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Home , Les Nabis

1 1. Abstract

A tendency among mainly New York painters after World War II, all of whom were committed to an expressive art of profound emotion and universal themes, embraces the spacial breakthroughs of Jackson Pollock, paint- ing of Mark Rothko, as well as the gestural abstraction of Willem de Kooning. Most were inspired by and to create a new style fitted to the post-war mood of anxiety and trauma. Their success set the stage for America’s post-war dominance of the international art world.

Jackson Pollock Mark Rothko Willem de Kooning Number 5 1948 Yellow and Red 1961 Police Gazette 1955 2 2. Aesthetic Movement

The Aesthetic Movement emerged first in Britain in the late-nineteenth century. In- spired by a rejection of previous styles in both the fine and decorative arts, its adherents were committed to the pursuit of beauty and the doctrine of ‘art for art’s sake’. Believing that art had declined in an era of utility and rationalism, they claimed that art deserved to be judged on its own terms alone.

James Whistler Whistlers Mother 1871

3 3.

Art Deco was an eclectic style that flourished in the 1920s and ‘30s and influenced art, architecture and design. It blended a love of modernity - expressed through geometric shapes and streamlined forms - with references to the classical past and to exotic loca- tions.

Salon of Paul Reynaud 1930

Chrysler Building NYC 1930

Rex Theatre, 1932 Victory by René Lalique 1928 4 4.

Art Nouveau was a movement that swept through the decorative arts and architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Artists drew inspiration from both organic and geometric forms, evolving elegant designs that united flowing, natural forms with more angular contours.

Alfonse Mucha “Daydream” 1897 Tiffany Lamp 1905 5 5. Arte Povera

Arte Povera is a style of . The term was introduced in Italy during a period of upheaval at the end of the 1960s. The term centered on a group of Italian artists who at- tacked established institutions with art made from unconventional materials. They often used found objects in their works.

6 6.

The Arts and Crafts Movement was an international design movement that originated in Great Britain and had a strong following in the United States. It advocated truth to ma- terials and traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration. It also proposed economic and social reform and has been seen as essentially anti-industrial.

William Morris Wallpaper 1862 The Red House, London

7 7.

Founded at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Ashcan School was a loose con- gregation of American Realist artists that challenged the dominant style of Impression- ism in favor of a more naturalistic and socially-engaged approach to painting. Initiated by Robert Henri in Philadelphia, the school later moved to New York, where its central members included George Bellows, George Luks, William Glackens, Edward Hopper, Joan Sloan, and Everett Shinn. Although the group’s members incorporated a range of styles, they shared a common interest in depicting contemporary society through both the squalor and vitality of the burgeoning metropolis.

McSorley Bar by John Sloan 1912

Snow in New York by Robert Henri 1902

8 8.

Bauhaus is a style and movement associated with the Bauhaus school, an extremely influential art and design school in Weimar Germany that emphasized the functionality and efficiency of design alongside its material properties. Prominent teachers include Josef Albers, Walter Gropius, , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Paul Klee. Founded: April 1, 1919 Weimar, Germany

Bauhaus museum in Tel-Aviv, Israel

9 Left to right, top to bottom: Josef Albers: Squares Vassily Kandinsky: Design Laslo Moholy Nagy: Poster

10 9. Body Art

Many Performance artists used their bodies as the subjects, and the objects of their art and thereby expressed their distinctive views in the newly liberated social, political, and sexual climate of the 1960s. From different actions involving the body, to acts of physical endurance, tattoos, and even extreme forms of bodily mutilation are all included in the loose movement of Body art.

11 10. British

The Pop emerged in Britain before becoming enourmously popular in the United States. Early practitioners such as Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton set the scene for the achievement of legends such as Warhol and Lichtenstein.

Eduardo Paolozzi 2007

Eduardo Paolozzi 1947 12 11. The CoBrA Group

CoBrA was an avant-garde art collective initiated by Karel Apel, Corneille Beverloo, Con- stant Nieuwenhuys, Christian Dotremont, Asger Jorn, and Joseph Noiret in 1948. The international collective, which spanned the cities of Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amster- dam, focused on elements of spontaneity, experimentation, , and fantasy in their work. Although the group disbanded in 1951, they had a lasting influence on the development of later twentieth-century abstract movements throughout Europe.

Karel Appel 1948-1951

Guillaume Corneille: Nude

13 12. Color Field Painting

A tendency within Abstract Expressionism, distinct from gestural abstraction, color field painting was developed by Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, and Clyfford Still in the late 1940s, and developed further by Helen Frankenthaler and others. It is characterized by large fields of color and an absence of any figurative motifs, and often expresses a yearning for transcendence and the infinite.

Mark Rothko: Rust and Blue 1953

Keneth Nolland: Begining 1958

14 13.

The practice of Conceptual art became popular after the 1960s and presented people with an idea about art, which was more significant than the completion of a tangible and traditional work of ‘art’. The aim was to create a concept that obliged people to consider the nature of art itself, and decide for themselves whether what was present was a work of art.

Josef Kosuth: One and 3 Chairs 1965

René Magritte: Pipe 1929

15 14. Contructivism was a movement that emerged in Revolutionary Russia among such artists as Vladimir Tatlin, Aleksander Rodchenko, Antoine Pevsner, and Naum Gabo. Celebrating ‘art as machine,’ it e m p h a s i z e d s p a c e , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d i n d u s t r i a l m a t e r i a l s .

Vladimir Tatlin: Tower 1919

Antoine Pevsner: Dynamic Projection 1951

Naum Gabo: Head 1916

Naum Gabo: Linear Space 1960 16 15.

Cubism was first developed by and between 1907-1911. Its classic phase has two stages: ‘Analytic’, in which forms seem to be ‘ana- lyzed’ and fragmented; and ‘Synthetic’, in which foreign materials such as newspaper and wood veneer are collaged to the surface of the canvas. The style attracted many adherents, both in Paris and abroad, and it would later influence the Abstract Expres- sionists, particularly Willem de Kooning.

Pablo Picasso: Pablo Picasso: Les Demoiselles d’Avignon 1907 Girl with a Mandolin 1910 17 George Braque Maisons et Arbre 1908

Marcel Duchamp: Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 1912 18 16.

Dada was an artistic and literary movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland. It arose as a reaction to World War I and the nationalism that many thought had led to the war. Influenced by other avant-garde movements - Cubism, , Constructivism, and Expressionism - its output was wildly diverse, ranging from to poetry, photography, sculpture, painting, and collage. Dada’s aesthetic, marked by its mock- ery of materialistic and nationalistic attitudes, proved a powerful influence on artists in many cities, including Berlin, Hanover, Paris, New York, and Cologne, all of which generated their own groups. The move- ment dissipated with the establishment of Surrealism, but the ideas it gave rise to have become the cornerstones of various catogeries of modern and .

Hannah Höch: Man Ray: Cut with the Kitchen Knife 1919 Rencontre dans la porte tournante 1921 19 Raoul Hausmann Mechanical Head 1919

Max Ernst: Revolution by Night 1923 20 17.

Founded in the Netherlands in 1917, De Stijl (The Style) was an avant-garde dedicated to isolating a single visual style that would be appropriate to all aspects of modern life, from art to design to architecture. Taking its name from a periodical, its most famous practitioners were Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian, whose mature art employed geometric blocks of primary colors and vertical and horizontal lines.

Piet Mondrian Composition in Red, Yellow and Blue 1921

100 Years of de Stijl Compositions

21 Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht in1924

Gerit Rietveld: Chair in Red, Yellow and Black 1917 22 18.

Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) was a group of Expressionist painters in Munich, Germany consisting principally of Wassily Kandinsky, ,Germans Auguste Macke, and . Key interests among them were the aesthetics of prim- itivism and spiritualism, as well as growing trends in and Cubism, which led Kandinsky, chief among the Expressionist artists, to experiment more with abstract art.

Wassily Kandinsky: Blaue Reiter, 1903

Franz Marc: Blue Horse 1911 23 19. Die Brücke

Die Brücke (The Bridge) was a group of German Expressionist artists that banded to- gether in Dresden in 1905. The group, which includes artists such as Erich Heckel, , and Emil Nolde, had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the twentieth century and the creation of Expressionism. Die Bruke artists’ used bold colors to depicts gritty scene of city life.

The Bridge: An Artist Community 1905 24 20. Earth Art

Earth art, or , a term coined by artist Robert Smith- son, refers to artworks from the 1960s and ‘70s that employed land and other natural elements. It is typical of a time when art- ists rejected the traditional art object, expanded definitions of sculpture, and sought to move art outside the conventional art world structure of galleries and museums. Robert Smithson: Spiral Jetty 1970

Alberto Gibellina: Land Art 1985 25 21. Expressionism

Expressionism is a broad term for a host of movements in early twentieth-century Germany, from Die Brücke (1905) and Der Blaue Reiter (1911) to the early Neue Sach- lichkeit painters in the 20s and 30s. Many German Expressionists used vivid colors and abstracted forms to create spiritually or psychologically intense works, while others focused on depictions of war, alienation, and the modern city.

Edvard Munch: Marc Franz: The Scream 1893 Deer in the Forest 1912

26 22. Fauvism

Fauvism was an early twen- tieth-century art movement founded by and André Derain. Labeled “les fauves” or “wild beasts” by critic Louis Vauxcelles, the artists favored vibrant colors and wind- ing gestural strokes across the canvas.

Henri Rousseau: Hungry Lion 1905

André Derain: Henri Matisse: The Drying Sails 1905 Madame Matisse 1905

27 23. Feminist Art

Feminist art emerged in the 1960s and ‘70s to explore ques- tions of sex, power, the body, and the ways in which gender categories structure how we see and understand the world. Developing at the same time as many new media strategies, feminist art frequently involves text, installation, and perfor- mance elements.

Feminist Art: 1971

Barbara Kruger: Judy Chicago: Your Body is a Battleground 1989 The Dinner Party 1974-1979 28 24.

Fluxus was a loosely organized group of artists that spanned the globe, but had an espe- cially strong presence in New York City. George Maciunas is historically considered the primary founder and organizer of the movement, who described Fluxus as, “a fusion of Spike Jones, gags, games, Vaudeville, Cage and Duchamp.” Like the Futurists and Da- daists before them, Fluxus artists did not agree with the authority of museums to deter- mine the value of art, nor did they believe that one must be educated to view and understand a piece of art. Fluxus not only wanted art to be available to the masses, they also wanted everyone to produce art all the time. It is often difficult to define Fluxus, as many Fluxus artists claim that the act of defining the move- ment is, in fact, too limiting and reductive.

Manifesto by George Maciunas 1961

29 30 25. Futurism

Futurism developed in interwar Italy as an ideology that celebrated the speed, move- ment, machinery, and violence of modern times. Blending with collage and Cub- ist abstraction, its visual components include lines of force and dynamism to indicate objects moving through space.

Umberto Boccioni: The City Rises 1910

Umberto Boccioni: Continuity in Space 1913 31 26. Gutai Art

The Gutai was a Japanese artistic movement that was founded by Jiro Yoshihara in 1954. The group was preoccupied with beauty that is born from things that are damaged or decayed. Members believed the destructive process revealed the inner life of materi- als and objects.

Gutai Exhibition at The Guggenheim Museum 2012

32 27. Happenings

The term “happening” was coined by artist Allan Kaprow in 1957 to decribe a series of multi-media artworks on display in a single locale. In general, a happening is an art event, often staged or pre-scripted, that requires active participation from an audience to come to full fruition. This relatively new form of artistic media could be called partici- patory.

Claes Oldenburg: Greenwich Village Happening 1960 Claes Oldenburg and Jim Dine Happening 1960

Yoko Ono: Sky Piece 1965 33 28. Hard-Edge Painting

Hard-edge painting, emerging in the 1950s and 60s, departs from the gesture and scrawl of Abstract Expressionism to favor blocks of color with well-defined edges.

Elsworth Kelly: Hard Edge 1964

David Rubello: Room 1970 34 Lichtenstein 1963

Piet Mondrian 35 Frank Stella

36 29.

Impressionism emerged in the mid-nineteent century in opposition to the finished style of academic painting. It often depicted scenes of daily life, and used painterly strokes and shifting color areas to capture the effects of light and atmosphere.

Claude Monet: Sunrise 1872

37 Eduard Manet: Luncheon on the Grass 1862

August Renoir: La moulin de la galette 1876 38 30. The International Style

The International Style was a style of modern architecture that emerged in the 1920s and ‘30s. It emphasized balance, the importance of function, and clean lines devoid of ornamentation. Glass and steel buildings, with less emphasis on conrete, is the most common and pure realization of structures in this style.

Bauhaus Weimar Germany 1919

39 Walter Gropius: Fagus Factory 1913

Le Corbusier: Villa Savoye, Paris 1928

40 Genia Averbouch: White Dizengoff Circle, Tel-Aviv, Israel 1934

41 31.

Kinetic art is usually a sculptural construction comprised of moving components, pow- ered by wind, a motor or the viewers themselves. Its kinesis is what gives the artwork its overall effect, hence the name. The first artwork generally credited as Kinetic Art was Marcel Duchamp’s Bicycle Wheel (1913). Some of the medium’s most famous practi- tioners include Alexander Calder, Naum Gabo and Jean Tingeuly.

Jean Tinguely: Kinetic Art Machine 1959

42 Alexander Calder: Red Mobile

Arthur Ganson: Jesus Soto: Kinetic Art Sphere, Venezuela 43 Yaacov Agam: Kinetic Art

44 32. Les Nabis

Les Nabis were a group of Post-Impressionist artists in 1890s Paris including , , and Édouard Vuillard. They combined Impressionist brush- strokes with vivid colors, an at-times mystical or symbolic subject matter, and an inter- est in patterned and repeating backgrounds.

Pierre Bonnard: Self Portrait 1889

45 Felix Valloton: Mistress and Servant 1896

Raul Ranson: Les Nabis 1890 46 33. Mexican Muralism

Mexican Muralism was a vibrant movement whose artists created large-scale works, executed in Mexico and the US. Relying on a mixture of Mexican heritage and classical Italian styles, murals were frequently done in a figurative, allegorical style and dealt with political, social, and radical themes.

José Clemente Orozco: Jorge González Camarena: Hidalgo Abolishing Slavery 1948 Slavery 47 Diego Rivera: Mural

Alfredo Zalce: Mural 1962 48 34.

Minimalism emerged in the 1960s in response to the gestural and autographic excesses of Abstract Expressionism. Its early practitioners constructed huge geometric objects, serial structures, and simplified gridded planes.

Tony Smith: Free Ride 1962

Robert Morrlis: Yves Klein: Untitled 1965 Monochrome 1962 49 35. Neo-Dada

Neo-Dada refers to works of art from the 1950s that employ popular imagery and mod- ern materials, often resulting in a subtle commentary on the contemporary world. Neo-Dada is both a continuation of the earlier Dada movement and an important pre- cursor to Pop art. Some important Neo-Dada artists include Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Robert Morris and Allan Kaprow.

Jean Tinguely: Fountain, Basel

50 Ushio Shinohara Boxing

Jim Dine: Tinsnip

51 36. Neo-Expressionism

Neo-Expressionism began as a movement in in the early 1960s with the emergence of Georg Baselitz. It gained momentum, and drew in painters from Germany and the United States - often bringing artists back to painting as a serious and contem- porary medium for artistic exploration.

Meg Mackenzie Peter Angerman

52 37. Nouveau Réalisme

Nouveau Réalisme (New Realism) refers to an artistic movement founded in 1960 by the art critic Pierre Restany and artists including Yves Klein, Arman, Jean Tinguely, Cesar Baldaccini, and Daniel Spoerri. The relatively short-lived French movement attempted to expand the materials and ideas of new art in a Europe that was recovering from horri- ble war and a new forms of cultural and commercial consumption.

Lottar Wolleh: Lottar Wolleh: Tinguely Villiglé

Lottar Wolleh: Lottar Wolleh: Niki de St Phalle Arman 53 38.

Op art, short for Optical art, is a style of abstraction that relies on geometric shapes, lines, and color juxtapositions to create optical illusions for the viewer. Gaining popular- ity in the 1960s, such art often features patterns, grids, and effects like curving or dimin- ishing objects.

Bridget Riley: Movement in Squares Pulser

54 Victor Vasarely

Rokuyo 55 39. Performance Art

Performance art is a modern form of art that emphasizes the experiential and the relationship between performer and audi- ence. It developed in the 1960s with such artists as Yves Klein, Joseph Beuys, Marina Abramov- ic and Allan Kaprow. Not to be confused with the performing arts (dance, theater and music), Performance art is closely relat- ed to Conceptual art, in which any inherent meaning is in the eye of the beholder.

Carollee Schneemann: Interior Scroll 1975 56 Mona Hatoum: Performance Art

Yves Klein: Triadic Ballet Leap into the Void 57 40.

Photorealism is a style of paint- ing that was developed by such artists as Chuck Close, Audrey Flack and Richard Estes. Pho- torealists often utilize painting techniques to mimic the effects of photography and thus blur the line that have typically divided the two mediums.

Chuck Close: Self Portrait

58 Diego Fazio

Paul Cadden

59 John Baeder: John’s Diner

Ralph Going: Ralph’s Diner 60 Richard Estes: Reflections

61 41. Pop Art

Pop art was a movement that developed in 1950s America in re- sponse to Abstract Expressionism’s emphasis on for- mal qualities and inner expression. Artists like Jas- per Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol, and Roy Lichtenstein tried to subvert the artist’s hand through tech- niques like serial printing, everyday materials, and pop culture imagery.

Roy Lichtenstein: Drowning Girl

62 Andy Warhol: Campbell’s Tomato Juice Jasper Johns: American Flag

Richard Hamilton: Today’s Home... 63 42. Post-Impressionism

Post-Impressioism refers to a host of artists and styles that emerged after Impression- ism in the late nineteenth century. Although diverse in style, they tend to share an em- phasis on intense, sometimes arbitrary, colors, expressive forms, and painterly brush- strokes.

George Seurat: A Sunday at La Grande Jatte

64 Paul Cézane: Card Players 1890

Paul Gauguin Tahitian Girl 1893 65 43. Post-Minimalism

Post-minimalism in the visual arts refers to works created in the late-20th century that share the formalist or “pure” qualities of older Minimalist works. Unlike Minimalism, Post-minimalism does not always rely on formalist or linear aesthetics, and is often placed in public settings. Some of the movement’s artists include Anish Kapoor, Damien Hirst and Eva Hesse.

Eva Hesse: Rope 1970 Black Mark Post-Minimalistic Sculpture

John Duff 66 44. Post-Painterly Abstraction

Post-Painterly Abstraction was a term developed by critic Clement Greenberg in 1964 to describe a diverse range of abstract painters who rejected the gestural styles of the Abstract Expressionists and favored instead what he called “openness or clarity.” Paint- ers as different as Ellsworth Kelly and Helen Frankenthaler were described by the term. Some employed geometric form, others veils of stained color.

Morris Louis 1960

Kenneth Noland 1964 67 68 Frank Stella

69 45. Realism

Realism is an approach to art that stresses the naturalistic representation of things, the look of objects and figures in ordinary life. It emerged as a distinct movement in the mid-nineteenth century, in opposition to the idealistic, sometimes mythical subjects that were then popular, but it can be traced back to sixteenth-century Dutch art and forward into twentieth-century styles such as .

Gustave Courbet: After Dinner at Ornans 1849

70 Jean Millet: Gleaners 1857

James Whistler: Nocturne 1872 71 : Bonjour Monsieur Courbet 1854

72 46. Russian Futurism

After the Russian Revolution, collaborative groups of futurists formed in St. Petersburg and in Moscow, publishing journals, organizing debates, and curating exhibitions of their work. Artists such as Natalya Goncharova, Kasimir Malevich, and Vladimir May- akovsky reject past approaches and looked to Russian icongraphy, French Cubism, and the avant-garde of Europe for new directions for art-making.

El Lissitzky: Natalia Goncharova: Machinery 1923 Cyclist 1913

73 B. Kustodiev: Peace Arts Group 1916

74 47. Social Realism

Social Realism refers to a style of figurative art with social concerns - generally left- wing. Inspired in part by nineteenth-centu- ry Realism, it emerged in various forms in the twentieth century. Political radicalism prompted its emergence in 1930s America, while distaste for abstract art encouraged many in Europe to maintain the style into the 1950s.

Ben Shahn: Register to Vote 1944

Jose Orozco: Mural 1925 75 Dorothea Lange: Migrant Mother 1936

Grant Wood: American Gothic 1930

76 Isaak Brodski: Lenin in Smolni 1930

77 48.

Suprematism was founded by Russian artist Kazimir Malevich in 1915. Using geometric shapes--as simple as a black square on a white ground or as complex as myriad bars, trapezoids, and circles arranged in space--Suprematism sought to convey the fundamen- tal and transcendent properties of art.

Kazimir Malevich: El Lissitsky: White on White 1918 A Prounen 1925 78 Kazimir Malevich: Supremus 1916

79 49. Surrealism

Perhaps the most influential avant-garde movement of the century, Surrealism was founded in Paris in 1924 by a small group of writers and artists who sought to channel the unconscious as a means to unlock the power of the imagination. Much influenced by Freud, they believed that the conscious mind repressed the power of the imagination. Influenced also by Marx, they hoped that the psyche had the power to reveal the contra- dictions in the everyday world and spur on revolution.

Yves Tanguy: Max Ernst: Indefinite Divisibility 1942 The Elephant Celebes 1921 80 Georgio de Chirico: The Red Tower 1913

81 50. Surrealistic Film

Surrealist films, an important part of the greater Surrealism movement, explore, reveal, and possibly even replicate the inner-workings of the subconscious mind in a highly visual and accessible manner.

Alfred Hitchcock: Spellbound 1945

82 Luis Buñuel: Un Chien Andalou 1929

David Lynch: Eraserhead 1977

David Lynch: Mullholland Drive 2001 83 51. Surrealist Sculpture

The objects and sculptures of Surrealism pierced the veil between reality and our more primitive desires, fantasies, taboos. A number of the Surrealists specialized in making three dimensional objects that conjured images and ideas from the primal, subconscious spaces of their psyches.

Salvador Dali: Lobster Telephone 1936

Alberto Giacometti: Woman with her Throat Cut 1949 84 René Magritte: Bowler Hat 1964

René Magritte: Bird Cage Man 1937

85 Hiroshito Ito: Laughing Stones

Michael Alfano

Michael Alfano Vladimir Kush

86 52.

Symbolism is an artistic and literary movement that first emerged in France in the 1880s. In the visual arts it is often considered part of Post-Impressionism. It is charac- terized by an emphasis on the mystical, romantic and expressive, and often by the use of symbolic figures.

Edvard Munch: The Scream 1893

87 Victor Vasnetsov: The Knight at the Crossroads 1882

Eugen Bracht: Carlos Schawbe: The Shore of Oblivion 1889 The Death of the Grave Digger 1895 88 53. The Pictures Generation

The Pictures Generation was a loosely knit group of artists working in photography, and video who utilized appropriation and montage to reveal the constructed nature of imag- es.

89 90 Sarah Charlesworth

Cindy Sherman

91 54. Viennese Actionism

Viennese Actionism was a violent art movement in the twentieth century that led to the development of action art in the 1960s. Gunter Brus, Otto Muhl, and Hermann Nitsch were among its main participants. The Actionists’ work is marked by the use of nudity, destruction, and violence. The artists often used the body as their artistic surface.

92 93 55.

Young British Artists is the name given to a group of conceptual artist, painters, sculp- tors and installation artists based in the United Kingdon, most of whom attended Gold- smiths College in London. The title is derived from shows of that name staged at the Saatchi Gallery from 1992 onwards, which brought the artists to fame.

Damien Hurst

94 NOTES

The information in this book was culled mainly from a website called The Art Story. (http://www.theartstory.org/section_movements.htm) with additional images from a variety of other internet sources.

This book is not designed to be sold or otherwise to profit from it, but to serve only as an educational in informational tool.

The book depicts 55 art movements from Abstract Expressionism to Young British Artists in an alphabetical order. The story spans from the mid-19th century to today and although each movement contains only from 2-5 images, it nevertheless tells the story of the visual arts in the last 150 years.

The book has less than 5 printed copies. It also appears in PDF form on my blog for any- one to enjoy. (https://shablevy.wordpress.com/author/shablevy/)

Shab Levy April 25, 2017

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