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This Was the Final Stop This was the final stop Actions against Germans and Hungarians leading to fatalities in the Carpathian Basin between 1944 and 1949 Title “This was the final stop” Actions against Germans and Hungarians leading to fatalities in the Carpathian Basin between 1944 and 1949 Published by the Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle of Germans in Hungary with the support of the book publishing of Head of publication Matkovits-Kretz Eleonóra Editor-in-chief Bognár Zalán Editor Márkus Beáta Translator Papp Eszter Cover M. Lovász Noémi’s work of art titled “Forgetting is to banish, remembering is to free...” Published by Kontraszt Plusz Kft. www.kontraszt.hu ISBN 978-963-88716-6-4 Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle of Germans in Hungary Postal address: 55 Rákóczi str. H - 7621 Tel./fax: +36 72 213 453 Tax ID: 19031202-1-02 Bank account no: 50400113-11000695 www.nemetkor.hu [email protected] Pécs, 2015. English edition 2016. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Foreword....................................................................................................................................................................................6 Mass deportation of civilians from the Carpathian Basin to the Soviet Union – Malenky Robot ���������������������������������9 Zalán Bognár Mass deportation of civilians from the Carpathian Basin for forced labour in the Soviet Union, with perspectives to Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Zalán Bognár Mass deportation of civilians from post-Trianon Hungary for forced labour in the Soviet Union ���������������������������������24 László Köteles The deportation of Hungarians and Germans from Felvidék for forced labour into the Soviet Union �����������������������������63 György Dupka Sub-Carpathian deportations for “Malenky robot” �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 János Kristóf Murádin Deportation for “malenky robot” from the areas annexed to Romania �����������������������������������������������������������������������������90 Rudolf Weiss Deportation of Germans of the Hungarian Southlands to the Soviet Union 1944-1945................................................106 Concentration camps in the Soviet Union and their captives ........................................................................................108 György Dupka Concentration and labour camps in the Soviet Union ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������108 János Kristóf Murádin Life and death in pow and internment camps of the Soviet Union ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������124 Efforts made in the interest of forced labourers, their return home per each region .....................................................................................................................................140 Zalán Bognár In Hungary ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������141 György Dupka In Sub-Carpathia �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158 János Kristóf Murádin In Romania ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������169 Regional Afterlife of Malenky Robot – in documentaries, in public view, monuments ............................................176 Zalán Bognár In Hungary with an outlook beyond the borders �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������176 György Dupka In Sub-Carpathia with an outlook beyond the region ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������203 János Kristóf Murádin In Romania ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������235 Other actions and measures with fatalities against Germans and Hungarians, not linked to “Malenky robot” �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������241 Felvidék (Czechoslovakia) ..................................................................................................................................................242 László Deák Deportation and forced labour of the Hungarian ethnic minority from Felvidék/Upper Hungary to Bohemia and Moravia, 1945-1949 ����������������������������������������������������������������������������242 Sub-Carpathia (Soviet Union) .............................................................................................................................................258 György Dupka NKVD order to filter out highly hazardous elements ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������258 György Dupka NKVD’s retaliations against leading intellectuals ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������260 György Dupka The unlawful rulings of the Emergency Court ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������261 György Dupka The order of resettlement of German and Hungarian families ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������265 Transylvania, Partium, Eastern part of Banat, Southern part of Maramures (Romania)...........................................267 Levente Benkő Anti-Hungarian atrocities in the autumn of 1944 in Transylvania �������������������������������������������������������������������������������267 Levente Benkő Hungarians and Germans interned in the autumn of 1944 ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������285 Levente Benkő Captivity in the Romanian camps as reflected by memories �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������306 Délvidék (Yugoslavia) .........................................................................................................................................................327 Rudolf Weiss Communist genocide against the Germans of the Délvidék ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������327 Barbara Bank From the secret raid to the camps – Thoughts on the mass killing of the Hungarians living in the Délvidék (Southern Territory) ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������331 Resumes ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������341 Bibliography �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������348 Mass deportation of civilians from the Carpathian Basin to the Soviet Union – Malenky Robot ................................................................................................................................349 Other actions and measures with fatalities against Germans and Hungarians, not linked to “Malenky robot” ...........................................................................................359 Supplement ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������362 This was the final stop Acknowledgements The Pécs-Baranya Ethnic Circle for Hungarian Germans would like to express its thanks to all those who contributed to this volume and thus to the expanding literature on “malenky robot”, the topic we have been researching for years. Years have passed since we first set the aim to thoroughly research and then present to the general public the forgotten history of the deportation of civilian population into la- bour camps at the end and following the second world war. Our work has been quite fruitful, which is well illustrated by the recently published books, inaugurated monu- ments, films, and events organized (conferences, book presentations, reader-writer meet- ings, and the Trauma exhibition opened in 2013 in Pécs). We have met hundreds of the victims and interviewed them almost in the last hour; we have visited the places of the tragedies on our field trips even though at most places there are no monuments or even flowers on the silent graves of the victims. We aimed to involve as many people into the research as possible, be it members of different generations, or people living across bor- ders; we wished to reach isolated researchers who are working on the topic. The pres- ent volume is the result of this work. Just a glance at the table of contents tells the reader that the majority of the book is about regions that no longer belong to Hungary, yet the civilian population that found themselves
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