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Hungarian Studies Review Vol Hungarian Studies Review Vol. XVI, Nos. 1-2 (Spring-Fall, 1989) Forgotten Minorities: The Hungarians of East Central Europe. Edited by N.F. Dreisziger and A. Ludanyi Hungarian Studies Review The Hungarian Studies Review, formerly the Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies is a semi-annual interdisciplinary EDITORS journal devoted to the publication of original articles and critical George Bisztray, University of Toronto book reviews relating to Hungary and Hungarians. Since its Nandor Dreisziger, Royal Military launching in 1974, the Review has been committed to the policy of College of Canada providing a non-partisan forum for the scholarly discussion and analysis of issues in Hungarian history, politics and cultural EDITORIAL ADVISERS affairs. Marianna D. Birnbaum, UCLA Institutional subscriptions to the Review are $12.00 per annum. Robert Blumstock, McMaster University Individual subscriptions are $12.00 for one year and $20.00 for Scott Eddie, University of Toronto two years. Subscribers outside of North America please add $2.00 Martin L. Kovacs, University of Regina for postage. Bennett Kovrig, University of Toronto Maria H. Krisztinkovich, University of Donations in support of the Review may be made through the British Columbia University of Toronto. Cheques should be made to the "Univer- Alfonz Lengyel, Northern Kentucky sity of Toronto, Department of Private Funding;" please note University somewhere on the cheque that the donation is in support of the B.A. Racz, Eastern Michigan University Hungarian Studies Review. These donations are "tax deductible" in Thomas Sakmyster, University of Canada. Donations in excess of $50.00 will be acknowledged in the Cincinnati Review on a periodic basis. Thomas Spira, University of Prince Edward Island Correspondence regarding the publication of manuscripts, book reviews, etc., as well as subscriptions and donations should be addressed to the editors: The Editors Hungarian Studies Review University of Toronto 21 Sussex Ave. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A1 Statements or opinions expressed in the Review are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the journal's editors. Articles appearing in the Review are abstracted and indexed in HISTORICAL ABSTRACTS and AMERICA: HISTORY AND LIFE. Copyright ©1989 by the Hungarian Studies Review. All rights reserved. ISSN 0713-8083 (replacing 0317-204X) Printed at the University of Toronto Press. Forgotten Minorities: The Hungarians of East Central Europe. edited by: N.F. Dreisziger and A. Ludanyi This volume of our journal is published with the help of funding from three sources: a "special project" grant from the Hungarian Research Institute of the University of Toronto, a "termination grant" from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and money from the Soros Foundation to pay for the translation of one of the papers. The editors of the Review wish to thank this support and also the generous funding the journal received from S.S.H.R.C.C. in 1986, 1987, and 1988. CONTENTS Hungarian Minorities in East Central Europe: An Introduction NANDOR DREISZIGER with ANDREW LUDANYI 7 Leninist Nationality Policy: Solution to the "National Question"? WALKER CONNOR 23 The Hungarian Minority of Czechoslovakia and its Press MAGDA ADAM 47 Hungarian Minority Education in Czechoslovakia: A Struggle for Ethnic Survival KAROLY NAGY 57 Soviet Nationality Policy in Carpatho-Ukraine since World War II: The Hungarians of Sub-Carpathia S.B. VARDY 67 The Hungarians of Yugoslavia: Facing an Uncertain Future ANDREW LUDANYI 93 Anti-Magyar Propaganda in Rumania and the Hungarian Minority in Transylvania LOUIS J. ELTETO 121 A History of Transylvania: Its Impact and Reception A Review Article by THOMAS SZENDREY 137 Erratum 151 OUR CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Magda Adam is a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. One of her many publications is Magyarorszag es a Kisantant a harmin- cas evekben [Hungary and the Little Entente in the 'thirties] (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1968). She is also the editor of the volume of doc- uments A Miincheni egyezmeny letrejotte es Magyarorszag kiilpolitikdja, 1936-1938 [The making of the Munich Pact and Hungary's foreign policy, 1936-1938] (also by the Akademiai Kiado, 1965). Walker Connor is John R. Reitemeyer Professor of Political Science at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. He is a former fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and Rhodes Fellow at Oxford University. He has published extensively in the field of comparative nationalism. Among his books is The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy. Professor of History at the Royal Military College of Canada, N.F. Dreiszi- ger is the founding editor of this journal. Louis J. Elteto teaches in the Department of Foreign Languages at Portland State University. He is co-editor (with Andrew Ludanyi) of Transylvania: The Roots of Ethnic Conflict. His research has focused on religious move- ments, in particular, on the Unitarians of Transylvania. Andrew Ludanyi is Professor of Political Science at Ohio Northern Univer- sity, and the founding editor (with Louis J. Elteto) of the periodical ITT- OTT. His research interest centers on inter-ethnic relations in East Central Europe and the United States. He is the author of a number of articles on these topics. Dr. Karoly Nagy teaches at Middlesex County College, and is an adjunct Associate Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University. His essays on sociology, literature, and pedagogy have been published in various journals and books in North America and Europe. Thomas Szendrey is Professor of History at Gannon University. His area of specialization is European intellectual and cultural history and the phi- losophy of history, where he has published a number of articles, as well as a textbook. He most recently published in our journal in 1987. Steven Bela Vardy is Professor of History at Duquesne University, and an adjunct professor at the University of Pittsburgh. His books include Hun- garian Historiography and the Geistesgeschichte School (1974); Modern Hungarian Historiography (1976); and The Hungarian Americans (1985). Professor Vardy is a frequent contributor of our journal. Hungarian Minorities in East Central Europe: An Introduction. Nandor Dreisziger with Andrew Ludanyi In a series of guest lectures at the University of Toronto in 1985, William H. McNeill, one of North America's most distinguished historians, sur- veyed the evolution of the relationship of polyethnicity and national unity in the history of mankind.1 His conclusion was that, throughout history, the norm of societal existence was the co-habitation of different ethnic groups within the individual states that made up the community of nations. In ancient times, McNeill observed, "civilized societies" were multi-ethnic as foreign conquests, trade and epidemics worked to make them such.2 In the period between 1750 and 1920 an ideal emerged that went counter to this norm. This was the idea of nations made up of members of the same eth- nic group. Ironically, this concept gained greatest acceptance in Western Europe just at the time when Europeans started expanding overseas, ini- tiating a mingling of races and cultures on an unprecedented scale.3 This experiment in building homogeneous nation states began to ebb after World War I, even though some outbreaks of militant nationalism took place later. Since 1920, there has been a gradual return to the ideal of polyethnic so- ciety. Surveying the world today, McNeill sees the increasing mingling of peoples, the greater ease of international travel and migration, and the growing acceptance again of the concept of multi-ethnic societies.4 While McNeill's analysis was not designed to deal with the specific question of ethnic minorities within states, it implicitly has a great deal to say about them and their situation. Hence it is not inappropriate to test McNeill's observations about the global situation in light of the realities of ethnic groups in a small part of the world—East Central Europe—and in particular in the position of one ethnic group there: the Hungarian. Such a test will confirm a few of McNeill's observations, but it will also reveal that in East Central Europe, especially as far as the situation of Hungar- ian minorities is concerned, for some time the general trends have been going against those that Professor McNeill has observed elsewhere in the world. East Central Europe is one of the highly "polyethnic" regions of the world. Despite the attempt by the peacemakers after the First World War to create national states there, most of the states of East Central Europe remain multi-ethnic entities. That this is so is largely due to the fact that many of these states have sizable Hungarian minorities. In fact, Hungarians compose the largest minority populations in a number of states within all of contemporary Europe. There are over two million Hungarians in Rumania, approximately 660,000 in Czechoslovakia, almost half a million in Yugoslavia, about 200,000 in the Carpatho-Ruthenian part of the Soviet Ukraine, and about 50,000 in Austria. It might be added that there are also some two million Hungarians dispersed throughout the world with many of them settled in the United States and Canada, in several Western European countries, as well as South America and Australia. This volume will not deal with the communities of Magyars in the Hungarian diaspora, not even with the Hungarian community of Austria as it is made up in part of people who had migrated there from Hungary over the past four decades. It will deal with Hungarians who have been born in ancestral Hungarian lands which are now part of one or the other of Hungary's socialist neighbours. There are three traits of these Hungarian minorities that are worth stress- ing. One is the fact that minority status was imposed upon them from the outside, through border changes affected without plebiscites.
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