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A Brief History of Art

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A Brief History of Art A brief history of art Compiled by Rumman Uddin Ahamed This compilation is dedicated to the people who need this as a reference. Preface All the write-ups and photographs included in this publication are collected from various Website and documents uploaded in the internet, except the article titled, “Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore,” which is translated by the compiler from an essay in Bengali. No part of this publication is permitted to be reproduced. In case of any reproduction, the compiler will not be responsible for any copyright violation. This publication is for use only as a handy reference of art history. - Rumman Uddin Ahamed 15 May 2013 TABLE OF CONTENT TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY…………………………………………………………. 1 ANCIENT ART..………………………………………………………….……………… 9 30,000 - 10,000 BC………………………………………..………………….. 9 Cave Paintings………….……………….……………….…….………………. 10 Kapova……………..……..……………………………………………... 12 Altamira…………...……………………………………………………... 12 Lascaux……………………………………………………………..……. 13 Rouffignac……………………………………………………………….. 14 Niaux Cave………………………………………………………………. 15 Pech Merle Cave………………………………………………………… 15 Cosquer...………………………………………………………………... 16 Chauvet…………………………………………………………………... 17 Brazil……………………………………………………………………… 18 Pre-Historic Art of Europe…………………………………………………… 20 Palaeolithic………………………………………………………………. 20 Mesolithic………………………………………………………………… 20 Neolithic………………………………………………………………….. 21 Megalithic sites in the UK and Eire……………………………………….. 22 Bronze Age………………………………………………………………. 23 Iron Age…………………………………………………………………... 23 Specific Features of the Prehistoric Art…………………………………… 25 Native Arts of Oceania………………………………………………………… 28 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS…………………………………………………………….. 29 Mesopotamia……………………………………………………………………. 29 Arts of Ancient Mesopotamia………………………………………… 29 Sumeria….……………………………………………………………….. 29 Babylon………..…………………………………………………………. 29 Assyria..………………..………………………………………………… 30 Egypt……………………………………………………………………………… 31 Ancient Egyptian Timeline……………………………………........... 31 Ancient Egyptian Art….……………………………………………….. 32 Byzantium……………………………………………………………….. 33 Etruscan Art…………………………………………………………….. 34 Arts of the Ancient Aegean………………………………………………….. 41 i The Cycladic Islands/Crete………………………………………….. 41 The Minoan Civilization….…………………………………… 41 CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS..………………………………………………………… 42 Greek Art………………………………………………………………………… 42 Phoenician Art………………………………………………………………….. 46 Ivory………………………………………………………………………. 47 Stone Stelae……………………………………………………………... 49 Terra cotta Masks and Protomes……………………………………. 50 Nomadic Tribes……………………………………………………………....... 54 Art of the Steppe Nomads: From Scythians to Magyars………... 54 A cultural continuum…………………………………………. 54 Everyday life…………………………………………………….. 54 Lions, sheep, stags and falcons…………………………….. 55 Persian Empire Art………………………………………………………….… 56 Persian art………………………………………………………………... 56 Early history…………………….…………….…………….….. 56 Muslim style………...………………………………………….. 57 Persian style….…………………………………………………. 57 Roman Art……………………………………………………………………….. 59 Early Influences…..……………………………………………………. 59 Sculpture…………………………………………………………………. 59 Painting…………………………………………………………………… 60 Mosaic and the Minor Arts……………………………………………. 61 Judean Art……..…………………………………………………………........ 62 Celtic Art…………………………………………………………………. 62 Maps……………………………………………………………… 62 Defining Celtic Issues and Problems……………………… 63 Celticism, Beliefs, and Customs……………………………. 63 Orality and Literacy…………………………………………… 64 Interaction and Syncreticism……………………………..… 65 Celtic Iconography…………………………………………….. 65 Status and Patronage……………………………………….… 66 Parthian and Sassanidic Art………………………………………………… 67 NON-WESTERN ART….……………………………………………………………….. 68 Asia……………………………………………………………………………….. 68 China…….……………………………………………………………….. 68 Early Periods.…………………………………………………… 68 ii The Early Dynasties: Ritual Bronzes……………………… 69 Buddhist Art……………………………………………………. 69 Chinese Painting since the Fifth Century…..…………... 70 Calligraphy and the Minor Arts…..…..…………………… 71 Cross-Cultural Influences in Modern Times..………..… 72 Art Under Communism…..…………………………………. 72 Historical development to 221 BC……………………..…. 72 Neolithic pottery………………………………..………. 73 Jade culture………………………………………......... 74 Bronze casting………………………………………….. 74 Early Chinese music……………………………..……. 75 Early Chinese Poetry………………........................ 75 Chu and Southern Culture……………………………. 76 Early imperial China (221 BC – AD 220…………………. 76 Qin sculpture……………………………………………. 76 Porcelain…………………………..……………………... 77 Han poetry………………………………………………. 77 Period of division (220 – 581)……….………………………. 78 Influence of Buddhism……………………………....... 78 Poetry……………………………………………………... 78 Calligraphy…………………………………………....... 79 Painting ………………………………………………….. 79 The Sui and Tang dynasties (581 – 960)…………………. 80 Buddhist architecture and sculpture……………….. 80 Golden age of Chinese poetry ……………………… 81 Li Po and Du Fu………………………………………… 82 Late Tang poetry……………………………………….. 83 Painting…………………………………………………… 83 The Song and Yuan dynasties (960 – 1368)……………... 84 Song poetry…………………………………………….... 84 Song painting……………………………………………. 85 Yuan drama……………………………………………... 85 Yuan painting…………………………………………… 86 Late Imperial China (1368 – 1895)………………………… 86 Ming Poetry……………………………………………… 87 Ming painting……………………………………………. 87 Qing drama……………………………………………… 87 iii Qing Poetry………………………………………………. 88 Qing fiction………………………………………………. 88 Modern Chinese Art………………………………..…………. 89 Painting…………………………………………………… 89 Poetry……………………………………………………... 89 Contemporary art since 1979………………………………. 90 Performing arts…………………………………………. 90 Visual arts……………………………………………….. 91 Japan……………………………………………………………………... 92 Formative period (c. 7500 B.C.-mid-sixth century A.D.).... 92 Asuka and Hakuho periods (552-710)…………………… 93 Nara period (710-794)……………………………………….. 93 Heian period (794-1185)…………………………………….. 93 Kamakura period (1185-1333)…………………..... …….. 94 Muromachi period (1333-1573)……………………………. 94 Momoyama period (1573-1603)…..……………………….. 95 Edo period (1603-1868)……………………………………… 95 Meiji period to present (1868-)…………………………….. 96 Indian Subcontinent…………………………………………………… 98 Indian Art……………………………………………………….. 98 Paintings…………………………………………………. 99 Dance Forms……………………………………………. 99 Indian Theatre…………………………………………. 100 South India……………………………………………………... 100 West India………………………………………………………. 101 North India……………………………………………………… 103 East India………………………………………………………. 105 Central and Deccan India…………………..………………. 107 Rajasthan……...……………………………………………….. 108 The Rajasthani School………………………………… 108 The Pahari School………………………………………. 109 Mughal…………………………………………………………… 101 Colonial Indian Art.……………………………………………. 112 Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore…………………………. 113 Modern Indian Art…………………………………………….. 117 The Indus Valley Sculptures………………………………… 118 The Buddhist Sculptures…………………………………….. 120 iv Stupas………………….………………………………… 120 Cave temples……………………………………………. 120 The Buddha image…………………………………….. 120 The Hindu Sculptures………………………………………… 122 Islamic Influence………………………………………………. 123 The Islamic Sculptures………………………………..……… 124 The Colonial and Modern Period Sculptures……………. 124 Africa…………………………………………………………………………….. 126 Introduction……………………………………………………............. 126 Native Arts of Africa……………………………………………………. 127 Elements of the African Aesthetic…………………………............. 127 Resemblance to a human being……………………........... 127 Luminosity……………………………………………….......... 127 Self-composure………………………………………….......... 127 Youthfulness……………………………………………………. 127 Clarity of form and detail, complexity of 128 composition, balance and symmetry, smoothness of finish…………………………………........... The Exhibition………………………………………………….. 128 MEDIEVAL ART.………………………………………………………………………… 140 THE ISLAMIC COLLECTION………..………………………………………………… 141 Islamic art history………………………………………………..…………... 141 Background……………………………………………………………… 142 Architecture……………………………………………………………… 142 The Decorative Arts……………………………………………………. 144 GOTHIC ART - 1140 – 1500...……………………………………………………… 146 Gothic art and architecture………………………………………………….. 146 History of Gothic architecture………………………………………... 147 Gothic sculpture………………………………………………………………. 148 HISTORY OF OIL PAINT..…………………………………………………………….. 150 THE RENAISSANCE.…………………… …………………………………………….. 153 MANNERISM, BAROQUE, AND ROCOCO..……………………………………….. 154 NEOCLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM, ACADEMISM, AND REALISM….………… 155 MODERN ART.………………………………………………………………………….. 156 CONTEMPORARY ART.……………………………………………………………….. 157 Trends in contemporary art………………………………………………… 160 PERIODS, SCHOOLS AND MOVEMENTS IN ART………………………………… 161 v Art Periods………………………………………………………………………. 161 Ancient & Classical Art……………………………………………….. 161 Medieval & Gothic……………………………………………………… 161 Art Movements…………………………………………………………………. 162 Renaissance…………………………………………………………….. 162 Mannerism………………………………………………………………. 163 Baroque…………………………………………………………………... 163 Rococo…………………………………………………………………….. 164 Neo-Classical……………………………………………………………. 165 Romanticism………………………………………............................. 165 Hudson River School…………………………………………………… 165 Realism…………………………………………………………………… 166 Pre-Raphaelites…………………………………………………………. 166 Art & Crafts Movement………………………………………………... 167 Impressionism………………………………………………………...... 167 Post Impressionism…………………………………………………….. 169 Symbolism……………………………………………………………….. 170 Nabis……………………………………………………………………… 170 Art Nouveau……………………………………………………………... 171 Modernism……………………………………………………………….. 171 Ashcan School…………………………………………………………... 172 Bloomsbury Group……………………………………………………... 173 Fauvism………………………………………………………………….. 173 Expressionism…………………………………………………………... 174 Cubism…………………………………………………………………… 175 Futurism………………………………………………………………….
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