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Blood Ties: Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878
BLOOD TIES BLOOD TIES Religion, Violence, and the Politics of Nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 I˙pek Yosmaog˘lu Cornell University Press Ithaca & London Copyright © 2014 by Cornell University All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. First published 2014 by Cornell University Press First printing, Cornell Paperbacks, 2014 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yosmaog˘lu, I˙pek, author. Blood ties : religion, violence,. and the politics of nationhood in Ottoman Macedonia, 1878–1908 / Ipek K. Yosmaog˘lu. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5226-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8014-7924-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Macedonia—History—1878–1912. 2. Nationalism—Macedonia—History. 3. Macedonian question. 4. Macedonia—Ethnic relations. 5. Ethnic conflict— Macedonia—History. 6. Political violence—Macedonia—History. I. Title. DR2215.Y67 2013 949.76′01—dc23 2013021661 Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu. Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Paperback printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Josh Contents Acknowledgments ix Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 1. -
Patrick Burlingame: Ethnic Hungarian Minorities: Past, Present, and Future
Ethnic Hungarian Minorities: Past, Present, and Future Patrick Burlingame .................................................................................... At-Large University of Szeged [email protected] H-6725 Szeged Tisza Lajos krt. 103 Adviser: Dr. György Szo˝nyi .................................................................................... 1. Introduction O¤Today, there are roughly 5 million O¤This presentation seeks to answer ethnic Hungarians living outside the what the future holds for ethnic national borders of Hungary Hungarian minorities in neighbor- ing countries given their past and O¤Most of these Hungarians live in current realities neighboring countries of the Danube Basin. In particular: Roma- nia (Transylvania/Erdély), Slovakia, 2. The Treaty of Trianon and Serbia (Voivodina/Vajdaság) O¤In 1920, the victorious allies of O¤In many cases, portions of these WWI drafted and imposed the countries are predominately Hun- Treaty of Trianon to punish Hun- garian and have substantial histori- gary and Axis powers for their par- cal and cultural importance for all ticipation in the war Hungarians O¤France, Italy, the United States, and O¤Unfortunately in a region known for the United Kingdom were the prin- its nationalism and recent conflicts, ciple allied powers present at the Hungarian minorities have suffered Treaty. Also present were states that from discrimination and ethnic con- stood to gain including Romania, flict and the newly formed Serb-Croat- Slovene and Czechoslovakian states 49 Student Conference 2003 O¤The victors of WWI , in particular the from the Carpathian Basin, Transylvania French were eager to weaken the former became part of the Austrian empire in Austro-Hungarian Empire and wanted 1711 and by the mid 19th century a key to reward various nations that had part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. -
Jews, Poles, and Slovaks: a Story of Encounters, 1944-48
JEWS, POLES, AND SLOVAKS: A STORY OF ENCOUNTERS, 1944-48 by Anna Cichopek-Gajraj A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2008 Doctoral Committee: Professor Todd M. Endelman, Co-Chair Associate Professor Brian A. Porter-Sz űcs, Co-Chair Professor Zvi Y. Gitelman Professor Piotr J. Wróbel, University of Toronto This dissertation is dedicated to my parents and Ari ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatly appreciative of the help and encouragement I have received during the last seven years at the University of Michigan. I have been fortunate to learn from the best scholars in the field. Particular gratitude goes to my supervisors Todd M. Endelman and Brian A. Porter-Sz űcs without whom this dissertation could not have been written. I am also thankful to my advisor Zvi Y. Gitelman who encouraged me to apply to the University of Michigan graduate program in the first place and who supported me in my scholarly endeavors ever since. I am also grateful to Piotr J. Wróbel from the University of Toronto for his invaluable revisions and suggestions. Special thanks go to the Department of History, the Frankel Center for Judaic Studies, and the Center of Russian and East European Studies at the University of Michigan. Without their financial support, I would not have been able to complete the program. I also want to thank the Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture in New York, the Ronald and Eileen Weiser Foundation in Ann Arbor, the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research in New York, and the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington DC for their grants. -
BOOK REVIEWS Az Első 300 Év Magyarországon És Európában: A
Hungarian Historical Review 6, no. 4 (2017): 891–938 BOOK REVIEWS Az első 300 év Magyarországon és Európában: A Domonkos-rend a középkorban [The first 300 years in Hungary and Europe: The Dominican Order in the Middle Ages]. Edited by József Csurgai Horváth. Székesfehérvár: Alba Civitas Történeti Alapítvány, 2017. 335. pp. In 2016, the Dominican Order celebrated the 800th anniversary of its papal confirmation. For this occasion, two scholarly conferences were held in Hungary, one of which dealt with the medieval history of the Order. The 16 papers which were held at the conference have been published in a collection edited by József Csurgai Horváth, the director of the Municipal Archives of Székesfehérvár. Since the papers are very different in geographical range (which spanned from Italy to Central Asia), time (from the beginnings to the middle of the sixteenth century), and topic, I review them according to theme. The study by Balázs Kertész, entitled “The Settlement of the Mendicant Orders in the ‘Middle of the Country’,” presents the appearance of the four mendicant orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinian Hermits, and Carmelites) in the central part of Hungary in the thirteenth century. Kertész examines the early history of 22 cloisters and notes the important role of the towns in this region. The following six papers deal with hagiography (half of them focus on Saint Margaret of Hungary). Thus, they reveal the most important tendencies of the Hungarian historiography on the Dominicans. In her article “Saint Margaret of Hungary and the Medieval Lay Piety,” Viktória Hedvig Deák analyses the connection between Margaret and the medieval lay piety by examining prayers. -
Carpathian Ruthenia As an Imagined Colonial Space
THE CZECHOSLOVAK ORIENT: CARPATHIAN RUTHENIA AS AN IMAGINED COLONIAL SPACE BY GEOFFREY BROWN A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Victoria University of Wellington 2016 Figure 0.1 – “Let’s Get To Know the People and Beauty of Subcarpathian Ruthenia!” Czech Tourist Guidebook Cover (1937) “Poznejte lid a krásy Podkarpatské Rusi!” (Uzhhorod: Národohospodářský sbor pro zemi Podkarpatoruskou, 1937). ii Abstract In 1919 the territory of Subcarpathian Ruthenia joined the new state of Czechoslovakia under the terms set by the Treaty of Saint Germain. During the following twenty years a relationship developed between Czechs and Ruthenia’s Rusyn inhabitants which this study considers as an example of imperialism and colonialism. The Czech media applied a colonial framework in its portrayals of Ruthenia, encouraging the Czech public to see the poor and undeveloped territory as a colony ruled from Prague. Rusyns also used colonial terminology as a means of criticizing the Czech officials who ruled them. The colonial discourse occurred despite a shared Slavic ethnic background and even as representatives of both nations expressed brotherhood and solidarity towards one another. Some Czech officials sent to Ruthenia adopted imperialist attitudes and practices in an environment of minimal bureaucratic oversight, leading to friction with the Rusyn intelligentsia. Faced with the threat of Czechization, Rusyns struggled to achieve autonomy and an anti-imperialist movement supporting Rusyn rights developed among Czech Communists. The Prague government sought to defend its actions in Ruthenia against accusations of mistreatment by the Hungarian revisionist movement. -
Ethnic Development in Košice After 1945
STUDIA HISTORYCZNE469 R. LVI 2013, Z. 4 (224) PL ISSN 0025-1429 Štefan Šutaj ETHNIC DEVELOPMENT IN KOŠICE AFTER 1945 Abstract This article deals with ethnic development in Košice in the period immediately following the Second World War and the factors that most significantly influenced this development. These primarily consisted of the eviction of Hungarian citizens, who had come to the area after the First Vienna Arbitration Award; the exchange of inhabitants between Czechoslovakia and Hungary; and the state-organised change of ethnic identity known as re-Slovakisation.1 Key Words: Košice, re-Slovakisation, population exchange, ethnic changes after the Second World War. Słowa kluczowe: Koszyce, wtórna ‘słowakizacja’, wymiana ludności, zmiany etniczne po II woj- nie światowej. For Košice, liberation by the Soviet Army meant not only liberation from the Nazi regime, but also the return to Czechoslovakia from Hungary, to which the city belonged since the Vienna Arbitration Award of 2 November 1938. The ethnic character of Košice was a matter of numerous disputes. For a long- time, Košice was a multi-ethnic city, with Germans, Slovaks and Hungarians playing significant roles. In the 20th century, in accordance with the prevailing tendency of establishing national states, ethnicity was of key importance. The in- habitants of Košice, being largely bilingual, adapted to this when declaring their ethnic affiliation, reflecting the relevant changes of borders and the affiliation of the city to different states.2 In spite of the fact that the majority of population claimed they were “Slovak” at the end of the 19th century, in 1910 Hungarians comprised 75.43% of the inhab- 1 This paper was created within the project VEGA 1/0101/12: Historical Places in Košice (Historical Breakthroughs and Institutions), Miesta pamäti Košíc I. -
Paulovicova Nina Spring 2012
University of Alberta Rescue of Jews in the Slovak State (1939 – 1945) by Nina Paulovicova A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics ©Nina Paulovicova Spring 2012 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract This dissertation targets the topic of rescue of Jews in the Holocaust in World War II. It offers a thorough examination of the defiance mechanics of rescue and looks at how precisely rescuers undermine the pillars of totalitarian regimes. The locus for the empirical part is the Slovak State, a puppet state of Nazi Germany. This dissertation scrutinizes the mindset behind efforts to assist Jews, the obstacles on paths to rescue as well as strategies applied in order to overcome legal and societal persecution of Jews. This project builds on the premise that agencies of any individual fluctuate, merge and change accordingly with the developments of the war. -
Hungarian Studies Review Vol
Hungarian Studies Review Vol. XVI, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 1989) Forgotten Minorities: The Hungarians of East Central Europe. Edited by N.F. Dreisziger and A. Ludanyi Hungarian Studies Review The Hungarian Studies Review, formerly the Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies is a semi-annual interdisciplinary EDITORS journal devoted to the publication of original articles and critical George Bisztray, University of Toronto book reviews relating to Hungary and Hungarians. Since its Nandor Dreisziger, Royal Military launching in 1974, the Review has been committed to the policy of College of Canada providing a non-partisan forum for the scholarly discussion and analysis of issues in Hungarian history, politics and cultural EDITORIAL ADVISERS affairs. Marianna D. Birnbaum, UCLA Institutional subscriptions to the Review are $12.00 per annum. Robert Blumstock, McMaster University Individual subscriptions are $12.00 for one year and $20.00 for Scott Eddie, University of Toronto two years. Subscribers outside of North America please add $2.00 Martin L. Kovacs, University of Regina for postage. Bennett Kovrig, University of Toronto Maria H. Krisztinkovich, University of Donations in support of the Review may be made through the British Columbia University of Toronto. Cheques should be made to the "Univer- Alfonz Lengyel, Northern Kentucky sity of Toronto, Department of Private Funding;" please note University somewhere on the cheque that the donation is in support of the B.A. Racz, Eastern Michigan University Hungarian Studies Review. These donations are "tax deductible" in Thomas Sakmyster, University of Canada. Donations in excess of $50.00 will be acknowledged in the Cincinnati Review on a periodic basis. -
Ethnic Consciousness and Cohabitation in a Slovak-Hungarian Village Community
Ethnic Consciousness and Cohabitation in a Slovak-Hungarian Village Community Zita Skovierova Skovierova, Zita 1994: Ethnic Consciousn ess and Cohabitation in a Slovak Hun garian Village Community - Ethnologia Europa ea 24: 51-58 . The ar ticle is a microsonde in to th e soeial relatio ns of a Slovak -Hungar ian village comm unity. Determ inants influ encin g the 20th century ethni c consc ious ness an d coh abitation of ethn ically mixed region in south ern Slovaki a are being analyze d. The changes of eth nicity and mu.tual relations hip of Slovaks and Hunga r.ians were mostly i.n:lluenced by extralocal factors (histor ical events, polit ical changes, in.fluence of surroun din gs). In t.ralocal fact ors (family, kins hi p and otbei· in formal group s) were consolidat ing the cohabitat ion of it! popul ati on. In traditional community ethnic influ ences intermingl ed with religious ones. Vil lage authorities and ambitions of individual people pla yed an important role, too. Zita Skovierovri, PhD, research fellow , Department of Ethnology , Comenius Uni versity, 818 01 Bratislava , Sl ovakia . lmeu, a village in the Danube lowlands, is sit more incidental than deliberate. I was at uated 20 km northwards of the Slovak-Hun tracted by the village which is claimed Slovak garian state border (Komarno district). Inhab and yet my colleagues who did not speak Hun itants of this area were well up to the 20th garian had problems to communicate with its century the bearers of middle European cul inhabitants in Slovak when carrying out their ture of the so-called Panonian type. -
Language of Rusyns in Slovakia: Controversies, Vagaries, and Rivalry of Codification Discourses
Language of Rusyns in Slovakia: Controversies, Vagaries, and Rivalry of Codification Discourses René Matlovič, Kvetoslava Matlovičová, and Viera Vlčková R. Matlovič (*) Institute of Geography, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia e-mail: [email protected] K. Matlovičová Department of Geography and Applied Geoinformatics, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia e-mail: [email protected] V. Vlčková University of Economics, Bratislava, Slovakia e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1155 S. D. Brunn, R. Kehrein (eds.), Handbook of the Changing World Language Map, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_61-2 1156 R. Matlovič et al. Slovakia is a rather young country in Central Europe that was established on 1st January 1993 after the peaceful division of Czechoslovakia. The development of national and language structure of the population in Slovakia is closely related to the changing geopolitical, social, and cultural context. One consequence of this complicated history is a relatively high degree of language diversification. The territory of current Slovakia was a part of the Hungarian Kingdom up to 1918. After World War I, Slovakia became part of Czechoslovakia. During the World War II period (1939–1945), the southern part of Slovak territory was occupied by Hungary, and the rest of the area was established as the Slovak state under the influence of Nazi Germany. After the World War II, Slovakia was part of Czechoslovakia once again up to 1992. This period was mostly connected with totalitarian communist regime (1948–1989). Sociopolitical and economic changes that began in 1989 created a new situation for national and language minority development. -
Policy Proposals for a Better Integration of Minorities in Slovakia
POLICY PROPOSALS FOR A BETTER INTEGRATION OF MINORITIES IN SLOVAKIA by Dr. EVA MALÁ Slovakia June 1998 FINAL REPORT presented to NATO about the project performed within the framework of a NATO Research Fellowship CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3 2 Historical background survey of the ethnic minorities situation in Slovakia.......................... 8 3 Present state of affairs ............................................................................................................ 12 3.1 Hungarian minority ........................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Ruthenian / Ukrainian minority ........................................................................................ 23 3.3 Romani minority .............................................................................................................. 29 4 Conclusions. Proposals for a better integration of minorities in Slovakia ............................. 36 References ................................................................................................................................. 47 1 Introduction "Basic changes that occurred after the fall of the totalitarian system - freedom of the press, freedom of speech, education, opinion, freedom of religion, all these civil liberties open space for various ethnic groups, national minorities and national groups so that these groups can begin -
Pavol Matula Slovak-Polish Relationships in 1938-1947 in the Context of Border Disputes
Pavol Matula Slovak-Polish relationships in 1938-1947 in the context of border disputes Studia Humanistyczne AGH 12/1, 57-65 2013 STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNE AGH Tom 12/1 «2013 http://dx.doi.Org/10.7494/human.2013.12.1.57 Pavol Matula* SLOVAK-POLISH RELATIONSHIPS IN 1938-1947 IN THE CONTEXT OF BORDER DISPUTES After World War I Poland demanded a connection to the northern part of the former Kingdom of Hungary (Spiš, Orava and Kysuce). This area was also claimed by Czechoslovakia. The regions became the subject of the Czechoslovak-Polish territorial dispute. The Supreme Council decided by plebiscite on the regions of Těšín, Orava and Spiš on 28 September 1919. In the end it was not a plebiscite which decided about the controversial territory, but international arbitration. The Conference of Ambassadors decided on dividing Spiš and Orava between Poland and Czechoslovakia on 28 July 1920. Most of the inhabitants disagreed with the decision. Another border dispute occurred in 1938 after the signing of the Munich Agreement, when Poland made a claim not only to other parts of Orava and Spiš but also Kysuce. The Slovak-Polish Delimitation Committee was attacked by inhabitants of disputed territory several times, resulting in the Polish army occupying the area. After the beginning of the Second World War all parts of the regions of Spiš, Orava and Kysuce became part of Slovakia, as Bratislava collaborated with Berlin. At the end of WWII the border was returned to the pre-Munich position but the situation in the disputed territory was unstable for a long time after 1945.