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Colour Ascetism and Synthetist Colour Colour

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Colour Ascetism and Synthetist Colour Colour Art History Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies University of Helsinki COLOUR ASCETISM AND SYNTHETIST COLOUR COLOUR CONCEPTS IN TURN-OF-THE-20TH-CENTURY FINNISH AND EUROPEAN ART Anna-Maria von Bonsdorff ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in the Arppeanum Auditorium on the 6th of June, 2012 at 12 o’clock Helsinki 2012 Opponent Professor Bettina Gockel, University of Zurich Front cover [ !!"#$%& '(& )*" +*% CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................7 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................................................9 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 15 1. Colour Ascetism and Synthetist Colour in Focus ...................................... 15 1.1 On the Dissertation .................................................................21 1.2 Sources .....................................................................................23 2. Methodological Framework and Artists’ Interest in Colour .....................29 2.1 Tradition and Innovation ........................................................37 2.2. Colour Theories and Colour Histories ....................................41 3. Main Concepts: Colour Ascetism and Synthetist Colour ..........................53 4. Finnish Art in the 1890s .............................................................................77 PART I ..............................................................................................................99 2. SOURCES OF COLOUR ............................................................................ 101 2.1 The Pursuit of Archaic and Timeless Art .........................................107 2.2 Colour Ascetism ...............................................................................126 2.2.1. New aesthetics for mural art – Pierre Puvis de Chavannes ....126 2.2.2 Tonality – James McNeill Whistler ......................................133 2.2.3 Contrasts – Édouard Manet ..................................................144 2.2.4 Monochromatic – Eugène Carrière .......................................151 2.3 Synthetist Colour .............................................................................. 156 2.3.1 Surnaturelle Colour – Paul Gauguin ....................................156 2.3.2 The Nabi Group – Maurice Denis, Paul Sérusier and Jan Verkade ........................................................................... 167 3 PART II ..........................................................................................................179 3. COLOUR AND EARLY MODERNISM IN FINLAND .............................. 181 3.1. The Past as a Destination ................................................................. 191 3.1.1 The Cradle of Innovation – the Louvre .................................196 3.1.2 Consciousness of time, form and colour ..............................204 3.2 Synthetist Colour ...............................................................................229 3.2.1 Paul Gauguin’s Academie Viti 1894 – Väinö Blomstedt and Pekka Halonen ...............................................................233 3.2.2 Paradise Lost and Sacred Nature – Väinö Blomstedt, Axel Gallén, Pekka Halonen and Eero Järnefelt ..................242 3.3 Colour Ascetism .................................................................................265 3.3.1 Subjectivity and Intimacy – Magnus Enckell, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Ellen Thesleff ........272 3.3.2 The Spiritual and Melancholic Landscape – Magnus Enckell, Pekka Halonen, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Ellen Thesleff ................................ 292 4. Conclusion ..............................................................................................308 SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................313 ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................313 LITERATURE ................................................................................................ 317 INDEX ...........................................................................................................333 4 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO – HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET – UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI +-/***;%-* (*<="*<%---"*> ?**;"@**Q" ;*-%/-%*< [;="*!!* TITLE \-"@$/*;]*=\-"M \-"\*$!*-"*== $*-"](**=*;_-"!*@" VÄITÖSKIRJA/DOCTORAL DISSERTATION [=-;]!"!!*;!"-""=-;]/`=$=*(**= "="]=?*;;#";*q!"*]<;"/?/* `";-;]!$$!*;=`$-"!"$$=-"*= `*=$*-"]/;!*=**!**Q;!R$-" $*$-**!$$-"*=`*=$*-"]$*q [=$-/]*?**(**=*;_-"!*"`=-;= *`$-"$*$!<colour ascetism*;synthetist colour*="!**@ /]q/!=?$=*=(**="|*/;<Q*-_*$%< @q *<'%%+**<_""*<+*$=>"#$%*;_*[= [=-<q!**=!*"R-$$"]*=!/-%* $*;"*/-$=""$*q*;/!**;$-*=$*$! $-"<*;-"=*";*colour ascetism<`;"`*-$= !"$-""_- *\"" "<;-";Q*<'""'-?;\=?***; /Q$="[="*;="!"*!`"/!"*< **](**=<#-/*]""-*;=-"*= `*=$*-"] @=-=$*;";"=/;"*!";<=]%;=!"=" *!"**""$;!!*="</#"*;<("*+*;_"] **$`"/*=-"$"=]`"=*!"*"(**= "*=[=];?!;="!"*;$$! /]***=`=$"/$"*;Q*$-"/R/-$=#";" *;/"*$*!=*/***`"*"=*==="#*#?; [=/-;<""*;<$$$-"`"=%]/**;!$*/;"* /*$=]<*$<*`";**;="/*]*!** ("synthetist colour`!"*'---**;=`"'- "-"< * |"%; *; Q-"$ * `= =? *` # -;; "/ = !* #=*]*=$-"!"$$""]$*`=$=;""/ =-!-"$-"(**="`=q!";=]*=$-""*" /;< **;"*]*=$-"`-;*=*$=** //$$<=surnaturelle<`=$=`#=q!"?"$*!**[= %]`";"]*=$-""?*<;]*//<!"/?</*<** *;;"//-"*=!";*(**="$$*;]*=$-"$* 5 #*!"$-"!"$$`]"/=//$"*[=;!* =*`! !"$$#"-=**?**!***;*=- ;"*/;-/-$=/!"*;-$=[=/";*!** `$=**[=$-"$*$-"`$";!"**`$**[= -;]"*`";****=$*-"]"<*=`;""**$ "R;#*$-"*;/;-/=];=/!** *`Q*-$-"R AVAINSANAT/KEYWORDS \-"$/<]*=$-"<(**="<"*"<$=*-<***= $*-"]<"]`*=$*-"]<]/#/ PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS @*-*;"";--;*=;=!!"-*]`"%$-"""-"* =th$*-"]`/*")q=#**;"?]"*=+**/ "/--/="'%%+**[=q!"*$"";/]*" *=-$-"*;`$*;#]=$/!q"$-"*!**< `=$=<q!";-"="<$=*;"/%-]"*;!!"$$ /"*;?;-!!"$=<"-**?"]*;?;-q!"/*;-"*= *;"]th$*-"]=""`=!"-*;"-;==*%/] -!"?"*;$="***<`=?/=!"%*;!!"-*] `"%*`/*"+"/*]-"$;/%#]*;=$*?** #-/=$;/]-;="-=-=*>-"*]Q]=*% %%`*<`=$-"*";-$;/=*"-*`"; ]/#//"-%-`=*=-$q/!*; ;?$*$-";/!!"$=**"**$""*;`"*_*= -!! =< "/ = -< $-" = `] "$; /< -;]* !**;-"*/]$=]"<*;*`<%*#$%<=/*"* `=$=?*-];/-;]"="]@*=""*`-;#/]" "*;/="@**"/"?**;"`=!**=?`]-""-*;; / *; `= /`= "$ *; */$ -" =? $; /] #$%"-*;*!"*@=";/?*?*-"*=$*-*"/] #=;-"*=+**/]"*=!"##]=*;;=-*; !**#]+***;=$*/!""*;`$**]*"-;#] ="!**$=*-<#"-=`"%*;$-"!"$$-$/% =="]"`!-;#]=*$$-"*;$"#**;$$-** "=]="$!";-*<`"%**/]/"R=<;$?"; =*R-;*$-"=;==*-"$""!*;*`==/<#- ;]<=`*?"=-$//]" / "-] "- /] !"q/*" '"" @**% *"#"< )*?"]]?%]*;'""*$%<)*?"]-"$=[=" -* * =` /!"? /] /*-$"! =? ;"$; /] ** $*=q`="/]"-/**=#*</<$*-*/<* !"$-"<"-"="$/!/*"]"/"%<`=$=*$";/]$*;*$ */]`"%=-;%q*;/]=*%-!"?"*>-/** %%**`=%"*"*/]""$=*;`;=!"$$] '"$-"=*%";-$-|-%%"**<`==#*"=! *=*$/!*=`"%<`=$=*=-=`-;*?"*;@ /!"* /] ""$= = #* = *!"* -//" $= ""*; #] 7 [=(**=$"'""//*@"+"]=*;;"="$//* *;*$-"*"/"%`=?`"/=*%"\-**;"= * "%**=;"**-"]"-";!";-/""$= *;`="-]$%*`;=**$-!!"="$?;"/ the Finnish Cultural Foundation, Art Foundation Merita, Anna och Signe von Bonsdorffs släktfond*;=University of Helsinki Q*]`";--;**;$-=?$*"#-;=-;] #-!$]*;#;*+%%<Q">=/<***< >*!"<-**'"*<@**Q"'****<+**%%"<Q> [****Q< " " ";< =** |%%"< =** |-< `=/=??"=]"$//*;<-!!";*;?*/;?$<*$-";< *;/]$/!**;$*"#-;/]-;]!$;*`/ */?"]*Q]`"/!!"$*=%*;*;!* =;!"/*@"+"]=)*?"]+*%<(**=* "]<@*-/@"Q--/*;=\*"@"@"$=?Q*]=*% =[---Q--/*;+""*;""="-!!" [=" " /*] "/ `=/ =? #*; ="-= *=** ;$-**;`==!;/$-"/"/!"*/]""$=+" `==*%<**=Q$\*%]<("*$(`<-"-/* +*=?"<;!=!<-!"=!=";<'-/=*;!=Q$"** +`?"<`-;*?"=?/*;`"*_*=`=-="* !"";*/]q<`=$=`$"";-#]*?_*=!%"<|" |***-"*=*"!*=`"*!"$<=$""$;"""*; "*;!""/("*$=_*=`!"?;;-**\-*$] /-]"!*#""/**""" [=*% " ;- /] $ "*;< /] *; "? `= =? *?-*"]#$/!"/]""$=#-`==?-!!";/="-= ==";/ (*]`=$%*`;=//*;#`/]?]/]<< "**;#"("/*]]"=]";/]!";$#*$*;=? =`*!*$*;?*-!!"/%*/!"-;*;!"?;;=?-$= `*;"-/]M*;]<=#%*]*=; *'"?<*/]#"=;]@!" @**Q"?**;" 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VÄINÖ BLOMSTEDT Francesca & [/!"*$*?<q$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=*"] '=+**-@**(**=*"]<\@@ Episode from the Kalevala, Kullervo Cutting into the Oak & [/!"*$*?<<q$/<!"?$$* '=+**-@**(**=*"]<\@@ Sunset& *$*?<<q$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=*"] '=+**-@**(**=*"]<\@@ MAGNUS ENCKELL Boy Resting& \="$*;`"$-"*!!"<q$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**= National Gallery '=Q*(**=*"]<\@@ Awakening& *$*?<q<$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=*"] '=-%%/-(**=*"]<\@@ Death’s Walking& "$-"*;!*$*!!"<<q<$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**= National Gallery '=@*-?**(**=*"]<\@@ AXEL GALLÉN The Great Black Woodpecker & -$=*!!"<q$/<@"Q--/<(**=*"] '='">Q]%%**(**=*"]<\@@ En Saga (Jean Sibelius and Fantasy Landscape)& "$-"*!!"<q*;q$/<[=@*(-*;* '=+**-@**(**=*"]<\@@ 9 Defence of the Sampo& [/!"*$*?<q$/<[-"%-@"Q--/ '="=**[-"%-@"Q--/ Lemminkäinen’s Mother& [/!"*$*?<<q<$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=* Gallery '=-%***(**=*"]<\@@ Kullervo Sets Off for Battle&<!"/*"]`"%""$ [/!"*$*?<q$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=* Gallery '=-%***(**=*"]<\@@ PEKKA HALONEN Self-Portrait& *;!*$*!!"<q<$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=* Gallery '=+**-">**(**=*"]<\@@ Three Holy Men in the Forest& *;**%*;`"$-"*!!"<<q$/<+**/Q--/< [--- '=[---Q--/ Sunday in a Crofter’s Cottage& *$*?<q$/<+**/Q--/<[--- '=[---Q--/ After the Music Lesson & *$*?<q$/<**;@*]*#"(-*;*<+*% '=[---Q--/ Rowan Tree& *$*?<q$/<!"?$$* '=[---Q--/ Winter Day & *$*?<q$/<!"?$$* '=[---Q--/ Winter Landscape& *$*?<q$/<+""*;"R$$* '=+""*;" Washing on the Ice& *$*?<q$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=*"] '=-%***(**=*"]<\@@ The Lynx Hunter& *$*?<q$/<@*-/@"Q--/<(**=*"] '=+**-@**(**=*"]<\@@ Juniper Trees& *$*?<<q$/<'"?$$* '=+""*;" Mild Winter Day& *$*?<q$/<'"?$$* '=+""*;" Winter
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