Art Movements Referenced : Artists from France: Paintings and Prints from the Art Museum Collection
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UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING ART MUSEUM 2009 Art Movements Referenced : Artists from France: Paintings and Prints from the Art Museum Collection OVERVIEW Sarah Bernhardt. It was an overnight sensation, and Source: www.wikipedia.org/ announced the new artistic style and its creator to The following movements are referenced: the citizens of Paris. Initially called the Style Mucha, (Mucha Style), this soon became known as Art Art Nouveau Les Nabis Nouveau. The Barbizon School Modernism Art Nouveau’s fifteen-year peak was most strongly Cubism Modern Art felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow Dadaism Pointillism to Madrid — but its influence was global. Hence, it Les Fauves Surrealism is known in various guises with frequent localized Impressionism Symbolism tendencies. In France, Hector Guimard’s metro ART NOUVEau entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought Art Nouveau is an international movement and in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on style of art, architecture and applied art—especially architecture in Belgium. Magazines like Jugend helped the decorative arts—that peaked in popularity at the spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic turn of the 20th century (1890–1905). The name ‘Art artform, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art nouveau’ is French for ‘new art’. It is also known as and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Jugendstil, German for ‘youth style’, named after the Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals magazine Jugend, which promoted it, and in Italy, such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Stile Liberty from the department store in London, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Liberty & Co., which popularized the style. A reaction Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in to academic art of the 19th century, it is characterized their own individual manner. by organic, especially floral and other plant-inspired Although Art Nouveau fell out of favor with the motifs, as well as highly-stylized, flowing curvilinear arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen forms. Art Nouveau is an approach to design today as an important bridge between the historicism according to which artists should work on everything of Neoclassicism and Modernism. Furthermore, from architecture to furniture, making art part of Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by everyday life. UNESCO on their World Heritage List as significant The movement was strongly influenced by Czech contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center artist Alphonse Mucha, when Mucha produced a of Riga, Latvia, with “the finest collection of Art lithographed poster, which appeared on 1 January Nouveau buildings in Europe”, was inscribed on the 1895 in the streets of Paris as an advertisment for list in 1997 in part because of the “quality and the the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou, starring quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture”, Art Movements and four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta Baptiste Camille Corot, Théodore Rousseau, Jean- were included in 2000 as “works of human creative François Millet and Charles-François Daubigny; genius” that are “outstanding examples of Art other members included Jules Dupré, Constant Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the Troyon, Charles Jacque, Narcisse Virgilio Diaz, transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, Charles Olivier de Penne, Henri Harpignies, Gabriel thought, and society.” Hippolyte LeBas (1812-1880), Albert Charpin, Félix Ziem, Anton Mauve, François-Louis Français and THE BARBIZON SCHOOL Alexandre DeFaux. Both Rousseau (1867) and Millet (1875) died at The Barbizon School (circa 1830–1870) of Barbizon. painters is named after the village of Barbizon near Fontainebleau Forest, France, where the artists gathered. CUBISM The Barbizon painters were part of a movement Cubism was a 20th century avant-garde art towards realism in art which arose in the context of movement, pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges the dominant Romantic Movement of the time. Braque, that revolutionized European painting and In 1824 the Salon de Paris exhibited works of sculpture, and inspired related movements in music John Constable. His rural scenes influenced some and literature. The first branch of Cubism, known as of the younger artists of the time, moving them to “Analytic Cubism”, was both radical and influential abandon formalism and to draw inspiration directly as a short but highly significant art movement from nature. Natural scenes became the subjects between 1907 and 1911 in France. In its second of their paintings rather than mere backdrops to phase, Synthetic Cubism, the movement spread dramatic events. and remained vital until around 1919, when the During the Revolutions of 1848 artists gathered at Surrealist movement gained popularity. Barbizon to follow Constable’s ideas, making nature English art historian Douglas Cooper describes the subject of their paintings. three phases of Cubism in his seminal book “The One of them, Jean-François Millet, extended the Cubist Epoch”. According to Cooper there was idea from landscape to figures — peasant figures, “Early Cubism”, (from 1906 to 1908) when the scenes of peasant life, and work in the fields. In movement was initially developed in the studios of The Gleaners (1857), Millet portrays three peasant Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called women working at the harvest. There is no drama “High Cubism”, (from 1909 to 1914) during which and no story told, merely three peasant women in a time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent; field. Gleaners are poor women gathering what’s left and finally Cooper referred to “Late Cubism” (from after the rich owners of the field finished harvesting. 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a The owners and their laborers are seen in the back radical avant-garde movement. of the painting. Millet here shifted the focus, the In cubist artworks, objects are broken up, subject matter, from the rich and prominent to analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form— those at the bottom of the social ladders. Millet also instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, didn’t paint their faces to emphasize their anonymity the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of and marginalized position. Their bowed bodies are viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater representative of their every day hard work. context. Often the surfaces intersect at seemingly The leaders of the Barbizon School were Jean- random angles, removing a coherent sense of depth. Page 2 Education Packet Art Movements The background and object planes interpenetrate practitioners, Erik Satie, collaborated with Picasso one another to create the shallow ambiguous space, and Cocteau in a mad, scandalous ballet called one of Cubism’s distinct characteristics. Parade. First performed by the Ballet Russes in 1917, it succeeded in creating a scandal but in a different Dada way than Stravinsky’s Le Sacre du Printemps had done almost 5 years earlier. This was a ballet that Dada or Dadaism is a cultural movement that was clearly parodying itself, something traditional began in Zürich, Switzerland, during World War ballet patrons would obviously have serious issues I and peaked from 1916 to 1922. The movement with. primarily involved visual arts, literature—poetry, Dada in Paris surged in 1920 when many of the art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic originators converged there. Inspired by Tzara, design, and concentrated its anti-war politics Paris Dada soon issued manifestos, organized through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art demonstrations, staged performances and produced through anti-art cultural works. a number of journals (the final two editions of Dada activities included public gatherings, Dada, Le Cannibale, and Littérature featured Dada demonstrations, and publication of art/literary in several editions.) journals; passionate coverage of art, politics, and The first introduction of Dada artwork to the culture were topics often discussed in a variety of Parisian public was at the Salon des Indépendants media. The movement influenced later styles like the in 1921. Jean Crotti exhibited works associated avant-garde and downtown music movements, and with Dada including a work entitled, Explicatif groups including Surrealism, Nouveau réalisme, bearing the word Tabu. In the same year Tzara pop art, Fluxus and punk rock. staged his Dadaist play The Gas Heart to howls of Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and derision from the audience. When it was re-staged sound poetry, a starting point for performance art, in 1923 in a more professional production, the play a prelude to postModernism, an influence on pop provoked a theatre riot (initiated by André Breton) art, a celebration of antiart to be later embraced that heralded the split within the movement that for anarcho-political uses in the 1960s and the was to produce Surrealism. Tzara’s last attempt movement that lay the foundation for Surrealism. at a Dadaist drama was his “ironic tragedy” —Marc Lowenthal, translator’s introduction to Handkerchief of Clouds in 1924. Francis Picabia’s I Am a Beautiful Monster: Poetry, Prose, And Provocation The French avant-garde kept abreast of Dada LES FauVES activities in Zürich with regular communications Les Fauves (French for The Wild Beasts) were a from Tristan Tzara (whose pseudonym means “sad short-lived and loose grouping of early 20th century in country,” a name chosen to protest the treatment Modern Artists whose works emphasized painterly of Jews in his native Romania), who exchanged qualities and strong colour over the representational letters, poems, and magazines with Guillaume or realistic values retained by Impressionism. Apollinaire, André Breton, Max Jacob, and other While Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and French writers, critics and artists. continued beyond 1910, the movement as such Paris had arguably been the classical music lasted only three years, 1905–1907, and had three capital of the world since the advent of musical exhibitions.