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International Review of the Red Cross, August 1970, Tenth Year

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International Review of the Red Cross, August 1970, Tenth Year OCT 7 197U AUGUST 1970 TENTH YEAR - No. 113 P OPI'RTY OF U. S. ARMY 11<1' JliLlGE Al::VOCA1E GENERAL'S SCHOOL UBRARY international review• of the red cross INTER+ ARMA CAAITAS GENEVA INTERNATIONAL COMMITIEE OF THE RED CROSS FOUNDED IN 1863 INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS MARCEL A. NAVILLE, President (member since 1967) HANS BACHMANN, Doctor of Laws, Winterthur Stadtrat, Vice-President (1958) JACQUES FREYMOND, Doctor of Literature, Director of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, Professor at the University of Geneva, Vice-President (1959) MARTIN BODMER, Hon. Doctor of Philosophy (1940) PAUL RUEGGER, Ambassador, President of the ICRC from 1948 to 1955 (1948) RODOLFO OLGIATI, Hon. Doctor of Medicine, Director of the Don Suisse from 1944 to 1948 (1949) GUILLAUME BORDIER, Certificated Engineer E.P.F., M.B.A. Harvard, Banker (1955)' DIETRICH SCHINDLER, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the University of Zurich (1961) HANS MEULI, Doctor of Medicine, Brigade Colonel, Director of the Swiss Army Medical Service from 1946 to 1960 (1961) MARJORIE DUVILLARD, nurse (1961) MAX PETITPIERRE, Doctor of Laws, former President of the Swiss Confederation (1961) ADOLPHE GRAEDEL, member of the Swiss National Council from 1951 to 1963, former Secretary-General of the International Metal Workers Federation (1965) DENISE BINDSCHEDLER-ROBERT, Doctor of Laws, Professor at the Graduate Institute of International Studies (1967) JACQUES F. DE ROUGEMONT, Doctor of Medicine (1967) ROGER GALLOPIN, Doctor of Laws, former Director-General (1967) JEAN PICTET, Doctor of Laws, Chairman of the Legal Commission (1967) WALDEMAR JUCKER, Doctor of Laws, Secretary, Union syndicale suisse (1967) HARALD HUBER, Doctor of Laws, Federal Court judge (1969) VICTOR H. UMBRICHT, Doctor of Laws, Managing Director (1970) Honorary members: Mr. JACQUES CHENEVIERE, Honorary Vice-President; Miss LUCIE ODIER, Honorary Vice-President; Messrs. FREDERIC BARBEY, CARL j. BURCKHARDT, PAUL CARRY, Mrs. MARGUERITE GAUTIER-VAN BERCHEM, Messrs. SAMUEL A. GONARD, EDOUARD de HALLER, PAUL LOGOZ, FREDERIC SIORDET, ALFREDO VANNOTTI, ADOLF VISCHER. Directorate: Mr. JEAN-LOUIS LE FORT, Secretary-General. Mr. RAYMOND COURVOISIER, Special Assistant to the President and Director of Operations. Mr. CLAUDE PILLOUD, Director, Department of Principles and Law. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF THE RED CROSS AUGUST 1970· No. 113 CONTENTS M. Veulhey: The Red Cross and Non-Interna­ tional Conflicts 411 INTERNATIONAL The Middle East Activities of the International COMMITTEE OF Committee of the Red Cross - June 1967 - June 1970 (I) 424 THE RED CROSS External Activities: (CRC President visits USSR - Greece - Middle East - Republic of Viet Nam - Cambodia - Brazil 460 In Geneva: New Accession to the Geneva Conventions .... 467 MISCELLANEOUS Fiftieth Anniversary of the International Union for Child Welfare 468 Centenary of the Society Solferino San Martino 471 For the Disabled 472 BOOKS AND REVIEWS 476 FRENCH EDITION The French edition of this Review is issued every OF THE REVIEW month under the title of Revue internationa/e ·de la Croix-Rouge. It is, in principle, identical with the English edition and may be obtained under the same conditions. SUPPLEMENTS TO THE REVIEW SPANISH EI Estado moderno y la Cruz Roja. (J.-G. L.) GERMAN A. Modoux: Beitrag des Roten Kreuzes zum Frieden ­ Neue Entwicklungstendenzen im humanitaren V6lker­ recht - « Das Rote Kreuz und mein Land» in fLinf Landern Asiens. INTERNATIONAL The Internationa/ Review is published each month by REVIEW OF the International Committee of the Red Cross THE RED CROSS 7, avenue de la Paix, 1211 Geneva I, Switzerland Postal Cheque No. 12 1767 Annual subscription: Sw. fro 25.- ($6) Single copies Sw. fro 2.50 ($0.60) Editor: J.-G. LOSSIER The International Committee of the Red Cross assumes responsibility only for material over its own signature. THE RED CROSS AND NON-INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS by M. Veuthey Whilst from the outset the Red Cross was founded essentially to help the victims of conflicts between States, and the various Geneva Conventions since 1863 were relevant to conflicts of that kind, it must be recognized that internal conflicts have given rise to hundreds of thousands of victims who, all too often, could not effectively be helped due to legal or political barriers to Red Cross action. The Red Cross could not be true to its mission and at the same time indifferent to the plight of victims of such conflicts, the horror and ferocity of which frequently exceeded those of the usual inter­ national wars. Even before the 1949 Diplomatic Conference adopted provisions dealing with conflicts of that type, the Red Cross was concerned with what were still known as civil wars. As early as 1912 one National Society suggested the drawing up of an international law to enable National Red Cross Societies to help the victims of internal conflicts. This project was ahead ofits time and was rejected. Five years later, however, after the Russian Revolution, an ICRC delegate, after a personal interview with Lenin, obtained agreement for a group of neutral Red Cross Societies, in concert with the Russian Red Cross, to create a " Political Red Cross" as it was known because it was assigned the mission of visiting political prisoners to provide them with relief and transmit news on their behalf. This very important example was not an isolated case and the trend was to find clear expression in 1921 at the Xth International Conference of the Red Cross which adopted the following prin­ ciples: 411 THE RED CROSS AND NON-INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS The Red Cross, transcending all political, social, religious, racial, class and national competition, affirms its right and duty to take action to provide reliefin civil war, social disturbances and revolutions. The Red Cross recognizes that all victims ofcivil war or conflicts of the type mentioned are without exception entitled to assistance, pursuant to the general principles of the Red Cross. Stressing the important role of the National Red Cross Society, in any country where civil war breaks out, in assisting impartially the victims, the Conference entrusted the ICRC with the" mandate of intervening in the work of relief in the event of civil war ".1 In addition that same Conference "motivated by the grievous experience acquired by the Red Cross in countries where civil war had raged" launched a stirring appeal for the law of nations to be respected even in time of civil war. Thus it is almost fifty years since expression was given to prin­ ciples which may be considered basic for Red Cross action for the benefit of victims of conflicts which are not international. The adoption of these principles, it is interesting to note, followed closely on the Hungarian Revolution in 1919 during which ICRC delegates intervened first to obtain authorization from the new government to enable the National Red Cross Society to carry out its humanitarian work without hindrance and secondly to give attention to the plight of political prisoners and foreigners. Only two months after its adoption, the 1921 Resolution went through a trial by fire in Upper Silesia. Later the war in Spain was also to entail intervention by the Red Cross (described by one of its delegates, Dr. Junod, in his book" Warrior without Weapons ") to such effect, indeed, that in 1937 a Commission of governmental experts convened by the ICRC unanimously recognized that the Red Cross principles should be respected in all circumstances even when the Geneva Conventions were not applicable. This opinion was reiterated by the XVIth International Conference of the Red Cross in 1938. The Red Cross Conference in Geneva in 1946 (" Pre-Conference Meeting of National Red Cross Societies for the Study of the 1 Agenda item XIV "Civil War", IIIrd Commission, meetings of April 6 and 7, 1921. 412 THE RED CROSS AND NON-INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS Conventions and the various problems related to the Red Cross ") voted the following recommendation: "In the event of armed conflict within a State, the Convention shall be applied equally by each of the opposing parties, unless one of them expressly refuses to do so ". Other resolutions were adopted later by governmental experts and by the Stockholm Conference in August 1948. At the Diplomatic Conference to adopt the Geneva Conventions in 1949, the addition of one clause relating to internal conflict gave rise to very lengthy discussions. 2 It was only after three months that agreement was reached on the text of article 3 which is common to all four Con­ ventions: "In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions: 1. Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria. To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above­ mentioned persons: a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; b) taking of hostages; c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples. 2. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for. 2 See inter alia J. Pictet, The Geneva Conventions of12 August 1949-Commentary published under the general editorship ofJ. S. Pictet, JCRC, Geneva, 1952.
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