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Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area

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Socio-Economic Analysis of the Carpathian Area Socio-economic analysis of the Carpathian area Project co-financed by the EU Pécs 2007 Hungarian Academy of Sciences HAS Centre for Regional Studies Centre for Regional Studies Transdanubian Research Institute Director General: Dr. Gyula Horváth Director: Pálné dr. Ilona Kovács Phone: +36 72 523 800 H-7621 Pécs, Papnövelde u. 22. H-7601 Pécs, P.O. Box 199 Fax: +36 72 523 803 Socio-economic analysis of the Carpathian area Supervisors Iván Illés DSc; Zoltán Gál PhD Technical editor Szilárd Rácz Authors Ferenc Erdősi DSc (chapter 9) István Fodor DSc (chapter 4) Zoltán Gál PhD (chapter 15) Wiktor Glowacki (chapter 5) Zoltán Hajdú DSc (chapter 2, 3) László Hrubi (chapter 11) Iván Illés DSc (chapter 1, 10) Lukasz Kotula (chapter 5) Teréz Kovács PhD (chapter 13) Kinga Kuczynska (chapter 5) Gábor Lux (chapter 12) Péter Póla PhD (chapter 6, 7, 8) Zoltán Raffay PhD (chapter 14) HAS CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES 1 TRANSDANUBIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE Socio-economic analysis of the Carpathian area Contents 1. Introduction – The Carpathians: a European macroregion......................................................... 6 1.1. Physical geographic features.............................................................................................. 6 1.2. The analysed area.............................................................................................................. 7 1.3. Demography..................................................................................................................... 10 1.4. Ethnic and religious affiliations ......................................................................................... 16 1.5. Employment...................................................................................................................... 18 2. General determinations of the Carpathians Project Area: geographical location, spatial structure, borders......................................................................................................................... 22 2.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 22 2.2. The Carpathians............................................................................................................... 23 2.3. The Carpathian Convention.............................................................................................. 24 2.4. The Carpathians Project Space........................................................................................ 24 3. Historical geographical features of the project space............................................................... 29 3.1. Spatial constituents and consequences of the long-term historical processes ................. 29 3.2. Spatial processes of the project region in the time of the modernisation.......................... 33 4. Environmental management, risk prevention, natural and cultural heritage in the Carpathian area.............................................................................................................................................. 37 4.1. Water management, water pollution and flood control...................................................... 37 4.2. The hazards of deforestation............................................................................................ 42 4.3. The potential impacts of climate change........................................................................... 45 4.4. Air pollution....................................................................................................................... 45 4.5. The environmental impacts of Carpathian industries, transport and agriculture ............... 47 4.6. Nature conservation in the Carpathian Area..................................................................... 48 HAS CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES 2 TRANSDANUBIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE Socio-economic analysis of the Carpathian area 4.7. National Parks in the Carpathian Area.............................................................................. 50 5. Carpathian settlement structure............................................................................................... 51 5.1. Austria .............................................................................................................................. 52 5.2. Czech Republic ................................................................................................................ 53 5.3. Hungary............................................................................................................................ 55 5.4. Poland .............................................................................................................................. 56 5.5. Romania........................................................................................................................... 58 5.6. Serbia............................................................................................................................... 60 5.7. Slovakia............................................................................................................................ 61 5.8. Ukraine............................................................................................................................. 63 5.9. Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 65 6. The demographic features of the Carpathian Region .............................................................. 73 7. Education and employment in the Carpathian Region............................................................. 81 8. Employment, unemployment.................................................................................................... 85 9. Transport in the Carpathians.................................................................................................... 95 9.1. The evolution of the transport network.............................................................................. 95 9.2. The current situation of transport.................................................................................... 103 9.3. The major problems of transport in the Carpathian region, weaknesses and alternatives for their solution.......................................................................................................................... 106 10. Border crossing in the Carpathian Area............................................................................... 113 11. The General Economic Position of the Carpathian Region.................................................. 117 11.1. Historical background, current processes..................................................................... 117 11.2. The region’s socio-economic position........................................................................... 122 12. Industry in the Carpathian Area ........................................................................................... 138 HAS CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES 3 TRANSDANUBIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE Socio-economic analysis of the Carpathian area 12.1. Industrial typology of Carpathian regions...................................................................... 138 12.2. The changing spatial structure of industry in the Carpathian Area................................ 143 13. Agriculture in the Carpathian Region ................................................................................... 147 13.1. The relationship between the employment of active wage earners and agricultural farmers .................................................................................................................................. 149 13.2. Land use structure........................................................................................................ 159 14. The approach to tourism and natural/cultural heritage in the Carpathians region................ 168 14.1. Tourism......................................................................................................................... 168 14.2. Heritage sites in the Carpathians Area ......................................................................... 183 15. Research and development (R&D) activity in the Carpathian Area...................................... 198 15.1. Introduction................................................................................................................... 198 15.2. The economic significance of innovation in the transition economies of the Carpathian Area....................................................................................................................................... 198 15.3. The regional structure of R&D ...................................................................................... 204 15.4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................... 213 16. Bibliography......................................................................................................................... 217 HAS CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES 4 TRANSDANUBIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE Socio-economic analysis of the Carpathian area HAS CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES 5 TRANSDANUBIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE Socio-economic analysis of the Carpathian area 1. INTRODUCTION – THE CARPATHIANS: A EUROPEAN MACROREGION 1.1. Physical geographic features The Carpathian Mountains are the Eastern wing of the Great Central Mountain System of Europe, curving
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