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History, Religion and Science in Ernest Renan's Last Writings

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History, Religion and Science in Ernest Renan's Last Writings History, religion and science in Ernest Renan’s last writings Domenico Paone To cite this version: Domenico Paone. History, religion and science in Ernest Renan’s last writings. Philosophy. Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2009. Italian. tel-00547232 HAL Id: tel-00547232 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547232 Submitted on 15 Dec 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITA DEL SALENTO ÉCOLE PRATIQUE DES HAUTES ÉTUDES Dipartimento di Filosofia e Scienze Sociali Section des Sciences Historiques et Philologiques LECCE PARIS Dottorato in «Forme e storia dei saperi filosofici nellřEuropa moderna e contemporanea» École Doctorale 472 Ŕ Mention « Histoire, Textes et Documents » Domenico PAONE STORIA, RELIGIONE E SCIENZA NEGLI ULTIMI SCRITTI DI ERNEST RENAN HISTOIRE, RELIGION ET SCIENCE DANS LES DERNIERS ECRITS DE ERNEST RENAN Thèse dirigée par M. Jacques LE RIDER / M. Giuliano CAMPIONI soutenue en mars 2009 Jury : M. Jacques LE RIDER, directeur dřétude à lřÉcole Pratique des Hautes Études M. Giuliano CAMPIONI, professeur, Università di Pisa Mme Giulia BELGIOIOSO, professeur, Università del Salento, Lecce M. Jean-Robert ARMOGATHE, directeur dřétude à lřÉcole Pratique des Hautes Études M. Marco BRUSOTTI, professeur, Università del Salento, Lecce M. Frédéric DE BUZON, professeur, Université Marc Bloch, Strasbourg INTRODUZIONE 3 INDICE INDICE ...................................................................................................................................... 3 RIASSUNTO ............................................................................................................................. 7 RÉSUMÉ .................................................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUZIONE .................................................................................................................... 11 Sancta duplicitas ................................................................................................................. 12 Le Notes de la fin de la vie .................................................................................................. 15 Storia, religione e scienza ................................................................................................... 18 NOTA BIBLIOGRAFICA ....................................................................................................... 25 1. I manoscritti di Renan della BnF ........................................................................ 25 Le Notes de la fin de la vie .................................................................................................. 25 Criteri di notazione dei frammenti inediti ........................................................................... 26 2. I manoscritti di Renan del Musée de la Vie Romantique .................................... 28 3. La biblioteca di Renan ........................................................................................ 28 PARTE PRIMA ........................................................................................................................ 31 LA STORIA ............................................................................................................................. 31 1. Un «bilancio filosofico» ..................................................................................... 33 2. Filologia e vitalismo: la legge universale del divenire ...................................... 41 2.1. Dalla lingua allřuniverso ...................................................................................... 41 2.2. Il dualismo insuperabile tra spirito e materia ....................................................... 49 2.3. Germania contro Francia: lřesse e il fieri espressione del Volksgeist .................. 57 3. «Cosmos». Lřunità del mondo come antidoto alla decadenza ........................... 66 3.1. La precisione della scienza moderna, criterio di superiorità ................................ 66 3.2. Un ritratto fuori posto (I): il Renan di Bourget .................................................... 73 4. «Rire encore»: il disincanto di fronte al nichilismo ........................................... 80 4.1. La possibilità di una «morte del mondo» ............................................................. 81 4.2. Un «teismo possibilista» contro il pessimismo .................................................... 85 4.3. Sullřorlo del baratro: lřironia tra scetticismo e fede ............................................. 92 4.4. Sconfitta della storia, avvenire della scienza ..................................................... 100 INTRODUZIONE 4 5. Lřorganismo sociale e lřimpossibile politica .................................................... 105 5.1. La «teoria dellřimposta» ..................................................................................... 106 5.2. «Dialogues sociales» .......................................................................................... 115 PARTE SECONDA ............................................................................................................... 123 LA RELIGIONE .................................................................................................................... 123 6. Le metamorfosi della figura di Dio .................................................................. 125 6.1. Le evoluzioni deifiche di Pan: dal Dio-tutto al Dio-uomo. ................................ 125 7. Religione del «savant» e religione del popolo ................................................. 132 7.1. Una prova «scientifica» dellřesistenza di Dio .................................................... 134 7.2. Necessità di una morale laica ............................................................................. 138 7.3. Lřalcool e «lřinganno consapevole». ................................................................. 151 8. La categoria del «semitismo» tra lingua, razza e religione ............................. 160 8.1. Storia di lingue o storia di razze? ....................................................................... 161 8.2. Il monoteismo semitico e lřOccidente. La «rivoluzione» di Gesù ..................... 171 8.3. La rilettura del semitismo ebraico: il proto-cristianesimo dei profeti e il mito di un élohismo originario ....................................................................................................... 181 9. La religione come profezia sociale di un paradiso in terra ............................. 199 9.1. Dalla tikva allřimmortalità: speranza contro rassegnazione ............................... 199 9.2. Il ruolo progressista dellřebreo moderno ........................................................... 211 9.3. Il socialismo necessario ...................................................................................... 215 10. Gli arabi e lřIslam: un caso di «sémitisme élargi»? ........................................ 226 10.1. Un ineluttabile scontro di civiltà ........................................................................ 226 10.2. Un Ur-semitismo in un Oriente senza storia ...................................................... 245 10.3. Lřideologia al lavoro. Unřipotesi di lettura testuale ........................................... 251 PARTE TERZA ..................................................................................................................... 259 LA SCIENZA ......................................................................................................................... 259 11. Un avvenire anacronistico ................................................................................ 261 11.1. Dal 1848 al 1890 ................................................................................................ 262 11.2. La caduta delle illusioni ..................................................................................... 267 11.3. Una scienza in chiave minore. ............................................................................ 273 12. Utopie della forza ............................................................................................. 280 12.1. LřAvenir e i Dialoghi: un gioco di specchi ........................................................ 281 12.2. La Schiavitù necessaria ...................................................................................... 286 12.3. Le razze inferiori ................................................................................................ 293 13. Il breviario di una nuova fede ........................................................................... 302 INTRODUZIONE 5 13.1. LřAvenir, «testamento scientifico» del XIX secolo. ............................................ 302 13.2. Un ritratto fuori posto (II): il Renan di Péguy .................................................... 303 CONCLUSIONI ....................................................................................................................
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