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55-Art-Movements.Pdf 1 1. Abstract Expressionism A tendency among mainly New York painters after World War II, all of whom were committed to an expressive art of profound emotion and universal themes, Abstract Expressionism embraces the spacial breakthroughs of Jackson Pollock, color field paint- ing of Mark Rothko, as well as the gestural abstraction of Willem de Kooning. Most were inspired by Surrealism and abstract art to create a new style fitted to the post-war mood of anxiety and trauma. Their success set the stage for America’s post-war dominance of the international art world. Jackson Pollock Mark Rothko Willem de Kooning Number 5 1948 Yellow and Red 1961 Police Gazette 1955 2 2. Aesthetic Movement The Aesthetic Movement emerged first in Britain in the late-nineteenth century. In- spired by a rejection of previous styles in both the fine and decorative arts, its adherents were committed to the pursuit of beauty and the doctrine of ‘art for art’s sake’. Believing that art had declined in an era of utility and rationalism, they claimed that art deserved to be judged on its own terms alone. James Whistler Whistlers Mother 1871 3 3. Art Deco Art Deco was an eclectic style that flourished in the 1920s and ‘30s and influenced art, architecture and design. It blended a love of modernity - expressed through geometric shapes and streamlined forms - with references to the classical past and to exotic loca- tions. Salon of Paul Reynaud 1930 Chrysler Building NYC 1930 Rex Theatre, Paris 1932 Victory by René Lalique 1928 4 4. Art Nouveau Art Nouveau was a movement that swept through the decorative arts and architecture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Artists drew inspiration from both organic and geometric forms, evolving elegant designs that united flowing, natural forms with more angular contours. Alfonse Mucha “Daydream” 1897 Tiffany Lamp 1905 5 5. Arte Povera Arte Povera is a style of modern art. The term was introduced in Italy during a period of upheaval at the end of the 1960s. The term centered on a group of Italian artists who at- tacked established institutions with art made from unconventional materials. They often used found objects in their works. 6 6. Arts and Crafts Movement The Arts and Crafts Movement was an international design movement that originated in Great Britain and had a strong following in the United States. It advocated truth to ma- terials and traditional craftsmanship using simple forms and often medieval, romantic or folk styles of decoration. It also proposed economic and social reform and has been seen as essentially anti-industrial. William Morris Wallpaper 1862 The Red House, London 7 7. Ashcan School Founded at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Ashcan School was a loose con- gregation of American Realist artists that challenged the dominant style of Impression- ism in favor of a more naturalistic and socially-engaged approach to painting. Initiated by Robert Henri in Philadelphia, the school later moved to New York, where its central members included George Bellows, George Luks, William Glackens, Edward Hopper, Joan Sloan, and Everett Shinn. Although the group’s members incorporated a range of styles, they shared a common interest in depicting contemporary society through both the squalor and vitality of the burgeoning metropolis. McSorley Bar by John Sloan 1912 Snow in New York by Robert Henri 1902 8 8. Bauhaus Bauhaus is a style and movement associated with the Bauhaus school, an extremely influential art and design school in Weimar Germany that emphasized the functionality and efficiency of design alongside its material properties. Prominent teachers include Josef Albers, Walter Gropius, Wassily Kandinsky, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Paul Klee. Founded: April 1, 1919 Weimar, Germany Bauhaus museum in Tel-Aviv, Israel 9 Left to right, top to bottom: Josef Albers: Squares Vassily Kandinsky: Design Laslo Moholy Nagy: Poster 10 9. Body Art Many Performance artists used their bodies as the subjects, and the objects of their art and thereby expressed their distinctive views in the newly liberated social, political, and sexual climate of the 1960s. From different actions involving the body, to acts of physical endurance, tattoos, and even extreme forms of bodily mutilation are all included in the loose movement of Body art. 11 10. British Pop Art The Pop art movement emerged in Britain before becoming enourmously popular in the United States. Early practitioners such as Eduardo Paolozzi and Richard Hamilton set the scene for the achievement of legends such as Warhol and Lichtenstein. Eduardo Paolozzi 2007 Eduardo Paolozzi 1947 12 11. The CoBrA Group CoBrA was an avant-garde art collective initiated by Karel Apel, Corneille Beverloo, Con- stant Nieuwenhuys, Christian Dotremont, Asger Jorn, and Joseph Noiret in 1948. The international collective, which spanned the cities of Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amster- dam, focused on elements of spontaneity, experimentation, primitivism, and fantasy in their work. Although the group disbanded in 1951, they had a lasting influence on the development of later twentieth-century abstract movements throughout Europe. Karel Appel 1948-1951 Guillaume Corneille: Nude 13 12. Color Field Painting A tendency within Abstract Expressionism, distinct from gestural abstraction, color field painting was developed by Barnett Newman, Mark Rothko, and Clyfford Still in the late 1940s, and developed further by Helen Frankenthaler and others. It is characterized by large fields of color and an absence of any figurative motifs, and often expresses a yearning for transcendence and the infinite. Mark Rothko: Rust and Blue 1953 Keneth Nolland: Begining 1958 14 13. Conceptual Art The practice of Conceptual art became popular after the 1960s and presented people with an idea about art, which was more significant than the completion of a tangible and traditional work of ‘art’. The aim was to create a concept that obliged people to consider the nature of art itself, and decide for themselves whether what was present was a work of art. Josef Kosuth: One and 3 Chairs 1965 René Magritte: Pipe 1929 15 14. Constructivism Contructivism was a movement that emerged in Revolutionary Russia among such artists as Vladimir Tatlin, Aleksander Rodchenko, Antoine Pevsner, and Naum Gabo. Celebrating ‘art as machine,’ it e m p h a s i z e d s p a c e , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d i n d u s t r i a l m a t e r i a l s . Vladimir Tatlin: Tower 1919 Antoine Pevsner: Dynamic Projection 1951 Naum Gabo: Head 1916 Naum Gabo: Linear Space 1960 16 15. Cubism Cubism was first developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque between 1907-1911. Its classic phase has two stages: ‘Analytic’, in which forms seem to be ‘ana- lyzed’ and fragmented; and ‘Synthetic’, in which foreign materials such as newspaper and wood veneer are collaged to the surface of the canvas. The style attracted many adherents, both in Paris and abroad, and it would later influence the Abstract Expres- sionists, particularly Willem de Kooning. Pablo Picasso: Pablo Picasso: Les Demoiselles d’Avignon 1907 Girl with a Mandolin 1910 17 George Braque Maisons et Arbre 1908 Marcel Duchamp: Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 1912 18 16. Dada Dada was an artistic and literary movement that began in Zürich, Switzerland. It arose as a reaction to World War I and the nationalism that many thought had led to the war. Influenced by other avant-garde movements - Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, and Expressionism - its output was wildly diverse, ranging from performance art to poetry, photography, sculpture, painting, and collage. Dada’s aesthetic, marked by its mock- ery of materialistic and nationalistic attitudes, proved a powerful influence on artists in many cities, including Berlin, Hanover, Paris, New York, and Cologne, all of which generated their own groups. The move- ment dissipated with the establishment of Surrealism, but the ideas it gave rise to have become the cornerstones of various catogeries of modern and contemporary art. Hannah Höch: Man Ray: Cut with the Kitchen Knife 1919 Rencontre dans la porte tournante 1921 19 Raoul Hausmann Mechanical Head 1919 Max Ernst: Revolution by Night 1923 20 17. De Stijl Founded in the Netherlands in 1917, De Stijl (The Style) was an avant-garde dedicated to isolating a single visual style that would be appropriate to all aspects of modern life, from art to design to architecture. Taking its name from a periodical, its most famous practitioners were Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian, whose mature art employed geometric blocks of primary colors and vertical and horizontal lines. Piet Mondrian Composition in Red, Yellow and Blue 1921 100 Years of de Stijl Compositions 21 Rietveld Schröder House in Utrecht in1924 Gerit Rietveld: Chair in Red, Yellow and Black 1917 22 18. Der Blaue Reiter Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) was a group of Expressionist painters in Munich, Germany consisting principally of Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky,Germans Auguste Macke, and Franz Marc. Key interests among them were the aesthetics of prim- itivism and spiritualism, as well as growing trends in Fauvism and Cubism, which led Kandinsky, chief among the Expressionist artists, to experiment more with abstract art. Wassily Kandinsky: Blaue Reiter, 1903 Franz Marc: Blue Horse 1911 23 19. Die Brücke Die Brücke (The Bridge) was a group of German Expressionist artists that banded to- gether in Dresden in 1905. The group, which includes artists such as Erich Heckel, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, and Emil Nolde, had a major impact on the evolution of modern art in the twentieth century and the creation of Expressionism. Die Bruke artists’ used bold colors to depicts gritty scene of city life.
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