only 47 tons and of his discovery. Jamieson owned Berkeley was 35 feet long. Plantation. In 1958, Jamieson invited the The Margaret set sail on September 16, 1619, Woodlief family to the plantation to celebrate

Steering Committee Report 297 their ancestor’s landing. That has evolved into the next year in Kennedy’s 1963 Thanksgiving Virginia Thanksgiving Festival where we have Proclamation. re-enacted the original Thanksgiving service for In 2007 George W. Bush spoke at the the last 61 years just as ordered by the Berkeley Thanksgiving Festival at Berkeley and mentioned Company in 1619. this important piece of Virginia’s history. In his Over the years, Virginia’s governors and remarks he said the story of Berkeley reminds legislators have recognized this historic event. us that we live in a land of opportunity, we Even President Kennedy, in his 1963 Presidential remember the settlers at Berkeley came to Thanksgiving Proclamation, recognized Virginia America with the hope of building a better life as having the first English Thanksgiving. After and we remember that immigrants in every Kennedy’s 1962 Thanksgiving Proclamation was generation have followed in their footsteps. published the year before, he was admonished The late Virginia Governor Gerald Baliles by Virginia State Senator John J. Wicker for said it well when he ended a speech at the not having mentioned Virginia’s role in that Thanksgiving Festival at Berkeley. He said, proclamation. He received a reply from Arthur “Let us not allow Virginia’s First Thanksgiving Schlesinger, Kennedy’s historian, apologizing to languish in the mists of time. It could, should, for the error. In his reply he wrote, “it was due and ought to be the gift of history that never to unconquerable New England bias on the part stops giving.” of the White House staff“ and that it would be Thank you. corrected in future proclamations. And Virginia was mentioned first, before Massachusetts, that

298 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Dr. Rex M. Ellis Associate Director for Curatorial Affairs Emeritus National Museum of African American History and Culture First English Thanksgiving Commemorative Ceremony Jamestown Settlement December 4, 2019

Good afternoon. When the first Virginians and even speaks to some of the challenges we gathered at what would become Berkeley continue to face today. He said: Hundred for a “Holy Day of Thanksgiving to God” …“Let not our expressions of gratitude to on December 4, 1619, four months earlier, Africans God for his late goodness and mercy to our arrived at Point Comfort as commodities to be sold countrymen, be confined to this day, nor to this in, what was then, British North America. Despite house: let us carry grateful hearts with us to our our history, and such perilous beginnings, places of abode, and to our daily occupations; and Africans and African Americans have long let praise and thanksgivings ascend daily to the participated in Thanksgiving observances. throne of grace, in our families, and in our closets, For the black community in particular, for what God has done for our African brethren. Thanksgiving was about faith and church. As Let us not forget to praise him for his mercies time passed, sermons could be heard in early to such of our colour, as are inhabitants of this black churches all across the nation, as men of country; particularly, for disposing the hearts of God gave voice to the fears, suffering, hopes and the rulers of many of the states, to pass laws for dreams of a people who continued to be identified the abolition of slavery; for the number and zeal as chattel, in an increasingly powerful and of the friends he has raised up to plead our cause; global nation. and for the privileges, we enjoy, of worshiping Many of these sermons openly mourned the God, agreeably, to our consciences, in churches institution of slavery, the suffering of black people, of our own. and pleaded for the collective awakening of a …We​ pray, O God, for all our friends and slave-free consciousness in America. One benefactors, in Great Britain, as well as in the hundred and eighty-nine years after the first United States. Reward them, we beseech thee, Berkeley Day of Thanksgiving, the “Act to with blessings upon earth, and prepare them Prohibit the Slave Trade” became federal law, to enjoy the fruits of their kindness to us, in thy on January 1, 1808. everlasting kingdom in heaven: and dispose us, On that same day, African Americans across who are assembled in thy presence, to be always the nation gathered to acknowledge and thank thankful for thy mercies, and to act as becomes God for deliverance. a people who owe so much to thy goodness. Absalom Jones, the first African American We implore thy blessing, O God, upon the ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church in President, and all who are in authority in the the United States, said​ what many were thinking, United States. Direct them by thy wisdom, in

Steering Committee Report 299 all their deliberations, and O God save thy people …And now, O Lord, we desire, with angels from the calamities of war. Give peace in our and arch-angels, and all the company of heaven, day, we beseech thee O thou God of peace! and ever more, to praise thee, saying, Holy, holy, holy, grant, that this highly favoured country may Lord God Almighty: the whole earth is full of thy continue to afford a safe and peaceful retreat from glory. Amen.” the calamities of war and slavery, for ages yet to come. We implore all these blessings and mercies, only in the name of thy beloved Son, Jesus Christ, our Lord.

300 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution APPENDIX II COMMENTARY

The American Evolution commentary strategy utilized the perspectives of thought leaders to build awareness of and support for the Commemoration. The following editorials are presented as printed and in order of placement from 2017 to 2020.

Steering Committee Report 301 AFRICANS’ INTEGRAL ROLE IN AMERICAN EVOLUTION Dr. Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander Professor of History and Director of the Joseph Jenkins Roberts Center for African Diaspora Studies at Norfolk State University Co-Chair of the First Recorded Africans to English North America Committee

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on February 19, 2017.

From the earliest days of the American their distribution to different colonists. experiment, our culture, society, economy and Records indicate that after years of servitude, history have been indelibly influenced by Africans. some early Angolans did gain freedom and rights In August 1619, at Point Comfort, 20 Africans similar to English colonists; others were held arrived in English North America. From that indefinitely. The records show that because of moment on, African culture has been an integral their prior interactions with the Portuguese, part of American culture and has shaped the some early Africans understood European laws trajectory of the country. and traditions and were able to petition for Our understanding of early American history freedom and improved working conditions. is filled with myths and fairytales. In a way, this tension between the Angolans The story of the Pilgrims is inaccurate at best. and English, the bonded and the free, propelled Even Jamestown’s important and tumultuous past many of the ideas that formed the beginning of is reduced to a love story between Pocahontas this country. and Captain John Smith. As other West Africans were brought into Unfortunately, the stories of the 20 Africans the colony, the English constructed laws that who arrived at Point Comfort have been lost to specifically restricted their rights. The colonists’ history, but researchers are working hard to learn decision to ensure permanent access to a labor more about their lives. force led to centuries of institutionalized slavery We do know that they were likely from many and racial inequality. different ethnic groups in present-day Angola. Even today, the events that occurred in the Some spoke Portuguese and had adopted Virginia colony beginning in 1619 resonate. The Catholicism as the Portuguese aggressively rise of the movement reaches pushed inland from their trading ports. This back 400 years to the arrival of Africans and their interaction with Europeans before their arrival quest to find a place in the English colony. The in the New World is a key piece of the story. issues surrounding immigration, assimilation The early relationship between Angolans of foreigners into our democracy, acceptance and English in the Jamestown colony, like the of American values and the quest for freedom following 400 years, is complicated. echo with the early days of Virginia. Slavery had not been codified, but these The opportunity to explore the link between the Africans were not free. They were traded for challenges and opportunities of the present and food when they arrived, and Jamestown’s the past is one of the many reasons I was eager Governor George Yeardley was in charge of to be a part of Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration.

302 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution The American ideals of democracy, diversity I believe it is incredibly important to create and opportunity are at the center of the 2019 a deeper and richer understanding of America’s Commemoration and are dominant in the history and our American evolution, beginning research that I have been involved in over with seminal events that occurred in 1619 and the years. continue to influence America’s future.

A WARRIOR QUEEN’S INFLUENCE ON AMERICAN EVOLUTION Dr. Linda M. Heywood Professor of African American Studies and History at Boston University

This column originally appeared in the HuffPost on March 2, 2017.

In 1619, 20 Angolans arrived in Virginia, the region and cultivate a robust slave trade that forever changing the course of American history fueled the growth of their imperialistic endeavors. and creating a profound and enduring impact It may come as a surprise that many Angolans on the Virginia Colony. A Dutch ship named the spoke Portuguese in addition to their own White Lion made its landing at Point Comfort on Kimbundu or Kikongo language. Many of the the James River (today’s Hampton, Virginia) in Angolans who arrived in Virginia were Christian August 1619 with stolen Angolan slaves, who and had regularly attended Catholic Mass held were traded for food. This is the moment in by Jesuit missionaries living in Angola. history when African culture became an integral Queen Njinga of Angola established her part of American culture. kingdom’s prominent position in 17th-century Unfortunately, history books don’t teach us world politics. Fearlessly protecting the influence more about the remarkable backstory of the and freedom of her kingdom against the Africans who arrived in Virginia on that late- Portuguese colonizing forces, Queen Njinga August day. These 20 Africans hailed from a (1583-1663) was a cunning and worldly ruler. sophisticated Angolan kingdom whose rulers She kept her enemies close and consequently, regularly interacted with the highest levels of Angola gained great benefit from its mercurial European governments, residents lived in major relationship with Portugal. An under-represented urban cities comprised of 20,000 to 30,000 figure in American history books, Njinga rivals residents and the kingdom’s rich culture Elizabeth I and Catherine the Great in her political maintained a strict social hierarchy. The survival acumen and military prowess. With influence of these first Africans among Jamestown’s that extended into Europe and across the English settlers is often credited to their intimate Atlantic, Queen Njinga was a power player in familiarity with European customs, governance the 17th century’s robust slave trade, which systems and military tactics - which were part was the “crash crop” of the day, providing the of everyday life for 17th century Angolans. The labor force for colonizing countries such as Portuguese were deeply entrenched in central Portugal, Spain and England. Africa as they aggressively worked to colonize It is intentional that on the cusp of Black

Steering Committee Report 303 History Month and Women’s History Month I have that these individuals have on the landscape of released, Njinga of Angola: Africa’s Warrior Queen, modern day America. Through my work with the first full-length English language study of Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, I have the Queen Njinga’s remarkable life. Over the course privilege of elucidating one of the pivotal 1619 of her eight decades, Queen Njinga skillfully events that set Virginia on a course towards the navigated, and ultimately transcended, the American ideals of Democracy, Diversity and ruthless, male-dominated power struggles of Opportunity. Over the coming months and years, her time. It is important that her story is told, as Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration will showcase she provides a powerful role model for African new scholastic and scientific discoveries that Americans and women today. There are myriad facilitate a deeper and richer understanding direct correlations between the issues Queen of America’s history and our AMERICAN Njinga overcame and today’s race and gender EVOLUTION, which began with seminal challenges in leadership and politics. events that occurred in 1619 and their enduring I am proud to be able to share the marvelous influence over a 400-year arc of history that untold history of Angola’s Queen Njinga who had continues to influence America’s future. Please a profound influence on the lives and destiny of visit www.AmericanEvolution2019.com to learn the Angolans who traversed the Atlantic and more about Angola’s Queen Njinga and Virginia’s arrived in Virginia in 1619. It is important that 2019 Commemoration. we understand and honor the enduring influence

FOR VIRGINIA, 2019 IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO ASSEMBLE EMERGING GLOBAL LEADERS James B. Murray, Jr. Founder of The Presidential Precinct First Representative Legislative Assembly Committee

This column originally appeared in the Richmond-Times Dispatch on March 25, 2017.

When it comes to history and government, It was also in the Jamestown colony’s 12th Virginia has a special trust and a unique year that Africans first arrived in bondage. Thus, opportunity. Four centuries ago at Jamestown, liberty’s origins and liberty’s antithesis – slavery – the colony that would grow into a self-governing trace their American roots to the same year and commonwealth and then a powerful free nation the same place. A sadly profound irony, certainly, had its tumultuous beginning. but more than that: These are essential strands It was 12 years into that experiment before of a still-evolving American story that has always representative government got its start on these been about our abilities to overcome. shores, planting seeds that over the centuries That eventful 12th year, 1619, also saw the would blossom into the global flourishing of Virginia Company in London recruit the first democracy. significant number of women for the colony; and

304 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution it occasioned the first official Thanksgiving the Commonwealth of Virginia’s Jamestown- observed in English America. Finally, that same Yorktown Foundation, through its 2019 year, the humble colonists experienced a new Commemoration, American Evolution charter that created economic opportunities sub-agency; and The Presidential Precinct, a few of them had enjoyed before. collaboration among two of America’s premier Today, we recognize around the globe the public universities (The University of Virginia hallmarks of diverse and democratic societies – and William & Mary) and the historic homes of individual liberty, equality under law, government three Founding Fathers (Jefferson’s Monticello, by consent, opportunity, and entrepreneurship. Madison’s Montpelier, and Monroe’s Highland), These fundamental values are connected in along with William Short’s Morven Farm. powerful ways to the American story of 1619. An unsurpassed setting for aspiring young Thomas Jefferson wrote to John Adams: “I like leaders to gather, share, and learn about facets the dreams of the future better than the history of civil society, the Presidential Precinct has of the past.” And so it is that we will use 2019, extensive experience organizing and hosting the 400th anniversary of those seminal events, this kind of international program. to draw lessons for the future. Working with the U.S. Department of Our commonwealth in 2019 will be the site State, the Precinct already has welcomed of a major gathering of emerging leaders from 450 emerging leaders from 115 countries for around the world. Planning is underway to multi-day conferences exploring the foundations convene here in the cradle of the democratic of free institutions and opportunities for their experiment a summit of young political and advancement. As one of nine signature governmental practitioners from mature and events planned for the American Evolution emerging democracies, as well as youthful commemoration, the Global Emerging democratic advocates from countries where Leaders Summit will be part of a broader freedom currently is denied or imperiled. 2019 anniversary-year program that will focus A wide range of business and social on the themes of democracy, diversity, and entrepreneurs, civil-society activists, scholars, opportunity, and that promises to bring and students also will be on hand to share worldwide attention and more to the perspectives and gain insights. Commonwealth of Virginia. The summit’s transcendent purpose: to Ten years ago this spring, Virginians review the varied roads traveled in pursuit of welcomed Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to our representative democracy and other basic state for the anniversary of Jamestown’s founding. liberties; to share ideas for the journey ahead; Other commemorative events that year brought and to build upon a global network of connected two presidential visits and a host of other young leaders “millennials” who are committed dignitaries to the commonwealth and generated to making the promise of human freedom and more than 12 billion news impressions worldwide. opportunity a reality in their own lands. For those tracking the bottom line, the The program is being built on a solid economic return was extraordinary: The 2007 foundation, and it promises to yield important commemoration produced $1.2 billion in sales benefits not only abroad but here at home. in Virginia, generated more than $28 million Planning for the 2019 Global Emerging Leaders in state and local tax revenue, and created Summit is being led by two experienced partners: an estimated 20,000 jobs.

Steering Committee Report 305 As great as 2007 was, 2019 can be even bigger centuries of religious liberty, and four centuries of for Virginia. That’s because, for the millennials economic opportunity and entrepreneurship? who will frame our future, the 2019 anniversaries As Virginians everywhere join young global are even more compelling and more relevant. leaders in commemorating these 400th When emerging leaders from our own and other anniversaries, they will be joined by many countries gather to learn from the past and celebrating the University of Virginia’s collaborate for the future, what legacies could be bicentennial, which also will be observed in 2019. better suited for reflection than four centuries of As I said at the outset, when it comes to struggles with representative self-government, history and government, Virginia has a special four centuries of contributions to our diverse trust and a unique opportunity. Let’s work republic by African Americans and women, four together to put our best foot forward in 2019.

HONORING NORFOLK’S DIVERSITY AND HISTORY The Honorable Kenneth C. Alexander Mayor of the City of Norfolk

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on March 26, 2017.

Norfolk residents are fiercely proud of this with education, events and legacy projects that community’s diversity, rooted in nearly 400 years highlight the 1619 events that set Virginia and of history. Our local history is national history, and America on a course toward the ideals of it began in 1619 when 20 Africans landed at Point democracy, diversity and opportunity. Comfort, in today’s Hampton, and were traded for Spurring significant and long-lasting economic food and supplies. development and tourism in Norfolk, and cities This forced arrival of the first Africans in across the commonwealth, American Evolution English North America is the pivotal moment programming will refresh and add context and when African history became a powerful and richness to the American narrative through the indelible influence on American culture. introduction of new scholarship and discoveries That 400-year history has not always been that challenge time-worn misperceptions. easy; commemorating, understanding and Drawing connections between critical issues addressing our past and its inequities enables in America today and exploring the intervening us to chart a course for the next 400 years while 400-year arc of history, the American Evolution honoring the diversity that makes our city great. will explore pivotal 1619 Virginia events that, For this reason, I am pleased that Norfolk in addition to the arrival of the first Africans will play a significant role in Virginia’s 2019 to English North America, include the first commemoration, American Evolution, which representative legislative assembly in the New includes a focus on the 1619 arrival of Africans. World, the recruitment of women to the Virginia The 2019 commemoration elevates our shared colony, the first official English Thanksgiving history to the national and international stage in North America, and the development of the

306 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution colony’s entrepreneurial spirit that embodies together contemporary dance, music and text American business culture today. with the history, culture and spiritual traditions Norfolk will host and partner with the 2019 of the African diaspora and addressing issues of commemoration on signature events that explore race, and economic inequality the unique history of our great city. The 2017 through the lens of physical appearance. Virginia Forum, which was held earlier this On May 6, London-based Richard Alston month at Norfolk State University, brought Dance Company will perform, followed by a together historians and other scholars engaged May 19 performance by the Lula Washington in the study of Virginia history to share their Dance Company, whose inspiration is rooted knowledge, research and experiences. in the African-American experience. The 2019 This year’s theme, “Who Are We? Identity and commemoration has also commissioned an Memory in Virginia,” invoked conversations about original work to tell the story of the three race, ethnicity and identity that began in 1619 original cultures in Virginia. That will make at Point Comfort and continue today. The forum its world debut in 2019. also addressed the belief that Virginia society Other scheduled events during 2019 include has always been part of a global culture founded the 1619: Making of America Conference, in intimate and overlapping encounters among tentatively scheduled for late September at Norfolk Africans, Western Europeans, Native Americans State. This event will bring national scholars and and others from around the world. community leaders to Norfolk to examine and In addition, the 2019 commemoration has discuss diversity and inclusion across our nation. partnered with the Virginia Arts Festival to We have a tremendous opportunity to share sponsor performances influenced by the our city’s unique history with the rest of the convergence of Native American, English commonwealth and America through the 2019 and African cultures in 1619. commemoration. You can learn more about these Today, Grammy-winning soprano Kathleen events and other programming across the state Battle will perform “Underground Railroad,” at www.AmericanEvolution2019.com. which takes the audience on a journey of hope I encourage you to participate in Norfolk’s and salvation combining traditional spirituals 2019 commemoration events, and join me in with the writings of Harriet Tubman and honoring the formative history that has had a Frederick Douglass. profound influence in the development of our Urban Bush Women’s “Hair and Other Stories” great community, state and nation. makes its world premiere on April 22, weaving

Steering Committee Report 307 OUR LOCAL HISTORY IS NATIONAL HISTORY - THIS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE IN HAMPTON The Honorable Mamie E. Locke Virginia State Senator 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee

This column originally appeared in the Daily Press on April 5, 2017.

In Virginia, our local history is national history formative event is included in our American and this is especially true in Hampton. consciousness and narrative. Nearly 400 years ago, 20 Africans were forcibly In addition, the 2019 celebration elucidates landed at Point Comfort in August 1619 and traded the resilience, significant contributions and to the Virginia colonists in exchange for food and enduring influence of Africans throughout 400 supplies. The arrival of these first Africans in years of American history. English North America was the pivotal moment The 2019 commemoration event will deliver a when African history began its powerful and robust civics education program that includes a enduring influence on American history. broader knowledge of our shared history and The African arrival story is a key focus of cultivates students’ motivation and passion to Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration AMERICAN become engaged and active citizens. EVOLUTION, which highlights formative 1619 As an educator and elected official, I am a Virginia events that set the state and America on fervent advocate of civics education, and now a course toward the ideals of democracy, diversity more than ever, our students need to understand and opportunity. In addition to the arrival of the first our government and the history that precipitated Africans to English North America, AMERICAN today’s American democratic system. Connecting EVOLUTION programming spotlights 1619 Virginians and Americans with formative events Virginia events that include the first representative that shaped and continue to influence American legislative assembly in the New World, the impact democracy comprises an honest assessment of of women on the Virginia colony, the first official our triumphs as well as some of our most painful English Thanksgiving in North America and the tribulations. Focusing on history together with development of the colony’s entrepreneurial spirit, current events creates a lens through which we which embodies American business culture today. can process what is going on around us both Virginia’s 2019 commemoration will present locally and globally. This includes exploring the the arrival story of Africans to the Virginia colony ideal of equal rights for all and the evolving role of in historically accurate ways to observe these race and gender in American democratic society. challenging events that have defined who we are This exercise is not for the faint of heart, but from as a country. Respectfully honoring and increasing it, we emerge with the knowledge and conviction knowledge about the seminal African arrival to chart a successful course for the next four story and the resulting and painful impact slavery centuries of America’s history. and racial discrimination laws have had on four Please join me in exploring and honoring centuries of our nation’s history ensures that this Hampton and Virginia’s history and its enduring

308 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution influence in shaping American history. EVOLUTION we will generate long-term societal By participating in and supporting and economic benefits for the commonwealth and Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, AMERICAN our nation.

AMERICAN EVOLUTION PAYS TRIBUTE TO 1619 Robert W. Cross Executive Director and Perry Artistic Director of the Virginia Arts Festival

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on May 5, 2017.

Widely recognized as America’s birthplace, this region in 1619, as the British colonists, Virginia holds a unique place in our nation’s Africans and Indians met. We tackle issues history. that still resonate today. In 1619, several pivotal events with a profound This season’s American Evolution-themed impact on the United States took place in performances include Grammy Award-winning southeastern Virginia. Virginia’s 2019 soprano Kathleen Battle, who performed Commemoration, American Evolution, highlights “Underground Railroad” with the Norfolk State these events, which include the formation of the University Choir, and combined traditional first representative legislative assembly in the spirituals with the writings of abolitionists New World, the arrival of the first Africans to Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass. The English North America, the impact of women April 22 world premiere of Urban Bush Women’s on the Virginia Colony, the first official English “Hair and Other Stories,” which wove together Thanksgiving in North America and the contemporary dance, music and text, addressed development of the Virginia colony’s innovative issues of race, gender identity and class. and entrepreneurial spirit. A pair of dance performances juxtapose The Virginia Arts Festival has partnered with cultures that met in Virginia in 1619. On American Evolution to explore the influences Saturday, Britain’s Richard Alston Dance of our complex local history on the culture in Company will perform. Los Angeles-based America today. Numerous world-renowned artists Lula Washington Dance Theatre, whose work will travel to the region to share, through the explores the African-American experience, performing arts, their perspectives on the themes will perform May 19. of democracy, diversity and opportunity. The American Evolution also has Art is one of the world’s greatest connectors, commissioned a collaborative original work, and the Virginia Arts Festival has an opportunity currently in development, by some of these artists to tackle challenging social issues, foster dialogue and other renowned groups. The piece, which and build understanding. The American Evolution will tell the story of the three original cultures in performances address the theme of diversity and Virginia, will debut in 2019. the three cultures that converged in Virginia 400 As a staunch advocate of strengthening years ago. Through art we explore the history of communities through the arts, I have kept a

Steering Committee Report 309 robust arts education initiative central to the residencies, master classes and demonstrations. mission of the Virginia Arts Festival. I am With generous support from corporate sponsors, especially excited by the opportunity to include grant organizations and individual donors, we American Evolution themes in our education ensure that students are able to access the arts programs. Educating future generations about and these unique cultural opportunities regardless decisive events in local and American history of their resources. encourages thoughtful conversation, fosters a Please join the Virginia Arts Festival in sense of shared community and advances commemorating our shared history by attending awareness of critical issues. American Evolution our American Evolution-themed performances and themes will be included in the educational events participating in education programs we conduct throughout the school year. Through designed to stimulate conversation, heighten these programs we reach more than 39,000 understanding and cultivate an enlightened future. children and young people throughout Virginia Visit vafest.org to learn more about the and North Carolina every year. Virginia Arts Festival. Information about The Virginia Arts Festival is committed to American Evolution, the 2019 commemoration, making the arts accessible to all students through can be found at AmericanEvolution2019.com. student matinees, in-school performances, artists’

RECOGNIZING VIRGINIA’S WOMEN Dr. Sandra G. Treadway Librarian of Virginia Impact of Women Committee

This column originally appeared in the Daily Press on May 13, 2017.

Since the days of the ancient Greeks and Women’s Commission to “determine and Romans, some form of Mother’s Day celebration recommend ... an appropriate monument in has been held to honor and pay tribute to mothers. Capitol Square to commemorate the contributions The contributions of women throughout the of the women of Virginia.” Since then, the Virginia ages, however, have regrettably been largely left Women’s Monument Commission has designed unrecognized and their histories untold. This the proposed monument, selected representative Mother’s Day, the commonwealth of Virginia is women to feature on it, partnered with the Library taking steps to rectify this omission through two of Virginia, the Virginia Capitol Foundation initiatives that draw attention to the impact and Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, American women have had on Virginia and American Evolution, to plan educational events to promote history—and their important contributions in Virginia women’s history, and begun the process shaping our collective future. of raising $2 million to make the monument a The first of those initiatives began in 2010 reality. when the General Assembly established the The first-of-its-kind monument, Voices from

310 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution the Garden, will be located on Richmond’s Capitol provide stability and help ensure success of the Square and will feature statues of 12 remarkable endeavor. These brave women set sail for the Virginia women. The women represent every unknown to become wives for Jamestown’s corner of Virginia, various cultural backgrounds earliest settlers, establishing roots and creating a and more than 400 years of accomplishment. next generation to sustain the colony. In addition The monument will include bronze likenesses to forming families, these women managed of Anne Burras Laydon of Jamestown, the domestic work important to the growing Cockacoeske of King William County, Mary community, such as brewing beer, making Draper Ingles of southwest Virginia, Martha clothes, and preparing and storing food. These Dandridge Custis Washington of Fairfax, efforts enabled the success of the Jamestown Clementina Rind of Williamsburg, Elizabeth colony and contributed to the foundation of our Hobbs Keckley of Dinwiddie, Sally Louisa great nation. Tompkins of Mathews County, Maggie Lena The pivotal role women played in shaping Walker of Richmond, Sarah Garland Boyd Jones of Virginia’s and America’s democracy, diversity Richmond, of Smyth County, and opportunity is a key theme of the 2019 of Henrico County, and Adele Commemoration. By honoring women’s Goodman Clark of Richmond. Honoring both significant and evolving role in American society, widely-celebrated women and those with lesser we can more fully appreciate the paths women known but equally important stories, the — and our nation — have taken over the last 400 monument includes a tribute program, offering years. Women have fought, and continue to a very personal way to honor the important fight for equal rights within the workplace, women in our own lives. The monument is government, our educational system, our society expected to be completed and dedicated in 2019. and even inside their own homes. American The commonwealth is also marking the Evolution draws connections between the issues nearly 400 years of women’s contributions and the women in 1619 Virginia faced and those that achievements in Virginia through the 2019 challenge our world today. Commemoration, American Evolution. The 2019 As we celebrate Mother’s Day, let’s take a Commemoration is a statewide series of events moment to remember the influential women, both that explore our American Evolution through key famous and less widely known, who came before events that occurred in 1619 Virginia and shaped us — those who led the charge and those who America and their enduring influence over a have left a deep imprint on the commonwealth 400-year arc of history that is still unfolding and America’s history. These stories are important today. The Commemoration events peak in to understanding our history and giving richness 2019, but continue through a series of legacy to our culture. projects throughout the state that will continue I am proud to support the efforts of the to educate the public about Virginia’s crucial 2019 Commemoration and the Women’s role in American history. One of those key Monument Legacy Project to give voice to moments that began in 1619, was the Virginia women’s stories in Virginia. To learn more Company of London’s recruitment of 147 about 2019 Commemoration events and to get women to move to the Jamestown colony to involved visit AmericanEvolution2019.com.

Steering Committee Report 311 MARKING HAMPTON’S PLACE IN HISTORY The Honorable Donnie R. Tuck Mayor of the City of Hampton First Recorded Africans to English North America Committee

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on August 30, 2017.

Since Africans first arrived at Point Comfort, in the colony designed statutes that severely Virginia, in 1619, black history has been American restricted their rights. history. This month, I am happy to join with my These efforts ensured a consistent source of constituents—many of whom share a direct line labor by codifying racial inequity. through time to this pivotal moment—and others The African American experience over the throughout the commonwealth to recognize the past 400 years can be characterized by incredible significance and legacy of the African arrival. tumult and suffering, but also great resilience and As history tells us, on or about Aug. 20, 1619, triumph. Understanding the legacy of the African “20 and odd Negroes” arrived in bondage at Point arrival is crucial to understanding our trajectory as Comfort aboard an English ship, the White Lion, a country and reminds us about the critical role of to be traded for food. Historians believe that cultural diversity in American life. these first Africans were originally transported As we strive for a more equal future for every from modern-day Angola and ended up aboard American, reflecting on the legacy of such an the White Lion after a maritime conflict with the important moment as the arrival of the first Portuguese slave ship, São João Bautista. Africans can only strengthen our democracy. After the White Lion’s arrival, a second ship Hampton has remained an important hub for called the Treasurer would bring close to 30 African American life and development. The first more Africans to Point Comfort. At this pivotal African American child in English North America moment, the three cultures that would form the was born here, and slaves found shelter during the foundations of our country—European, Native Civil War at “Freedom Fortress,” known today as American and African—would converge at the Fort Monroe. Jamestown colony. The first free public schools in America also Many of the early Africans from Angola were founded in Hampton, and at Emancipation had previous exposure to Europeans and their Oak—located on what is now the campus of customs before their arrival in the New World. Hampton University—African Americans found Records suggest that while a handful of the early new hope for their future as they listened to Africans who lived in the colony were able to gain a reading of President Abraham Lincoln’s their freedom, the majority remained in bondage. Emancipation Proclamation. Anthony Johnson of Northampton County As the mayor of Hampton, the modern-day purchased his freedom and gained status in site of the African arrival, I know that this history the settlement by owning land and livestock. is embedded in the development of our city, and However, Johnson’s situation was rare, and as I am dedicated to highlighting the frequently more Africans arrived in Virginia throughout the untold story of this moment. For this reason, late 17th and early 18th centuries, lawmakers I am proud to participate in Virginia’s 2019

312 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Commemoration, American Evolution. more about Hampton and Virginia’s rich history In 2016, I was ecstatic to take part in its launch during this significant month of our history. at Fort Monroe. Over the next two years and To move forward as a people and a nation, beyond, through a series of events and projects, we must all take part in developing an honest, the 2019 Commemoration will help uncover the authentic and inclusive American narrative. pivotal events of 1619 Virginia that continue to We must also evaluate each of our roles and shape our country’s progress toward the ideals engage in the often arduous, but rewarding, of democracy, diversity and opportunity. project of reinforcing our democracy. I invite all Americans to join me in learning

VIRGINIA SET THE ORIGINAL STANDARD FOR AMERICA’S EXCEPTIONAL FREE ENTERPRISE SUCCESS The Honorable Barry E. DuVal President and CEO of the Virginia Chamber of Commerce Entrepreneurialism and Innovation Committee

This column originally appeared in the Richmond Times-Dispatch on September 30, 2017.

The earliest foundations of American business Jamestown colony faced trials and tribulations culture were laid over 400 years ago in Jamestown. in its early days, but it planted the seeds for, and Since then, the commonwealth - and the United ultimately went on to create, one of the most States - have become a beacon for economic successful enterprises ever known, the United opportunity, free enterprise, and entrepreneurial States of America. spirit that dates back to our founders. The Virginia Today, Virginia is home to a diverse collection Chamber of Commerce is proud to support the of companies and industries of all sizes. We’ve long 2019 Commemoration of this rich history of been blessed by a strong economy. American enterprise - and it looks to continue to However, as we look toward Virginia’s future, raise Virginia’s profile as a top business destination we must ensure that we are ready to compete in globally. an increasingly global market. To ensure that From the very beginning, the purpose of the Virginia remains a top destination for businesses, Virginia Company of London, founded in 1606, the Virginia Chamber of Commerce has spent the was to establish colonial settlements in the New past year collecting feedback from more than World. The company was funded by nearly 1,700 5,000 business leaders to update Blueprint Virginia, shareholders who hoped to profit from the natural our long-term jobs plan. resources in the New World, which were believed Blueprint Virginia 2025 brings together the to include gold, timber, and other agricultural voices of business and community leaders crops. from across the commonwealth to outline top The Jamestown colony became America’s priorities for strengthening Virginia’s economic first start-up business. Like many start-ups, the competitiveness to continue our legacy of not only

Steering Committee Report 313 being the founder of enterprise and business in continued influence on innovation in Virginia, America, but also the leader in it. through support of events such as the Tom The Virginia Chamber of Commerce and our Tom Founders Festival. Additionally, the member companies across the commonwealth commemoration is attracting tourists to the are proud of the role we have played in growing commonwealth to put Virginia on the national Virginia’s economy and contributing to our and international stage in a positive way. shared American Evolution. Virginia’s entrepreneurial history is a The 2019 Commemoration recognizes Virginia’s cornerstone of United States history. We believe important role in the formation of the United that we can in fact stimulate the economy, create States’ economic approach and government, new jobs, and make Virginia the best place to which are the bedrock of our nation’s economic live, work and do business. The Virginia Chamber success. of Commerce is proud to support the 2019 Over the next two years, the commemoration Commemoration as we carry on Virginia’s will highlight the impact of free-market structures entrepreneurial spirit. on early democracy in the United States and their

VIRGINIA’S CAPITOL ADDS A NEW MONUMENT THAT NO ONE WILL PROTEST Susan Allen First Lady of Virginia (1994 - 1998) Impact of Women Committee

This column originally appeared in the Richmond Times-Dispatch on December 2, 2017.

At year’s end, we reflect on events that have Monument, Voices from the Garden. This first- transpired in previous months. We recognize the of-its-kind monument will feature statues of 12 debate that has ensued over the monuments and remarkable Virginia women from various cultural landmarks in our history-rich state that attracts backgrounds and walks of life, and will represent tourists from the world over who wish to learn more than 400 years of accomplishment. about the birthplace of America. The monument will include bronze likenesses For well over a year, the idea of expanding of Anne Burras Laydon of Jamestown, the pool of historical figures memorialized with a Cockacoeske of King William County, Mary public monument has taken on a new urgency. Draper Ingles of Southwest Virginia, Martha The Virginia Capitol Foundation and Virginia Dandridge Custis Washington of Fairfax, Women’s Monument Commission have partnered Clementina Rind of Williamsburg, Elizabeth to diversify Virginia’s monuments through the Hobbs Keckley of Dinwiddie, Sally Louisa construction of a unique tribute to women of the Tompkins of Mathews County, Maggie Lena commonwealth on Capitol Square in Richmond. Walker of Richmond, Sarah Garland Boyd Jones On Monday (Dec. 4), we will break ground of Richmond, Laura Copenhaver of Smyth County, on the first phase of the Virginia Women’s Virginia Randolph of Henrico County, and Adele

314 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Goodman Clark of Richmond. property ownership, voting, equal representation, The monument is expected to be completed discrimination, sexual harassment, and pay parity and dedicated in 2019. have been defining issues of women’s changing Of the estimated 5,193 public statues in the role in society. United States, fewer than 400 depict women. Women have fought, and continue to fight, Across the country and throughout the world, for equal rights and opportunity. contributions of women are routinely overlooked. The 2019 commemoration will draw School children are taught about the Founding connections between the issues faced in the Fathers, but not the founding women whose past, present and future, and spark dialogue hard work helped build this country. that changes the conversation and improves The Women’s Monument aims to tell the how women see themselves and their position extraordinary and inspirational stories of these in their community. We can safely say that incredible Virginians, to add depth to our America would be a very different place absent understanding of the commonwealth’s history. the imprint of Virginia’s powerful women. Actively commemorating and exploring the As former first lady of Virginia and chair of many facets of our shared history is essential to the Virginia Capitol Foundation, I am honored understanding today’s America. It is precisely to be part of the project to raise up, recognize, this point that compelled us to partner with the celebrate, and memorialize these important 2019 commemoration, American Evolution, women. which examines women’s formative and enduring It is my hope that sharing the personal imprint on Virginia and American history. narratives of inspiring Virginia women’s survival, Commemorating women’s significant and achievement, pioneering spirit, and triumph evolving role in American society enables a full over difficult circumstances will motivate current appreciation of the often-difficult path women, and future generations of women to emulate and our nation, have taken over the last 400 years. and surpass past achievements. From the earliest days of our nation through today,

U.S. IS OVERDUE FOR MORE INCLUSIVE HISTORY The Honorable Stephen R. Adkins, Sr. Chief of the Chickahominy Indian Tribe Co-Chair of the Entrepreneurialism and Innovation Committee

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on January 9, 2018.

In 1492, Christopher Columbus and his crew since time immemorial. became the first Europeans to land in the My tribe, the Chickahominy, welcomed Americas. What was hailed as a “discovery” English settlers to Virginia 100 years after is a difficult claim to maintain, as these lands Columbus set foot in the Caribbean. Ever since were, and still are, home to a wide and diverse that first contact, the history of the United States indigenous population that has resided here has been told from only one side of the story.

Steering Committee Report 315 Today we are overdue for a more inclusive Nationally, efforts to recognize the account of American history. contributions of indigenous people also have Over the past 400 years, Native American gained momentum. Since the issue was first relations with European settlers, the English introduced at a 1977 United Nations conference, crown, the commonwealth of Virginia and the efforts to recognize indigenous peoples have United States government have been a series of gained traction. In the past three years, these long fights to keep our traditions, our lands and efforts have significantly picked up steam, with our culture alive. Virginia Indians’ early treaties five U.S. states—Alaska, Hawaii, , were with the English crown, and after the Oregon and South Dakota—and more than 40 U.S. Revolutionary War were not recognized by the cities commemorating Indigenous Peoples Day United States federal government, an issue that instead of Columbus Day in October. haunts us to this day. In addition, four other states have a holiday During the 20th century, the commonwealth specifically recognizing Native Americans. Little of Virginia did its best to remove any mention of by little, the native people of this land are having indigenous people from its records, allowing only their important stories added to our shared two classifications of people in state census data: historical narrative, which defines who we are “white” or “colored.” As a result, my tribe has as Americans. faced significant difficulty gaining recognition I’m proud to be involved with Virginia’s 2019 from the federal government. commemoration, American Evolution, which is Virginia Indians’ history has been working to add context and authenticity to 400 systematically erased or obscured for too long. years of the history of Virginia and America. The However, the tides are changing. The goal of the commemoration is to examine the Chickahominy are an Algonquin people, one of pivotal events of 1619 Virginia that put the United the largest cultural and linguistic groups in North States on the path to the ideals of democracy, America. Algonquin lands once stretched all diversity and opportunity. the way from the southeastern coastal plain in By exploring our shared history, we reframe Virginia to near the Arctic Circle. My tribe is modern-day conversations about what it means making efforts to bring back our distinctive to be American and what the United States is dialect of the Algonquin language, and planning founded upon. We dispel perpetuated myths and is under way to open a museum that will bring stereotypes about native peoples. As we learn Chickahominy culture and history to the public. more about the early days of Virginia’s settlement As Virginia has initiated a statewide effort to and the collision of three distinct and different share an authentic historical narrative, Virginia cultures—the English, Native tribes and Indians’ culture and previously untold stories are Africans—we gain a greater understanding of being included in the history of America. Across how our culture, democracy and society have the commonwealth, Virginia is re-examining its evolved. history, and my people are receiving recognition The Chickahominy have contributed to this for our contributions to American culture and life. shared history, and my tribe’s role in the early This year, the U.S. House of Representatives days of English settlement in Virginia had a direct passed U.S. Rep. ’s bill to grant impact on the American evolution. I truly believe federal recognition of six Virginia Indian tribes, that the more context and detail that we can including the Chickahominy. The bill also must unearth about our past, the more we will pass the Senate and be signed by the president. contribute to an enlightened future for America.

316 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution VIRGINIA IS THE HOME OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY The Honorable M. Kirkland Cox Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates Co-Chair of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee

The Honorable Thomas K. Norment, Jr. Majority Leader of the Senate of Virginia Co-Chair of the 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on January 9, 2018.

As Virginia’s General Assembly convenes Declaration of Rights, which boldly proclaimed for the 2018 session, it is an ideal opportunity to that “all power is vested in, and consequently reflect on the history of Virginia’s legislature and derived from, the people…,” prefiguring both the its significance in establishing the foundation for Declaration of Independence drafted later that American democracy. year and the Bill of Rights in 1791. Throughout Nearly 400 years ago, the Virginia Company the centuries, the arc of Virginia history toward of London, which established the Jamestown progressively expanding democracy is firmly settlement, commissioned Governor Sir George rooted in Jamestown in 1619. Yeardley to abolish martial law in the colony and Virginia is home to more presidents than forge a “General Assembly.” In July 1619, the first any other state, so it is neither coincidental nor legislative assembly in English North America accidental that Virginians such as Washington, met in Jamestown during six hot and humid days. Jefferson, and Madison played such prominent The first legislators were not directly roles in the founding of our nation. The Virginia elected as they are today, but consisted of two leaders of revolutionary America were heirs to representatives from each of the existing 11 a tradition of self-governing that began with plantations. This pioneering group met in a Jamestown. Those early days of government in small church in Jamestown, developing and the New World are important to understanding passing laws that evolved Virginia’s Colonial how we have evolved to the United States’ settlement beyond a commercial enterprise. current system of representative government. Virginia’s seat of government would relocate Understanding our history better prepares twice, first to Williamsburg in 1699 and then to elected public officials as they work through Richmond in 1780. But, what began in Jamestown difficult and sensitive issues. It also engenders in 1619 persists to this day as the oldest all citizens with an appreciation of what makes continuous law-making body in the New World. American democracy a model for the world. The political philosophy reflected in our early Civics education is the foundation of this legislatures cultivated in Virginians a finely tuned knowledge, and an educated populace is a crucial sense of self-determination and a belief that component of a well-functioning democracy. government existed by consent of the governed. As leaders of the Virginia General Assembly, Those first principles inspired the 1776 Virginia we are proud to serve as co-chairs of Virginia’s

Steering Committee Report 317 AMERICAN EVOLUTION. Over the next two Learning about the challenges, successes, years, through a series of events and projects, and inequities of the past enables a full Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration AMERICAN appreciation of the difficult path we as a nation EVOLUTION will recognize the key historical have taken to arrive at today’s America. This events of 1619 Virginia that continue to shape knowledge allows us not only to learn from our our country’s progress toward the ideals of past, but to have an honest and open dialogue democracy, diversity, and opportunity. The about what we strive to become in the future. 2019 Commemoration is dedicated to advancing We encourage all Virginians to join us in awareness and education surrounding these learning more about Jamestown and Virginia’s pivotal events in our nation’s history, including rich history as we commemorate our how the 400-year evolution of democratic commonwealth’s essential role in founding government in the United States remains American democracy. relevant to our lives today.

BLACK HISTORY AND WOMEN’S HISTORY MONTHS: THE IMPORTANCE OF AN INCLUSIVE NARRATIVE FOR VIRGINIA The Honorable Jennifer L. McClellan Virginia State Senator

This column originally appeared in the Richmond Times-Dispatch on February 25, 2018.

Last year – 2017 – marked the beginning of a assess progress. renewed cultural reckoning where the social and Every February and March, there is heightened economic challenges that women and minorities awareness around the experiences of African- face were thrust into the spotlight. The rise of Americans and women, but few people are aware the national #MeToo movement and the racially that their significant contributions can be traced charged events of Charlottesville forced us to ask back 400 years to our nation’s founding in 1619 some very hard questions as citizens and confront Virginia. The start of our nation planted the seeds long-standing challenges: What does it mean to of democracy, diversity, and opportunity, which be an American? continue to shape America today. However, the Confucius stated, “Study the past if you would perpetuated historical account of these events define the future.” The issues currently gripping often focuses exclusively on the story of propertied the nation are not new, but we now have an white men, excluding Virginia Indians, Africans, opportunity to understand their origins and ensure women, the poor, and the disfranchised. a brighter collective future. As we celebrate Black The contributions of minorities and women History and Women’s History months, we have a were catalysts as the Virginia Colony evolved and meaningful opportunity to reflect on the past and laid the foundation for the United States. Virginia

318 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Indians taught the settlers how to survive; the first recognizes the 400th anniversary of formative African men and women were the driving force events of 1619 Virginia, which include the arrival behind the Colony’s robust agricultural economy. of the first Africans in English North America, English women were recruited to create the recruitment of English women to the Virginia permanence within the Virginia Colony by starting Colony, the establishment of the First families and managing domestic work that male Representative Legislative Assembly in the colonists were unwilling to do. Four centuries New World, the first official English Thanksgiving ago these groups converged at a time when the in North America, and the entrepreneurial and rights of women and Africans were restricted. innovative spirit of the Virginia Colony. Nonetheless, there are examples of bravery and The commemoration provides a space for triumph that have had an indelible imprint on our Virginians and all Americans to discover a more nation’s development but have been effectively inclusive and authentic American history erased from the history books. narrative, and build a sustainable path forward. In As we look toward the future and take our my role as a legislator, I have participated in the democratic ideals into account, we should efforts to erect the Civil Rights Memorial; “Mantle” recognize that true democracy is a concept we the Virginia Indian Tribute on Richmond’s Capitol strive for daily, but it can only be accomplished Square; and the forthcoming Virginia Women’s by elevating the sacrifices and resilience of Monument, “Voices from the Garden.” I am also Virginia Indians, women, and African-Americans. proud of the MLK Commission’s work to erect We should remember Virginia trailblazers like a monument to Emancipation & Freedom on Mrs. Maggie L. Walker, an African-American Brown’s Island, which will recognize the woman who bucked convention when she became accomplishments of 10 African-American one of the first women to charter a bank. We can Virginians in the fight for freedom and equality. look to a more modern example in the stories of There is more to be done and we all have a , , and Mary stake in this endeavor. Future generations must Jackson, the extraordinary women from Hampton be given the opportunity to fully acknowledge the whose stories were the focus of the bestselling breadth of contributions of Virginia Indians, book and acclaimed movie, “Hidden Figures.” women, and African-Americans to our nation’s Their work played a part in one of our nation’s history, and I invite you to join me. Over the greatest accomplishments - and yet, most next 24 months, American Evolution, 2019 Americans have been unaware of their brilliant Commemoration will host a series of programs, contributions to our early space program. This events, and educational initiatives that highlight divide between the history we are taught and these stories and launch conversations about our what we know about our nation’s trajectory does shared narrative. Black History and Women’s a disservice to current and future generations. History months are a great time to explore the As a Virginia state senator and chair of the history of Virginia and commit to bringing key Virginia General Assembly’s Dr. Martin Luther lessons to the forefront. Such exploration should King Jr. Memorial Commission, I have worked to occur year-round. We can work together to bring attention to these largely unknown and deconstruct ingrained and exclusionary powerful stories. That is why I am proud to interpretations of the past and shed light on the participate in Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, untold stories that will help us all set a course American Evolution. The commemoration for a more inclusive and productive future.

Steering Committee Report 319 RECOGNIZING VIRGINIA’S FOUNDING MOTHERS The Honorable Mary Margaret Whipple Virginia State Senator (1996 – 2012) Co-Chair of the Impact of Women Committee

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on March 1, 2018.

American history books teach about America’s to perform such “feminine” tasks—and their lack of founding fathers and how they built our great knowledge of how to do this essential work well. nation. But what about the achievements of But it wasn’t just English women who stabilized America’s founding mothers? March is Women’s the colony, it was also Virginia Native and African History Month — the perfect time for us to learn women. Most of us know the story of Pocahontas, about and recognize the journeys of our founding the Powhatan woman whose marriage to mothers. John Rolfe impacted relations between Native America’s founding mothers’ stories of bravery, Americans and the early English settlers. But strength, resistance and entrepreneurship can be there are also less known stories about Native traced all the way back to our nation’s founding in and African women who lived and worked in the Virginia during the early 1600s in the Jamestown Virginia colony: Women such as Cockacoeske, colony. Women such as Ann Burras Laydon, one queen of the Pamunkey, who during her reign of the first two English women to journey to the from 1656 to 1686 worked within the English New World, played a vital role in sustaining the system, trying to recapture the former power of settlement and remained in the background as past paramount chiefs and maintain peaceful unity they supported the men on the forefront of among the several tribes under her leadership. America’s beginnings. Today, active archaeology on Jamestown Island After experiencing years of great hardship is revealing details about some of these earliest in the colony after their 1607 arrival, Virginia African Americans, including Angela, who arrived Company officials recognized that the presence on the Treasurer in 1620 and was an enslaved of women would be crucial to developing a stable, servant in the household of Capt. William Peirce. productive and more permanent society. In It is clear that America’s birthplace, the November 1619, it became a reality when 147 Jamestown colony, would not have survived English women were recruited to join Jamestown’s without the strong and brave Native American, male settlers. African and English women who fostered stability English women were a stabilizing force for and facilitated Virginia’s transition from a colony the colony. Not only did their arrival help colonists to a permanent home. put down roots and form families, women also As the vice chairwoman of the Virginia ensured survival by doing domestic work— Women’s Monument Commission, I am proud brewing beer, making clothes, preparing food— to partner with Virginia’s 2019 commemoration, which the male colonists were loath to do. Many American Evolution, to share and promote the of Jamestown’s serious problems during the stories of our founding mothers. The 2019 early years were directly related to male refusal commemoration offers an important point for

320 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution exploring the collective journeys and achievements innovative spirit of the Virginia colony. of American women over the past 400 years and In December, I joined Virginia Gov. Terry creating a deeper understanding of the impact they McAuliffe, former first lady of Virginia Susan have made on America’s history. Allen (the chairwoman of the Virginia Capitol The 2019 commemoration, American Evolution, Foundation), representatives of the 2019 marks the 400th anniversary of key historical commemoration and other government officials events in Virginia in 1619 that continue to in Richmond’s Capitol Square to break ground on influence America today. Featured programs the Virginia women’s monument, Voices from the and legacy projects inspire local, national and Garden. The new monument will feature bronze international engagement in the themes of statues of 12 Virginia women whose work and democracy, diversity and opportunity. These achievements forever changed the trajectory of influential 1619 Virginia events include the first our nation. representative legislative assembly in the New Ann Burras Laydon of Jamestown is just one World, arrival of the first recorded Africans to of these featured women. I hope you will join me English North America, recruitment of English in supporting this monument and the events and women in significant numbers to the Virginia projects of 2019 commemoration. It’s about time colony, the first official English Thanksgiving in we give voice to our founding mothers. North America, and the entrepreneurial and

TEEN LED EFFORTS IN VIRGINIA TO IMPROVE CIVIL RIGHTS Cameron Patterson Managing Director of the Robert Russa Moton Museum

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on April 23, 2018.

With student activism recently in the news, violent touchstone moments: the 16th Street it’s fitting that this month we are commemorating Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham in the first Day in Virginia. 1963, the violence on the Edmund Pettus Bridge Today, we pause to remember the courageous during the 1965 march on Selma, or the 1968 16-year-old student activist and pioneer of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. civil rights movement, who in 1951 led her fellow Often overlooked are the early actions in places classmates in the historic student walkout at outside the deep South that helped galvanize Robert Russa Moton High School in Farmville. the struggle for civil rights. In 1951, when Johns If the name doesn’t ring any bells, you are not decided she could no longer tolerate separate alone. Until recently, Johns’ story of courage and and unequal, it was four years before Rosa Parks persistence was known to few people outside refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery Prince Edward County. bus, six years before the Little Rock Nine, and When people think about the civil rights 12 years before King delivered his famous “I movement, they often picture some of the more Have A Dream” speech.

Steering Committee Report 321 Increasingly, Johns’ story is being told. Board of Education were from Farmville. On April 23, 67 years ago, more than 400 At Moton Museum, housed in the former students walked out of Robert Russa Moton Moton High School, we tell this inspiring story to High School in protest of appalling conditions: more than 10,000 visitors each year. We are met massive overcrowding, perpetually leaking with two reactions: “How did I not know this story ceilings, shabby and broken equipment, and until now?” and “This is certainly relevant today.” a lack of basic facilities such as a cafeteria Johns’ story illustrates one of the key reasons we and gymnasium. The school and community keep studying history; new lessons emerge and leadership’s repeated funding requests for reveal themselves to us over time. essential equipment and infrastructure In 2008, the Virginia Civil Rights Memorial improvements had gone ignored for years on Richmond’s Capitol Grounds was unveiled. It while the all-white school a few blocks away features a quote and a statue of Johns and other was updated annually. leaders from Prince Edward County. Earlier this The protest had been conceived of, and year, Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, American prepared for, in secret, and plans were galvanized Evolution and the Virginia Tourism Corporation in March 1951 when a school bus accident left created a video memorializing Johns’ story and five students—including Johns’ best friend— the Virginia student civil rights movement. The dead. She wrote in her diary: “It was time that Virginia Civil Rights Memorial and the Moton Negroes were treated equally with whites, time Museum will also be featured in American that they had a decent school, time for the Evolution’s upcoming Virginia History Trails students themselves to do something about it. digital app. There wasn’t any fear. I just thought—this is Today, I hope Pilot readers will join me in your moment. Seize it!” honoring the heroic actions of Barbara Rose Johns A lawsuit that ensued, Davis v. County School and her classmates. Johns’ fight for equal access Board of Prince Edward County, was argued by to education changed a nation, and her story and famed NAACP Spotswood Robinson the activism of Prince Edward County students and Oliver Hill, and three years later became continue to inspire students today to add their part of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. voices to the chorus of history by standing up to Seventy-five percent of the plaintiffs in Brown v. injustice and racism where they find it.

322 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution REMEMBERING MAGGIE LENA WALKER, A ROLE MODEL FOR OUR DAUGHTERS Dr. Colita Nichols Fairfax Professor and Honors College Senior Faculty Fellow at Norfolk State University First Recorded Africans to English North America Committee

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on May 13, 2018.

As the country celebrates mothers today, I school strike by black students and joined the believe we should consider those women who Independent Order of St. Luke. IOSL identified mothered communities while nurturing their own and provided for the needs of black communities, families. The courageous women who are including social services and ensuring that the venerated in history are people who saw sick and elderly had enough food. themselves through the lens of their children, When her stepfather, William Mitchell, died, grandchildren and other younger generations, leaving her family, which included her younger who would live better lives because of their brother, Johnnie, with little money, Walker had contributions. to help her mother with laundry. Walker began Therefore, Mother’s Day is a great time to to think about economics and community recognize strong women who serve as positive development. role models for our daughters. Some of these In 1899, her hard work paid off, as she women have stories that aren’t often told, but ascended to the role of Right Worthy Grand they are an important part of American history. Secretary Treasurer of IOSL. Under her leadership, One of the most incredible stories is that of the order grew to more than 100,000 people in Maggie Lena Walker. more than 20 states. Hundreds of people were From the beginning, Walker was a force to employed in different businesses, from printing be reckoned with. She was born in 1864 in newspapers to St. Luke’s Emporium, a department Richmond, the daughter of an enslaved woman store. named Elizabeth Draper and a white Confederate Walker gained experience in running a soldier. She was raised in the home of business conglomerate. These endeavors helped Elizabeth Van Lew, who was an abolitionist lay the groundwork for the modern civil rights and philanthropist. It was here, while listening to movement. At the time, many businesses in her mother and Van Lew speak about freedom Richmond were not serving people of color. At St. and equality, where she began her journey as a Luke’s Emporium, the working-class members of civil rights advocate. the black community could buy what they needed In school, she learned that once a woman while being treated with dignity and respect. was married, the law required her to become a However, after six years in business, the city’s housewife. This did not sit well with 14-year-old white, male economic leaders succeeded in Maggie, so she began studying accounting at closing the emporium. night. In high school, she protested the inequality By 1905, Walker had established the St. Luke of graduation ceremonies by participating in a newspaper, where she served as editor, led a

Steering Committee Report 323 successful two-year boycott of Richmond’s street Evolution, Virginia’s 2019 commemoration. cars due to segregation and violence, and became Voices from the Garden is just one of American the first female bank president in the country Evolution’s numerous legacy projects, programs when she chartered the St. Luke Penny Savings and events aimed at inspiring local, national and Bank. While serving as president of the bank, international engagement in democracy, diversity she fostered self-sufficiency and economic and opportunity. The commemoration will share empowerment in the black community. many of the pivotal, yet untold, stories from Her visionary leadership and sound principles Virginia and American history. American helped the bank survive the Great Depression. Evolution commemorates the 400th anniversary The bank became Consolidated Bank & Trust, of key historical events that occurred in Virginia which became the nation’s longest-running in 1619 and continue to influence America today. black-owned bank. Walker has been a legend in my family for as Walker dedicated her life to uplifting her long as I can remember. My grandfather met her community, promoting unity and economic while working as a delivery boy in Richmond. My independence through her business practices, parents owned shares in Consolidated Bank & demonstrating to others that if they worked Trust, and my mother graduated from the historic hard, they could achieve great things. She was Maggie L. Walker High School. My siblings and a champion for oppressed black communities. I had savings accounts with Consolidated. Walker’s legacy lives on today in Richmond. As a new generation of women emerges, it There is a statue erected in her honor, and her is important to raise them to be as persistent as home is a historic site in the Jackson Ward so many notable women of the past, including neighborhood. Next year, she will be memorialized Walker, who paved the way for all women, in the Virginia Women’s Monument, Voices especially African American women. from the Garden, a legacy project of American

UNEARTHING AMERICAN EVOLUTION IN JAMESTOWN Kym A. Hall Superintendent of Colonial National Historical Park 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee David M. Givens Director of Archaeology at Jamestown Rediscovery

This column originally appeared in on June 20, 2018.

In “Raiders of the Lost Ark,” Dr. Jones Jamestowne we are fact finders unearthing a story famously said, “archeology is the search for fact, from 400 years ago, when the Virginia Colony was not truth.” Fact is something that cannot be establishing the foundation for today’s America. changed while truth depends on a person’s The Virginia Colony, specifically Jamestown, perspectives and experience. At Historic Virginia, has long been the place historians

324 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution identify as America’s birthplace. Jamestown property, our goal is to be able to define the was settled in 1607 and for hundreds of years physical and cultural landscape in which Angela has remained an important resource as lived and worked. She is one of the first enslaved archaeologists continue to explore and increase Africans in English America that historians and our understanding of the incredible events that archaeologists can identify with a name, location have occurred throughout that area. With every and backstory. dig on the island comes a new discovery, and a We now know that Angela was part of the new story from a time long ago. Pierce household for at least five years, and Through archaeological digs in Jamestown through continued excavation we will unearth (a joint project between Colonial National Historic more facts around her life to add to the emerging Park and Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation), narrative of diversity at Jamestown. The we have uncovered many incredible facts about archaeology at the Angela site allows us not only our past such as John Martin’s 17th-century to explore the context of African enslavement in Ottoman Empire pipe, identifying him as likely the English North America, but it allows the public first Persian American (arriving in 1618); and the to engage in a discussion of how diverse our discovery of numerous foundations built on top nation’s beginnings really were, and how it of the original Memorial Church on the island, evolved over the past four centuries. where the first Representative Legislative Archaeology and the facts it uncovers isn’t Assembly in the New World convened in 1619. just for history lovers; it is a story that reveals However, one of the most interesting who we are and how we arrived as a society in excavations on Jamestown Island is the today’s America. American Evolution embraces exploration of Capt. William Pierce’s home site. this and is making 400 years of Virginia and U.S. Capt. Pierce was a prominent planter and mer- history easy for all to experience. chant in Jamestown, and records from the 1625 The Commemoration recently launched the census indicate that one of the first enslaved Virginia History Trails mobile application, which Africans to arrive in Virginia in 1619, Angela, provides residents and visitors easy access to was listed as living with his family. Uncovering Virginia history. The app includes 20 themed trails Angela’s story is an integral part to learning more and 400 detailed site descriptions that explain about a piece of our history that has remained what happened, who was involved and why each untold — what happened when Africans first site is important to Virginia and American history. arrived in English North America and what was Sites like are prominently their existence like? featured, making travel, exploration and education This is a key pillar in Virginia’s 2019 easier than ever before. Commemoration, American Evolution, which Not only is the Virginia History Trails app now marks the 400th anniversary of a series of pivotal available for travelers, but the excavation sites historical events that occurred in 1619 that at Historic Jamestowne have reopened to the continue to influence American democracy, public after a winter hiatus. We encourage visitors diversity and opportunity. One of the main focal to come find their inner Indiana Jones by points is the August 1619 arrival of more than exploring, asking questions and engaging in 20 enslaved Africans to Virginia on the ships dialogue around the unique facts and stories that the White Lion and the Treasurer. have been waiting to be unearthed for 400 years. By excavating parts of Capt. Pierce’s original

Steering Committee Report 325 REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA BEGAN THIS WEEK – 399 YEARS AGO Frank B. Atkinson 2019 Commemoration Executive Committee 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee

This column originally appeared in on August 7, 2018.

If you were at Jamestown—the tiny English away from the heat. Governor Yeardley and others settlement on the banks of the James River in also fell sick but survived. Virginia—399 years ago this week, you probably Representative government is frustrating today, would have been aware that something unusual but at least the survival rate has improved. was happening. Next year will mark the 400th anniversary Over in the rough-hewn, thatch-roofed church of this hugely important, if rudimentary and building, 22 duly elected settlers, six councilors, tragedy-laced, beginning. It will present an and their newly arrived governor, all white males, opportunity to reflect on how far representative were braving the intense summer heat to attend democracy has come and how far it still has to go. the first meeting of the “general Assemblie.” In addition to ceremonial events, the 2019 A new English charter a year earlier had “American Evolution” Commemoration will feature authorized formation of this first representative highly substantive dialogues on the challenges assembly in the dozen-year-old colony, and the confronting representative democracies today. new governor, Sir George Yeardley, had seen to The first will take place in May 2019. the charter’s implementation. The University of Virginia and surrounding It was the beginning of representative presidential homes will be the site of the Global democracy in America, the forerunner of Pathfinder Summit, a program that will embed our Congress, state legislatures, and other 200 students and young adults—half from the representative bodies. Planted in Virginia a United States and half from other countries— year before the Mayflower arrived from England, in a week-long series of reflections and discussions representative government would take root firmly, on civic engagement. How to motivate blossom in 13 largely self-governing colonies, and and mobilize a new generation to take part in after independence grow into the great tree of the “hard work of democracy” will be the focus. American liberty, inspiring similar plantings in A major digital component will link the much of the world. dialogue to democratic activists around the world It hardly seemed like a monumental event at and yield an expanded international network of the time. connected and mutually supportive young leaders The burgesses met for less than a week, dealt committed to effective self-government. with practical concerns like setting a tobacco price A related University of Virginia program, the floor, relations with the Indians, and some criminal Presidential Ideas Festival, will engage these cases, and then departed one man down. Mr. young “pathfinders” in examination of the elected Shelley of Smyths Hundred grew ill and passed executive’s role in democratic systems.

326 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Then, in late July 2019, the College of William gatherings are part of a year-long “American and Mary will host the International Forum on Evolution” program that will highlight the 400th the Future of Representative Democracy in anniversary of multiple events that have shaped Williamsburg, Virginia. modern America. Congressional leaders, prominent officials That first legislative assembly was only one of from state and municipal legislative bodies in the the landmark events that date to the extraordinary United States, and a diverse array of international year, 1619, in Virginia. Others include the arrival legislative leaders are among those expected of the first recorded Africans in North America, the to attend. first recruitment of female settlers in significant Coinciding with ceremonies at nearby numbers, the first official English Thanksgiving, Jamestown marking that first assembly’s 400th and the start of entrepreneurial ventures in the anniversary, the Forum will bring together colony. these accomplished democratic leaders and Honest history usually is hard history, but it practitioners with advocates, scholars, and is how we learn, adapt, overcome, and improve. commentators for a wide-ranging exploration While some of the beginnings traceable to of major challenges facing representative 1619 were laudable from the start, others are systems in the 21st century. lamentable for the rank injustice, hardship, and Virginia, ground zero for the start of suffering they occasioned. Together, they set in representative government and America’s motion four centuries of struggle, striving, and founding, will again be the locus of vital contributions that have shaped what America discussions about the capacity of free women is today and is still becoming—a country defined and men to engage productively as members of a by its distinctive democracy, diversity, and diverse yet unified self-governing community. opportunity. The May and July democracy-focused

SHARING AMERICA’S POWERFUL STORIES The Honorable Justin E. Fairfax Lieutenant Governor of Virginia

This column originally appeared in The Washington Times on October 3, 2018.

In January 2017, as I was sworn in as Virginia’s slavery in 1798. 41st lieutenant governor, I had a piece of history in It has been nearly 25 years since L. Douglas my coat pocket. Wilder served as the governor of Virginia, making To some, it may have simply looked like a scrap me only the second African-American in the piece of paper, but that could not be farther from commonwealth’s history to hold a statewide the truth. Because on that day, I held a photocopy office. As I walk around the Capitol grounds in of the manumission document that freed my Richmond today, I look at the numerous statues, great-great-great grandfather, Simon Fairfax, from each one of which has an important story, and I

Steering Committee Report 327 find myself wondering how many more incredible have the power to inspire and educate, but can stories have yet to be heard. challenge established thinking. One in particular that comes to mind is the Along those lines, many people may not be history of the first Africans who were forcibly familiar with the unique role that Virginia played brought to English North America in 1619, in the creation of the United States. But learning marking the beginning of American slavery. about the crucial moments when African, Native In August 1619, “20 and odd” enslaved American and English culture collided in Virginia, Africans arrived in bondage from what historians which are largely untold, will help understand the believe is present-day Angola, more specifically, trajectory of our country. the kingdom of Ndonga. They were brought to As announced, over the next 15 months the Point Comfort, which is present-day Hampton, 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Virginia, aboard the English ship the White Lion will commemorate these pivotal events, and traded to Gov. George Yeardley for provisions. which include the arrival of the first recorded Soon thereafter, a second ship, the Treasurer, Africans to English North America, the First arrived with almost 30 more Africans. Even Representative Legislative Assembly in the though slavery was not instituted in the laws of new world, the recruitment of English women Virginia, and major legal distinctions between in significant numbers to Virginia, the first black and white servants did not begin until official English Thanksgiving in North America 1661, these Africans were treated as such. and the entrepreneurial and innovative spirit of It is stories such as these, however egregious the Virginia colony. they may be, that can’t be ignored and need to be The history of the first Africans is a reminder shared. This is necessary in order to correct what that over the past 400 years, African-Americans we understand about history and create a more have endured unimaginable hardship and shown inclusive and authentic story. There might not fortitude and perseverance. I invite you to join me ever be a time when every story will be told, but in sharing this story as well as your story, all of today the Commonwealth of Virginia is striving which are important pieces of our country’s true to get there. history. The 2019 Commemoration, American I often wonder if Simon Fairfax would have Evolution recently launched American Evolution ever been able to imagine a day when his Stories, which is a digital storytelling site that great-great-great grandson would become the encourages people to explore the 400-year arc lieutenant governor of Virginia. The answer is of Virginia’s history, from 1619 to today. This likely not. But I am proud to be part of the site was created to inspire people to share their movement to shed light on the authentic history own stories and family history, which fosters of our nation, so that one day, my great-great- conversations that tell a genuine narrative of great grandson will understand just how far history. When stories are shared, they not only we’ve come.

328 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution BACK TO SCHOOL: VIRGINIA STUDENTS COMMEMORATE 1619 EVENTS The Honorable Atif M. Qarni Virginia Secretary of Education

This column originally appeared in the Richmond Times-Dispatch on October 3, 2018.

The 2018-2019 school year is officially in full entrepreneurial and innovative spirit of the new swing, and it’s an important one for Virginia “Virginians.” students, as they will be commemorating the During my time as a civics teacher, I taught 400th anniversary of many pivotal firsts in my students the history of American democracy, Virginia and American history. including the convening of the first elected Sept. 17 - Constitution Day - held great legislative assembly in Jamestown. This assembly personal significance for me, an immigrant and was the foundation of the current representative former U.S. history and civics teacher. On Sept. system of government in the United States of 17, 1787, our country officially adopted the America, and it continues today as Virginia’s United States Constitution, and on that day we General Assembly. recognize those who have become U.S. citizens. On Sept. 17, American Evolution launched I immigrated to the U.S. from Pakistan with my 2019 Commemoration Schools, a program that family at age 10, and I was proud to then become will engage Virginia students, educators, and a naturalized citizen and eventually a Virginia staff with the themes of democracy, diversity, resident. and opportunity. Teachers and students across Virginia is home to a diverse population, the commonwealth will have resources at their and to an intriguing and often complicated fingertips and a variety of ways to participate history. It’s imperative that we educators work in the program. together to increase our students’ awareness The American Evolution “Guardians of and understanding of the historical events that Jamestown 1619” video series, targeted to brought us to where we are as a country today. fourth- and fifth-graders, uses time travel and This is why I’m proud to be a part of Virginia’s archaeology to teach students about the 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution, seminal events of 1619 Virginia. The series is an during which we are remembering the formative excellent introduction to early Virginia history. events that occurred in 1619 Virginia, and that In August, American Evolution launched indelibly influenced and continue to shape “Our American Story” a digital contest for today’s America. eighth- through 12th-graders that challenges These 1619 events include the first students to share their unique perspectives on representative legislative assembly in the the meanings of democracy, diversity, and New World, the arrival of the first recorded opportunity. The contest is designed to foster Africans to English North America, the discussion among our country’s next generation recruitment of English women in significant of leaders, and will be taking entries from now numbers to the Virginia Colony, the first official until Nov. 30. All of Virginia’s middle school- and English Thanksgiving in North America, and the high school-age students are encouraged to

Steering Committee Report 329 participate in this thought-provoking exercise. American Evolution is providing students with There are also many higher-education the tools to learn about and establish a modern institutions hosting commemoration-themed connection to these pivotal events of 1619. The lectures and events. The American Evolution programs and educational resources offer a bridge Innovators Cup at the Tom Tom Founders Festival for educators, students, and their parents to on April 12-13, 2019, offers a great opportunity discuss what paths we as a nation want to for Virginia’s university and college students to embark upon in the coming years. compete in an innovation tournament that will As Virginia and the United States continue task teams to identify some of the most difficult to evolve, we must critically examine our past challenges that America has faced since 1619, challenges, inequities, and successes as citizens and then to provide and expand on promising of this country, to gain a clearer vision of a future, solutions. A stimulating competition! more inclusive American society. As a Virginia educator, I’m pleased that

EXPLORING VIRGINIA’S HISTORY Dr. Timothy D. Sands President of Virginia Tech

This column originally appeared in on November 3, 2018.

Hokie Nation will host its annual homecoming Commemoration, American Evolution campaign, weekend soon. One of the best parts of my job is which commemorates the 400th anniversary of greeting alumni and their families as they return significant events that occurred in Virginia in to Blacksburg to reconnect with their alma 1619 and indelibly shaped the creation of Virginia mater, enjoy time together, and meet our current and the United States. students. I am incredibly thankful for their In addition to the first Thanksgiving, these tremendous connection, support, and loyalty formative 1619 Virginia events include the first to this great university community. representative democracy in the English New This year, homecoming has a unique World, the recruitment of women to the Virginia Thanksgiving connection. The weekend also Company, and the entrepreneurial and innovative marks the Virginia Thanksgiving Festival, which spirit of the first colonists. recognizes Virginia as the site of the first official Over the next 14 months, American Evolution English Thanksgiving ceremony in North will host a series of internationally-significant America. Yes, the first Thanksgiving occurred educational initiatives, events, and exhibitions in Virginia, a year before the Pilgrims arrived at designed to explore and elevate the 1619 events Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts. It’s another that set Virginia and America on a course towards great reason to cheer for the Hokies as they take the ideals of democracy, diversity and opportunity. on Boston College in the homecoming game. This will include a presentation by the Dance Virginia Tech is partnering with Virginia’s 2019 Theatre of Harlem at the Moss Arts Center next

330 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution year, performing a new ballet that reflects on the American Evolution campaign at arrival of the first women and Africans in Virginia. americanevolution2019.com, where you will As we engage in our own fresh reflection of find resources and information on ways to Virginia Tech’s history and its connection to the participate in and support the initiative. history of the commonwealth and the nation, I And as the Thanksgiving holiday approaches, appreciate American Evolution’s leadership in I invite all Virginians to join Hokie Nation in undertaking this Commemoration with a focus on living the spirit of our motto, Ut Prosim (That I revealing an authentic and inclusive narrative that May Serve), connecting with family, friends and explores the untold, or under-told stories, from neighbors and finding ways to personally make Virginia history. a difference in your communities. I encourage you to learn more about the

REFRAMING NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE AND EXPERIENCE THROUGH FILM Assistant Chief Bradby Brown Director of the Pocahontas Reframed “Storytellers” Film Festival Member of the Pamunkey Indian Tribe

This column originally appeared in the Richmond Times-Dispatch on November 15, 2018.

Virginia is home to 11 Indigenous tribes Festival aims to foster a greater awareness of, that strive to maintain and share their cultures. and exposure to, indigenous languages, cultures, Representation for Virginia Indian tribes matters and societies, through films that share Native because it impacts our understanding of history American perspectives. This unique festival and how we educate our children, and it shapes connects artists associated with each film with our path forward as a democracy. festival attendees, in order to share, teach, and American storytelling and filmmaking have explain their creativity and history. It shares suffered from a dearth of representation of previously untold Native American narratives important groups that influenced American and insights and directly counters mainstream democracy, notably Native Americans. filmmakers’ use of demeaning stereotypes “which Native culture is rich, steeped in history and lack nuance, accuracy, and complexity” when multifaceted, yet mainstream films seldom incorporating Native characters or storylines. capture this nuance. This week, the second It is fitting that this important East Coast annual Pocahontas Reframed “Storytellers” American Indian film festival is held in Virginia. Film Festival in Richmond will honor the Long before English settlers first arrived to contributions of Native Americans and will establish the Jamestown settlement, Native reinvigorate conversations about telling Americans inhabited the land that would become stories of indigenous life. the birthplace of our nation. Upon the settlers’ The Pocahontas Reframed “Storytellers” Film arrival, Native Americans shared their mastery

Steering Committee Report 331 of the land with them and ultimately ensured the which marks the 400th anniversary of key events Colony’s survival. that took place in 1619 Virginia, is supporting the One of the films being screened at this year’s festival and is raising awareness about Native festival tells the story of Werowocomoco, a American history in the commonwealth. Powhatan Indian town established hundreds of The festival addresses and applies a modern years before the English settled in Jamestown, lens to themes that Americans continue to wrestle and one of the most important American Indian with, many of which began with the collision of sites in North America. The town was home to Virginia Indian, African, and English cultures Wahunsenacawh, father of Pocahontas. Translated in 1619 and have had an enduring impact on from the Virginia Algonquian language, it means America. These three cultures forged what would “place of leadership.” “Werowocomoco” produced eventually become the United States. Diversity by Worthy Portrait LLC for the National Park has always been an integral part of the American Service and the Chesapeake Conservancy, story and representation of these three groups provides an in-depth, authentic look at the history and their contributions to stories we share has an of the Powhatan town. Films like these bolster impact on how our communities perceive, reflect our commitment as a festival to telling a more on, and share our collective history. complete story that shapes a historically accurate Through the Pocahontas Reframed Festival, narrative of Native American life in America. we hope to raise visibility around the need for This dedication to the retelling of untold, more diversity in film, as well as elevate the or under-told, stories from Virginia’s and perspectives of Native Americans in the film America’s history is also embedded in the events industry. Join us at the festival on Nov. 15-18 at and initiatives of Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, the historic Byrd Theatre in Richmond. Please American Evolution. The 2019 Commemoration, visit www.pocahontasreframed.com for tickets.

400 YEARS OF PROTECTING AND SERVING THE COMMONWEALTH Colonel Anthony S. Pike Chief of the Virginia Division of Capitol Police

This column originally appeared in the Daily Press on December 25, 2018.

Last month, on Nov. 18, Gov. Ralph Northam prominent English colonists. Over the last 400 joined hundreds of Virginia police officers to years our ranks and scope have expanded and celebrate the 400th anniversary of the Virginia since then, the department has expanded to Capitol Police. include dozens of the finest men and women in The Capitol Police Force is the oldest operating uniform, as well as K-9 officers. law enforcement body in the country. In fact, our Originally called the Public Guard, the first organization began where our nation began in Virginia Capitol Police consisted of a military unit Jamestown as a force dedicated to protecting of ten men. Following the Virginia Company of colonial Gov. George Yeardley and other London’s signing of the “Great Charter” on Nov.

332 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution 18, 1618, these men assumed a more formal role. process, until 1780, when the capital of Virginia The need for laws, and their enforcement, was was relocated to a safer location, its current home real at that time in the Virginia colony because in Richmond. Jamestown’s population exploded from 400 Our 400-year history is currently the subject of people to 4,500 between 1618 and 1622. The an exhibit at the Virginia Capitol Annex. Curated Great Charter also detailed instructions on a by the Library of Virginia, the Virginia Capitol variety of issues ranging from land ownership to Police exhibit is scheduled to remain in place until government in the colony, and it set the stage January 2019, and features contributions from for the selection of two settlers from each of the many individuals, including Dorothy P. Seawell, colony’s 11 major settlements to attend the first widow of William A. Seawell, who served as the “General Assembly” in 1619. division’s chief from 1961-1970. Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, American The exhibit showcases custom uniforms from Evolution will be commemorating the 400th the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, as well as anniversary of the first representative legislative three authentic uniforms from the 19th and 20th assembly in the New World. Virginia’s first centuries, two of which were the actual uniforms General Assembly, led by Governor Yeardley, of Captain Seawell. met in Jamestown on July 30, 1619. This earliest The Virginia Capitol Police has also partnered expression of America’s democratic ideals was with the Virginia Capitol Foundation and Capitol the formative event in establishing the United Square Preservation Council to create a holiday States’ current system of representative ornament that represents our 400th anniversary. government. As the Chief of the Commonwealth of Virginia, The Virginia Capitol Police’s long history Division of Capitol Police, I’m proud to partner is deeply intertwined with Virginia’s General with organizations like the 2019 Commemoration, Assembly. When Virginia’s capital was moved American Evolution, the Library of Virginia and to Williamsburg in 1699 the Guard remained an others to share our rich history as the first important part of the executive and legislative organized policing agency in the nation.

INNOVATORS CUP SHOWCASES VIRGINIA ENTERPRISE Eric K. Martin Director of the Galant Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the University of Virginia’s McIntire School of Commerce

This column originally appeared in on April 9, 2019.

Virginia is the original startup. passed laws in 1619 allowing colonists to From its inception in 1607, the Virginia colony, experiment with wine, cloth, silk production, a private joint-stock trading company, was the tobacco and other industries. earliest expression of entrepreneurialism. To Today, the commonwealth of Virginia remains diversify its economy, the Virginia Company one of the nation’s strongest sources of economic

Steering Committee Report 333 innovation and entrepreneurial spirit. Virginia entrants who are currently in high school made tenaciously planned for and welcomed the recent the semifinals and will be in Charlottesville announcement that Amazon will be building its competing head-to-head with college teams. new campus in Northern Virginia, creating 25,000 The Commonwealth Challenge invites new jobs for residents by 2030. Virginia’s most innovative students to submit an Virginia continues to lead the advancement of entry based on an existing startup or to identify entrepreneurship in sectors such as technology. an example of intellectual property created at In fact, Amazon plans to invest $25 million in the a Virginia college or university and develop a K-12 STEM and computer science experience concept for its commercialization. Our goal with for students and teachers statewide. Amazon is this challenge is two-fold - to provide a more even clearly making an investment in Virginia’s future playing field to teams from our larger institutions business leaders. and smaller schools while highlighting the As the director of the Galant Center for invention coming from research at the Innovation and Entrepreneurship at University of commonwealth’s institutions of higher education. Virginia’s McIntire School of Commerce, my goal This year’s competition drew a record number is to encourage, educate, and empower students of entrants to the American Evolution Innovators (both past and present) to take on crucial roles Cup. Schools represented by these teams include in the new venture community. We develop and historically black colleges and universities, large support courses focusing on entrepreneurship, research institutions, private schools, community innovation, and strategy in an effort to catalyze colleges, and two high schools. entrepreneurial activity not only within McIntire, This competition is designed to ignite the but also across and beyond the Grounds of the innovative mindset, curiosity, and confidence University of Virginia. among our very bright Virginia students, showing This is why I partnered with Virginia’s 2019 them the pathway to economic prosperity and commemoration, American Evolution, to host recognizing that they are an engine that can the annual student competition “the American solve the world’s toughest problems. As an Evolution Innovators Cup at the Tom Tom educator, I have learned that high engagement Summit & Festival.” with this sort of innovative experience while in This year’s American Evolution Innovators school informs careers and builds life-long Cup will take place on April 11-12, and will entrepreneurial mindsets. challenge the brightest minds from Virginia’s There are so many reasons why Virginia is a colleges, universities and high schools to develop terrific location for business growth, including the innovative solutions to issues facing both commonwealth’s status as the top-ranked state Virginia and the nation. The competition will for higher education - something Amazon took engage teams in two unique challenges - one note of when it decided to invest in Virginia’s focused on social impact, the other on students. Competitions like American Evolution’s commercialization of invention and research. Innovators Cup inspire students from throughout The Social Impact Challenge, also known as the state to see beyond the classroom and address High School 2.0, or Reinventing High School for problems and opportunities impacting large the Future of Work, seeks to engage a new source groups of people across the world. Inter-school of insight and solutions to educational challenges rivalry; the camaraderie of working with similarly facing grades 9-12 education. This year two inclined students from other institutions; prize

334 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution money, and, most importantly, the opportunity to is tasking 41 student teams, representing 17 make a difference fuel teams from every corner of commonwealth colleges and universities and two Virginia to participate. high schools, to develop solutions to social issues Amazon’s decision to build a new campus in and commercial opportunities facing both Virginia Virginia is a timely one, as this year also marks and the nation. The competition helps lay the the 400th anniversary of the establishment of the foundation to continue this innovative success Virginia colony’s entrepreneurial and innovative in future generations. spirit. I encourage all Virginians to come out and The early Virginians quickly learned that support the future entrepreneurs of America by without the success of private entrepreneurs or attending the American Evolution Innovators Cup enterprise, the economy likely would not thrive. competition at the Tom Tom Summit & Festival. This year’s American Evolution Innovators Cup

EXPLORE VIRGINIA HISTORY THIS SUMMER Rita D. McClenny President and CEO of the Virginia Tourism Corporation

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on June 7, 2019.

Our country began in Virginia, so it’s no where travelers can eat, relax and play. surprise that the commonwealth has more than Virginia is truly for history lovers, but with so its share of historic attractions. Every year Virginia many options, how do you find the stories that welcomes 45 million visitors who come to see the interest you? You hit the trails — the Virginia birthplace of eight U.S. presidents and hundreds History Trails. The American Evolution Virginia of museums, historic sites, exhibits, monuments History Trails app puts 400 years of Virginia and legendary personas. history in the hands of travelers, families, Here in Virginia, our rich history is one of residents and history lovers. our greatest assets. This year, Virginia’s 2019 The app contains 20 themed trails and over Commemoration, American Evolution, will host 400 detailed site descriptions that illuminate what events and programs commemorating the 400th happened, who was involved and why each story anniversary of several pivotal historical events is important to Virginia and American history. that took place in the commonwealth in 1619. Users can immerse themselves in a themed trail These upcoming events will offer local residents such as civil rights, exploration, innovation, and out-of-state visitors countless ways to explore Virginia Indians or women to journey their and enjoy Virginia. We know that many visitors way across the commonwealth. Or they can come to Virginia to see our historical sites and employ the app’s GPS feature to find nearby learn more about our history, and in partnership historical sites and immediately transform their with 2019 Commemoration, we are showcasing all surroundings into a living history experience. In of the wonderful places within the commonwealth addition, visitors can check-in at sites to earn

Steering Committee Report 335 badges and share updates using the hashtag commemoration, American Evolution’s statewide #VAHistoryTrails. initiative digitally extends Virginia Tourism In addition to historical content and sharing Corporation’s Virginia is For History Lovers brand the untold stories of Virginia and America’s and brings together partners from historical sites history, the app also delivers timely information across the commonwealth as we work to elevate and announcements about the 2019 Virginia’s unique and robust history to the Commemoration. national and international conversation. Visitors can plan for and stay abreast of This summer, from June 15 through July 20, American Evolution events and programs that featured Virginia historical sites will compete for highlight pivotal 1619 Virginia events that set the highest number of check-ins from app users. Virginia and America on a course toward the I encourage you, your families, and your friends ideals of democracy, diversity and opportunity. to join me in hitting the Virginia History Trails These 1619 events include the first representative this summer to visit your favorite historical sites legislative assembly in the New World, the arrival in Virginia and take part in American Evolution’s of the first Africans to English North America, exciting programming. the recruitment of English women in significant Virginia is within a day’s drive for 45 percent numbers to the Virginia colony, the first official of the U.S. population, so whether you are taking English Thanksgiving in North America and the a day trip or planning a longer visit to Virginia’s development of the colony’s entrepreneurial Historic Triangle, Virginia Beach or Virginia’s spirit, which embodies American business vineyards, there is much to do and see and of culture today. course, lots to love as you explore Virginia’s A legacy project of the 2019 Commemoration, incredible history. the Virginia History Trails mobile app was For more information about the Virginia curated by the Library of Virginia and History Trails please visit the American Virginia Humanities. As Virginia’s first digital Evolution 2019 website.

WHERE AMERICA’S GUIDING PRINCIPLES TOOK ROOT The Honorable George Allen Governor of Virginia (1994 - 1998) United States Senator from Virginia (2001 - 2007) First Representative Legislative Assembly Committee

This column originally appeared in The Washington Times on June 16, 2019.

As Americans we are blessed to live in a a democratic republic would protect our rights, country that is an aspirational meritocracy where deriving its just powers from the consent of the every person has an equal opportunity in life. people. Many Americans are unaware that Our forefathers fought hard to establish the basis American democracy was born 400 years ago in of a free and just society based on the ideal that Virginia, a full year before the “pilgrims” arrived at

336 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution Plymouth Rock. This year, the Commonwealth of wrestled with as a country in the succeeding Virginia is working to present accurate history — 400 years). sharing its authentic, inclusive history. This first official meeting ignited our nation’s Our complex history as Americans cannot be democratic principles and was the formative fully understood without examining several pivotal event in establishing the United States’ current events in the course of human events — including system of representative government. American the first representative assembly, the arrival of the democracy continued to evolve after this first recorded Africans to English North America four-day meeting in Jamestown — first with and the recruitment of English women in the our inspirational Declaration of Independence New World. These events, which occurred in in July 1776, the ratification of the U.S. 1619 Virginia, have indelibly shaped and still Constitution and crucial Bill of Rights, and then have a profound effect on our nation today. with the 13th, 14th, 15th and 19th Amendments Throughout 2019, the Commonwealth of and the Civil Rights Act expanding and ensuring Virginia is commemorating its long history of enfranchisement to all citizens. Compared to the representative government and highlighting Old World, our nation is still relatively young, important events that occurred in the Virginia yet our democratic governance has enabled the colony 400 years ago, which led us on a long United States to become a vibrant leader in and difficult path to become a more perfect business, innovative technologies, science, free republic. communications and art. Importantly, our system In April 1619, 400 years ago, Colonial Governor of government and free enterprise continue to George Yeardley arrived in Jamestown and advance and enact new laws adapting to current announced that the Virginia Company of London challenges facing American citizens in a more had abolished martial law and, in its place, a interconnected world. legislative assembly would be established to Those earliest expressions of democracy govern the young Virginia colony. From July 30 in Jamestown established important guiding to Aug. 4, 1619, Yeardley presided over the first principles in our nation: The Jeffersonian meeting of this legislative assembly; convening freedom of religion (rights not enhanced nor a group of 22 male representatives from 11 diminished due to religion, nor establishment Virginia boroughs at the newly built wooden of a government-preferred religion); freedom church in Jamestown. This meeting in Virginia of expression (without fear of retribution) for set America on the course toward the ideals of all men and women in a self-governing a free and just society. representative democracy; private ownership The first Legislative Assembly focused on the of property as the basis of the free enterprise important issues of the time — how to sustain the system (rather than monarchy, church or 12-year-old colony, commercial and economic government authority); and the rule of law arrangements, matters of religion, and how to where our natural rights are protected and manage relations with the Powhatan Indians. there is fair adjudication of disputes. Today, The Legislative Assembly launched a new we are a society governed by meritocracy, society based on the rule of law and consent of where every person — regardless of their race, the governed, which became the model for other religion, ethnicity or gender — has an equal English colonies. (Many of the issues the general opportunity to enjoy life, liberty and pursuit of assembly addressed in 1619 are issues we have their interests on a level playing field. Also,

Steering Committee Report 337 as a nation we continue to work toward the Representative Democracy, assembling aspirational foundational principles of the free representatives from democracies around the and just society that our Constitution established world, including the British Parliament, members in 1788. of Congress and representatives from state It’s fitting that we commemorate the 400th legislatures nationwide. These events will engage anniversary of the first representative legislative national and world leaders to discuss the historic assembly in Jamestown, the actual site of impact of representative democracy on our nation the first, and longest continually meeting, and on the world. representative democratic institution in North Responsible citizens will enjoy learning about America. On July 30, I will join Virginia’s 2019 our government’s birthplace and the 400-year arc Commemoration, American Evolution, members of American democracy. I invite and encourage of the Virginia General Assembly, members of all Americans to visit Virginia this summer to the U.S. Congress and other dignitaries in learn about and commemorate the history of the Jamestown for the 400th Anniversary of the Commonwealth’s important role in shaping First Representative Legislative Assembly and our democracy. Join me walking through the 400th Commemorative Session of the Virginia Memorial Church in Jamestown, where the General Assembly. ideals of a free and just society were first born, Additionally, from July 30 to Aug. 1, the 2019 creating what we appreciate today as our Commemoration and William & Mary will host ever-improving United States of America. American Evolution Forum on the Future of

FORT MONROE CONTINUES EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH Terry E. Brown Superintendent of Fort Monroe National Monument 2019 Commemoration Steering Committee First Recorded Africans to English North America Committee

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on September 15, 2019.

Knowing the history of a nation, a people, or a my current role as the superintendent of Fort culture is crucial to understanding the past and Monroe National Monument in Hampton has also the present. This knowledge provides a allowed me to inform the public about a history deeper appreciation for the struggles, the that has never been given a proper voice — the cross-cultural influences, and the journey that 1619 first African landing in English North those who came before us endured and how America and the indelible impact that this they influenced our current state. pivotal event had not only in Hampton, but As a 28-year veteran of the National Park on today’s United States. Service, I have spent decades sharing important On Aug. 24, Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, and authentic stories of the sites I serve. However, American Evolution, along with Fort Monroe

338 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution National Monument, the city of Hampton, Fort across all program areas including science, Monroe Authority and thousands of visitors interpretation, natural resources, law enforcement, commemorated the 400th anniversary of the cultural resources and administration. Together landing of the first enslaved Africans who were with partner organizations, we have developed forcibly removed from their homeland and the Fort Monroe Visitor and Education Center, brought to the shores at Old Point Comfort which opens to the public next year, to enable where they were traded for food and supplies. visitors to connect with important touchpoints The history surrounding Old Point Comfort in our history. has many layers of complicated and multi-racial I was deeply honored to help lead the themes. This site was inhabited by the American programming of the 2019 Commemoration of Indians well before the arrival of the English in the First African Landing weekend under the 1607. When Africans arrived in 1619, they leadership of Secretary of the Interior David established a fundamental presence that Bernhardt and alongside partners that include changed the course of history of this nation. Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, the city Soon enough, slavery laws were developed of Hampton and Fort Monroe Authority. It and for hundreds of years, chattel slavery plagued recognized the 1619 African Arrival with the nation. It was enslaved people who ultimately commemorative ceremonies, musical and constructed Fort Monroe beginning in 1819 as dance performances, living history, storytelling part of a coastal defense strategy developed by and much more. the U.S. Army following the . The weekend closed with the Day of Healing The fort remained a Union stronghold during and Gospel Music Festival at Continental Park. the Civil War, and ultimately became the place In addition to the thousands of members of the where hundreds of enslaved men, women and public who traveled to Hampton to take part in children sought refuge as contraband of war. the weekend, organizations, institutions and local Over the last 400 years, Fort Monroe has communities from across the country joined witnessed great cruelty and oppression and it Fort Monroe National Monument in a four-minute also become a lynchpin in unraveling slavery national bell ringing ceremony that day to honor in the United States and a beacon of hope for these first enslaved Africans. enslaved people seeking freedom. This is just the beginning, though. Fort In 2011, President Barack Obama designated Monroe National Monument is working hard Fort Monroe a national monument, preserving it on an ongoing basis to ensure that all Americans and all of its significance for future generations can embrace, engage and learn about the First and on Jan. 8, 2018, President Donald Trump African Landing. We are passionate about offering signed into law the 400 Years African American African Americans a way to connect with their History Commission to commemorate the 400 history beyond the 400th anniversary and are years of the arrival of the first Africans to America committed to making sure that everyone feels and contributions of African Americans to the welcomed and unified in understanding the United States. past so we can better understand our present Today, I am pleased to have helped lead Fort and our future. Monroe National Monument to a place where innovation is flourishing with educational programs and youth initiatives that reach

Steering Committee Report 339 AN HONEST, INCLUSIVE TELLING OF OUR FOUNDING CULTURES PORTRAYS WHO WE REALLY ARE AS AMERICANS Dr. Rex M. Ellis Associate Director for Curatorial Affairs Emeritus National Museum of African American History and Culture

This column was originally published in the Richmond-Times Dispatch on October 1, 2019.

For centuries, our nation’s history has been beginnings of slavery - relegating it to a dark told through literature, culture and schoolbooks. and unknown period regarding their existence One form is not better than the other. But I am during the early years of our nation’s history. of the belief that there is profound power in the But slavery, in large part, is about people and spoken word. the humanity that was taken from them. Some argue, and I concur, that the sharing of As a historian and educator at Colonial oral histories conveys a clearer and more inclusive Williamsburg, I wanted to tell the story of slavery picture of the human condition. with humanity and through a variety of voices. This is true when we examine the beginning I created a series of re-enactments that allowed of slavery in the American Colonies. visitors to understand what it meant to be It was exactly 400 years ago in August that enslaved with a combination of primary the first Africans arrived at Point Comfort, or documentation and assumptions based on present-day Fort Monroe, in Hampton. In 1619, the most current information available. some “20 and odd” enslaved Africans were Later, at the Smithsonian’s National Museum taken from Angola in West Central Africa. of African American History and Culture, I had the Slavery placed these Africans in shackles and opportunity to help re-examine the representation denied them the opportunity of learning to read of people of color as the head of the museum’s and write. curatorial, educational and outreach departments. So enslaved Africans memorialized their As many scholars and literary writers believe, experiences through the telling of stories and a major piece of our historical knowledge requires other forms of oral expression. an understanding of the cultural expressions Much of our traditional written histories and experiences of those who were captured, portray the settlement of America by European enslaved, bought and sold. men when, in fact, there is a deeper and richer Bearing witness to the trauma of slavery, story that includes the experiences and witness of and also the stories of those who fought for their those first Africans, as well as Native Americans, freedom and survived the horrors of slavery, leaves Latinos and other indigenous people. an imprint that is difficult to express in a textbook. What do we know of these first enslaved These realities and the challenge of trying to Africans in what eventually would become the educate the public helped me to understand the United States of America? power of storytelling. We rarely use the names of those who were It is remarkable that, in modern times, slavery enslaved and we too often have denied the continues to plague our way of life. As one of

340 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution my colleagues has stated, “It remains a part of Making of America Summit. The summit explored America’s tortured past.” the 400-year journey of American history through The first Africans landed in 1619, and for the perspective of Native, African, English and the next three decades, racial discrimination other cultures, as well as the contributions these emerged. Slavery would become entrenched in groups have made to shape the building of our North America, South America and much of the nation. global world. As a storyteller, historian and educator, I This is why it is so important that we learn believe we have a responsibility to share multiple what our ancestors - these first Africans in North perspectives if we are to understand our collective America - had to say, as well as what they did. journey and experience in America. The stories of enslavement, bravery, resilience For too long we have allowed an incomplete and resistance need to be told and honored. examination of our written history to deny African Because their stories are America’s stories. Americans - and other Americans - the chance to African American history is, in fact, American understand the often contradictory and complex history. perspectives that define memories and realities As painful as this history is, we are all that took place 400 years ago. connected to the legacy of slavery and the painful There are many uncomfortable truths about truths it reveals about the origins of our country. our nation’s history, but we must share these If we do not try to understand these truths stories with accuracy, honesty and compassion. and share narratives that are more diverse and Because it is these stories that define who we inclusive to all cultures, how can we truly know are as Americans. who we are as Americans? Last week, I participated in the 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution’s 1619:

Steering Committee Report 341 MARK THE MILESTONES OF THE NATION’S SPOTTED RACIAL HISTORY Dr. Robert Trent Vinson Frances L. and Edwin L. Cummings Associate Professor of Africana Studies & History at William & Mary

This column originally appeared in The Virginian-Pilot on November 10, 2019.

This year is a significant one in American August 1619, racial slavery reflected the limited, history, because it recognizes the 400 years that exclusionary nature of the foundational ideals of have passed since the arrival of the first Africans freedom and democracy. in English North America. The “20 and odd” Africans were part of the It is the remembrance of the tragedy, travails, 350 enslaved people from West-Central Africa and trauma that befell these Africans who in 1619 loaded onto the Portuguese slaving ship Sao were forcibly landed at Old Point Comfort, which Joao Batista bound for Mexico, but days before is now Hampton. Understanding the legacy of arrival, two English privateers, the White Lion the African landing is crucial to comprehending and the Treasurer attacked the Sao Joao Batista our trajectory as a country and the critical role of and captured about 60 enslaved Africans. When cultural diversity in American life. the White Lion landed at Point Comfort, the In August 1619, two milestone events occurred “20 and odd Negroes” were sold to Virginia in Jamestown that established the commonwealth Governor George Yeardley and leading merchant as not only the birthplace of democracy and Abraham Piersey. The Treasurer arrived four freedom, but paradoxically, the origin of American days later and sold more Africans, including slavery and racism. The first event, concluding on Angelo, the first documented African woman. Aug. 4, was the first meeting of a representative These first captive Africans became part of governing body in English North America. the sordid history of the transatlantic slave However, it is important to remember that trade, which resulted in the forced migration of this governing assembly did not truly represent approximately 12.5 million enslaved Africans to all the women and men in the colony, because the Americas between 1502 and 1870. This global it only represented white men who owned system of migration, enslavement and oppression property. An equally significant event that was critical to the making of the modern world. occurred in late August 1619 was the arrival Over this course of time, Virginia would play of “20 and odd Negroes” to the colony. These a pivotal role in creating a society that made enslaved Africans would become the founding enslaved Africans the key to generating untold mothers and fathers of the African diaspora in wealth and building new societies. English North America and were part of the At the end of the 17th century, Virginia had foundational generation of the people now codified a hierarchical racial caste system known as African Americans. anchored by racial slavery in which enslavement The end of this harrowing forced migration was the presumed natural condition for any across the sea also marked the beginning of 246 Africans that had arrived in Virginia by 1650; years of racial slavery. From that pivotal month of by the 18th century, Virginia was the largest and

342 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution most powerful slave colony in the United States; As we remember and honor those first Africans and during the Civil War, Richmond was the in 2019, we should also recognize how important capital of the Confederacy, dedicated to defending it is to keep the history of slavery, resistance, the largest slave society in world history, which and the fight for human rights top-of-mind in not enslaved 4 million blacks. only American society, but in societies around The year 1619 is significant because of the the world. two milestone events that occurred, the first I invite you to join me in this conversation representative governing assembly and the and help pave the way for a more honest and arrival of captive Africans, which represent the authentic telling of the past that can forge a beginning of a paradox of democratic freedom path toward a more inclusive future for Virginia for some, and exclusion from these same and America. democratic freedoms for others.

AMERICAN EVOLUTION AND THE COMPLEX LEGACY OF 400 YEARS OF VIRGINIA HISTORY Kathy J. Spangler Executive Director, American Evolution

This column was originally published in the Richmond Times-Dispatch on January 2, 2020.

An honor guard led a procession from the for our modern American democracy. Re-created Church at Jamestown Settlement Intentional conversations can be challenging, during the July 30 event that commemorated but it is critical that, as Americans, we the first legislative assembly in 1619. understand the complete history of our foundation Virginia’s 2019 Commemoration, American as a nation - and not just the narrow-cast history Evolution, has spent the past three years written by and about European descendants, showcasing the 400th anniversary of important which has been perpetuated in history books events that occurred in 1619 Virginia, a year that for centuries. indelibly influenced the trajectory of Virginia and Partnering with venerable Virginia institutions American history. As the 2019 commemorative and national partners to convene more than year draws to a close this week, I’d like to reflect 40 events, programs, educational initiatives, on American Evolution’s accomplishments and performances and exhibitions during 2019, the legacy it has established. American Evolution recognized the 400th This historical commemoration worked to anniversary of key 1619 Virginia events that tell an authentic and inclusive narrative of our set America on a course toward the ideals of nation’s history - by addressing complex and democracy, diversity and opportunity. difficult topics of race and slavery, focusing on As the executive director of the 2019 the achievements of women, and highlighting Commemoration, American Evolution, I’m pleased the triumphs and tragedies that paved the way to report this historical commemoration delivered

Steering Committee Report 343 positive outcomes for the commonwealth. It did wrestle with today. so by building awareness of Virginia’s role in American Evolution authentically and the creation of the United States; reinforcing inclusively fostered a productive dialogue about Virginia’s leadership in education, tourism gender equity, race and slavery, even in the and economic development; and creating shadow of nationally publicized incidents of opportunities and events to engage all overt racism that occurred in the commonwealth Virginians and Americans. in recent years. Over the past year, Virginia has been The 2019 Commemoration worked diligently recognized on the national and international to challenge and change the national conversation stage and has engaged nearly 2 million people about race by sharing untold stories about the through our programming and events. first Africans in English North America. These We are proud to have partnered with 305 stories included Angela (or Angelo), one of the unique organizations across the commonwealth first Africans, and “America’s first Black family,” and nationwide. The commemoration is projected the Tuckers. Frommer’s Magazine recognized to generate more than $100 million in combined Virginia on its coveted “2019 Best Places to economic impact from commemoration and Visit” list, and and World visitor spending, as well as supporting more News Tonight covered the 400th anniversary of than 1,000 Virginia jobs. the first African Landing. American Evolution received a total of $23.3 The 2019 Commemoration also worked to million from state appropriations since fiscal year foster discussion about American democracy 2016. It leveraged public funding to secure an and the importance of civic participation. On additional $4.3 million from more than 40 private July 30, the 2019 Commemoration, in partnership donors to support the five-year commemoration with the National Park Service, Jamestown cycle of planning, promotion and execution. Rediscovery and Jamestown-Yorktown We have also been successful in reaching Foundation, hosted the 400th commemorative new and younger audiences through educational ceremony of the first legislative assembly at initiatives, partnerships with Virginia colleges Historic Jamestowne and Jamestown Settlement. and universities, and using 21st century The ceremony commemorating 400 years of technology with the introduction of the Virginia American democracy captured the attention of History Trails App. American Evolution engaged the country and the world with the participation 1,454 schools, 4,000 teachers and 136 school of President Donald Trump. This event generated divisions, providing robust K-12 programming awareness among an audience of more than and resources. 8 billion people through earned print, TV and Authentic storytelling and contemporary, online media coverage. historical and scholarly programming formats I would like to take this opportunity to thank allowed the 2019 Commemoration to assemble all the American Evolution sponsors, partners, diverse audiences, catalyze important staff, contractors and volunteers who supported conversations and facilitate the growth and and engaged with the 2019 Commemoration, development of partner institutions that will American Evolution over the past three years. have a lasting legacy. Virginia’s history is American Evolution’s strong legacy will live complicated, and some of the struggles of early on through educational resources, partnerships America are ones that our nation continues to with Virginia institutions, newly dedicated

344 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution monuments and visitor centers, and the Virginia appreciation of 400 years of a complex shared History Trails mobile app. history. I have no doubt that Virginia will continue I trust that the expanded awareness that has working to foster unity and celebrate diversity been cultivated will encourage Virginians and by sharing an authentic and inclusive historical Americans to work together to create a better narrative that ensures understanding and world for future generations.

Steering Committee Report 345 Appendix PHOTO CREDITS, ENDNOTES

PHOTO CREDITS

Berkeley Plantation Norfolk State University/Sam Hughes Bon Air Elementary School Official White House Photo by Shealah Craighead Carol Smith Orange Frame Cinebar Productions, Inc. Petersburg Area Regional Tourism Chuck Durfor, Jamestown Rediscovery Pocahontas Reframed “Storytellers” Film Festival Foundation The Corporation for Thomas Jefferson’s Daniel Min Poplar Forest Fire, Flour & Fork Festival The Presidential Precinct Fort Monroe Foundation Traipse George Mason University UVA Miller Center James Madison University UVA Miller Center, Sanjay Suchak Jamestown Rediscovery Foundation Virginia Arts Festival Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation Virginia Capitol Foundation Jill M. Ryan Photography Virginia Commonwealth University Library of Virginia Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Lynchburg Office of Economic Virginia Museum of History & Culture Development & Tourism Wayne C. Henderson School of Appalachian Arts Magnolia’s at the Mill Wendy C. Miller Photography Moses Myers House

346 2019 Commemoration, American Evolution THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS REPORT:

Frank B. Atkinson Cynthia F. Gray Laura W. Bailey Yuri R. Milligan Ann C. Berry Amy A. L. Ritchie H. Benson Dendy III Nancy Rodrigues Fionnuala C. Fisk Kathy J. Spangler Margaret W. Giordano

Steering Committee Report 347 This page intentionally left blank.

2019 COMMEMORATION, AMERICAN EVOLUTION STEERING REPORT COMMITTEE

2019 Commemoration, American Evolution

American Evolution commemorated the 400th anniversary of key historical events that occurred in Virginia in 1619 that continue to influence America today. Along with notable Virginia institutions across the Commonwealth and national partners, American Evolution launched a series of educational programs, signature events, and legacy projects of national and international significance to build awareness of Virginia’s role in the creation of the United States and to reinforce Virginia’s leadership in education, tourism, and economic development. American Evolution commemorates the ongoing journey toward the key ideals of Democracy, Diversity, and Opportunity. STEERING COMMITTEE REPORT ©2019 Commemoration, American Evolution | August 2020 / 1,200 2019 COMMEMORATION, AMERICAN EVOLUTION