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Geopolitical Consequences of Rusophilism of Carpathian Rusyns Geopolityczne Konsekwencje Rusofilstwa Rusinów Karpackich

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Geopolitical Consequences of Rusophilism of Carpathian Rusyns Geopolityczne Konsekwencje Rusofilstwa Rusinów Karpackich 1S[FHMŕE/BSPEPXPžDJPXZ3FWJFXPG/BUJPOBMJUJFTtOS /t World of Slavs / Świat Słowian *44/9 QSJOU t*44/ POMJOF t%0*QO Przemysław Mazur* Pedagogical University of Cracow, Poland / Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie Geopolitical consequences of Rusophilism of Carpathian Rusyns Geopolityczne konsekwencje rusofilstwa Rusinów Karpackich Keywords: Carpatho-Rusyns, Lemkos, Rusophi- Słowa kluczowe: Rusini Karpaccy, Łemkowie, lism, Russia, Geopolitics rusofilstwo, Rosja, geopolityka e concepts from the title are so ambig- Pojęcia z samego tytułu są na tyle wielo- uous and controversial that they can be- znaczne i kontrowersyjne, że mogą stać come the basis for extensive discussion. się podstawą do szerokiej dyskusji. By jed- However, as if that was not enough, the nak tego było mało, autor całą tę sytuację author intends to complicate this whole zamierza jeszcze bardziej skomplikować situation even more by extending mean- przez poszerzenie znaczeń, zwłaszcza na ings, especially on the level of understand- płaszczyźnie rozumienia pojęcia rusofil- ing of the concept of Rusophilism, and stwa, by następnie zawęzić zakres badań then narrowing the scope of research to the do casusu Rusinów Karpackich. Choć i ten case of the Carpathian Rusyns. Although termin może okazać się trudny i niepre- even this term may be difficult and im- cyzyjny. Przynajmniej cel jest dość pro- precise. At least the goal is fairly simple sty w swym założeniu − pokazać, jak roz- in its premise, to show how the develop- wój pewnej ideologii, myśli nie tylko miał ment of a certain ideology, thought has in- wpływ na kształtowanie się tożsamości fluenced the shaping of identity and pol- i polityki w pewnym rejonie świata, ale itics in a certain region of the world, but i jaki wpływ ma i może nadal mieć. Pierw- also what influence it has and may have. szym pojęciem, które zostanie zoperacjo- e first term that will be operationalized nalizowane, jest ostatnie z tytułu. Przez is the latter term of the title. By the Car- Rusinów Karpackich rozumieć będziemy pathian Rusyns we will understand the ludność zamieszkującą Karpaty, mówią- people living in the Carpathians, speaking cą językiem wschodniosłowiańskim, za- the Eastern Slavonic language, inhabiting mieszkującą niegdysiejszą Galicję, głów- former Galicia, mainly its eastern part and nie jej wschodnią część i Bukowinę. Po Bukovina. Aer World War II, the popu- II wojnie światowej ludność ta znalazła * Correspondence address: Instytut Bezpieczeństwa i Edukacji Obywatelskiej, Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. KEN w Krakowie, ul. Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, e-mail: [email protected]. Przemysław Mazur lation was within the borders of Poland, się w granicach Polski, Ukraińskiej So- the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic cjalistycznej Republiki Radzieckiej (i tym (and thus the USSR, and today Ukraine), samym ZSRR, a dzisiaj Ukrainy), Czecho- Czechoslovakia (today the Slovak Repub- słowacji (dzisiaj Republika Słowacka), ale lic), but also to a lesser degree in Hunga- także w mniejszym stopniu na Węgrzech, ry, Romania and even Vojvodina. e Pol- Rumunii, a nawet Wojwodiny. Polska gru- ish group of this population is called the pa tej ludności zwana jest Łemkami, po Lemkos, on the southern side of the Car- południowej stronie Karpat Łamakami, pathians the Lamakas, and as a whole they a jako całość nazywani są Karpato-Rusi- are called Carpatho-Rusyns, Carpathian nami, Rusinami Karpackimi itd. Szczegól- Rusyns, etc. e Lemkos and the inhabit- nie interesującymi będą dla nas Łemko- ants of the Ukrainian part of the Carpathi- wie i mieszkańcy ukraińskiej części Kar- ans, i.e., the Subcarpathian region (espe- pat, czyli regionu przykarpackiego (patrząc cially from the perspective of Kiev, which z perspektywy Kijowa, a o tych perspekty- we will say much yet) 1. wach jeszcze dużo powiemy) 1. Yet, defining geopolitics is much more Zdefiniowane geopolityki jest już difficult. Of course, the first thing to do is znacznie trudniejsze. Pierwszym proble- to take a stance on the essence of the sub- mem jest oczywiście zajęcie stanowiska co ject and its relevance to science. ere is do istoty przedmiotu i jego przydatności a very popular belief in the lack of scien- dla nauki. Istnieje bardzo popularne prze- tific quality of this activity because it does konanie o braku naukowości tego zajęcia, not explain the intricacies of this world, it gdyż nie tłumaczy ono zawiłości tego świa- does not even have the capacity for pre- ta, nie ma choćby zdolności predyktywno- dictability, and theories oen do not fit ści, a i teorie często nie przystają do rze- into reality. Leszek Moczulski, to whose czywistości. Leszek Moczulski, do którego book we will be referring, defines geopol- książki jeszcze będziemy się odwoływać, itics as the use of history, geography and definiuje geopolitykę jak wykorzystanie many other sciences to explain the spati- geografii historii i wielu innych nauk do otemporal relationships between states and wyjaśnienia relacji czasoprzestrzennych, their groups 2. is interdisciplinarity caus- występujących między państwami i ich es that it is a very intriguing activity on the zgrupowaniami 2. Ta interdyscyplinarność one hand, and thus fashionable, but at the powoduje, że z jednej strony jest to zajęcie same time very difficult. e overlapping bardzo intrygujące, stąd i modne, ale jed- 1 See more about the origins of the ethnonyms 1 Więcej na temat genezy etnonimów tej grupy of this group: H. Duć-Fajfer, Literatura łemkowska np. w: H. Duć-Fajfer, Literatura łemkowska w dru- w drugiej połowie XIX w i na początku XX wieku , giej połowie XIX w i na początku XX wieku , Kraków Kraków 2001, p. 16; W. Strumynśkyj, Nazwa ljudej 2001, s. 16; por. W. Strumynśkyj, Nazwa ljudej i kra- i kraju , [in:] Łemkiwszczyna. Zemla – ljudy – istory- ju , [w:] Łemkiwszczyna. Zemla – ljudy – istoryja – ja – kultura , edit. B. Struminsky, part 1, New York- kultura , red. B. Struminsky, cz.1, Nowy Jork-Paryż- Paris-Sydney-Toronto, pp. 11-22. Sydney-Toronto, s. 11-22. 2 L. Moczulski, Geopolityka. Potęga w czasie 2 L. Moczulski, Geopolityka. Potęga w czasie i przestrzeni , Warszawa 1999, p. 30. i przestrzeni , Warszawa 1999, s. 30. Przegląd Narodowościowy / Review of Nationalities nr 7/2017 Geopolitical consequences of Rusophilism of Carpathian Rusyns / Geopolityczne konsekwencje rusofilstwa Rusinów Karpackich of political science, economics, demog- nocześnie bardzo trudne. Nakładanie się raphy, and even natural sciences such as na siebie politologii, ekonomii, demogra- geography, creates very serious problems fii, a nawet nauk przyrodniczych jak geo- of methodological nature, but also the re- grafii powoduje bardzo poważne problemy searcher is required to take into account so natury metodologicznej, ale też i wyma- many factors that it may lead, additionally ga od badacza brania pod uwagę tak wielu in the absence of his methodological the- czynników, że prowadzić to może, dodat- ory, even to abuses. e latter has also be- kowo przy braku własnej teorii metodo- come the cause of a certain odiousness of logicznej, do przeoczeń czy nawet nad- geopolitics, especially aer World War II, użyć. To ostatnie stało się też przyczyną when German geopoliticians were charged pewnego odium geopolityki, zwłaszcza po with servility towards Nazism and expan- II wojnie światowej, gdy zarzucano nie - sionism 3. To this day geopolitics has been mieckim geopolitykom służalczość wo- perceived as a form of seeking alibi for bec nazizmu i ekspansjonizmu 3. Do dziś the greed of imperialism. However, it has geopolityka jest postrzegana jako forma a direct impact on politics and, as such, is szukania alibi dla zachłanności imperia- an interesting subject of research. It is dif- lizmów. Tymczasem ma ona bezpośredni ficult today to reject the influence of the wpływ na politykę i jako taka jest cieka- geopolitical school represented by Henri wym przedmiotem badań. Trudno dzisiaj Kissinger and Zbigniew Brzezinski on the odmówić wpływu na postępowanie Sta- behavior of the United States. Even aer nów Zjednoczonych na skutek szkoły geo- the collapse of the USSR it was still contin- politycznej reprezentowanej przez Henre- ued by the new generation, as it is seen in go Kissingera i Zbigniewa Brzezińskiego, Madeleine Albright’s politics (Brzezinski’s nawet po upadku ZSRR nadal była konty- PhD student) 4. is school 5 assumed a fun- nuowania przez już nowe pokolenie, wi- damental premise, still taken by Haliford dać to choćby w polityce Madeleine Albri- Mackinder and transformed by Nicholas ght (doktorantki Brzezińskiego) 4. Szkoła 5 Spykaman, about the need to master the ta wychodziła od pewnego fundamental- area around Hartland, that is, generalizing nego założenia, powziętego jeszcze przez the landlocked part of Eurasia and part of Haliforda Mackindera, a przetworzonego the Arctic Sea watershed. Anyone who is przez Nicholasa Spykamana, o konieczno- able to stop Hartland can give the world ści opanowania terenów dookoła Hartlan- peace. is idea was also known in Russia du, czyli generalizując części bezodpływo- 3 Such allegations were directed at Karl Hausho- 3 Takie zarzuty kierowano choćby wobec Kar- fer and the Institute of Geopolitics in Munich (see: la Haushofera i monachijskiego Instytutu Geopo- L. Moczulski, op. cit. , p. 31, footnote 86). lityki (zob. L. Moczulski, op. cit. , s. 31, przyp. 86). 4 See more: M.K. Albright, B. Woodward, Pani 4 Więcej: M.K. Albright, B. Woodward, Pani Sekretarz Stanu , Warszawa 2005. Sekretarz Stanu , Warszawa 2005. 5 See more about the US geostrategy and its 5 Więcej na temat amerykańskiej geostrategii implementation in politics: Z. Lach, J. Skrzyp, Geo- i jej wykorzystania w polityce: Z. Lach, J. Skrzyp, polityka i geostrategia , Warszawa 2007, pp. 46-78. Geopolityka i geostrategia , Warszawa 2007, s. 46-78. Przegląd Narodowościowy / Review of Nationalities nr 7/2017 ! Przemysław Mazur and gained much recognition. Firstly, be- wej Euroazji i części zlewiska Morza Ark- cause it can give you an understanding of tycznego. Ten kto jest w stanie Hartland US policy, especially aer World War II. powstrzymać, może zapewnić światu po- Secondly, Russia was de facto in the heart kój. Idea ta znana była również w Rosji of Hartland, so this doctrine elevated Rus- i zyskała spore uznanie.
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