DOCSLIB.ORG

Indian Archaeology 1986-87 a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indian Archaeology 1986-87 a Review INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1986-87 —A REVIEW EDITHD BY M.C.JOSHI Director General Archaeological Survey of India ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI 1992 Cover : Banawali excavations. District Hissar, Haryana Top row from left : terracotta addorsed bull : terracotta scaling ; and applique bucranium motif on a vase, all of Harappan period. Bottom : west gale complex with major streets and residential blocks of lower town, Harappan period. Cover layout & design: Raj Nath Kaw 1992 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Price Rs. 220.00 PRINTED AT BENGAL OFFSET WORKS, 335, KHAJOOR ROAD, KAROL BACH, NEW DELHJ-1 10005. PHONE : 524200,7510455 CONTENTS Page I. Explorations and Excavations ...................................... ................................................... ... 1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 1; Andhra Pradesh, 7 ; Assam, 22; Bihar, 22; Gujarat, 29; Haryana, 32; Jammu and Kashmir, 36; Karnataka, 38; Kerala,46; MadhyaPradesh,46; Maharashtra, 58; Meghalaya,63; Orissa, 64; Punjab, 69; Rajasthan, 71; Tamil Nadu, 72; Uttar Pradesh, 73; West Bengal, 94. II. Epigraphy ............................................................................................................ 101 Sanskritic and Dravidic inscriptions, 101. Andhra Pradesh, 101; Assam, 105; Goa, 106; Kamataka, 106; Maharashtra, 108; Orissa, 108; Rajasthan, 108; Tamil Nadu, 109; Uttar Pradesh, 110. Arabic and Persian inscriptions. 111. Andhra Pradesh, 111; Delhi, 111; Gujarat, 112; Haryana, 112; Maharashtra, 112;Uitar Pradesh, 114. III. Numismatics and Treasure trove ............................................................................. ............................ 116 Andhra Pradesh, 116; Maharashtra, 116; Rajasthan, 116; Uttar Pradesh, 116. IV. Other Important Discoveries ............................................................. : ........................................ 117 Andhra Pradesh, 117; Gujarat, 117; Jammu and Kashmir, 118; Karnataka, 118; Madhya Pradesh, 118; Maharashtra, 120; Pondicherry, 121; Rajasthan, 121; Tamil Nadu, 122; Uttar Pradesh, 122; West Bengal. 123. V. Radiocarbon Dates ............................................................................................................ 124 Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 124; Andhra Pradesh, 124; Gujarat, 125; Haryana, 126; Jammu and Kashmir, 126; Kamataka, 126; Manipur, 127; Uttar Pradesh, 127; West Bengal, 127. VI. Palacobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigations .......................................................................... 129 Bihar, 129; Maharashtra, 129; Punjab, 130; Uttar Pradesh, 131. VII. Museums ................................................................................................................................... 133 VIII. Architectural Survey ......................................................................................................................... 137 Temple Survey, 137; Building Survey, 138. IX. Preservation of monuments ............................................................................................................ 141 Monuments of National Importance, 141. Agra Circle, 141; Aurangabad Circle, 143; Bhopal Circle, 144; Bhubaneshwar Circle, 148; Calcutta Circle, 150; Chandigarh Circle, 152; Delhi Circle, 153; Guwahati Circle, 155; Hyderabad Circle, 157; Jaipur Circle, 159; Madras Circle, 160; Mini Circle, Goa, 165; Mini Circle, Shimla, 166; Patna Circle, 166; Srinagar Circle, 167; Vadodara Circle, 169 Monuments maintained by the States, 172. Andhra Pradesh, 172; Assam, 172;MadhyaPradesh, 172;Manipur, 173;Nagaland, 173;Rajasthan, l /4; West Bengal, 174. X. Expeditions outside India ........................................................................................................... 175 Investigations of pre-Islamic remains in Maldives, 175; Preservation of Angkor Vat Temple, Siemreap, Cambodia, 177. XI. Archaeological Chemistry ........................................................................................................... 179 Treatment of Monuments and Paintings, 179. Andhra Pradesh, 179; Assam, 179; Bihar, 179; Daman and Diu, 180; Goa, 180; Gujarat, 180; Haryana, 180; Himachal Pradesh, 180; Jammu and Kashmir, 181; Kamataka, 181; Kerala, 182; Maharashtra, 182;Nagaland, 183;Orissa, 183; Rajasthan, 184; Uttar Pradesh, 184; West Bengal, 185. Treatment of excavated objects and museum exhibits, 186. Analysis and Research, 187. Page XII. Archaeological Gardens ........................................................................................................... 190 Andhra Pradesh, 190; Bihar, 190; Delhi, 190; Gujarat, 191; Himachal Pradesh. 191; Jammu and Kashmir, 191; Kamataka, 191; Madhya Pradesh, 191; Maharashtra. 192; Orissa. 192; Punjab, 192; Rajasthan, 192; Tamil Nadu. 193; Uttar Pradesh. 193. XIII. Publications ........................................................................................................... 194 Publications of the Survey, 194. Other publications, 194. PREFACE The present issue of Indian Archaeology—A Review is being brought out after some delay due to factors beyond our control. Apart from the material on different aspects of archaeology in the country, it also includes information on investigations of the pre-Islamic remains in the Maldives and conservation of Angkor Vat temple in Cambodia undertaken by two separate teams of the Archaeological Survey of India. I am sure, the readers will find in these pages useful material which has been contributed by various Branches and Circles of the Survey, State Departments, Universities and other agencies. While the contributors are responsible for the accuracy of the information supplied, I take the responsibility for the omissions, if any, and other shortcomings. I am thankful to all the contributors besides my colleagues whose efforts have helped in bringing out the present issue. I express my grateful thanks to all of them particularly Sarvashri K.V. Ramesh, K.N. Dikshit, B.M. Pande, C. Dorje, J.C. Gupta, K.P. Padhy, A. Jha, Smt. S. Pramanik and Kumari Arundhati Banerji. New Delhi M.C. JOSHI 16 October 1992 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1986-87 — A REVIEW I. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS 1. EXCAVATION AT MITHAKHARI V, SOUTH ANDAMAN.—In continuation of last year's (Indian Archaeology 1985-86 — A Review, p.1)1 work in the Andaman Islands, the Prehistory Branch of the Archaeological Survey of India2 under the guidance of B.P. Bopardikar, assisted by S.B. Ota, N.G. Nikosey, A.J. Nambiraju, R.K. Dwivedi, N.K. Nimje, P.S. Pashine and T.B. Thapa undertook a trial dig at a locality named Mithakhari V (which was referred to as Hathi Top earlier) in the &administrative village boundary of Mithakhari. The main objective of the digging was to ascertain the undisturbed cultural horizon for some earlier occupation, if any, at the locality apart from the known cultural phase of shell-midden sites in South Andaman and to understand the relationship between sites through comparison between sites within one microecozone (i.e. Mithakhari valley), in terms of the cultural material. The site is located in the Mithakhari valley floor which is below the contour height of 20 m. The valley is surrounded on all sides by deforested ridges except on the south-east direction where the valley opens up to the mangrove swampy coast which is about 1 km from the present locality. This valley is a rich source for the availability of marine shells. The valley floor is drained by a fresh water stream called Mithakhari nullah, which is the only source of natural fresh water in the area. Probably, this is the determinant factor for the occurrence of cluster of shell midden sites (i.e. Mithakhari I-VII) as observed in the valley. This valley floor is now under paddy cultivation. Mithakhari V stands isolated overlying the rocky outcrop seen exposed on the side of the mound. The accumulation of cultural debris looks like a conical heap. The mound is circular in shape, measures about 23 m in diameter with a height of 4-5 m. A trial trench measuring 1 sq. m was laid at the highest point on the top of the mound. Digging continued up to the beach sand through cultural debris which is composed mostly of a variety of marine shells. The beach sand which is culturally sterile rests on the outcrop. A total cultural deposit of 2-1 m was encountered in the trial trench, in which various levels of shell dumps have been observed. The most interesting feature noted in the excavation was the sterile horizon occurring approximately 65 cm below surface. The sediments from this sterile horizon as well as subsequent stratum show that the site was deserted for some time and subsequently it was again reoccupied. A variety of marine shells comprise the major composition of the cultural debris. Preliminary observation shows that the variety and frequency of shells vary from one horizon to another. This 1This publication is referred to in the following pages by the year only. 2Thc Archaeological Survey of India is referred lo in the following pages as the 'Survey'. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS difference in the occurrence of shells is important for understanding the seasonal subsistence behaviour of man during the past as an adaptive mechanism to the coastal environment. Charred shells occur at various levels, but in less frequency. Apart from shells, crab claws and fish bones have been recovered almost from all levels. Fragmentary bones which are probably of Sus sp. are extremely few. Fragments of potsherds mostly handmade red ware were
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Long-Range Interpretive Plan, Dry Tortugas National Park
    LONG-RANGE INTERPRETIVE PLAN Dry Tortugas National Park 2003 Cover Photograph: Aerial view of Fort Jefferson on Garden Key (fore- ground) and Bush Key (background). COMPREHENSIVE INTERPRETIVE PLAN Dry Tortugas National Park 2003 LONG-RANGE INTERPRETIVE PLAN Dry Tortugas National Park 2003 Prepared by: Department of Interpretive Planning Harpers Ferry Design Center and the Interpretive Staff of Dry Tortugas National Park and Everglades National Park INTRODUCTION About 70 miles west of Key West, Florida, lies a string of seven islands called the Dry Tortugas. These sand and coral reef islands, or keys, along with 100 square miles of shallow waters and shoals that surround them, make up Dry Tortugas National Park. Here, clear views of water and sky extend to the horizon, broken only by an occasional island. Below and above the horizon line are natural and historical treasures that continue to beckon and amaze those visitors who venture here. Warm, clear, shallow, and well-lit waters around these tropical islands provide ideal conditions for coral reefs. Tiny, primitive animals called polyps live in colonies under these waters and form skeletons from cal- cium carbonate which, over centuries, create coral reefs. These reef ecosystems support a wealth of marine life such as sea anemones, sea fans, lobsters, and many other animal and plant species. Throughout these fragile habitats, colorful fishes swim, feed, court, and thrive. Sea turtles−−once so numerous they inspired Spanish explorer Ponce de León to name these islands “Las Tortugas” in 1513−−still live in these waters. Loggerhead and Green sea turtles crawl onto sand beaches here to lay hundreds of eggs.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonial Indian Architecture:A Historical Overview
    Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology Issn No : 1006-7930 Colonial Indian Architecture:A Historical Overview Debobrat Doley Research Scholar, Dept of History Dibrugarh University Abstract: The British era is a part of the subcontinent’s long history and their influence is and will be seen on many societal, cultural and structural aspects. India as a nation has always been warmly and enthusiastically acceptable of other cultures and ideas and this is also another reason why many changes and features during the colonial rule have not been discarded or shunned away on the pretense of false pride or nationalism. As with the Mughals, under European colonial rule, architecture became an emblem of power, designed to endorse the occupying power. Numerous European countries invaded India and created architectural styles reflective of their ancestral and adopted homes. The European colonizers created architecture that symbolized their mission of conquest, dedicated to the state or religion. The British, French, Dutch and the Portuguese were the main European powers that colonized parts of India.So the paper therefore aims to highlight the growth and development Colonial Indian Architecture with historical perspective. Keywords: Architecture, British, Colony, European, Modernism, India etc. INTRODUCTION: India has a long history of being ruled by different empires, however, the British rule stands out for more than one reason. The British governed over the subcontinent for more than three hundred years. Their rule eventually ended with the Indian Independence in 1947, but the impact that the British Raj left over the country is in many ways still hard to shake off.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar Explanation
    Calendar Explanation ॐ वक्रतुं ड महाकाय कोटिसूययसमप्रभ टिटवयघ्िुं क रु मे देव सवयकायेष सवयदा॥ rules. For example Ganesha Chaturthi has to be oserved when the Chaturthi Tithi is observed during the वटिष्ठ॥ यटममि ् पक्षे यत्र काले येि दृग्गटितै啍यम।् दृ�यते तेि पक्षेि क यायटिथ्याटदटििय म॥् 8th/15th part of the dinmana. The dinmana is the difference between local Sunset and Sunrise. If Chaturthi is not prevailing during that period then take the second day. भामकराचायय॥ यात्राटववाहोत्सवजातकादौ खेिैैः मफ िैरेवफलमफ ित्वम।् मयात्प्रो楍यते तेि िभश्चरािा ुं मफ िटक्रया दृग्गटितै啍यकृ द्या॥ For example, if one Tithi is observed at moonrise in India it may or may not exist during moonrise on the We are pleased to release the 2012 calendar based on Hindu dharma shastra and drika siddhanta. This same day in a different part of the world. If you are in America then it will be observed on previous day or calendar is specially prepared for the Greater Nadi, Fiji area, and it may not be applicable in other parts of the next day if you are in Japan, Fiji, Australia and other countries. For example if a total lunar eclipse is the world. All time presented here is adjusted for Daylight Saving Time. visible in India at 5:00 AM it will happen on the previous day in the USA. For these reasons Indian People usually align the Hindu festivals with the English dates based on the Indian calendar.
    [Show full text]
  • Basudevastro Calendar 2020 Download
    BasudevAstro Hindu Calendar 2020 for the World BasudevAstro (Specialized in Indian Vedic Astrology) Presents Hindu Calendar for the year 2020 BasudevAstro Hindu Calendar 2020 for the World January 2020 Pausha Putrada Ekadashi 6, Monday Pausha Shukla, Ekadashi Pausha Purnima 10, Friday Shukla Purnima 11, Chandra Saturday Grahan Sakat 13, Monday Chauth 15, Makar Ponga Wednesday Sankranti l Shatilla Ekadashi, 20, Monday Magha, Krishna Ekadashi Mauni Amavas, 24, Friday Magha Krishna January 2020 Amawasya BasudevAstro Hindu Calendar 2020 for the World Vasant Panchami, 29, Magha, Wednesday Sukla Panchami Kumbha Sankranti, 13, Makara to Thursday Kumbha transit to sun Vijaya Ekadashi 19, Phalguni, Wednesday Krishna Ekadashi Maha Shivaratri 21, Friday Phalguni, Krishna Chaturdashi BasudevAstro Hindu Calendar 2020 for the World February 2020 1, Ratha Saptami, Saturd Magha, Sukla ay Saptami 2, Bhisma Astami, Sunday Magha, Shukla Astami 5, Jaya Ekadashi, Wednes Magha, Sukla day Ekadashi 9, Magha Sunday Purnima, Magha, Shukla Purnima 13, Kumbha Thursd Sankranti, ay Makara to Kumbha transit to sun February 2020 BasudevAstro Hindu Calendar 2020 for the World 19, Vijaya Wednes Ekadashi day Phalguni, Krishna Ekadashi 21, Maha Friday Shivaratri Phalguni, Krishna Chaturdashi March 2020 Amlaki 6, Ekadashi, Friday Phalgani, Sukla 2020 Ekadashi 9, Phalguni Holika Monday Purnima Dahan March 10, Holi Tuesday BasudevAstro Hindu Calendar 2020 for the World Meena 14, Sankranti Saturda Kumbha to y Meena transit of Sun Basoda Sheetal 16, Chaitra, a Monday Krishna
    [Show full text]
  • Delta Sound Connections
    DELTA SOUND 2010 CONNECTIONS Natural history and science news from Prince William Sound and the Copper River Delta Glaciers and rainforest form our backyard An introduction to the region discharge rate, estimated at 61,000 Nancy Bird, cubic ft/sec, that drives production in PWS Science Center the Gulf of Alaska. Depositing over 75 million tons of silt annually, the river Welcome to the Prince William has built a layer of silt over 600 feet Sound and Copper River Delta region! deep over the past 800,000 years. The intricately indented coastline of The Delta’s vast wetlands provide the Sound is separated from the Gulf rich bird habitat, making it the largest of Alaska by a ring of mountainous site in the Western Hemisphere islands and is the northern boundary Shorebird Reserve system. Two of the coastal temperate rainforest. hundred and thirty-five species of birds Its scenic character owes much to the have been identified and annually over glacial sculpting of the land during the 16 million migrating shorebirds and Ice Ages. waterfowl stop here. Today, over 20 glaciers terminate at Hundreds of streams and intertidal sea level while numerous others cling waters support a large commercial to steep mountainsides at the heads of salmon fishery. Ranked 12th in the rocky fjords. Secluded coves, beaches U.S., the fishing port of Cordova and rocky tree-covered islands offer annually catches an excess of 100 countless opportunities for exploration million pounds of fish, with an ex- and discovery in the Sound. vessel value exceeding $50 million. The adjacent Copper River Delta This area is among the most is a 300-square mile band of grassy seismically active regions on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Magazine1-4 Final.Qxd (Page 3)
    SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 2017 (PAGE 4) MOVIE-REVIEW HERITAGE Royals and Ruins Not much about Machine Aruditya Jasrotia Eberhard Fischer have written a book “Nainsukh of A concerted effort to preserve our heritage is a Guler: A Great Indian Painter from a Small Hill-State”. MACHINE is essentially a love story (written which mars the film in a big way. The film’s screenplay This book glorifies the importance and magnificence of by Sanjeev Kaul) which happens amidst the does not offer anything new and lands up following the vital link to our cultural legacies and it literally the Nainsukh painting style. same path which had been adopted by many films till date. At this time hardly anyone goes to see the beautiful greed for money and mysterious circum- makes us who we are. People tend to believe The weak script also lands up making the film all style and that to be modern you have to disengage from fort which is holding a number of beautiful artworks on stances. The film starts off in picturesque no substance. There’s no denying the fact that the film’s its walls. The condition of the fort is pitiful and brings the North India, with the introduction of the writing could have been notches higher. The film’s dia- your heritage, but it’s not true. feeling of hollowness to the visitors. The walls are falling logues besides being devoid of one liners, are very average one by one, roofs have collapsed, vegetation has taken extremely helpful Saira Thapar (Kiara One of the important heritages of Jammu which is and fail to leave an impression.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report (2010-2011)
    ANNUAL REPORT (2010-2011) Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) Pune 411 006 ANNUAL REPORT (2010-2011) Edited by V.P. Bhatta V.S. Shinde Mrs. J.D. Sathe B. C. Deotare Mrs. Sonal Kulkarni-Joshi Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Declared as Deemed-to-be-University under Section 3 of U.G.C. Act 1956) Pune 411 006 Copies: 250 Issued on: August, 2011 © Registrar, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) Pune 411 006 Published by: N.S. Gaware, Registrar, Deccan College, Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University) Pune 411 006 Printed by: Mudra, 383, Narayan Peth, Pune - 411030. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 AUTHORITIES OF THE INSTITUTE 7 GENERAL 9 SEVENTH CONVOCATION 13 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY I. Staff 46 II. Teaching 50 III. M.A. and P.G. Diploma Examination Results 54 IV. Ph.D.s Awarded 55 V. Ph.D. Theses 55 VI. Special Lectures Delivered in Other Institutions 62 VII. Research 67 VIII. Publications 107 IX. Participation in Conferences, Seminars, Symposia and Workshops 112 X. Other Academic Activities and professional and Administrative Services Rendered 121 XI. Nomination on Committees and Honours, Awards and Scholarships received 127 XII. Activities of the Discussion Group 128 XIII. Museum of Archaeology 130 MARATHA HISTORY MUSEUM I. Staff 133 II. Research Activities 133 III. Publication 133 IV. Other Academic Activities 133 V. Archival Activities 134 VI. Exhibition and Workshop 134 VII. Museum Activities 134 4 Annual Report 2010-11 DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS I. Staff 136 II. Teaching 137 III. M.A. Examination Results 139 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapm I INTRODUCTION I Geographical Aspects of Ichandesh
    C H A P m I INTRODUCTION I Geographical aspects of IChandesh Khandesh, lying between 20* 8' and 22* 7* north latitude and 75* 42' and 76* 28' longitude with a total area of 20,099 sQuare Km formed the 'most northern district' of the terri­ tories under tne control of the sole Conunissioner of Deccan in 1818 Ad J Stretching nearly 256 Kin along the Tapi and varying in breadth from 92 to 144 iOn, Khaiidesh forms an upland basin, the most northerly section of the Deccan table-laiid. Captain John Briggs, the then Political Agent of Khandesh (1818-1823) described Khandesh as 'bounded on the south by the range of Hills in v/hich the forts of Kunhur, Uhkye and Chandoor lie; on tue north by the Satpoora Mountains; on the east by the districts of Aseer, Zeinabad, Edlabad, Badur, sind Jamner, 2 and on the west by the Hills and forests of Baglana', Prom the north-east corner, as far as the Sindwa pass on the Agra roaa, the hiil coimtry belonged to Holkar, Purther »i/est, in Sahada, the Khandesh bounaary skirts, the base of the hills; then, including the Akrani territory, it moved north, right into the heart of the hills, to where, in a deep narrow channel, the Narmada forces its way through the Satpuda. Prom this to its north-west centre, the Narmada remained the northern boundary of the district* On the east ana south-east, a row of pillars and some conveiiient streams without any marked natiiral boimdary, separated Khandesh 1‘rom the central Provinces and Berar, To the south of the Ajanta, Satmala or Chandor marked the line between Khandesh and the Mizam’s territory.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Tourism Infrastructure
    INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE InvestmentINDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTUREOppor -tunities Investment Opportunities & & Challenges Challenges 1 2 INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges Acknowledgement We extend our sincere gratitude to Shri Vinod Zutshi, Secretary (Former), Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for his contribution and support for preparing the report. INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges 3 4 INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges FOREWORD Travel and tourism, the largest service industry in India was worth US$234bn in 2018 – a 19% year- on-year increase – the third largest foreign exchange earner for India with a 17.9% growth in Foreign Exchange Earnings (in Rupee Terms) in March 2018 over March 2017. According to The World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism generated ₹16.91 lakh crore (US$240 billion) or 9.2% of India’s GDP in 2018 and supported 42.673 million jobs, 8.1% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9% to ₹32.05 lakh crore (US$460 billion) by 2028 (9.9% of GDP). The Ministry has been actively working towards the development of quality tourism infrastructure at various tourist destinations and circuits in the States / Union Territories by sanctioning expenditure budgets across schemes like SWADESH DARSHAN and PRASHAD. The Ministry of Tourism has been actively promoting India as a 365 days tourist destination with the introduction of niche tourism products in the country like Cruise, Adventure, Medical, Wellness, Golf, Polo, MICE Tourism, Eco-tourism, Film Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, etc. to overcome ‘seasonality’ challenge in tourism. I am pleased to present the FICCI Knowledge Report “Indian Tourism Infrastructure : Investment Opportunities & Challenges” which highlights the current scenario, key facts and figures pertaining to the tourism sector in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Change Detection of Forest Cover in Khammam District, Telangana G
    International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering ISSN NO : 2249-7455 CHANGE DETECTION OF FOREST COVER IN KHAMMAM DISTRICT, TELANGANA G. Bhakta Thukaram, M.Tech ABSTRACT not being altered by humans in some manner. Land cover (LC) refers to the physical and Mankind’s presence o the Earth and his modification biological cover and the surface of the land including, of the landscape have had a profound effect upon the water, bare soil and artificial structure. Land use natural environment. These anthropogenic influences (LU) is a more complicated term involving human on shifting patterns of land use are a primary activities such as building construction that alter land component of many current environmental concerns surface processes including biogeochemistry, as land use and land cover change is gaining hydrology and biodiversity. Land use land cover recognition as a key driver of environmental change. (LULC) is an important component in understanding Changes in land use land cover are pervasive, the interaction of the human activities with the increasingly rapid, and can have adverse impacts and environment and thus it is necessary understand implication at local, regional and global scales. changes, in the context of nature resource During the past millennium, humans have management.It is envisaged that the study would taken an increasingly large role in the modification of prove the usefulness of Remote Sensing and GIS in the global environment. With increasing numbers and forest restoration planning. developing technologies, man has emerged as the This study aims at generation of land use major, most powerful, and universal instrument land cover information using remote sensing data change in the biosphere today.
    [Show full text]
  • Aga Khan Trust for Culture, with Co-Funding of Federal Republic Of
    and the diamond shaped pendentives – several of which were severely damaged and displaced - creating a major threat to the structure as these pendentives and arches support the marble domes. Aga Khan Trust for Culture Conservation works on the facade of the structure needed to similarly repair damaged stones, though this did not require complete dismantling. LANDSCAPING THE SETTING The masonry wall built in the 1980’s to limit access to Chausath Khamba was dismantled and replaced with a transparent fence using motifs from the decorative lattice screens of the mausoleum. The forecourt itself was paved with stone in a manner that not only enhanced the historic character but also allowed the creation of a performance space for concerts and cultural festivals. Twice a year the Urs ceremony of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya and his favourite disciple, the Sufi poet Amir Khusrau is held at the Urs Mahal built within the enclosure in the mid-20th century. It is proposed to install a permanent exhibit in this space. MIRZA GHALIB’S TOMB Mirza Ghalib, one of India’s most famous poets was buried adjacent to the Chausath Khamba. As an extension of the conservation effort the poet’s tomb enclosure was also landscaped to create a tranquil space for veneration and poetry sessions organised regularly. CREATING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES The conservation effort at Chausath Khamba created at least 25,000 man days of work for traditional stone craftsmen and allowed training younger craftsmen. Youth from Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti have been trained to serve as heritage volunteers guiding tourists, pilgrims and school children through the seven centuries of built and living heritage of Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti.
    [Show full text]
  • Hindu Castes and Sects an Exposition of the Origin of the Hindu Caste
    HINDU CASTES AND SECTS. PREF A.CE. IN the last edition of my" Commentaries on Hindu Law" I devoted a chapter to the Hindn Caste System which attracted the attention of the Publishers, and they suggested that the subject might well be expanded so as to be brought out as a separate volume. They suggested also that, in order to make the book complete, I should give an account not only of the Castes, but also of the important Hindu Sects, some of which are practically so many ""new Castes. As I had heen already engaged in writing a book about the hisfury and philosophy of religions, the prp­ posal, so far as the sects were concerned, was welcome indeed. About the Castes I felt very considerable diffidence; but it seemed to me that, in a town like Calcutta, where there are men from every part of India, it might not be quite impossible to collect the necessary information. When, however, I actually commenced my enquiries, then I fully realised the difficulty of my task. The original information contained in this work has been derived from a very large number of Hindn gentlemen hailing from different parts of India. I here iv PRBFACK. gratefully acknowledge the kindness that they have shown in according to me their assistance. I feel very ;trongly inclined to insert in this book a list of their names. But the publication of snch a list is not de­ sirable for more reasons than one. To begin with, such a list would be necessarily too long to be conveniently included.
    [Show full text]