This Was the Final Stop

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This was the final stop

Actions against
Germans and Hungarians leading to fatalities in the Carpathian Basin

  • 1944
  • 1949

  • and
  • between

Title

“Tꢋꢅꢇ w ꢊꢇ ꢈꢋꢃ fiꢆꢊ l ꢇꢈꢀ p ”
A c ꢈꢅꢀꢆꢇ ꢊꢂꢊꢅꢆꢇꢈ Gꢃꢁꢌꢊꢆꢇ ꢊꢆ d H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆꢇ l ꢃꢊ d ꢅꢆꢂ ꢈꢀ ꢍꢊꢈꢊ l ꢅꢈꢅꢃꢇ
ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ Cꢊꢁ p ꢊꢈꢋꢅꢊꢆ Bꢊꢇꢅꢆ ꢉꢃꢈ w ꢃꢃꢆ 1944 ꢊꢆ d 1949

Published by the Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle of Germans in Hungary with the support of the book publishing of

Head of publication

Matkovits-Kreꢀ Eleonóra

Editor-in-chief

Bognár Zalán

Editor

Márkus Beáta

Translator

Papp Eszter

Cover

M. Lovász Noémi’s work of art titled “Fꢀꢁꢂꢃꢄꢅꢆꢂ ꢅꢇ ꢈꢀ ꢉꢊꢆꢅꢇꢋ, ꢁꢃꢌꢃꢌꢉꢃꢁꢅꢆꢂ ꢅꢇ ꢈꢀ ꢍꢁꢃꢃ...”

Published by

Kontraszt Plusz Kft. www.kontraszt.hu

ISBN 978-963-88716-6-4
Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle of Germans in Hungary

Postal address: 55 Rákóczi str. H - 7621
Tel./fax: +36 72 213 453
Tax ID: 19031202-1-02 Bank account no: 50400113-11000695

www.nemetkor.hu [email protected]

Pécs, 2015.
English edition 2016.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................................................5 Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................................6

Mass deportation of civilians from the Carpathian Basin to the Soviet Union – Malenky Robot���������������������������������9

Zꢊ l áꢆ Bꢀꢂꢆáꢁ Mꢊꢇꢇ d ꢃ p ꢀꢁꢈꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆ ꢀꢍ c ꢅvꢅ l ꢅꢊꢆꢇ ꢍꢁꢀꢌ ꢈꢋꢃ Cꢊꢁ p ꢊꢈꢋꢅꢊꢆ Bꢊꢇꢅꢆ ꢍꢀꢁ ꢍꢀꢁ c ꢃ d l ꢊꢉꢀ u ꢁ ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ Sꢀvꢅꢃꢈ Uꢆꢅꢀꢆ, w ꢅꢈꢋ p ꢃꢁꢇ p ꢃ c ꢈꢅvꢃꢇ ꢈꢀ Cꢃꢆꢈꢁꢊ l -Eꢊꢇꢈꢃꢁꢆ ꢊꢆ d Sꢀ u ꢈꢋ-Eꢊꢇꢈꢃꢁꢆ E u ꢁꢀ p ꢃ................................................................................................. 1 0

Zꢊ l áꢆ Bꢀꢂꢆáꢁ Mꢊꢇꢇ d ꢃ p ꢀꢁꢈꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆ ꢀꢍ c ꢅvꢅ l ꢅꢊꢆꢇ ꢍꢁꢀꢌ p ꢀꢇꢈ-Tꢁꢅꢊꢆꢀꢆ H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁy ꢍꢀꢁ ꢍꢀꢁ c ꢃ d l ꢊꢉꢀ u ꢁ ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ Sꢀvꢅꢃꢈ Uꢆꢅꢀꢆ   .................................2 4

Láꢇz l ó Köꢈꢃ l ꢃꢇ Tꢋꢃ d ꢃ p ꢀꢁꢈꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆ ꢀꢍ H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆꢇ ꢊꢆ d Gꢃꢁꢌꢊꢆꢇ ꢍꢁꢀꢌ Fꢃ l vꢅ d ék ꢍꢀꢁ ꢍꢀꢁ c ꢃ d l ꢊꢉꢀ u ꢁ ꢅꢆꢈꢀ ꢈꢋꢃ Sꢀvꢅꢃꢈ Uꢆꢅꢀꢆ............................. 63

Gyöꢁꢂy D up kꢊ S u ꢉ-Cꢊꢁ p ꢊꢈꢋꢅꢊꢆ d ꢃ p ꢀꢁꢈꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆꢇ ꢍꢀꢁ “Mꢊ l ꢃꢆky ꢁꢀꢉꢀꢈ”...........................................................................................................7 1

Jáꢆꢀꢇ Kꢁꢅꢇꢈóꢍ M u ꢁá d ꢅꢆ Dꢃ p ꢀꢁꢈꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆ ꢍꢀꢁ “ꢌꢊ l ꢃꢆky ꢁꢀꢉꢀꢈ” ꢍꢁꢀꢌ ꢈꢋꢃ ꢊꢁꢃꢊꢇ ꢊꢆꢆꢃxꢃ d ꢈꢀ Rꢀꢌꢊꢆꢅ ꢊ . ............................................................................ 9 0

R ud ꢀ l ꢍ Wꢃꢅꢇꢇ Dꢃ p ꢀꢁꢈꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆ ꢀꢍ Gꢃꢁꢌꢊꢆꢇ ꢀꢍ ꢈꢋꢃ H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆ Sꢀ u ꢈꢋ l ꢊꢆ d ꢇ ꢈꢀ ꢈꢋꢃ Sꢀvꢅꢃꢈ Uꢆꢅꢀꢆ 1944 - 194 5................................................ 1 06

Concentration camps in the Soviet Union and their captives........................................................................................108

Gyöꢁꢂy D up kꢊ Cꢀꢆ c ꢃꢆꢈꢁꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆ ꢊꢆ d l ꢊꢉꢀ u ꢁ c ꢊꢌ p ꢇ ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ Sꢀvꢅꢃꢈ Uꢆꢅꢀꢆ .................................................................................................... 1 08

Jáꢆꢀꢇ Kꢁꢅꢇꢈóꢍ M u ꢁá d ꢅꢆ Lꢅꢍꢃ ꢊꢆ d d ꢃꢊꢈꢋ ꢅꢆ p ꢀ w ꢊꢆ d ꢅꢆꢈꢃꢁꢆꢌꢃꢆꢈ c ꢊꢌ p ꢇ ꢀꢍ ꢈꢋꢃ Sꢀvꢅꢃꢈ Uꢆꢅꢀꢆ ................................................................................. 1 2 4

Efforts made in the interest of forced labourers,

their return home per each region .....................................................................................................................................140

Zꢊ l áꢆ Bꢀꢂꢆáꢁ Iꢆ H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁ y . ..................................................................................................................................................................... 141

Gyöꢁꢂy D up kꢊ Iꢆ S u ꢉ-Cꢊꢁ p ꢊꢈꢋꢅꢊ ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 58

Jáꢆꢀꢇ Kꢁꢅꢇꢈóꢍ M u ꢁá d ꢅꢆ Iꢆ Rꢀꢌꢊꢆꢅꢊ ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 6 9

Regional Afterlife of Malenky Robot – in documentaries, in public view, monuments............................................176

Zꢊ l áꢆ Bꢀꢂꢆáꢁ Iꢆ H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁy w ꢅꢈꢋ ꢊꢆ ꢀ u ꢈ l ꢀꢀk ꢉꢃyꢀꢆ d ꢈꢋꢃ ꢉꢀꢁ d ꢃꢁꢇ............................................................................................................. 1 76

Gyöꢁꢂy D up kꢊ Iꢆ S u ꢉ-Cꢊꢁ p ꢊꢈꢋꢅꢊ w ꢅꢈꢋ ꢊꢆ ꢀ u ꢈ l ꢀꢀk ꢉꢃyꢀꢆ d ꢈꢋꢃ ꢁꢃꢂꢅꢀꢆ......................................................................................................203

Jáꢆꢀꢇ Kꢁꢅꢇꢈóꢍ M u ꢁá d ꢅꢆ Iꢆ Rꢀꢌꢊꢆꢅꢊ ......................................................................................................................................................................235

Other actions and measures with fatalities against Germans and Hungarians,

not linked to “Malenky robot”�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������241

Felvidék (Czechoslovakia) ..................................................................................................................................................242

Láꢇz l ó Dꢃák Dꢃ p ꢀꢁꢈꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆ ꢊꢆ d ꢍꢀꢁ c ꢃ d l ꢊꢉꢀ u ꢁ ꢀꢍ ꢈꢋꢃ H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆ ꢃꢈꢋꢆꢅ c ꢌꢅꢆꢀꢁꢅꢈy ꢍꢁꢀꢌ Fꢃ l vꢅ d ék/U pp ꢃꢁ H u ꢆꢂꢊꢁy ꢈꢀ Bꢀꢋꢃꢌꢅꢊ ꢊꢆ d Mꢀꢁꢊvꢅꢊ, 194 5- 1949 ............................................................................2 4 2

Sub-Carpathia (Soviet Union).............................................................................................................................................258

Gyöꢁꢂy Dꢐ p kꢊ NKVD ꢀꢁꢎꢃꢁ ꢈꢀ fiꢏꢈꢃꢁ ꢀꢐꢈ ꢋꢅꢂꢋꢏy ꢋꢊzꢊꢁꢎꢀꢐꢇ ꢃꢏꢃꢌꢃꢆꢈꢇ......................................................................................................258

Gyöꢁꢂy Dꢐ p kꢊ NKVD’ꢇ ꢁꢃꢈꢊꢏꢅꢊꢈꢅꢀꢆꢇ ꢊꢂꢊꢅꢆꢇꢈ ꢏꢃꢊꢎꢅꢆꢂ ꢅꢆꢈꢃꢏꢏꢃ c ꢈꢐꢊꢏꢇ..........................................................................................................260

Gyöꢁꢂy Dꢐ p kꢊ Tꢋꢃ ꢐꢆꢏꢊ w ꢍꢐꢏ ꢁꢐꢏꢅꢆꢂꢇ ꢀꢍ ꢈꢋꢃ Eꢌꢃꢁꢂꢃꢆ c y Cꢀꢐꢁꢈ................................................................................................................26 1

Gyöꢁꢂy Dꢐ p kꢊ Tꢋꢃ ꢀꢁꢎꢃꢁ ꢀꢍ ꢁꢃꢇꢃꢄꢏꢃꢌꢃꢆꢈ ꢀꢍ Gꢃꢁꢌꢊꢆ ꢊꢆꢎ Hꢐꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆ ꢍꢊꢌꢅꢏꢅꢃ ꢇ . .......................................................................................265

Transylvania, Partium, Eastern part of Banat, Southern part of Maramures (Romania)...........................................267

Lꢃvꢃꢆꢈꢃ Bꢃꢆkő Aꢆꢈꢅ-Hꢐꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆ ꢊꢈꢁꢀ c ꢅꢈꢅꢃꢇ ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ ꢊꢐꢈꢐꢌꢆ ꢀꢍ 1944 ꢅꢆ Tꢁꢊꢆꢇyꢏvꢊꢆꢅ ꢊ . .............................................................................. 267

Lꢃvꢃꢆꢈꢃ Bꢃꢆkő Hꢐꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆꢇ ꢊꢆꢎ Gꢃꢁꢌꢊꢆꢇ ꢅꢆꢈꢃꢁꢆꢃꢎ ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ ꢊꢐꢈꢐꢌꢆ ꢀꢍ 1944 ............................................................................................285

Lꢃvꢃꢆꢈꢃ Bꢃꢆkő Cꢊ p ꢈꢅvꢅꢈy ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ Rꢀꢌꢊꢆꢅꢊꢆ c ꢊꢌ p ꢇ ꢊꢇ ꢁꢃflꢃ c ꢈꢃꢎ ꢉy ꢌꢃꢌꢀꢁꢅꢃꢇ ...........................................................................................306

Délvidék (Yugoslavia) .........................................................................................................................................................327

Rꢐꢎꢀꢏꢍ Wꢃꢅꢇꢇ Cꢀꢌꢌꢐꢆꢅꢇꢈ ꢂꢃꢆꢀ c ꢅꢎꢃ ꢊꢂꢊꢅꢆꢇꢈ ꢈꢋꢃ Gꢃꢁꢌꢊꢆꢇ ꢀꢍ ꢈꢋꢃ Déꢏvꢅꢎé k . ........................................................................................... 327

Bꢊꢁꢉꢊꢁꢊ Bꢊꢆk Fꢁꢀꢌ ꢈꢋꢃ ꢇꢃ c ꢁꢃꢈ ꢁꢊꢅꢎ ꢈꢀ ꢈꢋꢃ c ꢊꢌ p ꢇ – Tꢋꢀꢐꢂꢋꢈꢇ ꢀꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ ꢌꢊꢇꢇ kꢅꢏꢏꢅꢆꢂ ꢀꢍ ꢈꢋꢃ Hꢐꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆꢇ ꢏꢅvꢅꢆꢂ ꢅꢆ ꢈꢋꢃ Déꢏvꢅꢎék (Sꢀꢐꢈꢋꢃꢁꢆ Tꢃꢁꢁꢅꢈꢀꢁy ) . .....................................................................................33 1

Resumes����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������341 Bibliography �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������348

Mass deportation of civilians from the Carpathian Basin to the Soviet Union – Malenky Robot................................................................................................................................349

Other actions and measures with fatalities against Germans and Hungarians, not linked to “Malenky robot” ...........................................................................................359

Supplement����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������362

This was the final stop

Acknowledgements

The Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle for Hungarian Germans would like to express its thanks to all those who contributed to this volume and thus to the expanding literature on “malenky robot”, the topic we have been researching for years.

Years have passed since we first set the aim to thoroughly research and then present to the general public the forgoꢁen history of the deportation of civilian population into la-

bour camps at the end and following the second world war. Our work has been quite fruitful, which is well illustrated by the recently published books, inaugurated monu-

ments, films, and events organized (conferences, book presentations, reader-writer meetings, and the Trauma exhibition opened in 2013 in Pécs). We have met hundreds of the

victims and interviewed them almost in the last hour; we have visited the places of the

tragedies on our field trips even though at most places there are no monuments or even flowers on the silent graves of the victims. We aimed to involve as many people into the research as possible, be it members of different generations, or people living across bor-

ders; we wished to reach isolated researchers who are working on the topic. The present volume is the result of this work. Just a glance at the table of contents tells the reader that the majority of the book is about regions that no longer belong to Hungary, yet the civilian population that found themselves outside the new borders became the victims of various atrocities exactly because they were born Hungarian or German. Their only guilt was their origin, to quote the title of one of our previous books. The present volume is not a monograph; we are proud to introduce is as the product of international cooperation, only made possible thanks to the help and research of our partners. Therefore, I ought to start the acknowledgements with them: I need to express

our thanks to the researchers who contributed their valuable papers to this volume. We

also express our thanks to those who made our research possible, especially the Interna-

tional Association of Gulag Researchers. We also appreciate the help of the German ethnic minority local governments that helped us, those who presented their talks, films,

articles and comments at our events, and those who participated in our study trips.

We wish to thank the survivors who shared those tragic memories with us, and by doing so helped us beꢁer understand the events and consequently we could present them to

the younger generations more accurately, and at the same time lending courage to other survivors who are still silent about what happened to them, as those events caused deep scars and a fear that lasts even today in those who experienced them.

We are also grateful to the public collections, research sites, publications and educational institutions that contributed to the scientific value of this volume, and helped us reveal

the historical context beyond the personal experiences, the international connections and

political background that were unknown to the survivors, so that we can beꢁer under-

stand the underlying reasons of the events. Although a detailed understanding does not undo the past, we need to understand what happened, so that we can draw the correct conclusions, and then state: nothing like this can ever happen again. Finally, we would like to express our thanks to the book publishing fund of the Na-

tional Cultural Fund of Hungary that provided financial support for the publication of

this volume.

Bꢃáꢈꢊ Máꢁkꢐꢇ, ꢃꢎꢅꢈꢀꢁ
Pé c ꢇ-Bꢊꢁꢊꢆyꢊ Eꢈꢋꢆꢅ c Cꢅꢁ c ꢏꢃ ꢍꢀꢁ Hꢐꢆꢂꢊꢁꢅꢊꢆ Gꢃꢁꢌꢊꢆꢇ

5

This was the final stop

Foreword

“The truth will set you free”1
Just the same way as the truth will set you free, lies or keeping quiet about the truth will shackle you. These kinds of mental and spiritual shackles were forced upon Hungary by the Soviet oppression and the subsequent communist-socialist dictatorship. This dictatorship had the aim of erasing our past, and rewriting it according to its own interest, and was quite successful in doing so. Thus generations grew up learning about a suppressed

or falsified history which deprived people of their real historical past, their roots. During

the more than 40 years of the socialist era in Hungary and in the surrounding countries it was forbidden to talk about the masses of innocent people who were deported to the Soviet Union without any court sentence. They were collected for identity check or with the

pretext of “Malenky Robot”, i.e. a liꢁle work, and they were deported; or they were con-

victed on made-up charges and sentenced to serve in a work camp. Also, the Hungari-

ans and Germans who found themselves outside the Trianon borders suffered atrocities,

internment and even murder. All these were parts of the history of the Carpathian Basin

that were doomed to be forgoꢁen. What is more, the victims were considered the guilty

ones. It is a shame on our nation that we did not pay tribute to the victims. The lack or scarcity of historical remembering distorts our national identity, which leads to bad decisions and eventually the moral and economic deterioration of the nation. And those who dared talk about these undisclosed tragedies soon experienced the initially deadly and later (after the 60ies) easing terror of the socialist periods of Rákosi and then Kádár. Instead of democratic elections, that system was based on fear, as a consequence of which people only dared to talk about these tragedies at home, even if these

tragedies affected hundreds of thousands of families.

However, the communist-socialist terror is not the only reason why there was no book published before about the deadly actions against Germans and Hungarians. The other

reason was that both nations finished the Second World War on the defeated side. Vae victis! Which means: woe to the vanquished! Indeed, at the end of the Second World War the Germans and Hungarians experienced the harsh reality of this ancient Roman

saying, which lead to a certain feeling of common destiny of Germans and Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin. This is so even if the Soviet Union defeated Romania, Slovakia

and Croatia, too, not only Germany and Hungary. Well, Romania joined the Allied Pow-

ers, more precisely the Soviet Union on 23rd August 1944, and with this step it could partly make the Allied Powers forget that it used to be the loyal ally of Hitler. It also needed

to be forgoꢁen that a military fascist dictatorship was introduced in Romania based on

the Iron Guard and led by Marshal Antonescu, who wanted himself to be called Lead-

er (conducator), just like the Führer. It also had to be forgoꢁen that starting from 22nd June 1941 it joined forces with Germany and aꢁacked the Soviet Union, it took part in the

war with two full armies on the side of the biggest German allied forces, and annexed Bessarabia, North-Bukovina and Transdniestria from the Soviet Union and carried out bloody pogroms lead by the Iron Guard against the Jews living in the occupied territories and in Romania. However, Slovakia did not switch sides, and did not even sign a cease

fire agreement with the Allied Powers as Hungary did. What is more, the fascist Slovakia

1

John 8:32

6

This was the final stop

lead by Tiso was considered to be an example state of Hitler’s, joined forces with the Nazi

Germany and aꢁacked Poland in September 1939. Hitler awarded the head of the Slovak Forces, Ferdinand Čatloš with an Iron Cross for this. Slovakia was one of the first states to start deporting Jews in 1942. Eventually it became a victorious state and the winning

powers forced Hungary to pay damages to this country. The independent Croatia was al-

so organised on the Nazi example, its leader Ante Pavelić also had himself called Leader

(poglavnik) – just like Hitler. The Croatian troops were the last to surrender in Europe, one week after the capitulation of Germany, on 15th May 1945. In the end, as part of Yugoslavia it also became a victorious state and therefore Hungary had to pay damages to

that country, too. History is wriꢁen by the victors – the saying goes. Indeed, the above al-

so serve as proof. But sooner or later the truth is revealed. I believe that no nation is inferior to another. As a consequence, there are no guilty nations, and there are no innocent ones, either. And still, ignoring the principles articulated in and accepted by the Atlantic Charter and the United Nations Declaration, the Soviets and their allies in the region applied the untrue principle of collective guilt and punished people of German and Hungarian ethnicity mother tongue or origins living in the Car-

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    A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF A SELECTION OF HUNGARIAN FOLKTALES IN ENGLISH • by ANDREA KATALIN SZILAGYI B.A., The University of Alberta, 2003 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Children's Literature) October 2007 ©Andrea Katalin Szilagyi, 2007 Abstract A significant body of Hungarian folktales in English exists, but these tales are difficult to locate, out of print, and/or excluded from international folktale anthologies. Critics have attributed this lack of prominence to linguistic isolation or to issues surrounding translation and economic challenges in today's publishing world. This thesis examines a selected body of Hungarian folktales in English. Specifically, it presents the findings of my extensive search for tales in translation and for scholarship on these tales; it offers a system of classifying and describing the selected tales and provides a comparative analysis of variants and types; and it offers an argument for anthologizing tales for a Canadian and/or Hungarian Canadian reading audience. Twenty tales (four variants within each tale category), chosen according to the selection criteria, comprise the body of primary material and are grouped according to tale categories - fairy tales, humorous tales, animal tales, anecdotes, and historical legends. In considering the variants of a selection of tale types and their particular references to Hungarian culture, this study illuminates the persistence of certain Hungarian folktales while highlighting their cultural distinctiveness. Ultimately, by creating awareness of this unique body of tales, my hope is for Canadian readers to be made aware of Hungary's culture and its folk literature, and for the tales to find their way into collections of multicultural folktales, to be released from their isolation, and to join other well-known international folktales on bookshelves around the world.
  • Major General Harry Hill Bandholtz: an Undiplomatic Diary

    Major General Harry Hill Bandholtz: an Undiplomatic Diary

    Major General Harry Hill Bandholtz: An Undiplomatic Diary With an Introduction on Hungary and WWI by Fritz-Konrad Krüger Edited by Andrew L. Simon Copy of the original book courtesy of the Cleveland Public Library Reference Department Copyright © Andrew L. Simon, 2000 ISBN 0-9665734-6-3 Library of Congress Card Number: 00-102297 Published by Simon Publications, P.O. Box 321, Safety Harbor, FL 34695 Printed by Lightning Print, Inc. La Vergne , TN 37086 Con tents Introduction 1 Hungary and World War I. 5 Preliminaries to Bandholtz’s Arrival in Hungary 19 An Undiplomatic Diary 23 August, 1919 23 September, 1919 57 October, 1919 103 November, 1919 147 December, 1919 185 January, 1920 231 February, 1920 257 The Rattigan Correspondence 263 Chronology of Events 271 Newspaper Articles on Bandholtz 275 Principal Persons Mentioned in the Diary 279 Appendices CZECHS, SLOVAKS, AND FATHER HLINKA 283 HOW PEACE WAS MADE AFTER THE GREAT WAR 294 Introduction by Andrew L. Simon Major General Harry Hill Bandholtz was America’s representative to the Inter-Allied Supreme Command’s Military Mission in Hungary at the end of World War I. Before the first world war, Bandholtz was Chief of the American Constabulary in the Philippines from 1907 until 1913. During WWI Bandholtz was the Provost Marshal General in General Pershing’s American Expeditionary Forces in France. His organization, 463 officers and 15,912 men, was the world’s largest military police command at the time. Directing it was a huge responsibility. Despite his qualifications and experience, his six-month assignment to Budapest was apparently the most frustrating encounter in General Bandholtz’s distinguished military career.
  • International Review of the Red Cross, August 1970, Tenth Year

    International Review of the Red Cross, August 1970, Tenth Year

    OCT 7 197U AUGUST 1970 TENTH YEAR - No. 113 P OPI'RTY OF U. S. ARMY 11<1' JliLlGE Al::VOCA1E GENERAL'S SCHOOL UBRARY international review• of the red cross INTER+ ARMA CAAITAS GENEVA INTERNATIONAL COMMITIEE OF THE RED CROSS FOUNDED IN 1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS MARCEL A. NAVILLE, President (member since 1967) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Winterthur Stadtrat, Vice-President (1958) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva, Vice-President (1959) MARTIN BODMER, Hon. Doctor of Philosophy (1940) PAUL RUEGGER, Ambassador, President of the ICRC from 1948 to 1955 (1948) RODOLFO OLGIATI, Hon. Doctor of Medicine, Director of the Don Suisse from 1944 to 1948 (1949) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F., M.B.A. Harvard, Banker (1955)' DIETRICH SCHINDLER, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the University of Zurich (1961) HANS MEULI, Doctor of Medicine, Brigade Colonel, Director of the Swiss Army Medical Service from 1946 to 1960 (1961) MARJORIE DUVILLARD, nurse (1961) MAX PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, former President of the Swiss Confederation (1961) ADOLPHE GRAEDEL, member of the Swiss National Council from 1951 to 1963, former Secretary-General of the International Metal Workers Federation (1965) DENISE BINDSCHEDLER-ROBERT, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies (1967) JACQUES F. DE ROUGEMONT, Doctor of Medicine (1967) ROGER GALLOPIN, Doctor of Laws, former Director-General (1967) JEAN PICTET, Doctor of Laws, Chairman of the Legal Commission (1967) WALDEMAR JUCKER, Doctor of Laws, Secretary, Union syndicale suisse (1967) HARALD HUBER, Doctor of Laws, Federal Court judge (1969) VICTOR H.
  • We're Not Nazis, But…

    We're Not Nazis, But…

    August 2014 American ideals. Universal values. Acknowledgements On human rights, the United States must be a beacon. This report was made possible by the generous Activists fighting for freedom around the globe continue to support of the David Berg Foundation and Arthur & look to us for inspiration and count on us for support. Toni Rembe Rock. Upholding human rights is not only a moral obligation; it’s Human Rights First has for many years worked to a vital national interest. America is strongest when our combat hate crimes, antisemitism and anti-Roma policies and actions match our values. discrimination in Europe. This report is the result of Human Rights First is an independent advocacy and trips by Sonni Efron and Tad Stahnke to Greece and action organization that challenges America to live up to Hungary in April, 2014, and to Greece in May, 2014, its ideals. We believe American leadership is essential in as well as interviews and consultations with a wide the struggle for human rights so we press the U.S. range of human rights activists, government officials, government and private companies to respect human national and international NGOs, multinational rights and the rule of law. When they don’t, we step in to bodies, scholars, attorneys, journalists, and victims. demand reform, accountability, and justice. Around the We salute their courage and dedication, and give world, we work where we can best harness American heartfelt thanks for their counsel and assistance. influence to secure core freedoms. We are also grateful to the following individuals for We know that it is not enough to expose and protest their work on this report: Tamas Bodoky, Maria injustice, so we create the political environment and Demertzian, Hanna Kereszturi, Peter Kreko, Paula policy solutions necessary to ensure consistent respect Garcia-Salazar, Hannah Davies, Erica Lin, Jannat for human rights.
  • Open Final Thesis Draft__Jacob Green.Pdf

    Open Final Thesis Draft__Jacob Green.Pdf

    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Resurgent Antisemitism: The Threat of Viktor Orban and His Political Arsenal JACOB GREEN SPRING 2021 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for baccalaureate degrees in History and Spanish with honors in History Reviewed and approved* by the following: Tobias Brinkmann Malvin and Lea Bank Associate Professor of Jewish Studies and History Thesis Supervisor Cathleen Cahill Associate Professor of History Honors Advisor * Electronic approvals are on file. i ABSTRACT This thesis will analyze the role and prevalence of antisemitism in Hungary across various time periods to better understand the populist foundation of the modern crisis. Prime Minister Viktor Orban and his Fidesz government rely on antisemitic tropes to maintain political power and realize their authoritarian vision for the nation. By investigating Hungarian history from World War I through the communist era, this thesis will develop a historical framework to better understand recent events and why they are so troubling. Next, the modern context will be examined to uncover Orban’s tactical use of antisemitism and historical revisionism. Orban’s tactics leave minority communities in Hungary, especially the nation’s large Jewish community, vulnerable to nationalist outbursts and undermine democracy. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................
  • Republic of Violence: the German Army and Politics, 1918-1923

    Republic of Violence: the German Army and Politics, 1918-1923

    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2015-09-11 Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 Bucholtz, Matthew N Bucholtz, M. N. (2015). Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27638 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/2451 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Republic of Violence: The German Army and Politics, 1918-1923 By Matthew N. Bucholtz A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2015 © Matthew Bucholtz 2015 Abstract November 1918 did not bring peace to Germany. Although the First World War was over, Germany began a new and violent chapter as an outbreak of civil war threatened to tear the country apart. The birth of the Weimar Republic, Germany’s first democratic government, did not begin smoothly as republican institutions failed to re-establish centralized political and military authority in the wake of the collapse of the imperial regime. Coupled with painful aftershocks from defeat in the Great War, the immediate postwar era had only one consistent force shaping and guiding political and cultural life: violence.
  • African Americans, the Civil Rights Movement, and East Germany, 1949-1989

    African Americans, the Civil Rights Movement, and East Germany, 1949-1989

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eScholarship@BC Friends of Freedom, Allies of Peace: African Americans, the Civil Rights Movement, and East Germany, 1949-1989 Author: Natalia King Rasmussen Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104045 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2014 Copyright is held by the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of History FRIENDS OF FREEDOM, ALLIES OF PEACE: AFRICAN AMERICANS, THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT, AND EAST GERMANY, 1949-1989 A dissertation by NATALIA KING RASMUSSEN submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2014 © copyright by NATALIA DANETTE KING RASMUSSEN 2014 “Friends of Freedom, Allies of Peace: African Americans, the Civil Rights Movement, and East Germany, 1949-1989” Natalia King Rasmussen Dissertation Advisor: Devin O. Pendas This dissertation examines the relationship between Black America and East Germany from 1949 to 1989, exploring the ways in which two unlikely partners used international solidarity to achieve goals of domestic importance. Despite the growing number of works addressing the black experience in and with Imperial Germany, Nazi Germany, West Germany, and contemporary Germany, few studies have devoted attention to the black experience in and with East Germany. In this work, the outline of this transatlantic relationship is defined, detailing who was involved in the friendship, why they were involved, and what they hoped to gain from this alliance.
  • Hungarian National Seismological Bulletin

    Hungarian National Seismological Bulletin

    K¨ovesligethy Rad´oSeismological Observatory HUNGARIAN NATIONAL SEISMOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014 MTA CSFK GGI - BUDAPEST - HUNGARY Hungarian National Seismological Bulletin 2014 Authors: Zolt´anGr´aczer(editor) Istv´anBond´ar Csenge Czanik Tibor Czifra Erzs´ebet Gy}ori M´artaKiszely P´eterM´onus B´alint S¨ule Gy¨ongyv´erSzanyi L´aszl´oT´oth P´eterVarga Viktor Wesztergom Zolt´anW´eber MTA CSFK GGI K¨ovesligethy Rad´oSeismological Observatory Budapest, Hungary 2015 Reference: Gr´aczer,Z. (ed.), Bond´ar,I., Czanik, Cs., Czifra, T., Gy}ori,E., Kiszely, M., M´onus, P., S¨ule,B., Szanyi, Gy., T´oth,L., Varga, P., Wesztergom, V., W´eber, Z., 2015. Hungarian National Seismological Bulletin 2014, K¨ovesligethy Rad´oSeismological Observatory, MTA CSFK GGI, Budapest, 563pp. Publisher: Dr. Viktor Wesztergom ISSN 2063-8558 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. cbed http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Contents 1 Local earthquakes 9 2 Focal mechanisms 85 3 Macroseismic data 86 4 Phase data of regional and teleseismic earthquakes and quarry explosions 106 5 References 561 5 Foreword During the year 2014 the Hungarian National Seismological Network has been extended by one permanent broadband station in western Hungary which brought the total number of the stations to 13. In 2014, 169 local events have been detected by the Network and 14 Hungarian earthquakes were felt by the public. The focal parameters and phase readings of the local earthquakes are listed in Chapter 1 of this publication. The type of the events (earthquake or explosion) were determined based on the characteristics of the recordings and the data from the quarry managements.
  • Czechoslovakia's Ethnic Policy in Subcarpathia

    Czechoslovakia's Ethnic Policy in Subcarpathia

    1 Czechoslovakia’s ethnic policy in Subcarpathia (Podkarpatskaja Rus or Ruthenia) 1919 – 1938/1939 József Botlik Translated and edited by P. Csermely 2 Table of Contents POLITICAL MACHINATIONS................................................................................................................................... 3 THE RUTHENIANS OF HUNGARY .......................................................................................................................... 6 FOREIGN MILITARY OCCUPATION OF SUBCARPATHIA ............................................................................ 18 ARMED OPPOSITION TO CZECHOSLOVAK RULE ......................................................................................... 29 SUBCARPATHIA ........................................................................................................................................................ 41 CZECH COLONIZATION ......................................................................................................................................... 63 THE PERIOD OF GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY, THE SOJM......................................................................... 104 THE FIRST VIENNA ARBITRAL ACCORD........................................................................................................ 124 THE REUNION OF SUBCARPATHIA WITH HUNGARY................................................................................. 138 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................................................
  • THE HISTORY of the PIETERSBURG [POLOKWANE] JEWISH COMMUNITY by CHARLOTTE WIENER Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements

    THE HISTORY of the PIETERSBURG [POLOKWANE] JEWISH COMMUNITY by CHARLOTTE WIENER Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements

    THE HISTORY OF THE PIETERSBURG [POLOKWANE] JEWISH COMMUNITY by CHARLOTTE WIENER Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the subject JUDAICA at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: MR CEDRIC GINSBERG NOVEMBER 2006 SUMMARY Jews were present in Pietersburg [Polokwane] from the time of its establishment in 1868. They came from Lithuania, England and Germany. They were attracted by the discovery of gold, land and work opportunities. The first Jewish cemetery was established on land granted by President Paul Kruger in 1895. The Zoutpansberg Hebrew Congregation, which included Pietersburg and Louis Trichardt was established around 1897. In 1912, Pietersburg founded its own congregation, the Pietersburg Hebrew Congregation. A Jewish burial society, a benevolent society and the Pietersburg-Zoutpansberg Zionist Society was formed. A communal hall was built in 1921 and a synagogue in 1953. Jews contributed to the development of Pietersburg and held high office. There was little anti-Semitism. From the 1960s, Jews began moving to the cities. The communal hall and minister’s house were sold in 1994 and the synagogue in 2003. Only the Jewish cemetery remains in Pietersburg. 10 key words: 1] Pietersburg [Polokwane] 2] Zoutpansberg 3] Anglo-Boer War 4] Jew 5] Synagogue 6] Cemetery 7] Rabbi 8] Hebrew 9] Zionist 10] Anti-Semitism ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following: Mr Cedric Ginsberg, my supervisor, for his invaluable assistance, patience and meticulous corrections The late Mr Wally Levy for his information concerning families and events in the Northern Transvaal. His prodigious memory was extremely helpful to me My husband Dennis and children Janine, Elian and Mandy, for their patience with my obsession to finish this thesis.
  • Chronicle of Cruelties

    Chronicle of Cruelties

    CHRONICLE OF CRUELTIES ROMANIAN MISTREATMENT OF THE HUNGARIAN MINORITY IN TRANSYLVANIA by Dr. Arpad Kosztin Translated from the Hungarian by Eva Barcza Bessenyey UNEDITED PREPUBLISHING VERSION FOR HOMEPAGE ONLY ORIGINAL TITLE: MAGYARELLENES ROMÁN KEGYETLENKEDÉSEK ERDÉLYBEN ISBN 963 8363 72 X A Publication of the BIRO FAMILY BUDAPEST PLEASE NOTE: THE PAGE NUMBERS WILL BE DIFFERENT IN THE FORTHCOMMING BOOK 2 CONTENTS Contents 3 Ferenc Bartis: About the author 4 Preface 6 I. Introduction 10 II Romanian Atrocities before Horea-Closca 18 III The peasant revolt of Horea-Closca-Crisan 24 IV The freedom fight of 1848-49 32 V Romanian atrocities before and after WW I 43 VI Romanian atrocities during and after WW II-1956 74 VII During and after the 1956 Revolution 109 VIII Countermeasures after 1956 118 IX Romanian atrocities after 1989 133 Epilogue 147 Bibliography 149 Notes 167 3 The accuser shows mercy As strange as it may seem, the author of this indispensable and inevitable book, dr. Arpad Kosztin, does show mercy: he does not accuse, does not point a finger but gives us a work of factual history. And this is important for this painful objectivity gives the measure of the work's credibility. Our author does not have to be introduced to our readers for everyone knows his book on the debunking of the Daco-Roman theory (entitled the Daco-Roman Legend, it was published in English in 1997 by Matthias Corvinus Publishing, in the USA and Canada); on Romania's expansion into Transylvania; as well as his numerours lively and outspoken but profound essays and articles in the daily press.