Printed and Published by K Madhusudhan on behalf of Lok Awaz Publishers and Distributors., Printed at: New Print Cottage, B-74, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-2, New Delhi - 110020, Published at: E-392, Sanjay Colony, Okhla Phase-II, New Delhi - 110020, Editor: S Raghavan Ghadar Jari Hai Kattabomman’s conversation The Revolt Continues with Jackson Thurai VOL. IV NO. 1-2 Jan - June 2010 For private circulation only Contribution Rs 25/- Redefistory ningof India-China the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland — Redefi History ning ofthe India-China HarappanRaut: The Hinterland Youngest Interactions... Martyr — Redefi of History Indianing the... BajiofHarappan India-China Raut: The Hinterland Youngest Interactions... — Martyr Redefi n-of IndH Veerapandiya Kattabomman was crowned as the 47th king of Panchalankurichi in India-Chinaing the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland — History Redefi ning of India-Chinathe Harappantyr Interactions...Hinterlandof India ... Baji— Redefi Raut: History ning The theYoungestof India-ChinaHarappan Martyr Hinterland of Interactions... India ...— BajiRedefi Raut: Historyning The the You of t: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India .. hinaHarappan Interactions... Hinterland —History Redefi ningof India-China the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland — Redefi History ning theof India-China Harappan Hinterland Interactions... — Redefi ningHistory the Harappan of India-Ch 1790. Mr Alan, a British representative, demanded that Kattabomman must pay six Hinterland — Redefi ning the Harappan Hinterland — Redefindia ning... Baji the Raut: Harappan The Youngest Hinterland Martyr — Redefi of India ning ... the Baji Harappan Raut: The Hinterland Youngest M teractions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China In years of tax arrears but the king refused to acknowledge that the British had any claim — Redefi ning the Harappan Hinterland — Redefi ning thengest Harappan Martyr Hinterlandof India ... Baji— Redefi Raut: ning The the Youngest Harappan Martyr Hinterland of India ...— BajiRede- Raut ons...fi ning Historythe Harappan of India-China Hinterland — Interactions... Redefi ning the HarappanHistoryBaji Raut:of Hinterland India-China The Youngest — Redefi Interactions... Martyr ning the of IndiaHarappan History ... Baji Hinterland Raut: of India-China The — Youngest Redefi ningInteractio Martyr the of on his lands. Kattabomman was not frightened of the consequences of his refusal to Harappanstory of India-China Hinterland — Interactions...Redefi ning the Harappan History Hinterlandof India-ChinaMartyr — of Redefi India Interactions... ning... Baji the Raut: Harappan The History Youngest Hinterland of India-ChinaMartyr — Redefi of India ning Interactions...... the Baji Harappan Raut: The H Y pay tax. He continued to reject a meeting with Jackson, the Collector of the East India India-ChinaHinterland — Redefi Interactions... ning the Harappan History Hinterland of India-China — Redefit: The Interactions...ning Youngest the Harappan Martyr History Hinterland of India of ... India-China —Baji Redefi Raut: ning The Interactions...the Youngest Harappan Martyr Hinterland History of India of .. ndia ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest M hina— Redefi Interactions... ning the Harappan History Hinterland of India-China — Redefi ningInteractions... the Harappan History Hinterland of India-China — Redefi ning Interactions... the Harappan Hinterland History of— India-ChRede- Company. Eventually on 10th September 1798, Kattabomman met with Jackson at the fi ning the Harappan HinterlandRedefi — Redefi ning thening Harappanngest Hinterland Martyr of India— Redefi ... Baji ning Raut: the Harappan The Youngest Hinterland Martyr —of IndiaRedefi ...ning Baji the Raut teractions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China In palace in Ramanathapuram to discuss their tax dispute. The king made a famously Harappan Hinterland — Redefi ning the Harappan HinterlandBaji Raut: — Redefi The Youngest ning the HarappanMartyr of India Hinterland ... Baji — Raut: Redefi The ning Youngest the Harappan Martyr of ons...Hinterland History — Redefi of India-China ning the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland History — RedefiMartyr ofning India-China of the India Harappan ... Baji Interactions... Raut:Hinterland The Youngest — Redefi History Martyrning ofthe ofIndia-China Harappan India ... Baji Hinterland InteractioRaut: The Y impassioned speech condemning the behaviour of British administrators. The meeting —story Redefi of ningIndia-China the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland the — History Redefi Harappan ning of India-Chinathet: TheHarappan Youngest Interactions...Hinterland Martyr of — India Redefi History ... ning Baji the Raut:of India-ChinaHarappan The Youngest Hinterland Interactions... Martyr — of Rede- India H .. ended violently as Jackson ordered Kattabomman to be arrested. In a battle with the India-Chinafi ning the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland History— Redefi ningof India-China the Harappanndia Interactions...... Hinterland Baji Raut: — The Redefi History Youngest ning ofthe Martyr India-China Harappan of India Hinterland ...Interactions... Baji Raut: — Redefi The HistoryningYoungest the of M ngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut hinaHarappan Interactions... Hinterland —History Redefi ningof India-China the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland — Redefi History ning theof India-China Harappan Hinterland Interactions... — Redefi ningHistory the Harappan of India-Ch Deputy Commandant of the Company’s forces, Kattabomman managed to escape. The Hinterland — Redefi ning the Harappan Hinterland — RedefiBaji Raut:ning the The Harappan Youngest Hinterland Martyr of India — Redefi ... Baji ning Raut: the Harappan The Youngest Hinterland Martyr of teractions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China In Deputy Commandant, Clarke, was killed. — Redefi ning the Harappan Hinterland — Hinterland Redefi ning theMartyr Harappan of India Hinterland ... Baji Raut: — Redefi The Youngestning the HarappanMartyr of IndiaHinterland ... Baji — Raut: Rede- The Y ons...fi ning Historythe Harappan of India-China Hinterland — Interactions... Redefi ning the HarappanHistoryt: The of Hinterland YoungestIndia-China Martyr— Redefi Interactions... of ning India the ... Harappan Baji History Raut: Hinterland The of Youngest India-China — RedefiMartyr ningInteractio of India the .. Harappanstory of India-China Hinterland — Interactions...Redefi ning the Harappan History Hinterlandof India-Chinandia ... — Baji Redefi Raut: Interactions... ning The the Youngest Harappan History Martyr Hinterland of IndiaIndia-China — ... Redefi Baji ningRaut: Interactions... the The Harappan Youngest H M Here below is a translation of Kattabomman’s famous conversation with India-ChinaHinterland — Redefi Interactions... ning the Harappan History Hinterland of India-China — Redefingest Interactions...ning Martyr the Harappan of India History ... Hinterland Baji Raut: of India-China —The Redefi Youngest ning Interactions...the Martyr Harappan of India Hinterland History... Baji Raut of Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of Jackson Thurai. hina— Redefi Interactions... ning the Harappan History Hinterland of India-China — Redefi ningInteractions... the Harappan History Hinterland of India-China — Redefi ning Interactions... the Harappan Hinterland History of— India-ChRede- fi ning the Harappan Hinterland — Redefi ning the HarappanMartyr Hinterland of India ... — Baji Redefi Raut: ning The the Youngest Harappan Martyr Hinterland of India — ...Redefi Baji ning Raut: the The Y teractions... History of India-China Interactions...t: TheHistory Youngest of India-China Martyr of India Interactions...... Baji Raut: The History Youngest of India-ChinaMartyr of India In .. “Royalties, tributes, tax, interest! Harappan Hinterland ons... HistoryHistory of India-China Interactions... of Historyndia of... India-China BajiBaji Raut: The Raut:Interactions... Youngest Martyr History of India ...of BajiIndia-China Raut: The YoungestInteractio M story of India-China Interactions... History of India-Chinangest Martyr Interactions...of India ... Baji Raut: History The Youngestof India-China Martyr ofInteractions... India ... Baji Raut H The skies shower and the earths bear; why do you want royalties? India-China Interactions... History of India-ChinaBaji Interactions...Raut: The Youngest History Martyr of of India-China India ... Baji Raut: Interactions... The Youngest History Martyr of Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Y hina Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-Ch Did you come to the fi elds, negotiate the mounds, do the watering? India-China t: The Youngest TheMartyr of India Youngest ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India .. teractions... History of India-China Interactions...ndia History ... Baji Raut:of India-China The Youngest Interactions... Martyr of India History... Baji Raut: of India-China The Youngest In M ons... History of India-China Interactions... Historyngest of Martyr India-China of India Interactions...... Baji Raut: The History Youngest of Martyr India-China of India ... Interactio Baji Raut Plant the paddy, pluck the weeds, carry our farmer’s gruel? story of India-China Interactions... History of India-ChinaBaji Raut: The Interactions... Youngest Martyr Martyr History of India ...of India-ChinaBaji ofRaut: TheIndia YoungestInteractions... Martyr Hof InteractionsMartyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Y India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of Or did you grind turmeric and work for our young ladies playing there? t: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India .. hina Interactions... History of India-China Interactions...ndia ... Baji History Raut: The of Youngest India-China Martyr Interactions... of India ... Baji HistoryRaut: The of Youngest India-Ch M Or are you my uncle or brother-in-law? Shameless fool! teractions... History of India-China Interactions...ngest History Martyr of of India-China India ... Baji Raut: Interactions... The Youngest History Martyr of IndiaIndia-China ... Baji Raut In ons... History of India-China Interactions... HistoryBaji Raut:of India-China The Youngest Interactions... Martyr of India History ... Baji Raut: of India-China The Youngest Interactio Martyr of Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Y Why do you ask for royalties? How dare you ask for tax? story of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... H India-China Interactions... History of India-Chinat: The Interactions... Youngest Martyr History of India of ... India-China Baji Raut: The Interactions... Youngest Martyr History of India of .. ndia ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest M Our warrior forces will crush your heads into mere dust! Beware! hina Interactions... History of India-China Interactions...ngest Martyr History of India of ... India-China Baji Raut: The Interactions... Youngest Martyr History of India of... India-ChBaji Raut teractions... History of India-China Interactions...Baji History Raut: The of Youngest India-China Martyr Interactions... of India ... Baji Raut:History The of Youngest India-China Martyr Inof My moustache quivers, but my arrival as a guest prevents me! ons... History of India-China Interactions... HistoryMartyr of India-China of India ... Baji Interactions... Raut: The Youngest History Martyr of ofIndia-China India ... Baji InteractioRaut: The Y story of India-China Interactions... History of India-Chinat: The Youngest Interactions... Martyr of India History ... Baji Raut:of India-China The Youngest Interactions... Martyr of India H .. India-China Interactions... History of India-Chinandia Interactions...... Baji Raut: The History Youngest of Martyr India-China of India ...Interactions... Baji Raut: The HistoryYoungest of M For insulting me such, your head shall roll!” ngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut hina Interactions... History of India-China Interactions...Baji Raut: The History Youngest of India-China Martyr of India Interactions...... Baji Raut: The History Youngest of MartyrIndia-Ch of teractions... History of India-China Interactions...Martyr History of India of India-China... Baji Raut: The Interactions... Youngest Martyr History of India of ... India-China Baji Raut: The In Y ons... History of India-China Interactions... Historyt: The of YoungestIndia-China Martyr Interactions... of India ... Baji History Raut: The of Youngest India-China Martyr Interactio of India .. story of India-China Interactions... History of India-Chinandia ... Baji Raut: Interactions... The Youngest History Martyr of IndiaIndia-China ... Baji Raut: Interactions... The Youngest H M India-China Interactions... History of India-Chinangest Interactions... Martyr of India History ... Baji Raut: of India-China The Youngest Interactions... Martyr of India History... Baji Raut of Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of hina Interactions... History of India-China Interactions...Martyr of India History ... Baji of Raut:India-China The Youngest Interactions... Martyr of India History ... Baji of Raut: India-Ch The Y teractions... History of India-China Interactions...t: TheHistory Youngest of India-China Martyr of India Interactions...... Baji Raut: The History Youngest of India-ChinaMartyr of India In .. ons... History of India-China Interactions... Historyndia of... India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactio All opinions expressed in this issue are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views held by the publisher. Any part of this issue may be translated or reprinted with due acknowledgement to Ghadar Jari Hai.

Address all your editorial correspondence to: S Raghavan Email: [email protected]

Printed and published by K. Madhusudhan, on behalf of Lok Awaz Publishers & Distributors.

Printed at:

New Print Cottage, B-74, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-2,

New Delhi-110 020

Published at: E-392, Sanjay Colony, Okhla Phase-II, New Delhi- 110 020

Editor:

S Raghavan

Layout and Design:

Surkhraj Kaur, Santosh, Anand

Editorial Policy

Ghadar Jari Hai is a platform for discussing Indian solutions to problems facing India. It is focused on understanding Indian history, philosophy and economic, political and other fi elds of knowledge, without the jaundiced eye of Eurocentrism.

All serious views, of whatever hue, are welcome as long as the author substantiates his or her argument and does not indulge in labeling, name calling and ridicule. We are particularly inter- ested in unraveling pre-British India and the changes brought about through British rule, since the colonial legacy continues to bear great signifi cance for present-day Indian society. We believe that no shade of opinion has a monopoly over the truth and that if we all collaborate in this en- deavour, we are quite capable of arriving at insights and solutions to our problems, much as our ancestors did. We seek to publish well researched articles in various fi elds, which at the same time are communicative and do not indulge in excessive technical jargon. Contents

Letters to the Editor

3

Editorial

5

Peepul ke Neeche - Conversations

History of India-China Interactions Madhavi Thampi 7

Book Review

Wendy’s Children Versus Wendy’s Stepchildren K. Raghavendra Rao 14

A Valuable Contribution to History of Technology in India D.P. Agrawal 16

Study

Redefi ning the Harappan Hinterland D.P. Agrawal, J.S. Kharakwal, Y.S. Rawat, T. Osada & Pankaj Goyal 21

Jewels of India

Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India Subhas Chandra Pattanayak 24

Short Story

Tracks Left Behind Surkhraj 28

Events

Resonances 30

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 1

Letters to the Editor

Dear Editor, This interview is an eye-opener. I wish you and your team all the very best, hoping that we will get to read more such I check your website www.ghadar.in regularly. However interesting articles and understand our own past better in I do not see frequent updates. Can you send me a mail way which motivates us to do better for the future. whenever you update the site? Also you could put in a lot more content in the archives regarding 1857 and other It has been some time and I have not seen your latest is- topics from Indian history and philosophy and make it a sue. I hope it is going to come out soon. great resource centre for all of us. Regards cheers S. Singh, Student S Anand Faridabad, Haryana Los Gatos, Ca Dear Editor, Dear Editor, A friend of mine sent me the Ghadar Jari Magazine re- I have been waiting for the next issue of Ghadar Jari Hai cently, titled Relevance of Arthashastra. I really enjoyed for quite a long time. Hope the problems are being sorted reading the magazine and also read the past issues on your out and it will emerge with renewed vigour. In its short website. Having done my B.A. in history at Delhi, I found history of three years GJH has provoked us to think dif- the articles and the materials presented in your magazine ferently and all the authors and the ediorial team of GJH refreshing and focused. It gives me a new perspective on needs to be congratulated for that. Would like to see micro- the past, the present and future. I look forward to your studies/short precis of important works from our past. For next issue. I am glad I got introduced to your magazine. example: Arthashastra, Ain-e-Akbari, al Berauni’s trav- els, Huen Tsang’s travels, Fa Hien’s travels etc I would Devina Nigam, also like to see more profi les like Jewels of India as well as Bangalore, India different streams of Indian thought like: Samkhya, Vaise- shika, Nyaya, Charvaka-Lokayata, Buddhist and Jain Dear Editor, teachings, radical Bhakti thought, etc. Your magazine is doing an excellent job in digging into regards India’s past and bringing out those magnifi cant contribu- Shankar patil, tions that our civilisation has provided the world. I read Mumbai the “Jewels of India” and “Pages of history” columns in your magazine with particular interest. The portrait that Dear Editor, Shivanand Kanavi had drawn on Sarvajnya, the ency- clopedic was very interesting. Here was a poet who lived I thoroughly enjoyed the cover story “relevance of Artha- two hundred years prior to the French Enlightenment shastra”; it is interesting to note that the concept of recipro- who used the idiom of poetry to convey his knowledge on cal rights and duties has existed in South Asia for so long. a breathtaking array of subjects from agriculture to fam- History has been a battle for rights. It is said in the article ily life to religion. The translations of his vachanas reveal that Kings who did not follow Raj Dharma and were incon- the poetic skill and the subtle humour of Sarvajnya. Such siderate towards their subjects saw rebellions and unrest. beautiful accounts of our talented ancestors will add fur- Their kingdoms also didn’t last too long. Today, it is not just ther value to our rich heritage. I request you to give us about a king, there are rebellions and a lot of unrest. One further insights into our great forefathers in the issues to hopes that the wheel of change will turn faster. I also really come. liked the conversation piece with Prof. C.K Raju. Popularly we know that India’s contribution to mathematics was the Saravanan, addition of Zero, which in itself is a massive contribution. Chennai

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 3

Editorial

Editorial

ear readers, we thank you We also carry two important book re- light on the fascinating Harappan for being patient with us and views by D P Agrawal and K Raghav- culture and its geographic extent. Dgently prodding us to over- endra Rao. Agrawal has done semi- Unlike most academic papers this come diffi culties and persist in the nal work in researching history of In- is readable and enlightening even to diffi cult task of publishing a serious dian science and technology and has lay readers. magazine of high standards. trained several youngsters to carry the work forward. Irfan Habib is a We also bring to you the story of a This issue carries an excellent in- well known scholar of history of me- young anti-colonial revolutionary, terview with Madhavi Thampi who dieval India, who has written a book Baji Raut from Odisha. teaches in the Department of East on Technology in medieval India. Asian Studies of the Delhi Univer- We are carrying the entire review, Surkhraj Kaur has written a short sity and who has over the years though a bit long, because of the im- story based on her experience of the taught Chinese history and lan- portance of the work and the scholar- stifl ing atmosphere in our college guage to hundreds of students at the ship of the gentlemen involved. class rooms. university. India and China are a matter of much curiosity and study There has been intense debate in an- While presenting this issue in your among scholars all over the world. thropological and indologist circles hands we appeal to you to check Their rise in the fi rst decade of this in the west recently about Hindu- out our website frequently. We are century is being keenly analysed. ism. Wendy Doniger’s “The Hindus- paying special attention to upload- However outside a narrow academ- An alternative history” has aroused ing content into it so that you would ic circle, very little is known about admiration as well as controversy. A not need to wait three months or the relationship between these two reaction is “Invading the Sacred” a more to read the latest. More over ancient civilizations over millen- collection of articles contesting some clearly our reach increases many nia. This interview uncovers a small of her interpretations and those of fold when we put the content on the part of this relationship regarding other academics as well, written World Wide Web. We hope with your exchange of ideas, philosophy, trade with anger, passion and contestation contributions to the website www. and technology from the ancient – K Raghavendra Rao has obliged us ghadar.in becomes one of the impor- Buddhist period to the colonial era by reviewing both. tant internet resources on the Great and would have served its purpose Ghadar of 1857, on Indian History, if it provokes the readers to investi- As study material we have repro- Philosophy, Science and Culture to gate the subject more deeply. duced a scholarly piece which throws millions of people.

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 5

Peepul ke Neeche

Conversations History of India-China Interactions

In this conversation, Madhavi Thampi unravels the history of India- China interactions to Shivanand Kanavi

hivanand Kanavi: What we sees that the relationship was much The fi rst recorded evidence of con- would like to discuss with you more than that based on Buddhism tact is contained in a story, which Stoday is the contact between alone. It ante-dated Buddhism and has many variations: in the Han pe- the Indian civilization and the Chi- continued afterwards. It may not riod in China, around the 1st cen- nese civilization. What did it lead have been so culturally signifi cant tury CE, the emperor sent an envoy to? What did they learn from each or uplifting but it is also important to what they called the Western other? These are two great civiliza- in order to establish that there was Region, in order to form an alliance tions that are divided by the Hima- a continuity of the relations. The de- against the nomadic people who layas, but I glanced through a very bate still goes on, about what really were troubling the Han empire. interesting paper where the author was the character of the India-China They wanted to outfl ank them by said China and India are united by relationship in pre-modern times. going over to the west. When this the Himalayas. We have heard of envoy, Zhang Qian, got there he some names such as Hiuen Tsang found some products from China. At and Fa Hien. And we have heard of that time there were no known trad- exchange of knowledge and of the ing relations between Bactria (now technology of silk production, gun part of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, powder, so on and so forth. Can you Uzbekistan, and, as a smaller part, give a perspective on the interaction Turkmenistan. The region was of these two civilisations? once host to religions like Zoroas- trianism and Buddhism—Ed) and Madhavi Thampi: Perspectives on China. He recognized them as prod- ancient India-China contacts have ucts of the Sichuan region of China. been dominated by the Buddhist in- So he asked where they got these teractions, from about the 1st centu- goods from and they said it came ry CE to about the 10th-11th centu- through India. So, this shows that ries CE. This is not to say that there there was a trade route from south were no interactions based on Bud- western China into India through dhism after that, but they were no the North East, (from Sichuan to longer the main content of Sino-Indi- Yunnan region of China, Myanmar, an exchanges. China itself became a Assam and into India). centre of Buddhism after that. Still, there is one school which has focused This is a story that is recorded in Chi- on the Buddhist relationship and nese histories. People have tried to tended to not see anything else. Confucius (551 B.C.-478 B.C.) document it in archaeological terms, but not very successfully. But it is Source: The Teachers’ and Pupils’ Cyclopae- But there is another approach which dia (Kansas City: The Bufton Book Company, still possible that there was this trade I think is more contemporary. This 1909)1:401 route as early as the 1st century B.C.

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 7 Conversations

The key point here is that probably re- tion. Appropriate techniques had their own, probably with the encour- lations began with trade. not been developed. It was not just agement of their own sect. Gener- that the two cultures and value sys- ally when these Indian monks came, On the other hand, in India we have tems were different, as you know, they were well received by the Chi- references to China in the Artha- the whole script is different. The nese rulers and were set up in mon- shastra, and also in the Mahabhara- Chinese script is ideographic so you asteries, given a place and support ta to things like Cheena patta—silk. cannot just spell out things and leave for translations etc. Kumarajiva’s That is taken as evidence that spe- it like that. Even more diffi cult than translations were supposed to have cial products of China were known the script was dealing with an en- fi lled a whole room! in India. Similarly, the word cheeni tirely different set of concepts. The quite likely originates in the fact that indigenous Chinese philosophical Buddhism came into China during sugar making technology came from and ethical concepts were a far cry the period of the unifi ed empire. China. This is not really my area of from Indian philosophical concepts. However, after the fall of the Han expertise, but there are people who If the idea itself did not exist in Chi- dynasty, there were a series of no- have documented these things very na, how do you fi nd the matching madic incursions into north Chi- carefully. word to translate it? After the fi rst na. China broke up into different two monks, more and more started states, and a kind of north-south di- Very soon, Buddhism became a ma- to come from India. The one to crack vide came into being in China. The jor factor in Sino-Indian interaction. the translation technique was Ku- northern principalities were much The connection was not just at the marajiva, a monk. He was not actu- more of a mix, a hybrid of the Chi- level of ideas; it was also linked to ally an Indian; he came from Kucha, nese and nomadic cultures, while trade and the kind of products that one of the oasis states from the re- the culture in the south was more were exchanged between China and gion of Chinese Central Asia known like the original Chinese. Still Bud- India. In the later Han period, two today as Xinjiang. The fact is that dhism continued to fl ourish in this monks were supposed to have come Buddhism did not really go to China period on both sides. This is consid- from India. This has also become a directly from India. It came through ered the period when it is said to legend. There are many stories about intermediary states. Each of these have really spread among all strata how this happened. The most famous oases was a little principality or of the population. story is that the Han emperor had a state that thrived mainly on trade, dream of some deity in the western on what came to be known as the SK: What attracted Chinese to Bud- region and sent his envoys there. He silk route. Thus, Buddhism spread dhism, when they already had Tao- brought back these two monks on especially from Kashmir, which was ism and Confucianism? white horses carrying a lot of Bud- a big centre of Buddhism, into Cen- dhist scriptures. He made a monas- tral Asia. From there it went on into MT: Defi nitely the principal philo- tery for them which is known today China. Of course there were monks sophical system was Confucianism, as the ‘white horse monastery’. The who went straight from India to Chi- but it was associated with the uni- Indian government today is rebuild- na also. fi ed, imperial state from the Han ing a white horse monastery in the period. It was a doctrine that priori- city of Luoyang, the old Han capital SK: Were these monks representing tised service to the emperor and to of China. any royalty or state? the state. The collapse of the Han empire, roughly contemporaneous SK: Many scholars refer a lot to MT: From the Chinese side you often with the fall of the Roman Empire Buddhist scriptures preserved in Ti- had pilgrims being sent by the ruler. in Europe, was a traumatic devel- betan language. Hiuen Tsang himself went without opment that naturally affected the the permission of the Tang emperor, credibility of Confucianism itself. MT: That could be, and it could also which was a risky thing to do. How- be a different kind of Buddhism. ever, he was pardoned for this lapse SK: Can we say that Confucianism From the 1st to 4th century CE, after he came back to China! From was more of a social and ethical phi- the main problem was of transla- the Indian side they mainly came on losophy than spiritual?

8 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Conversations

MT: Exactly, it had very little to do time, that’s not a problem for them. than the Hinayana. After the re- with spirituality. For example there unifi cation of China in the later 6th is this famous passage in the Analects At this time the Tantric form of Bud- century CE, the Tang period (7th of Confucius when a disciple asked dhism developed in Tibet. It didn’t to 10th centuries) is considered the him about his views on God and he spread much in China. China also high watermark of Buddhism in said that he didn’t know anything developed its own schools of Bud- China. Despite Confucianism mak- about it! So, the whole question of dhism, one is very well known, and ing a comeback, the Tang rulers the afterlife and God, while not de- it is called Chan, from the Sanskrit were also patrons of Buddhism. This nied outright, was hardly addressed. word Dhyana, meditation, which in again shows the eclectic nature of In a period of great political anarchy Japan is known as Zen. the Chinese tradition. In this period, and chaos and a lot of violence, when the Buddhist sangha became very there were a series of repeated raids Here I want to mention something strong. The only time you could talk and incursions from outside China, it that the Chinese did, which is very of real persecution of Buddhism in was hard to adhere to a philosophy much part of the Chinese genius. China was in this period. But it was which said that one’s primary objec- At different times different things not like the Inquisition in Europe tive should be to develop the quality were attributed to the Buddha. where it was an ideological persecu- of being a good offi cial. Whom are Some of them were almost contra- tion. In China, the emperors would you going to serve? It was in this pe- dictory with each other. This was either close down the monasteries or riod that issues of suffering and of quite confusing to the Chinese. So, reduce their size in order to reduce the meaning of life and death, which one of their sects, Tian Tai, system- their power. Though the Tang em- Buddhism addressed, would have atized and categorized the teach- perors favored Buddhism as a reli- preoccupied people’s minds more. ings of Buddha according to certain gion, they did not like anything that In the south, Buddhism addressed periods in his life and certain stag- challenged the power of their state. many of the spiritual questions of es in his enlightenment. Once they They always wanted the right to people who had been dislocated and had done this, they were able to ac- control some of the appointments in uprooted in the great waves of mi- cept the variations. the sangha. They would sometimes gration to the south that followed the leave them alone. But they never nomadic incursions into the north. SK: Did the early teachings of Bud- gave up that right to control. In the north, where the rulers were dha have more of an infl uence on the fully or semi nomadic, they were Chinese rather than the later Mad- Many of the Chinese pilgrims spent particularly receptive to Buddhism hyamika schools? a lot of time in India and went because it was a foreign religion. In back. The Chinese came, collected China, the bodhisattva concept par- MT: By and large the later form of the materials, learnt the doctrines ticularly was very attractive, because Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and went back to China. But the it stood for the one who postpones his had a greater infl uence on China Indian monks who went to China own salvation for the sake of saving rarely came back. They mostly the people. So, you have Indian bo- In China, the bodhisattva stayed there doing translation and dhisattvas getting transposed into teaching. So, the aim of both was the Chinese system changing their concept particularly was basically the same, to take the doc- names and forms. For instance the trine there. They went by sea or bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara took the very attractive, because by the land route through moun- form of a woman, a goddess in China tains and deserts. However, the called Guan Yin (representing com- it stood for the one who sea route was no less dangerous. passion, mercy). Generally speaking, sea routes be- postpones his own came dominant after about 8th-9th Generally speaking, the way Chinese century CE have practiced their religion, it has salvation for the sake of never been exclusive. They can follow We have two excellent scholarly different belief systems at the same saving the people. works on Sino-Indian interactions

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 9 Conversations in the pre-modern period. One is by Xenophobia is an invention century western historiography. a Chinese scholar, Liu Xinru; she had studied Sino-Indian exchanges of the Westerners. China SK: Tell us something about techno- in the 1st to the 7th or 8th centuries logical exchanges between the two CE, which is really the Buddhist has been very much open countries phase. She showed how the trade in this period was very much linked to other societies and MT: Apart from possible transmis- with the products required for use sion of things like sugar-making and in the practice of religion. The other cultures, even while they sericulture in the ancient period, the work by an Indian scholar, Tansen Song period in China (10th to 13th Sen picks up from where Liu Xinru always had a high sense of century) saw several great inven- leaves off. He has shown that Sino- tions: printing, the compass, gun- Indian relations didn’t decline with self worth powder, etc. We don’t know exactly the decline of Buddhism in India, if they were transmitted to India, but continued vigorously even after MT: I think this xenophobia is an but we know that there was a great on the basis of trade, especially from invention of the Westerners. China increase of Chinese navigation in 11th-12th century onwards. Rela- has been very much open to other the waters of South East Asia and tions based on Buddhism did not die societies and cultures, even while the Indian Ocean for some centuries out. In fact, monks and pilgrims con- they always had a high sense of self after that. There were fl ourishing tinued to go back and forth, but the worth. They never thought of them- sea ports on the southern and south doctrinal inputs from India were no selves as inferior and they were not eastern coasts, some of which had longer vital to Chinese Buddhism. xenophobic either. It has been seen whole colonies of foreign traders. that they were open to Buddhism The port of Quanzhou in the 14th This kind of work is really impor- coming from India. Of course, few century had a colony of Indians liv- tant to establish what continued cultures around them could be com- ing there. Archaeological remains and what did not continue in Sino- pared to the Chinese civilization. of Saivite temples with Tamil in- Indian relations. Otherwise, there The only thing comparable was the scriptions have been found there. has been this pervasive view that Indian civilization, and where they The Chola rulers had relations with because Buddhism declined in In- could learn something from it, they Song China. So the Chinese had dia, relations with China declined; did so. Only a very secure civiliza- some knowledge of places in India, and then next thing one jumps to the tion can be like that. At the same and there are detailed accounts by 20th century, and what happened in time the Chinese have their own them about Malabar, Kanchivaram between is just left out! terms and words for people who are and such places. non-Chinese, who don’t have the SK: I saw a reference that in same culture as them. The western The Song empire was defeated by Tipu Sultan’s time that there was way of translating all those terms the Mongols. For a land based peo- an emissary from China, which led is the single word – barbarian. But ple, the Mongols were very open to to the establishment of sericulture actually it means someone who is maritime trade. But the high wa- in Mysore. not culturally like them. They didn’t termark of China’s venture into the have just one term for foreigners in Indian Ocean was in the early 15th MT: New research is showing the China, they had several, depending century. The Ming ruler at that importance of trade in this period. on where they came from. As for In- time launched several huge mari- We know that in the nineteenth cen- dia, they had much more respectful time expeditions which went all the tury, painters and artists from Chi- terms. Once Buddhism went there, way from the Chinese coast into the na also were present in the court of India became the Heavenly King- South East Asian waters, through Mysore and other princely states. dom in the West for them. the Malacca Straits, touching vari- ous ports along the Indian peninsu- SK: The so called xenophobia of the The way we look at China today is un- la and going right across the Indian Chinese, is there some truth to it? fortunately colored by 19th and 20th Ocean as far as East Africa. These

10 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Conversations

were the expeditions commanded by MT: They may have learnt from chants, traders and money-lenders Admiral Zheng He. Each ship – and each other. It may not have been were going there – mainly from Pun- there were dozens on each voyage from just one expedition, but they jab, Sind and Kashmir. There were – carried 2000-3000 men and weap- did have contacts. several routes. There was also trade onry, and the tonnage exceeded with Tibet from Kashmir. Places like anything fl oating on the sea at that SK: It is interesting that the Euro- Leh were points at which goods were time. Historians are still debating pean expeditions were state funded, exchanged, also Yarkand in Chinese about the purpose. It wasn’t really even stock market funded, because Turkestan (today’s Xinjiang) was necessary to send expeditions like they were looking for things they one place where Indian traders went that for trade alone. And there were didn’t have. However, China is said with their goods. Basically there is at least 5 major expeditions between to have claimed at one point that no point of discontinuity, no point at 1405 and 1433. There are Chinese they had nothing they wanted from which they stopped contact. records of this expedition and what Europe or elsewhere. So unless it is they saw, including the economy, purely for exploratory reasons, or SK: Which also means that they government and culture of the plac- for purely vain or egoistic reasons didn’t see each other as threats? es they visited. Of course, it is from on the part of the ruler, why would their own perspective, but these are they send such huge expeditions? MT: I don’t think that they ever surprisingly detailed accounts. viewed each other as a threat. Re- MT: The jury is still out on this. member, for much of the time after In the pre-modern period, I would People go on discussing this – what the 10th century, there were various say this was one of the last major was really the motive. But we do states in India and not only one big dramatic encounters between China know that the whole venture sud- empire. and India. denly stopped. The later Ming rulers started to follow a policy of seclusion. SK: What did they call India? West SK: Where did they touch India? About this also, we don’t know why Asians called it Hindustan or the exactly. Various reasons are given land East of the Sindhu (Indus). MT: The whole peninsular region, –fi nancial or other reasons. That was including the Malabar Coast and the last major effort of the Chinese MT: Actually in the earlier Buddhist the east coast, as well as Sri Lanka. to come out of their own part of the period they gave names like ‘Heav- world and be adventurous in mari- enly Land to the West’, ‘Heavenly SK: I wonder if they had any other time terms, but trade still continued. Bamboo’, or the ‘western region’. contact with Kerala. Around the The goods came in Chinese ships This word ‘Yindu’, which is the cur- same time some extraordinary math- thereafter only up to South East Asia rent name in Chinese for India, was ematical treatises were written in and were exchanged there, in places given during the Tang period, may Kerala, and these relate to calculus like Malacca and other points. be because of the Arabs calling it related to navigation. This is actu- Indu. Chinese accounts in the 19th ally calculus which was developed Meanwhile there is a completely century about India are very vague. in India and is now being called the different aspect of Sino-Indian in- They start knowing about places Kerala School of Mathematics. This teractions, with Indian merchants called Bombay or Madras, but you precedes Newton by 200 years. They who went into the region of west- can see that initially they don’t know have also now found navigational ern China and Central Asia. There exactly where it is. There are even instruments linked to this. Wheth- was a small yet very widespread references to the “fi ve Indias”! er the Chinese knew about it we Indian merchant diaspora which in don’t know. But they say Vasco Da the Mughal period went as far as The Chinese tradition of writing Gama was lost and in Madagascar Iran, Russia, Chinese Turkistan, Af- about foreign peoples was like this. he found an Indian, (they just called ghanistan, etc. Thus, when you talk After someone wrote something him a dark man), who then guided of China-India relations in the later -- like this offi cial in the Song pe- him to the coast of Kerala. period, you can’t talk of only the sea riod who compiled a work based on contacts . For centuries, Indian mer- the accounts of foreign traders in

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 11 Conversations

Quanzhou -- that account gets re- SK: I thought the growth of cotton bureaucracy was addicted. From peated in subsequent works many in India started only after the Amer- having a favourable balance of times, till another person comes ican civil war. trade with Britain, China started to along who has some original ma- pay massive quantities of silver to terial, like those who went on the MT: It was much earlier. Indian pay for the opum. That affected the great Ming expeditions. This be- textiles were a big commodity in the currency rate, taxation procedures, comes a new set of data, and then intra-Asian trade in the early peri- and so on. that version would get repeated od. But from the late 18th century again and again. In the 19th centu- raw cotton from India going direct- The British went to war in 1839 ry they found that they had to fi nd ly to China became the mainstay when the Chinese fi nally tried out again about India. With the ar- of that trade. Then opium starts to enforce the ban on the opium rival of the British in China and the to fi gure in a big way. Opium was trade. The Chinese were defeated trade in opium from India, again exported to China for a long time, and that begins the whole era of they wanted to know about India, but it did not become a big item till uneven treaties and repeated hu- mainly coming out of wanting to about 1820s. Earlier it was import- miliation of China that lasted for know what the British were up to. ed mainly for medicinal purposes more than 100 years. So India be- They updated their information and in small quantities. There were came in an instrument for British about India in this period largely only say 2000 chests imported into economic and political domination from Western accounts. China a year. But from the 1820s of China. Indian soldiers and po- it becomes more than 20,000 and licemen were also used by the Brit- So, the point is that the image of In- then later, 40,000 chests. Unlike ish and Europeans for nearly one dia in China is not one. The image of cotton, opium is a self expanding century in China. India keeps changing. commodity because the more you get addicted the more you need it. SK: That phase of confl ict between SK: How did European colonialism The import as well as the sale and Britain and China in which Indians in Asia affect this? production of opium were banned also played a role as opium traders in China. So, the British East India and soldiers, is that what started MT: There was a substantial Company would grow the opium in creating a negative image of India as change in the relationship. India India, and it would be sold under li- a tool of British imperialism among got caught up in the trade of Brit- cense to private traders who would the Chinese? ain and European countries with smuggle it to China. BEIC having China, which was driven by the a monopoly over the trade with MT: Exactly, plus the Chinese were ever increasing demand for tea. China at Canton didn’t want to be well aware of what had happened Britain started looking unsuccess- caught carrying the opium. This to India at the hands of the British. fully for things it could sell China way both made profi ts. That was They knew that Indians had lost in exchange for tea. Then they re- Patna opium grown in the Bengal their independence and been con- alized that whereas there was not Presidency. Then they started sell- quered. much that they could sell directly to ing Malwa opium, whose outlet was China, India had items the Chinese Bombay, which was cheaper than SK: Did they follow the Ghadar of wanted. Patna opium. So the sales went up 1857? in a big way. Unlike Patna opium First they realised that there was a it was not grown under BEIC li- MT: They knew what was going market for raw cotton from India in cence, but was grown in the interior on. In fact the term they had for China. Thus the cotton trade took regions and brought to Bombay by countries like India means a lost off in a big way. Then, when the cot- private British and Indian traders. or ruined country. Very often this ton trade started to stagnate in the By the 1830’s the opium imports was expressed as: “we don’t want 2nd decade of the 19th century, the started to affect the whole society to become like India, Turkey or Po- British took to pushing opium in a in China. At one point about 80 to land”. These were considered nega- big way. 90% of their armed forces and their tive models. At the same time I

12 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Conversations have also seen references that the either take us, or you kill us”. So he ued to follow their own Dalai Lama Chinese were sensitive to the fact recruited them and paid them more and other lamas. However, these la- that Indians were being forced to than what they were getting under mas were recognized by the Chinese do all this. There is an account left the British! emperors. by a Chinese offi cial who traveled in India in 1870’s. He traveled to During World War II, the Indian When the Revolution of 1911 broke Calcutta, Shimla, and Western In- National Army had a major contin- out in China, ending the Chinese dia. About the Indians he comment- gent in China and had a dominant empire, many outlying regions and ed that they were conquered and infl uence in the Indian community even provinces of China proper de- dominated by foreigners, but that there. That turned out to be unfor- clared their independence. So did no one here seemed to think it was tunate for India-China relations, Tibet. Britain at this time support- a terrible thing. “What a pity, what because China was occupied by Ja- ed the Tibetan claim to independ- a shame!” he lamented pan, which was helping Subhash ence. While the Tibetans may have Chandra Bose. Indians were not wanted their freedom, Britain was However, under the impact of the at all against China and even Sub- playing a geopolitical game, trying anti-colonial struggle here and hash Chandra Bose never condoned to detach it from China which was the anti-imperialist movement in Japan’s occupation of China. But he weak. China, sympathy for each other be- had his own dealings. So, when the comes more evident. The Hindus- war ended, all those in the INA were In the Shimla convention in 1912- tani Ghadar Party started working considered collaborators, and there 13, Britain called a meeting of the actively in China, and had a lot in- was no sympathy for Indians, even Tibetan representative and the Chi- fl uence among the Punjabi soldiers though they were in a bad state at nese delegate in Calcutta and their and people in those areas. A very the end of the war. Most Indians in own delegate, to settle the border, interesting phase in relations be- China were uprooted and repatri- not between India and China, but tween Indians and Chinese began. ated, almost forcibly, at that time. between ‘inner Tibet’ and ‘outer Around 1925-27 there was a huge Tibet’. This is what was known tide of revolutionary nationalist SK: A fi nal question -- was Tibet as the McMahon Line. From what upsurge in China, which directly historically a part of China as is accounts I have seen, the Chinese threatened British and other im- claimed by them? envoy in India was put under tre- perialist interests in China. In- mendous pressure, they practically dian security forces were used to MT: The Chinese did not directly confi ned him to a room, and he ini- shoot down Chinese, but because administer Tibet and other outly- tialed an agreement. But when this of the active mobilisation done by ing regions, in the same way that came before the national assembly the Ghadar Party and others, you they ruled the rest of China. Under in China, they refused to ratify it. began to have cases when Indian the last imperial dynasty, they had Under international law it doesn’t soldiers and policemen – sometimes a kind of alliance or loose adminis- have validity if it is not ratifi ed by whole battalions – refused to fi re tration under a Chinese Resident, the sovereign body of a country. But on Chinese. In one case in Canton and the Tibetans were more or less the British went ahead and said one detachment of Indian police- autonomous. My view is that you look, the Tibetans and we agree, so men deserted and landed in front cannot look at history and say cat- it doesn’t matter if China doesn’t of the governor of the province and egorically whether Tibet is a part of recognize it. said they wanted to join the Chi- China or not part of China. Depend- nese side. The governor was at fi rst ing on how strongly you feel about Madhavi Thampi a little suspicious -- after all, these it, there is a case on both sides. You teaches in the department of East were the same people who were on cannot say that just because China Asian Studies of Delhi the other side. When they saw his sent expeditions to Lhasa to assert University. She has authored a hesitation, they said forthrightly the rule of the emperor, that Tibet is number of works on the historical – “look, we have burnt our boats. part of China. But Chinese give this relationship between India and There is no going back for us, so you as the reason. The Tibetans contin- China.

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 13 Book Review Wendy’s Children Versus Wendy’s Stepchildren

K. Raghavendra Rao

The concept of Wendy’s children some connection between politically is, of course, that of Rajiv Mal- motivated local Hindu elite and the hotra, perhaps the most colourful diaspora Hindus worried about their of Wendy’s stepchildren. However identity. In fact, there is some evi- ‘Wendy’s stepchildren’ is my humble dence that the local Hindutva forces creation. While Wendy’s children received fi nancial support from the can be traced back to Wendy’s own diaspora in their elections. intellectual womb, her stepchildren were born out of wedlock, as it were, But for both groups, Hinduism pos- to harass their stepmother for be- es an impossible identity challenge. ing the mother of her children! If Dr. Ambedkar whom Wendy’s step- Wendy had not been there, there children may not like and whom would have been no Wendy’s chil- the Hindutva brigade hugs politi- dren, and if there were no Wendy’s cally as a matter of political expedi- children, there would have been no ency, asked the question, Who is a need for Wendy’s stepchildren. It is Hindu? His clear answer was that ultimately a quarrel within the joint Hindu is a non-existent category family, since all of them, Wendy, her and the real identity of Hindus so- children and stepchildren share a called was merely their caste iden- common geographical and cultural tity. The argument that the colonial space. That common space is the rulers denied us agency and identity The Hindus – A Book by Wendy Doniger Image source: Google images currently declining West. The ques- is true but it is not the whole truth. tion nagging me, a Hindu living in a Colonial rulers could get away with genuinely Hindu space, is: Why wor- their version of Hinduism because or the last six months I have ry about their quarrel? Why should Hinduism itself was potentially been sandwiched between two we rack our brains about it? Their favourable to them in their divide- Ftomes, Wendy Doniger’s own need for constituting a neo-Hindu and-rule ploy. Identity issues make THE HINDUS – An alternative his- identity to survive in a non-Hindu no sense to Hinduism because of tory (Penguin Books, London,2009) universe seems to be irrelevant to us its basic pluralism, hierarchy, he- and Wendy’s stepchildren’s IN- in India. But it is not so irrelevant gemony and structural centrifugal- VADING THE SACRED, edited by at one level, because we have amidst ism. To see this is the strength of Krishnan Ramaswamy, Antonio de us, right here on the soil of our pun- Wendy, if not of her children. This Nicolas and Aditi Banerji (Rupa & yabhoomi, a small number of people is also why the stepchildren unleash Co., New Delhi, 22007). Having just engaged in a similar enterprise, less such animosity against her. I am fi nished both, I tried to relate the for identity insecurities and more not suggesting that errors of schol- two. The result is the brief rumina- for immediate political gains in an arship, the misapplication of west- tion that follows. electoral democracy. Thus there is ern psychoanalytical categories to

14 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Book review

Hindu myths of gods, spotted by the existentially negotiated equation the history of the church. Does it stepchildren, can be dismissed. But that human life is lived. make him a Christian? But Balu’s the point of the stepchildren is else- most brilliant and insightful the- where. It is simply because Wendy, At the heart of the dispute lies a sis is the thesis of secularization of all her sins and evils counted and crucial moral issue. It is the is- Christianity. The point of the thesis condemned, can still fl aunt before sue of whether being a Hindu is a is that the secular nature of West- the identity-hungry stepchildren mere matter of individual choice or ern secularism is suspect because it the futility of seeking a Hindu iden- whether it is a choice embedded in is Christianity disguised in secular tity! The Hindutva people, whatever a collective identity. If it is the lat- garbs. But then it is worth asking their rhetoric, realize the pluralistic ter, then how can a Hindu who fl ees whether secularized Christianity is nature of Hinduism and now, under from a collective Hindu environment the same thing as Christianity prop- the pressure of electoral democracy, to non-Hindu objectives realize in an er? Balu’s thesis seems to reject the are ready, as practical politicians, alien land lay any moral claim to a possibility of the secular a priori. to abandon the agenda to concoct a Hindu identity? Also, given the na- strong Hindu identity. ture of Hinduism, where is the real I come to the last issue that can- need for a Hindu to fl aunt his iden- not be avoided when talking about As for Wendy’s volume, I think it is tity? Identity–mongering is a non- Wendy’s stepchildren. That is the a good read with its quirky schol- Hindu phenomenon. This can be re- issue of whether Wendy’s stepchil- arship, its amusingly absurd psy- formulated as: do Wendy’s stepchil- dren are engaged in a massive effort choanalytical interpretations and dren have the same right to a Hindu to propagate Hindutva on a global her relaxing sense of humour. Her identity as a native-confi ned local scale. I had occasion to put this easy-going and light-footed prose Hindu? question to Balu during one of the helps. But Wendy’s essential makes workshops organised on the campus her vision of India, if not of Hindus, One of the major and fascinating of Kuvempu University in Shimoga, somewhat fascinating in an iden- fi gures in the camp of Wendy’s step- Karnataka, by one of his disciples. tity-obsessed post-modern world. children, Professor Balagangadhara Balu’s answer, if I recollect, was The stepchildren’s grouse is that or as he prefers to be called, Balu, autobiographical. He said that his their Hinduism is less compatible has asserted that it is possible to whole life was a negation of such an with Hinduism on the ground than arrive at an objective and neutral impression. He said as a boy he spent Wendy’s children’s distorted and interpretation and assessment of a most of his time with the neighbour- negatively motivated Hinduism. I religious system. One need not be ing Muslim family, that as a college think the stepchildren, like Gandhi a born Hindu to judge or interpret student he was a radical Marxist. earlier, have fallen into the binary Hinduism. This leads to the thorny He said that what he was doing trap of orientalism – spiritual India epistemological question of the rela- was to question the Western Chris- versus materialistic West. This is to tionship between faith and knowl- tian attempt to besmirch Hinduism. miss the essential nature of Hindu- edge. Is religion a matter of mere But intentionality is one thing, and ism – a structure that deconstructs faith? No defi nite answer is possible objective Hindutva, but his views itself in order to reconstruct and and one must allow the validity of taken in their objectivity seem to be survive. After all, the Hindu sense both positions. Suppose one does packaged Hindutva with scholoarly of evil has no Christian or Islamic not accept the validity of the sacred coating. Whatever his Marxist past, sharp edge. What is evil in one con- as a category and consign it to igno- he has now nothing to do with it. He text is seen as good in another con- rance and superstition, then how can rejects the theoretical possibility of text. A demon like Ravana is also a a believer in the sacred assess his secularism. In a recent speech at devotee of Siva. The notions of pure position? Can a believer call a non- the Department of Political Science, evil and pure good belong to dualistic believer ignorant and superstitious? Karnatak Univeristy, he advanced Christianity and Manichean Islam. For instance, in his magnum opus, the remarkable claim that Lingayat After all, our four purusharthas do The Heathen in His Blindness, Balu Vachanakaras did not raise a re- not divide into the spiritual and the displays formidable scholarship in volt or revolution against the Hindu material. It is in their balance and the fi eld of Christian theology and (Contd. on 29)

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 15 Book review

A Valuable Contribution to History of Technology in India

D.P. Agrawal, Lok Vigyan Kendra, Almora 263601, [email protected]

– in ancient India. In recent years In- writings are marked by a remark- dian National Science Academy con- able lucidity, scientifi c precision and tributed greatly to this fi eld through a lot of hard evidence, and of course the efforts of B.V. Subbarayappa and a Marxist approach. Though his spe- A.K. Bag, though the short essays on cialization is in the medieval period, different technologies proved a bit he has also written/edited books on sketchy. Inspired by the monumental prehistory and Indus civilization. He series on Chinese science and civilisa- always studies the fi eld covered by tion by Joseph Needham, D.P. Chat- his books in great detail and comes up topdhyaya (not to be confused with with very signifi cant insights. I was a Debiprasad!) brought out a gigantic bit surprised when I saw his book on series under the Project of History of Indus civilization as the period was Indian Science, Philosophy and Cul- far removed from his specialization, ture. It’s a vast and ambitious project but I could fi nd not only some rare in- of 75 volumes, out of which 16 vol- formation in the book, but also some umes (about 70 books) have already valuable insights. In the book on In- come out. But its huge encyclopaedic dus civilization, unlike others, Habib sweep covers everything and thus gives due importance to all levels of History of Science and Technology the Indus trade: local village-town loses focus. In the last few years Infi n- trade; long-distance trade within the ity Foundation has brought out sev- territory of the civilisation and com- eral volumes (edited by D.P. Agrawal merce with other regions. Technology in Medieval India by Irfan Habib and O.C. Handa) on Harappan ar- chitecture, technology and its legacy, In the present book he has divided iron, copper and zinc technologies, the theme in four main chapters Habib, Irfan. 2008. Technology traditional technologies of domestic dealing with agriculture, crafts, mili- in Medieval India. Delhi: Tulika architecture, hydraulics, medicine, tary technology and the social and Books. Pp. 139, Figures 41, Tables 3, etc. In this series the main emphasis cultural environment of the medieval Maps 2. Price Rs. 275/-. is on material (archaeological, met- Indian technology. He has added sup- allurgical, etc) evidence rather than plementary information in extracts For a long time History of Science and on literary sources. As most of these and bibliographic details in notes. Technology in India was a neglected books deal with ancient India, Irfan fi eld of study, except for some pio- Habib’s book on medieval technology Habib makes some very signifi cant neering efforts by Debiprasad Chat- is a very welcome addition. observations on the character of Indi- topadhyay (History of Science and an Technology (Chapter 4). He points Technology in Ancient India, 1982, Irfan Habib is one of our best known out that there was over-speciali- 1986). The jingoists on the other historians who are greatly interested zation in India. Quoting Pelshart, hand found everything – from rock- in History of Science and Technolo- Habib informs us that he found in ets to hydrogen bombs to aeroplanes gy. Unlike many other historians his Agra goldsmiths, calico painters,

16 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Book review embroiderers, carpet makers, cotton nology, let alone the productive fi fth and the tenth centuries. weavers, blacksmiths, coppersmiths, process. Habib informs us that Abu’l tailors, masons, builders, stone cut- Fazl insists that there were innova- Habib points out that no fundamen- ters, a hundred crafts for a job. A job tions too in the manufacture of guns tal change in the structure of the ox- which one workman will do in Hol- and muskets, and describes a device drawn plough seems to have occurred; land passes (here) through four men’s employed by Akbar, the ship’s ‘cam- ploughs however varied a great deal hands before it is fi nished. Of course, el’, which was invented in Europe even within adjacent regions in In- there was a competition which com- nearly a century later. In chemistry dia, largely according to soil. During pelled an artisan to sharpen his there was the invention of water- medieval times the Indian plough skills rather than improve his tools, cooling through the use of saltpetre, acquired the seed rill, which might as tools were costly. which seems to be independent of possibly have diffused from China, any discovery made in Europe. Still, which knew of it as early as the fi rst The author also explains that such the Mugal Empire did not produce century BCE. specialization was brought about by even a single worthwhile text on a socially set division of labour which crafts and agriculture. Contrasting Though in ancient India the two- inhibited technological progress be- the slow progress of Indian technol- humped Bactrian camel, a hardy cause of the hereditary caste. It is ogy, compared to Europe, Habib at- animal of colder climes, was known, also to be noted that though artisans tributes the European progress to the introduction of the dromedary were employed by kings and aristoc- the growth of rationalism, the scien- (one humped camel) was quite late. racy, the tools had to be owned by ar- tifi c revolution of the 16th and 17th The dromedary has great tractate tisans. Since tools cannot be separat- centuries and the expanding volume power and exceptional stamina for ed from the artisans, and capitalist of capital available for technological work in warm, dry zones, and was relations had not yet developed, craft experimentation. This according to thus eminently suited for use as an technology remained outside the Habib explains why European tech- all-purpose draught animal in the In- scope of externally induced change. nology was able to leave the rest of dus basin. Habib, however, points out that the the world far behind by the end of very formulation of the problem the 18th century. About the crops, Habib informs us in this manner makes an opposite that by the end of the sixteenth cen- question inevitable. Why did not the Below we will highlight some of his tury, the Indian peasant was familiar classes which controlled a share in important observations on differ- with an exceptionally large number of the social surplus enter the produc- ent medieval technologies and their crops. In Abu’l Fazl’s list the number tive process by providing tools and dates. of rabi crops ranges from 16 to 21, so be able to improve technology, as and of kharif crops, from 17 to 29. In happened partly in Western Europe In Chapter 1, Habib discusses tech- the Agra province the number is 19 from the sixteenth century onwards? nology related to agriculture, crops, for rabi crops and 28 for kharif. Such This raises the problem of ideologi- irrigation, processing, etc. We are a large number of crops made Indian cal orientation. How far were such told that a signifi cant device, the agriculture especially rich in the va- classes in India at all interested in draw-bar, which enabled the draught riety of its products. technology and its improvement? animal to walk round in a circle and so carry out threshing and turn ro- Opium and henna were early medi- Habib also points out that unlike tary mills, appeared only at the dawn eval introductions from the Islamic Europe, in ancient India produc- of early medieval times. Animals world. After the Portuguese intru- tion technology was apparently not could be used for milling only when sion in the Indian seas, a new set of brought into any recognizable re- the mortar-and-pestle hand-mill be- plants began to be added to the al- lationship with theoretical science. came completely rotary. Habib dates ready long list of Indian crops. To- Habib contrasts Bhoja’s fanciful the use of the draw-bar and the con- bacco and maize were cultivated in devices, often diffi cult to interpret, sequential circular track of the oxen Gujarat by 1613 and its cultivation which were totally divorced from for threshing and milling spread to spread rapidly to all parts of India any association with practical tech- different parts of India between the thereafter. Other New-World na-

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 17 Book review

tives, like groundnut, ordinary and tres high and up to 18 metres thick, ry. The earliest evidence for the loom sweet potato, tomato and okra were over the Kaveri river. With the com- in India, however, belongs to the fi f- acclimatized still later. ing into use of lime and gypsum mor- teenth century. tar and other techniques, Delhi saw, We learn that the fi rst reference to in the fourteenth century, fairly so- Dyeing was achieved through several sericulture in India occurs in the re- phisticated waterworks. Firoz Tugh- techniques. The tie-and-dye method port of Ma Huan, the Chinese navi- luq built long and large canals in the (now called bandhna, English: ‘ban- gator who visited Bengal in 1422. In north Indian plains. He created a dana’) has been traced back to Bana's the sixteenth and seventeenth centu- veritable network of canals taking off Harshacharita, which means that it ries, Bengal became one of the great from the Satluj and Yamuna, besides was already practiced in the early mulberry silk-producing regions of other smaller rivers. seventh century. Habib thinks that the world. The worm here was multi- there can be no fi nality here, but the voltine, enabling six crops to be gath- As far as processing of grains is con- likelihood is that cloth-printing had ered in the year. cerned, the appearance in India of become an established craft in India both the rotary mill and the vertical by the fourteenth century. We are told that grafting, as a means peg-handle goes back to the fi fth cen- of extending the cultivation of par- tury. It seems that the rotary oil mill Regarding metallurgy, Habib seems ticular varieties of fruit or develop- is also of the same date. Habib thinks to be a bit conservative in dating. He ing new varieties, does not seem to that not only the ox-driven oil-mill, places wootz steel only to the 13th have been employed in India before but the draw-bar too must have ar- century whereas it could go back to the Mughal times. The Mughal kings rived in Himachal by c. 800 CE. the Mauryan times. Even Alexan- introduced the grafting of the sweet der was presented with 100 talents cherry in Kashmir, oranges, mulber- The archaeological evidence from of such steel. From the late fi fteenth ry, etc. Quite a few New World fruits Taxila and Charsadda shows that century, the Indian iron industry were introduced by the Portuguese in alcohol distillation may have been was called upon to make hand-guns the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- invented in India in c. 150 BCE. In and muskets, and, later, iron guns. turies, such as pineapple, papaya, the twelfth century cooling of the still For those interested in the story of cashew nut and guava. was improved to obtain pure alcohol. iron metallurgy, two recent books by As we know, in Zawar (Rajasthan) Vibha Tripathi (History of Iron Tech- In India the fi rst defi nite reference to pure zinc distillation was achieved nology in India 2008) and Balasub- the noria (a vertical wheel that has through the use of clay retorts in the ramaniam (Marvels of Indian Iron water containers on its rim) occurs in 12th century. Through the Ages 2008) are very well an early version of the Panchatantra documented and up-to-date too. (c. 300 CE). The earliest allusion to Chapter 2 discusses textile technol- this ‘pot-garland’ occurs in the Man- ogy. Habib tells us that the earliest Habib describes the evidence of other dasor inscription of 532 CE. The fi rst depictions in India of the crank-han- metals like gold, silver, zinc. etc also. express statement about the use of dle belong to the seventeenth century Zawar gives the evidence of pure zinc gears is from Babur when he gives in relation to the spinning wheel, and distillation in the 12th century, ear- his classic description of the ‘Persian the crank-handle appears on the cot- lier than anywhere else, though zinc wheel’. This geared saqiya or ‘Persian ton gin only in a Kangra painting of smelting can be traced back to 4th wheel’ was crucial for the relatively c. 1750. The scutch-bow (to loosen century BCE. dry Indus basin because it could give cotton fi bre) was very probably an a constant fl ow. ancient Indian invention, alluded to In this chapter Habib goes into the in the Jatakas and more explicitly details of building technology, use of In this chapter Habib describes the mentioned in Sanskrit dictionaries of gypsum, mortars, etc. He says that large irrigation works constructed in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. the arcuate mode of construction the south in the eleventh century, for Habib puts the limits of the diffusion that India received in the thirteenth example, the Grand Anicut, a dam of the spinning wheel within India to century was a fusion not only of two over 300 metres long, up to 5.5 me- the fi rst half of the fourteenth centu- mortars, but also of two distinct

18 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Book review

styles, the Byzantine and the Sassa- measuring altitude. The astrolabe Sultanate armies there. The history nid. The early Byzantine preference maker was also called upon to draw of the iron horse-shoe is apparently for the pointed arch and dome on circles and segments of circles, where much shorter than that of the stir- drum and pendentives was combined again geometrical accuracy had to be rup. Fakhr-i Mudabbir, in his work with the Sassanid emphasis on the secured. on warfare written in Iltutmish’s barrel vault and dome on squinches. reign (1210-36 CE), mentions how By the thirteenth century, all these The Mughal period saw the appear- a horse was shod with the nal, and had become part of the ‘Saracenic’ ance of variolation or inoculation Amir Khusrau, in 1283, tells us of architectural system, now imported against small pox which was fi rst the curious quality of the horse that into India. reported from Bengal in 1731, when when nails (mekh) are driven into local tradition was quoted as putting its hooves, it runs better. About the paper technology, Habib its beginnings at about 150 years informs us that with the establish- earlier. The other craft could similar- Habib also describes two fearful ment of the Sultanate, paper manu- ly claim to be a harbinger of plastic weapons: the fi rst was naphtha or facture arrived at Delhi. Amir Khus- surgery (rhinoplasty). Greek fi re; the other weapon was rau, in 1289, mentions paper-mak- the mangonel or trebu chet. Appar- ing as a contemporary craft; and in The third chapter we learn from ently, the latter apparatus consisted a verse he alludes to the glazing of him about the military technology, of a wooden beam pivoted on a wood- paper with a rubber or muhra. In transport and navigation. In the en stand. The short arm of the beam 1452 Ma Huan, in his account of the seventh century CE chariots had fi - had a counterweight put on it, while products of Bengal, spoke of a kind of nally given way in India to the ar- the long arm had a sling suspended white paper which is also made from moured horseman. King Devaraya at its far end which carried the mis- tree bark, praising it for being ‘glossy of Vijayanagara collected 10,000 sile, usually a round large piece of and smooth like a deer skin’. Muslim and 60,000 Hindu horsemen stone. The long arm pulled down ‘acquainted with the art of archery’, by rope by many men would raise Though glass was known to the Indi- and successfully invaded the Bahm- the weighted short arm. If now the ans from c. 800 BCE, a new element ani dominions in 1443-44. However, men all together released the rope, was brought into glassware produc- the horse still lacked the three es- the short arm would fall, making tion in Iran and India by the twelfth sential items: the saddle, the stirrup the long arm ascend fast, and the century, namely, enamelling. As to and the horse-shoe. At Khajuraho, a missile would shoot forth out of the the spectacles, they were a European stray sculpture of the tenth century swinging sling. invention. There are references to does show the stirrup, and thereaf- convex spectacles worn by a Vijay- ter it seems to have become common. Habib explains that rockets as a form anagara minister in the fi rst half of It is distinctly shown, for example, of pyrotechny or fi reworks pre-date the sixteenth century and by Faizi, in the famous horse at Konarak in the true artillery (cannon and mus- Akbar’s poet laureate, in 1593-95. Orissa, datable to c. 1200 CE. The kets). Quoting Gode, he says that on Lakshmana temple at Khajuraho the basis of a study of formulae for Habib describes the use of two chief (tenth century) shows bow-shaped fi reworks in a Sanskrit work of c. instruments to measure the alti- stirrups with broad fl at rests. In 1500, that these were transmitted tudes and positions of heavenly bod- the twelfth and thir teenth centu- from China to India about 1400 CE. ies by the Medieval Indian astrono- ries, the stirrup is also generally of It seems that the true gunpowder mers. One was the simple sundial, the shape of a large and broad ring, cannons were being used in various the other, the complex astrolabe. It ‘apparently made of layers of leath- parts of India only by the latter half often contained on one of its discs a er stitched together or of wood cut of the fi fteenth century. list of places with their coordinates. into a log’. While the Delhi Sultan- At the raised rim of the mother disc, ate cavalry thus had iron stirrups From Habib’s description it would very fi ne and accurate graduation from the beginning, it is possi ble appear that by the end of the six- was attempted to mark each of the that their use in some parts of India, teenth century, the heaviest guns in 360 degrees of the circle, essential for in fact, preceded the arrival of the the world were being cast in India,

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 19 Book review

the climax being reached with the tions through managing two distinct much development. famous Malik Maidan cast in bronze systems, one based on horses, the at Ahmadnagar, with a length of 4.06 other on human relay runners. It is Though the author appreciates the metres, diameter at the muzzle 1.65 certain that the ekka and tonga are advance in the Indian ship-build- metres, and diameter of the bore, post-seventeenth century innova- ing industry he regrets that it did 0.72 metre. Habib explains the diffi - tions as the Mughal India completely not do away with the lag between culties of casting large pieces of iron lacked these cheap and quick means European and Indian shipping. Es- which prevented the casting of whole of passenger conveyance. Bullock- sentially, while they succeeded in barrels in single moulds. Indian iron carts thus constituted practically the having the same kinds of ships, the cannon thus generally consisted of sole form of wheeled traffi c over the Indian navigators could not acquire wrought (not cast) iron bars or cylin- larger part of India. Bridges could the skill and instruments (both of ders, held together by rings to form not be built over the large rivers orig- which are, of course, inseparable) of the barrel. It is not easy to separate inating in the Himalayas, but still their European counterparts. An In- the history of the cannon from that spanned fairly respectable rivers, dian lexicographer, writing in 1739, of the musket. In India the musket like the Gomati. recognizes that the telescope was a seems to have arrived quite early, pilot’s observational instrument, but possibly in the fi fteenth century, We learn that the postal system was no attempt seems to have been made when it appears in two Jain book il- not open to the public: the couriers to manufacture telescopes in India. lustrations. For smoothening the in- were usually enjoined not to convey side of the barrel, Akbar invented a private mail. For ordinary private Habib seems to be a bit too critical superb device, whereby animal power persons, there were pattamars or ba- of the state of technology in medi- could be used through pindrum-gear- zar qasids (‘bazaar couriers’), who an- eval India; in contrast, Dharampal ing to rotate drills inside the barrels nounced in each town that they would (Indian Science & Technology in the of several muskets simultaneously. be going to such and such a place and Eighteenth Century 2000; Despo- invited the public to entrust their let- liation and Defaming of India. Vol 1, During Firoz Tughluq’s times (1351- ters for that place to them. 1999) emphasises that India was far 88), a variety of transport could be ahead of Europe in the 17th-18th cen- hired: camel, horse, cart, palanquin; Unlike Marco Polo and others, the ac- turies both in technology and trade. the cheapest was the ox-cart. From count of Nicolo Conti, who used these Dharampal (1999) informs us that by Awadh (Ayodhya) to Delhi a journey ships during 1419-44 and gave a fairly 1810, Dr. Carpue of London was able on a camel each way took forty days. favourable description of them. Some to build up the technique of a new Goods or grain were transported on of them, he says, were ‘much larger plastic surgery derived and based on ox backs. The roads that radiated than ours, capable of containing two the Indian method. Dharampal also from Delhi, were marked with pillars thousand butts [casks] and with fi ve records that 73% of world manufac- displaying the distances traversed. sails and as many masts’. The lower tures were done in the Chinese and Tughluq is said to have established part of a ship was constructed with the Indian regions around 1750. Even a building and a hospice at the end three planks for reinforcement; and around 1820 these two regions pro- of each day’s journey (manzil), with ‘some ships are so built in compart- duced some 60% of world manufac- provision for eatables, and also plant- ments’ as to allow them to remain tures. One also expected from Habib ed trees on both sides of the road. As afl oat even if a part of their structure a greater emphasis on the proverbial regards the river transport, quoting got wrecked. textile technology of India. Afi f (c. 1400 CE), Habib tells us that large and broad boats ply on the Ya- Habib thinks that it is most likely The quality of Habib’s important muna river, some able to carry 5000 that Indian and other Arabian Sea book could be further improved by mans (44 metric tons) of grain, and navigators picked up the magnetic giving references in the text itself, some 7,000 mans (62 tons); even the compass from the visiting Chinese instead of under notes. The fi rst few smaller boats could carry 2000 mans ships, and the navigational use of it pages are erroneously arranged. (17.6 tons) of grain. The government then spread to the Mediterranean, maintained its means of communica- where it subsequently underwent (Contd. on pg 23)

20 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Study Redefi ning the Harappan Hinterland

D.P. Agrawal, J.S. Kharakwal, Y.S. Rawat, T. Osada & Pankaj Goyal http://www.antiquity.ac.uk

The fi nd and its context land is misconceived as an urban production, and thus they can feed or imperial network. In reality, the themselves. But by contrast, there urban places sited on the alluvial are hardly any minerals (Kenoyer plain, which were engaged in agri- 1998; Possehl 2002; Agrawal 2007). culture, were surrounded by numer- Such minerals had to be procured ous dispersed supply centres, which from distant regions of the Harap- may themselves have been non-ur- pan ‘Empire’, that is the surround- ban and Chalcolithic, Neolithic or ing mountainous areas. hunter-gatherer in their culture. Procurement The urban centres The Harappan elite needed ornaments Most Harappan towns (e.g. Mohen- made of gold, silver, agate, chalcedony, jodaro, Harappa, Ganweriwala, Ka- steatite, copper, shell, lapis lazuli and libangan, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, sodalite, all of which could be found Pathani Damb) are situated in the in the northern sub-Himalayas, along Indus-Saraswati river valleys. Here with deodar wood (reported from sev- they controlled the major routes: Mo- eral Harappan sites), talc, shilajeet, henjodaro, for example, sits astride and herbs. Lahiri (1999) has done an Figure 1. Map of the north-west Indian subcon- the crossroads of inland routes, riv- exhaustive documentation of the raw tinent showing the main Harappan sites men- er-ways and the sea. In the region materials used by the Harappans and tioned in the text (courtesy of Dr A. Uesugi). occupied by these towns there is their sources, though the actual trade abundant alluvium for agricultural routes may not have been as regular and formalised as those mapped by The region associated with the Indus her. Morrison (2006: 288-92) shows civilisation (now generally named how hunter-gatherers had control of Harappan after its central settle- many forest resources and managed ment) is estimated at between 1 their long term supply to the Hara- and 1.5 million km² in extent, based ppans and their successors. In the on the widespread distribution of words of a recent student, Randall Harappan cultural material from Law (2008: 8) ‘...it now appears that Kashmir to Gujurat (Figure 1). For practically all of the raw material of a third-millennium culture, this was the raw stone and metal that Harap- a vast area to be administered from pans used came from highlands sur- the fl oodplain sites of Mohenjodaro, rounding the Indus valley.’ Ganweriwala or Harappa. However, recent research has shown that the Figure 2. Map showing the main sites of All the sites in the foothills marked structure of the Harappan hinter- Gujarat involved in resource procurement. on Figure 1 were involved in the

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 21 Study

procurement of these raw materials 1999), where there were also huge (Manda, Kotla Nihang, Ropar in the deposits of sedimentary talc. The sub-Himalayan region; Ganeshwar, Jodhpura people lived close to cop- Jodhpura, and Rakhigarhi in Hary- per mines and did the dirty work of ana and Rajasthan; Hisham Dheri, smelting for the Harappans (Miller Gumla, Rehman Dheri, Ranag- 2007). In Kashmir, the hoard of car- hundai, Lohumjodaro, Nindowari nelian beads of Harappan vintage in north-west Pakistan; Shortugai at Burzahom shows that they had (Possehl 1999) in Afghanistan; the trade contacts. In the far north-west coastal sites of Makran; and Surko- Bactrian region, Shortguai served Figure 3a. Three clay seals from Kanmer with tada, Bagasara, Dholavira, Kuntasi, as a processing centre for lapis la- unicorn motif. Kanmer, Shikarpur in Gujarat). zuli. In Gujurat, sites like Kanmer yielded a large amount of bead- Small sites like Saraikhola, Hisham making material (150 stone beads Dheri, Gumla, Rehman Dheri, Sur- and rough outs; 160 drill bits; 433 jangal, Rana Ghundai, Lohumjo- faience beads; and 20 000 steatite daro, Nindowari and Mehi prob- beads) indicating their industrial ably procured steatite, agate, and importance (Kharakwal et al. 2008). bitumen. Lapis lazuli and sodal- The agate quarries are located just ite occurs in southern Rajasthan about 20km from Kanmer. The and eastern Gujarat. Agate occurs coastal sites of Sutkagen Dor, Khera mostly in Saurashtra and Kachchh Kot, Balakot, Allahdino, Dholavira, Figure 3b. Top view of the three Kanmer seals and to some extent in west Paki- Kuntasi, etc. probably helped pro- (pictured in Figure 3a) with different motifs sug- stan (Lohumjodaro, Rehman Dheri, cure and process shell material for gesting different uses/users Saraikhola etc.). beads and bangles.

The sub-Himalayan sites like Manda Peoples clay sealings with a central hole (Fig- (Jammu), Kotla Nihang and Ropar Several small sites in Gujarat (e.g. ures 3a and b). (Punjab), Kashipur (ancient Gov- Surkotada, Pabumath, Desalpur, isana in Kumaun) probably served Nagwada, Gola Dhoro, Kuntasi, Ko- The communities in the supply cen- as gateway procurement centres for tada, Padri, Rajpipla, Kanmer and tres were probably differently con- copper ingots, deodar wood, shilajit, Shikarpur; Figure 2) have dispro- stituted to those in urban centres cinnabar, talc, etc. from the high- portionately large fortifi cations com- on the plain. Rajasthan, Gujarat lands, as the rivers become naviga- pared to their settlement size. Such and Madhya Pradesh, rich in copper ble at these points. massive expenditure of energy and minerals, were peopled by Chalcol- material on fortifi cations could be ithic cultures (e.g. the Ganeshwar, Manufacture justifi ed for economic protection. This Banas and Kayatha cultures). Else- In addition, many of the outlying set- might suggest an unequal relation- where, in the mountain districts, the tlements were involved in process- ship between the core and periphery, Harappans had mainly to deal with ing and the production of manu- but the relations need not be seen as hunter-gatherer communities. The factured goods. Dholavira (which coercive (Morrison 2006: 292). The central places — Harappa, Gan- yielded 1212 drill bits: Prabhakar contact between these manufactur- weriwala, Mohenjodaro, Kaliban- & Bisht pers. comm. .) thrived on its ing communities and the central gan, Dholavira — were urban and industrial exports of agate and shell places is shown by the distribution of hierarchical, and probably sought artefacts (Bhan & Gowda 2003: 51- artefacts. Jodhpura has yielded thou- to procure and control regional re- 80). From Kumaun, a large number sands of artefacts of Harappan type. sources. Harappa could control of copper mines and copper-working At Shikarpur a Harappan clay seal trade conducted through the north- implements have been reported from with multiple impressions was found western passes and the Himalayan the Pithoragarh region (Agrawal and Kanmer has also yielded three hinterland; Kalibangan and Rakhi-

22 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Study

garhi, the copper minerals of Khetri zation. Oxford: Oxford Univer- well. and the agate and shell industry of sity Press. Dholavira. • POSSEHL, G.L. 2002. The In- • KHARAKWAL, J.S., Y.S. RA- dus civilization: a contemporary We thus have a plausible model for WAT & T. OSADA. 2008. Pre- perspective. Walnut Creek (CA); the vast expanse of the Harappa cul- liminary observations on the ex- Oxford: Altamira. ture: a network linking the supply of cavation at Kanmer, Kachchh, outlying resources in the highlands India, in T. Osada & A. Uesugi Author to the central places sited on the In- (ed.)Linguistics, archaeology * Author for correspondence dus and its tributaries. and the human past (Research Institute for Humanity and Na- • D.P. Agrawal*Lok Vigyan References ture, Occasional Paper 5): 5-24. Kendra, Almora 26360, India • AGRAWAL, D.P. 1999. The Kyoto: Research Institute for (Email: [email protected]) role of Central Himalayas Humanity and Nature. in Indian archaeo-metal- • J.S. Kharakwal Department lurgy, in S.M.M. Young, P. • LAHIRI, N. 1999. The archaeol- of Archaeology, Institue of Budd, A.M. Pollard & R. Ixer ogy of Indian trade routes up to Rajasthan Studies, Rajasthan (ed.) Metals in antiquity(British c. 200 BC. Delhi; New York: Ox- Vidyapeeth, Udaipur 313001, Archaeological Reports In- ford University Press. India ternational Series 792): 193- 9. Oxford: Archaeopress. • LAW, R.. 2008. Letter from Paki- • Y.S. Rawat State Department - 2007. The Indus civilisation. Del- stan: no stone unturned. Archae- of Archaeology, 1st Floor, Ar- hi: Aryan Books International. ology 61(5). Available at: http:// chives Building, Near Fire Sta- - 2009. Harappan technology www.archaeology.org/0809/ab- tion, Sector 17, Gandhi Nagar, and its legacy. Delhi: Rupa & In- stracts/letter.html, accessed 15 Gujarat, India fi nity Foundation. February 2010. • T. Osada Research Institute for • BHAN, K.K. & D. GOWDA. • MILLER, H.M-L. 2007. Archae- Humanity and Nature, 457-4 2003. Shell working at Nagwada ological approaches to technol- Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, (North Gujarat) with special ref- ogy. New York: Elsevier. Kyoto 603-8047, Japan erence to shell industries of the Harappan tradition in Gujarat. • MORRISON, K. 2006. Historiciz- • Pankaj Goyal Department of ing foraging in South Asia: pow- Archaeology, Deccan College Man and Environment 28(2): Post Graduate and Research 51-80. er, history, ecology of Holocene hunting and gathering, in M.T. Institute, Vishrantwadi Road, Pune 411006, India • KENOYER, J.M. 1998. Ancient Stark (ed.) Archaeology of Asia: cities of the Indus Valley civili- 279-302. Malden (MA): Black-

A Valuable Contribution... (Contd. from 20)

The long extracts (which are often essential part of such a book which account of the medieval technology ignored by a reader) do give us a sadly is missing. and thus the book is a must for all fl avour of the original sources but interested in the History of Science more quotations and fuller refer- Habib has produced, in his quintes- and Technology in India. ences would have been very useful. sential lucid and cogent style, a very A detailed bibliography is a very informative, critical, yet fascinating Dharma Pal Agrawal is a distin- guished scientist.

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 23 Jewels of India Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India

Posted on October 6, 2005 by poem “BAJI ROUT”, which trans- he not only started moving from Subhas Chandra Pattanayak lated into English by Harindranath place to place along the Railway Chattopadyaya, had set the entire track, instigating people against the Subhas Chandra Pattanayak nation on an unprecedented motion King, but also established contacts for freedom of people from the Kings with leaders of National Congress “NUHEN BANDHU, NUHEN EHA of princely States. People in various at Cuttack and attracted their at- CHITA, States were agitating against their tention to the plight of the people of respective ruling chiefs. But the su- Dhenkanal. E DESHA TIMIRA TALE E ALIB- preme sacrifi ce the thirteen-year-old HA MUKATI SALITA”. boy Baji Raut had given the neces- He associated himself with the only sary momentum to the movement revolutionary journal of those days, (It is not a pyre, O Friends! When that ultimately wiped out kingship THE KRUSHAKA, which was be- the country is in dark despair, it is from India. ing produced and published by the the light of our liberty. It is our free- Marxists. Thus, while educating dom-fi re.) Baji Raut, the light of liberty, was himself in Marxist revolutionary born in 1925 in the Village of Ni- theory and practices, he prevailed When the dead body of BAJI RAUT lakanthapur in Dhenkanal. His fa- upon local intellectual Hara Mohan was burning in the pyre, Sachi Rau- ther Hari Raut, had passed away Pattanayak and founded the peo- troy, who was one of the seven Marx- when he was a tiny tot. He was ple’s movement called “Prajaman- ist revolutionaries whom time had brought up by his mother who was dala Andolana”. The tortured people chosen to be immortal by burning thriving on wages earned by rice- of Dhenkanal joined this movement the mortal remains of THE YOUNG- husking in the neighborhood. He with rare and unheard of courage. EST MARTYR OF INDIA, had, in had watched how mercilessly the Soon, subjects of adjoining Princely the light of the pyre, on the crema- King of Dhenkanal, Shankar Pratap States also formed Praja Mandalas tion ground of Khannagar, Cuttack, Singhdeo was fl eecing the poor vil- in their respective States. in the night of an unforgettable Oc- lagers including his mother of their tober 10, 1938, had given this wordy earnings by using armed forces. So, Seeing this, many other kings of- expression to the inconsolable cries when Baishnav Charan Pattanayak fered their cooperation to the King of his heart, while his other com- of Dhenkanal town, later famous as of Dhenkanal to suppress the peo- rades: Baishnav Pattanayak, Anan- Veer Baisnav, raised a banner of re- ple’s movement. King of Bolangir ta Pattanayak, Govinda Mohanty, volt against the King and founded R.N.Singhdeo, King of Kalahandi Rabi Ghosh, Motilal Tripathy and Prajamandal, Baji joined it despite P.K.Deo, Shankar Patap’s father- Bishwanath Pasayat were doing the tender age. in-law who was the King of Sareike- last service to his co-martyrs: Hu- la and the King of Keonjhar sent rushi Pradhan, Raghu Nayak, Guri Baishnav Charan Pattanayak de- their armed troops to Dhenkanal Nayak, Nata Malik, Laxmana Malik liberately joined as a painter in the to terrorize the people. The British and Fagu Sahu. Railways in order to be able to move authorities also sent from Calcutta from place to place free of cost by a platoon of soldiers comprising 200 The stanza quoted above is the fi rst using a railway pass he was to ob- gunmen to assist him. The King of stanza of Sachi Rautroy’s famous tain. Taking advantage of this Pass Dhenkanal unleashed a reign of

24 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Jewels of India

terror to suppress the mass move- across to the villages on the other Taking hold of Baji’s boat after kill- ment. side. The troop started immedi- ing him, the troop oared away in ate chase. People obstructed. To utmost haste; but while escaping, For maintenance of these outside disperse them, they started fi ring. opened fi re on the chasing masses forces, Shankar Pratap clamped an- Two of the villagers lost their life causing four more deaths. other tax on the people, called ‘Ra- on the spot. The troop rushed to the jabhakta Tax’ or Loyalty Tax. He nearest ferry at Nilakanthapur on Baishnav Pattanayak collected the declared that whosoever fails to pay River Brahmani. corpses and brought them by train this tax, shall be adjudged a traitor to Cuttack. The news spread like and punished accordingly. Baji Raut was on the guard at the wild fi re. People rushed to the Cut- Ghat at that time. He was ordered tack Station and received the dead The houses of the people who did not by the troop to ferry them across. He bodies raising revolutionary slo- pay the Rajbhakta Tax were being refused. gans with Lal Salaam to the mar- razed to ground by use of royal ele- tyrs. Post mortem tests on bodies of phants and all their properties were By that time he had heard from the martyrs were conducted at Cut- being confi scated. Such repressive those who fl ed from Bhuban details tack medical. Eminent leaders of measures failed to deter the people of the brutality the troop had resort- freedom movement like Sarangad- from joining the movement. ed to there and had understood that har Das, Nabakrshna Chowdhury, if Veer Baisnav Pattanayak was to Bhagabati Panigrahi, Gouranga Deciding to crush the movement be protected, the troops were to be Charan Das, Sudhir Ghosh, Suren- forever, the king pressed his en- obstructed. He therefore refused to dra Dwivedy and Gurucharan Pat- tire force against the leaders of the comply with the command. tanayak discussed with Veer Bai- movement. All the ancestral prop- snav Pattanayak and it was decid- erties of Veer Baishnav were confi s- The royal troop threatened to kill ed to lead the last journey of Baji cated. Hara Mohan Pattanayak and him if he did not ferry them across Raut and his co-martyrs to Khan- other top leaders were taken into immediately. He rejected their or- nagar crematorium through the custody in a surprise raid on Sep- ders again. Surrender to the Paja- lanes of the town so that everybody tember 22, 1938. But the royal forc- mandal fi rst, he retorted. in Cuttack including the women es could not arrest Veer Baishnav and children could have glimpses Pattanayak. A soldier hit his head with the of the immortal sons of Orissa, who butt of his gun that fractured his sacrifi ced their lives to emancipate While frantically searching for him, skull severely. He collapsed. But their people from tyranny in the news reached the palace that he was he rose. He collected whatever lit- dark State (Andhari Mulaka) of camping in the Village of Bhuban. tle strength was left in him, and Dhenkanal. The armed forces of the King at- raising his voice to the highest pitch tacked Bhuban on October 10, 1938 beyond even his strength, warned Then such a thing happened which for the third time and destroyed his villagers of the presence of has no parallel in our history. You many houses by using the elephants the royal troop. A soldier pierced can take it as the rarest of the rare and tortured many a persons. But his bayonet into the soft skull of events of our freedom movement. they could not elicit any information the brave boy even as another fi red People volunteered to carry the bod- on Veer Baishnav despite use of all at him. Somebody who was watch- ies of the martyrs in their bullock sorts of brutality. ing this cruelty ran to the people carts in a procession to the crema- and informed them. Charged with tion ground. Quite unusual it was. They arrested as many as eight wrath and contempt, people in The peoples of Orissa worship bul- persons and let loose terror to elicit hundreds rushed to the spot locks. One cannot imagine that a information on Baishnav Pattanay- like angry lions. Seeing them, in- person of Orissa can allow his bul- ak. At this stage a source informed stead of running after Baisnav locks to carry a corpse. But this hap- that he has escaped by jumping Pattanayak, the panicked troops pened. Such a thing had never hap- into the river Brahmani and swam fl ed for life. pened earlier and has never hap-

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 25 Jewels of India

pened thereafter. Patriotic fervor mortalized as a man on whose “sad” secularism versus communalism! was so high. Ah! How it pains to feel demise, the Parliament of India had All the traitors! that we have now become a different to rise in respect. people altogether! Time has taken a turn towards I must make you note that the peo- the worse. Our brilliant boys have Sachi Rautray, Anant Pattnaik, ple of Dhenkanal had not sent him to been leaving our Country in search Govind Ch Mohanty, Bishwanath the Parliament. But he had become of better living avenues in foreign Pashayat, Rabi Ghosh and Motilal a member of our Parliament by the lands. Tripathy drove bullock carts carry- help of his old collaborators in crime, ing the martyrs’ bodies. Thousands R.N.Singhdeo and P.K.Deo, who had In such a situation, when Baji Raut and thousands of people thronged formed a political outfi t of their own comes to mind, if every iota of patri- the streets to join that unheard of and by corrupting the election proc- otism is not extinguished, how can obituary march led by Veer Baisnav ess had succeeded in capturing so one suppress his agony? Pattanayak and other luminaries many seats in the State Assembly of our freedom struggle like Bhaga- that they could send tyrants like Before parting, I would like you to vati Panigrahi, Prana Nath Patta- Shankar Pratap to the upper cham- know the following three aspects of nayak, Guru Charan Pattanayak, ber of Parliament. What more dis- Baji, which the history has not yet Nabakrushna Chowdhury, Suren- respect to the memory of Baji Raut noted. They are: dranath Dwivedy, Pranakrushna could have been committed in this Padhiari, Sarangadhara Das, Gour- Country? (a) He is the youngest martyr of anga Charan Das and Sudhir Ghosh India in the in the struggle for her etc. Excepting only the occasion of We have, as a people, failed. There- freedom. cremation of Kulabruddha Madhu- fore, not only the tyrant Shankar sudan Das, (the immortal Madhu- Pratap, but also his wife and son (b) History did not create him. He babu) Cuttack had never, and has have occupied seats in the ramparts created history. And, never, witnessed such an obituary of our democracy many a time! procession. (c) It is he, for whom alone the In- We have, as a people, measurably dia we see now has been able to take Sachi Rautroy took several days to failed. Therefore, history has wit- this form. regain his composure to fi nish his nessed that those, who were sabo- poem Baji Raut that he had started taging our freedom struggle, have Let me elaborate. on the cremation ground itself in the befooled us to the extent of becoming light of the pyre. Prime and Deputy Prime Ministers (a) Born in 1925, he was killed on Oc- of our country. tober 10, 1938. (Who’s Who of Indian When, after the elapse of sixty-seven Martyrs, compiled and published by long years, this episode strikes the Those who have redefi ned our Government of India, Vol.2, p.271) mind, somebody from within cries independence to be dependant He was 13 then. No Indian patriot helplessly at the ghastly fall of our on foreign powers have grabbed has sacrifi ced life at more a ten- society where the supreme sacrifi ce the highest political posts in our der age in the way Baji did. I have of this splendid boy has been lost Country. And, those who should searched the Who’s Who of Indian in the labyrinth of vested interests have opposed this mischief have al- Martyrs in its entirety and found that have taken over our beloved lied with them in the style of safe- none to compare with Baji. Hence motherland. guarding secularity! Those who he is the youngest martyr of India of should have remained unfazed on his genre. The world should be made Time has changed. Our democ- the issue of political economy of aware of this unique position. racy has changed into plutocracy. capitalism versus socialism, have, Shankar Pratap, the very person only in order to remain in close (b) Many martyrs have been made under whose tyrannical grip Baji proximity to power, been parading by history. The two villagers of Raut had lost his life has been im- new ideas of political philosophy of Bhuban who succumbed to fi ring

26 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Jewels of India

by police as noted above were mar- Harekrushna Mahtab in Orissa. Dhenkanal and Nilagiri were the tyrs created by history. There are This Committee was convinced that fi rst persons to agree. On watch- many such instances. But Baji was unless the Princely States are taken ing this development, Mahtab pre- different. He obstructed the royal over, plight of the majority people of vailed upon Sardar Patel to come troops to protect the Prajamandal Orissa (because most of Orissa was to Orissa fi nalize merger terms. He leader. He could have saved his life under Princely rule) would not end. came along with V.P.Menon, the by complying with the orders of the With independent patches of land then Secretary in the Department troop. But he bravely refused to having their own sovereign rulers of States to Cuttack on December heed to them, even though he knew at various parts of Orissa, and for 13 and on the next day held a detail that the bloody bruits were capable that matter, of the country, shall discussion with the Kings. Finali- of killing him. He stood loyal to his also play havoc with administration zation of the terms and conditions people till he breathed his last and when India becomes independent, of merger took a fortnight and on although injured beyond endur- the committee concluded. January 01, 1948 all the Princely ance, he never forgot to make peo- States except Mayurbhanj merged ple aware of the arrival of police so The Kings of Orissa met in a con- in Orissa. The later volunteered that they could hide their leader ference in July 1946 at Alipore and to merge on January 1st in the fol- in a safer place. He dared death to resolved to form a Feudal Union. It lowing year. The Orissa experience defeat the evil design of the tyrant was clear that they shall not allow prompted all the Kings in all other king. Therefore, he was a martyr their people to be free from their provinces to merge their respec- whom history did not make but rule. tive States with Independent India who made history. to escape violent uprising of their In sharp reaction to this evil design people. And thus, with the merger (c) All of us know that there were of the kings, Veer Baishnav Patta- of all the 618 Feudal States, left as 618 Princely States in India when nayak took the fi rst militant steps Sovereigns by the British, the mod- we gained our independence. All of against Shankar Pratap, the King ern India became able to take this us know that the British Crown had of Dhenkanal. He transformed the new form. restored sovereignty in all of them passive Praja Mandal movement at the time we got our freedom. But into an armed revolution. It is to If the people of Orissa had the Eng- none of us acknowledge that Baji be noted that people of Nilagiri lish Media at their command, and Raut was the basic factor behind where a brother of Shankar Pratap had the historians been able to in- merger of all those States with the of Dhenkanal was also the king, terpret events without fear, the new independent India. Had he not heightened their militant attack martyrdom of Baji Raut could have been born, the India of now might on the Palace under leadership of been recognized as the main factor never have taken this geographical the famous Marxist leader Ban- behind elimination of Kingdoms and form. amali Das, compelling the King to creation of the new geographical fl ee. In most of the Princely States shape of the modern India. The Peo- His heroic sacrifi ce inspired all the of Orissa, militant attacks were ples Movement in Dhenkanal being people of Princely States who, being made by Praja Mandal activists on basically lunched and led by a Com- highlanders, once provoked, were the Kings and their cronies caus- munist revolutionary was never to beyond control of the kings. The ing panicky in them. The kings be given its due importance by post- tyranny of the king of Dhenkanal felt that if they do not merge their independence intelligentsia. In con- having been convincingly exposed States with India, the Praja Man- sequence, Baji Raut has not yet been by Veer Baishnav Pattanayak and dal activists will eliminate them, properly evaluated, even though he exposure of oppressions let loose in their protector, the British, hav- is mentioned in the Who’s Who of In- other Princely States having come ing left the Country. Hence under dian Martyrs, published by Govern- to lime light by the Praja Mandal that extraordinary situation, they ment of India organizations of those States, the agreed to surrender their kingship National Congress also formed a and to merge their respective State Subhas Chandra Pattanayak fact fi nding committee headed by with independent India. Kings of is an eminent journalist

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 27 Short Story Tracks Left Behind

Surkhraj Kaur

haitanya jumped out of bed to the back and stood next to the exit assignment on her views. The pro- and hurriedly switched off door. That was her favorite place fessor added saying “Ms. Chaitanya Cthe alarm on the mobile in a bus; she could stand there for will enlighten us all by reading the phone that her father had gifted her. hours and watch the hoards of men assignment out loud in lecture hall It was his present to her for getting and women squeeze into the bus B, two days from now”. This was no through one of the most prestigious while giving her looks of disgust for ordinary task and her professor was colleges in the country. Running out blocking their way. merciless. Her professor’s round face of the house she picked up a toast and large optical lenses kept fl itting and tried not to let her bag fall off While this day was like any other, in Chaitanya’s mind, the thought of her shoulder. Reaching the bus stop Chaitanya knew it was going to being ridiculed in front of her friends she couldn’t but feel annoyed with be slightly nerve racking. She had and class mates made her stomach herself for having missed the uni- made the mistake of saying some- churn. Finally her stop arrived and versity special bus for the third time thing contrary to what the profes- she jumped out of the bus with her in a row. She now had to face the sor had stated in class two days ago bag darting towards her college gate. diffi cult task of travelling with the and this was seen as ‘back talking’ She had made it on time! A sigh of amm janta. Somehow managing to to her professor who promptly sug- relief and then more nervousness get onto the 540 she pushed her way gested that Chaitanya produce an worrying about the response she

28 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Short Story

would get from her audience. She in the hall!” There was complete si- anyway, this system diverts me reassured her self that her group of lence in a matter of seconds. Chait- from thinking for myself every sin- friends would cheer her even if what anya looked at the professor nerv- gle day, it makes me want to stop she said didn’t make any sense. She ously and continued. “I was urged thinking and only take care of my was extremely thankful to have to write on this topic when my views own interests, it makes me want to such friends, who knew that she on British rule in India were seen as not care for anyone or anything else, always spoke out of line and didn’t baseless and unnecessary. Even so, it isolates me from others. Why then agree with most of what was taught at different points in our lives we should I accept that it was a good to them as history. will have to justify our words and ac- thing that the British came and loot- tions and I welcome this opportunity ed and plundered my land but left The sign read ‘Hall B’, Chaitanya to be heard with such enthusiasm. I behind a chu-chu train!” clasped the sheets of paper in her thank you all for coming today”. She hand tightly, took a deep breath and relaxed her pose and turned to read Chaitanya felt emotionally charged entered the hall smiling warmly at from the pages in her hands. and vulnerable, but she also felt everyone. Her professor and class- liberated. She concluded her paper mates were already in their seats Chaitanya began talking about “Thank you all for your patience, it and ready for ‘fun time’! The room how modern inventions in Europe is wonderful to be heard and I would had huge desks and benches, the were brought to India with a mo- like to thank professor Bina for mak- walls had ceiling high windows and tive. The motive was not to empower ing it possible for me to give voice to the room was well lit. It was not one India with the latest technology or my views. Views are an important of those dingy dark rooms. to make it modern, but to suppress part of Indian society. Teachers are the masses of people and use them gifts never to be underestimated and The professor nodded at Chaitanya against each other. She took up the this fact was not learnt by me because to proceed with reading out from example of the introduction of the we were once colonized.” Chaitanya the pages. Chaitanya smiled and be- railway system and said “the British looked at her professor and smiled gan “my dear friends and respected used the railways to transport goods genuinely, her professor’s previ- teacher, today I am going to present and their armies across the country; ously angry face had turned calm to you my views on British rule in we would be naive to think that they and she smiled back with awe in her India and it’s over romanticized wanted Indians to travel in comfort eyes. For the fi rst time in 6 months contribution to the modernization and style (she smiled)”. Chaitanya was no longer afraid of of our country”. The hall resonated her professor’s words or glasses. She with echoing claps from the last After forming a few parallels with was happy because she felt young row which was fi lled by Chaitanya’s modern day Capitalism and Brit- and alive fi ghting for her right to be friends. The professor immediately ish Imperialism Chaitanya looked a conscious thinking person. turned around and shouted in a stern towards her friends and said “What voice, “Could we please have silence kind of modernity are we living in Surkhraj is a working professional

Wendy’s Children Versus Wendy’s Stepchildren (Contd. from 15) components of Vedas, caste system he is an informal and friendly man medieval Christian theology, Brah- and the scheme of four stages of life. with a keen sense of humour. It is manical orthodoxy and a reaction- These are positions compatible with not a question of personal integrity ary version of Hinduism. Thanks to Hindutva. Balu has a charismatic or personality of Wendy or her en- Wendy, her children and stepchil- personality, a short compact man emies that is at stake. The stake is dren, we are forced to confront cru- with a beard, he exudes enormous nothing less than the choice of hu- cial choices. personal power. His faith in himself man vision – Do you want a mod- is most frightening, and his casual ern life which is compatible with Prof K Raghavendra Rao, is dismissal of dissenters is part of this Hinduism or you want to live an ar- a reputed political scientist and self-confi dence. To be fair to him, tifi cial Hindu life concocted out of commentator.

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 29 Events Resonances National Archives of India to Organise Exhibition-1857

he National Archives of India is including reaction of the British au- to the developments of the Revolt Torganizing an exhibition entitled thorities through Telegrams and let- are aimed at helping the research- 1857, based on public records, and ters exchanged among the Offi cers of ers and students to understand in a private papers available among the the East India Company on the mu- better way, how the Revolt affected record holdings. The attempt is to tinous developments. The Third Sec- the lives of the people away from the focus on key areas which sparked off tion titled Blaze contains documents epicenter of the rebellion in North the Uprising till it was suppressed highlighting the measures taken by India to the length and breadth of in 1858. the British to quell the Mutineers the country. It is hoped that histori- through various means including of- cal researchers would seek new do- To facilitate the comprehension of fer of rewards leading to the arrest mains and enrich their understand- the events, the exhibits have been of Mutineers, capture of the Fort of ing of the phenomenon of the Sub divided into four separate segments, Jhansi ,Court Martial of 85 troopers continent. each linked to the other and carry- of the Bengal Light Cavalry, etc. The ing a specifi c theme. The fi rst Sec- fi nal Segment entitled Luminaries The Exhibition will be inaugurated tion entitled Spark attempts to focuses on the heroes of the Uprising by Shri Jawhar Sircar, Secretary highlight the discontent among sol- viz, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Nana Saheb, Culture,Government of India at the diers as well as residents of Hindus- Kunwar Singh, etc. India International Centre, Lodhi tan against the Company’s rule in Road, New Delhi on 2 July 2010 and India. Section II entitled Fire focus- The thematic Collection of archival will remain open for public viewing es on the beginning of the Uprising records and photographs related till 8th July 2010.

Indian Express: Voice of Dilli

Antara Das if caught travelling with it. These have been appropriated in writing Sun, Aug 08 2010, 23:16 hrs arresting vignettes and much more, a national narrative, in legitimis- are part of Besieged: Voices From ing the state,” he says. “They might Mahmood Farooqui’s book shows Delhi 1857 (Penguin India, Rs 699), a not have wanted that narrative,” he how ordinary residents of Delhi work of compilation and translation adds. Farooqui had embarked on the lived out the 1857 uprising by Mahmood Farooqui. The book is project of researching the papers at based on The Mutiny Papers, a col- the insistence of writer William Dal- 857 was an unsettling time to be lection of documents mainly dealing rymple. 1in Delhi. Life, as Dilliwallas lived with Delhi in 1857 stored at the Na- it, was changing fast. Gambling had tional Archives of India. “The papers had been accessed earlier been made illegal, as was the sale of by historians but not looked at with opium. You couldn’t play drums dur- “The ordinary people of Delhi were the respect they deserve,” he says. ing Muharram and kite and pigeon going through a momentous period A year of sifting and translating the fl ying was banned. Lead was con- in history” says Farooqui. “But the archival documents written in shikas- traband and one could be detained troubles and ordeals they faced tah (cursive) Urdu, and untold stories

30 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Resonances

began to emerge from the depths of Women, too, enjoyed a surprising 1857, Indian soldiers in Delhi were ordinary petitions, notifi cations and amount of freedom: a certain Bila- observing the 100th anniversary of orders. So we learn that residents sia is summoned by the court and the Battle of Plassey,” he says. “A felt harassed as meat and vegetables asked whether she prefers her fi rst sense of history is something that got scarce, paan became too expen- husband or the second one she has was not necessarily given to us by sive and toilet cleaners stopped do- recently married. the British,” he adds. ing their work. A certain Mir Akbar Ali petitions the Mughal authorities, The archival documentation was Farooqui, credited with reviving complaining against soldiers billeted mainly a colonial enterprise, done dastangoi, the art of Urdu storytell- in a neighbouring house who “gamble, with the intention of gathering sup- ing, is also interested in looking at abuse and ogle at the women”. porting evidence for the prosecution the cultural repercussions of 1857. of Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar. In fact, the setback that performance Soldiers, too, were not always a hap- That does not mean that one should art suffered in particular might be py lot. A petition from a particular develop a sense of gratitude, says the next subject he takes on. “I would regiment shows the troops complain Farooqui, for when the British wrote like to probe where characters like that they were not getting their our history, it was “a subordinate the bhaand (stand-up comics), naqqal quota of sugar syrup (sheerini) that history, a bastardised, inferior ver- (mimics), the art of tableaux and spec- other regiments seem to be getting. sion of what was ideal”. “On June 23, tacles all disappeared,” he signs off.

David Cameron’s Ancestors Helped Suppress Indian mutiny

ne of David Cameron’s ances- Mr Cameron has previously said In one clash, his hand was cut to the Otors helped suppress the Indian that his ancestors were involved in bone and his ear was sliced open. Mutiny, it has emerged. “empire building” in India. After another battle, the cavalry- By Heidi Blake, 01 Aug 2010 Had the full story of his great-great- man wrote to his father, General Sir grandfather’s involvement in sup- John Low: “The rebel infantry stood, Just days after the Prime Minister pressing the mutiny become public but almost all their cavalry bolted. won praise for his fi rst visit to the before Mr Cameron’s recent trip The result was that they were thor- subcontinent, it was disclosed that to the subcontinent, it could have oughly beaten and dispersed, that Mr Cameron’s great-great-grandfa- caused diplomatic embarrassment. upwards of 100 dead bodies were ther was a British cavalryman who left on the fi eld, while we lost but fought the Indians more than 150 The Prime Minister’s family tree was nine killed and wounded, two horses years ago. traced by the genealogist Nick Barratt, killed and seven wounded. who worked on the BBC programme William Low left behind graphic ac- Who Do You Think You Are? “Completely dispirited, the rebels counts of how he slew rebels with then took themselves to their city, his sabre and participated in a mass William Low was the grandfather but the infantry were now well up hanging of civilians during the two- of Sir William Mount, who married and the place was, after considera- year mutiny against British rule, Elizabeth Llewellyn in 1929. The ble resistance, carried at the point of which began in 1857. couple became Mr Cameron’s mater- the bayonet, and the cavalry outside nal grandparents. cutting up numbers of who endeav- The cavalryman also told how he oured to escape. All the great men came close to losing a hand and an In letters unearthed in the British were captured and hung [sic].” ear in combat during the uprising, Library by the Sunday Times, Low which is known in India as the fi rst described how he mercilessly “cut Downing Street declined to comment war of independence. down” the Indian rebels. on Mr Cameron’s ancestry.

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 31 Resonances

Soon, a website on A to Z of 1857 revolt

Indian Express 1947, the British never forgot its western historians and rulers view Pranav Kulkarni implications. Their military strate- the revolt. There are evidences that Sat Jul 31 2010, gies, ruling tactics were focused on villagers from north, eastern and avoiding eruption of such a move- western India were involved in the Pune : The revolt of 1857, a perfect ment again. To prevent Indians fi ght against the brutality of the rul- and the only display of a strong from deriving inspiration from it, ers. This website is reality without unity among Hindus and Muslims, the British rulers in India and Eng- bias,” said Dhananjay Kulkarni of Marathas and North Indians, will land kept on presenting their inter- Pune Academy for Advanced Stud- now grab exclusive space on the web pretation of the revolt which was ies (PAAS), the organisation that world. City-based historians Ninad biased towards the British and far also created a 40-minute documen- Bedekar, Dhananjay Kulkarni and from reality,” said historian Ninad tary on the revolt in 2007, the 150th Nitin Shastri have come together Bedekar. anniversary year of the revolt. to launch the fi rst-ever indigenous website dedicated entirely to histo- Sawarkar’s book 1857 Che Swa- Scheduled to be functional within ry, documentation and after effects tantrya Samar , meaning the free- six months, the work for the website of the revolt of 1857. dom fi ght of 1857, was banned from has been going on for last two years. being published by the then gov- The website is expected to cross “Such was the impact of the revolt, ernment. “Today, a Google search 7,000 pages. “Sixty per cent work is that even till the second world war on 1857 yields two lakh web pages over. We want to reach out to young- or as recent as India’s freedom in which are interpretations of how sters,” added Shastri.

The Unsung Freedom Fighters

Faizan Ahmad, TNN, Now quite a few people know who been summarily tried in presence of Aug 15, 2010, TOI Peer Ali Khan was. This martyr is then Patna commissioner William now known a little more thanks to Tayler and 14 of them were handed PATNA: Ask anybody who Bhagat the state government’s decision to out capital punishment. Singh was or, for that matter, Ash- develop a children’s park opposite faqullah Khan. The reply will be the residence of the Patna DM and Apart from Khan, others who were that they were freedom fi ghters who name it after Khan who had been hanged to death were Ghasita Kha- fought the British and were hanged hanged at the same place in 1857. lifa, Ghulam Abbas, Nandu Lal ali- for their rebellion. But nobody can as Sipahi, Jumman, Maduwa, Kajil say who was Ghasita Khalifa or But several other freedom fi ghters, Khan, Ramzani, Peer Bakhsh, Peer Nandu Lal. who had been hanged or sent for rig- Ali, Wahid Ali, Ghulam Ali, Mah- orous imprisonment to Kala Pani, mood Akbar and Asrar Ali Khan. They were also freedom fi ghters who Andamans, still remain unknown. Hardly anyone has ever heard these fought the British and were hanged. For, history books do not include names. But there is absolutely no mention their names and the historians nev- of them in history books. These un- er made an attempt to dig out their As many as 13 others were awarded sung freedom fi ghters receive no rec- sacrifi ces. rigorous imprisonment with stakes ognition though they sacrifi ced their and chains at that trial. They were lives for the Independence of their On July 7, 1857 as many as 30 Habibullah, Faiyaz Ali, Mirza Agha motherland. rebels, including Peer Ali Khan, had Mughal, Rajab Ali, Asghar Ali Beg,

32 Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 Resonances

Deen Mahmood, Shiv Dayal, Bhanju, published by the state archives de- by Tayler on charges of conspiracy Jagdhar Singh, Sadat Ali, Bandhu, partment. to wage war against the Empire and Munnu and Bihari. Nathu Chokar was ferried to Andaman Islands and was ordered to be fl ogged and Peer “It’s really very sad that these and his properties were confi scated. Bakhsh Dafali and Sheikh Fakir many other people, who took active were given life term. part in the freedom struggle and Historian Qeyamuddin Ahmad even sacrifi ced their lives, were for- wrote that all properties of Ah- The second trial was held on July 13, gotten,” said historian and Khuda madullah and others who were con- 1857 when Ghasita Doman, Kallu Bakhsh Library director Imtiaz Ah- victed or proclaimed as rebels were Khan and Paigambar Bakhsh were mad. “There are numerous evidence confi scated and their residential hanged and Ashraf Ali sentenced to to show that in the decades before houses demolished. “The confi scated 14 years of jail. At third trail on Au- the Upsurge of 1857, some eminent properties were sold at throwaway gust 8, 1857 two more: Ausaf Husain persons from Patna were active in prices and out of the sale proceeds, and Chhedi Gwala were hanged and mobilizing opinion and organizing totalling Rs 1,21,948, a Wahabi Sheikha Nabi Bakhsh, Rahmat Ali support against the British,” he Fund was formed. Part of it was and Dilawar were awarded life im- said. spent on the construction of a mu- prisonment while Khwaja Amir Jan nicipal market and on the expansion got 14 years jail term. Ahmadullah (1808-1881) was one of the Patna College building,” the such person who belonged to the historian wrote. The list of these freedom fi ghters family of the Ulema (clerics) of have been printed in a book recently Sadiqpur in Patna. He was arrested

Ghadar Jari Hai, Vol IV, Issue 1-2, 2010 33 Printed and Published by K Madhusudhan on behalf of Lok Awaz Publishers and Distributors., Printed at: New Print Cottage, B-74, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-2, New Delhi - 110020, Published at: E-392, Sanjay Colony, Okhla Phase-II, New Delhi - 110020, Editor: S Raghavan Ghadar Jari Hai Kattabomman’s conversation The Revolt Continues with Jackson Thurai VOL. IV NO. 1-2 Jan - June 2010 For private circulation only Contribution Rs 25/- Redefistory ningof India-China the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland — Redefi History ning ofthe India-China HarappanRaut: The Hinterland Youngest Interactions... Martyr — Redefi of History Indianing the... BajiofHarappan India-China Raut: The Hinterland Youngest Interactions... — Martyr Redefi n-of IndH Veerapandiya Kattabomman was crowned as the 47th king of Panchalankurichi in India-Chinaing the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland — History Redefi ning of India-Chinathe Harappantyr Interactions...Hinterlandof India ... Baji— Redefi Raut: History ning The theYoungestof India-ChinaHarappan Martyr Hinterland of Interactions... India ...— BajiRedefi Raut: Historyning The the You of t: The Youngest Martyr of India ... Baji Raut: The Youngest Martyr of India .. hinaHarappan Interactions... Hinterland —History Redefi ningof India-China the Harappan Interactions... Hinterland — Redefi History ning theof India-China Harappan Hinterland Interactions... — Redefi ningHistory the Harappan of India-Ch 1790. Mr Alan, a British representative, demanded that Kattabomman must pay six Hinterland — Redefi ning the Harappan Hinterland — Redefindia ning... Baji the Raut: Harappan The Youngest Hinterland Martyr — Redefi of India ning ... the Baji Harappan Raut: The Hinterland Youngest M teractions... History of India-China Interactions... History of India-China Interactions... 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