ART, MECHANICS,CHEMTSTRY. ANDMANIJFACTUltES. A WEEKJJY�JOUj{NAt OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, SCIENCE,

• Vol. LXXVI.-No. NEW YORK, JUNE 26, 1897. r$:LOO ,\ YEAR .ESTABLI8HED 1845. 26'J l WEEKLY.

TWELVE HUNDRED HORSE POWER CROSS COMPOUND ENGINE-BERLIN POWER HOUSE.

THIRD RAIL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT N. Y. N. H. &' H. RR.-BERtIN POWER HOUSE SHOWING BOILER SETTING. -[See page 408.]

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J titutifit �mtritlu. AlIJIERICAN INSTITUTE FAIR. PLEMENT we shall give illustrations and particulars of The managers of the American Institute Fair, which some of the motor cars which were present on the � is to be held from September to November at morning of the contest, including the two which re­ � rittltifi! �mttiran. 20 4, Madison Square Garden, intend to put forth special I ceived favorable mention from the judges. ESTABLISHED 1845 efforts to make this one of the most interesting fairs _ '.' • FALL OF A BUILDING NEW YORK CITY. in the history of the institution. As our readers are NEW IN doubtless aware, the American Institute is one of The collapse of a building on Fifty-second Street and MUNN & CO., EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS. the oldest organizations of its kind in America. It is Twelfth Avenue has again drawn attention to the rbks PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT now verging on its seventieth year. During its long which are liable to be incurred by the erection of ums· No. NEW life it has been one of the most powerful factors in the sive water tanks on the top floors of a building. 'Vhell 361 B�OADWAY, YORK. promotion of invention and industry in the country. the tanks themselves and the su ______-----'-"'- "'----'---'-"'-cc-=--=-c..:--=-- =--:.:- ==-=--=-=-======pports which carry Many of the famous inventions of the past forty yeal'S re- them are properly designed, there is, of course, no more TER:U:,\ FOR THE SCIENTIFIC A;lIERICAN. ceived their first recognition at its hands, and to secure risk than is involved in carrying any other form (E"tabJiHllerl uf lS",.i.) the institute medal was one of the most coveted indorse- static load at the top of a building. As a matter One cupy, 1111e year, for the S., Canada or Mexico ...... •...... of U. 53.00 One copy. six months, for the S., Canada or Mexico ...... ments which could be given. It is the intention of the fact, however, this construction is too often very faulty U. l.dO One copy, one year,to any foreign cuulltrY.}Jostage prepaid, board of managers and the general supel'intendent of and marked by an ignorance or carelessness, or both, Remit by postal or express money order, or by bunk draft£J lUM.ad. or check. 4.00 MUNN CO., Broadway. corner Franklin Street, New York. the fair, Mr. Alfred Chasseaild, to make the department which has brought many a well constructed building & am of engines and machinery the strongest in the whole to grief. The most frequent disaster from roof tanks !Scientific Americnn Supplement Tile exhibit. It is to include wry wille variety of prillle is that caused by a fire in the upper stories burning (EHtabJiHllerl IS76) a n r f h movers, and particular attention will be given to sta· through the tank supports, and causing it to fall rs��!� ;��:f:. �}��r; l��I�lL�����A���f ·i:j'��t�·o tionary engines operated by steam, gas, water, or wind. through the floors beneath. In the case of the with1: 8en;sTu'IC A:'tIEHI(,AS. rl'erlll8 of 8ub�criptioll�!!:B�� fur SUPPLl<;:'tIKST,�::'���� a year, for the U. Cana.da or Mexico. year, or 4�. 8d., There will also be a large exhibit of pumping machin· Twelfth Avenue building the heavy load of the tauks to$5.m foreign conlltrie� belongingSo, to the Po�tuJ Uniun..,i.oo Single a. c()pie�£1 cent�. Sold by all newsdealer!'!througllOut the country. See prm�pectus, lust10 pu.ge. ery, steam fire engines, iron and wood working llla- was sufficient to bl'ing about the collapse of an extra· It;lte�.-'1'he �{,IKS1'I�'W A;\I��H.ICA:S and ..�Ml.) to be carried out indicates that the renewed life and The building, which was to have been used as a soap THE BUILIHSG EIHTIOS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN is a large and t s il :rl������e��l�� �ll!�� �:�����?�� :� ��?d��I;;it��r���� �a�{i��u��� vigor which marked the operations of the institute last factory, is in the form of a hollow square, and measures is illu�trated witlt beautiful plates, �howing desirable dwellinJl:s, p'ublic year is likely to be permanent. building� and architectural work in great variety. To architects, bUIlders, about 20� feet on a side, the width from wall to wall being and all contemplate building this work is invaluable. , , about 60 feet. It was five stories in height, and was S WIlO a i t e a • • • or �i<�:,P���25������r. nf��ei��l ��cir�[A��U:: ���� (�; £h1��. A� THE ENGINEER MOTOR CAR COMPETITION. Combined rate for BUILIHS�r.) G }i�IHTIoNwith SCIENTIIo'IC AMEltICAN, to built of composite construction, with cast iron columns one address, a year. foreign coull�ries, $6.50 yenr, or The celebrated motor car petition organized by and steel floorgirders. On the lower floors the girders Combined rate$:>.00 for BUILIJING'1'0 EnITIOS, SCIENTIFICa. AMEUICAN,£1 68.9d. and COlli SUPPLEMENT, $9.W year. foreign countries, $11.00a year, or.1.'258. 2d., 'rhe Engineer, of London, has resulted, according to are 15 inch I bEams, but on the fourth floor 24 inch I postageprepatd. d. '1'0 our contemporary, in a miserable failure, only five ve· beams, with their flanges reinforced with two 1!8 inch Export Edition of Amel'icQn tile Scientific hicles putting in an appearance at the Crystal Palace, plates were used, the girders being made heavy to (Es(abllslled 18'SJ London; and even this pitiful remnant of the original carry the weight of fourteen tanks, each of which with withwhich is incorporated •• LA A:\lERICA CIENTIFICA INDUSTRIAL," or Spanish edition of the SCIENTU'IC A"ERICAN. publishedE monthly. se\'enty-two entries was, in the opinion of the judges, its full load weighed nearly eighty tons. The tanks uniform in size and typography with the SCIE:STU'ICAMEIUCAN. Every number contains about 100 pages, profusely illustrated. It is the finest so lacking in the qualities that go to make up a really were 13 feet square and 15 feet deep, and were placed scientiHc indUstrial export paper published. It circulates throughout CUba, the West lndie�. Mexico, Central and South America, Spain and useful and reliable motor that they made no award, in a double row on the outside of the building, one Spanish possessions-wh�rever the Spanish lunguage is spoken. 'rHE SCIENTIFIC A:\[EIUCAN �JXPOltT EJ)['l'IOS has a large guaranteed circula­ and the six thousand dollars which was to have been row of seven standing near the outer wall and the tion in all cummercial places throughout the world. $3.00 a year, or 12s. 4d., postpaid to any part of the world. Single copies, cents. awarded in prizes was handed back to the promoters next row about· ten feet from it and close against an J::O 25 MUNN CO .• Publishers. Broadway. New York. of the competition. interior row of columns. The collapse took place while The safest way to remit& is by postal order.361 express money order, draftr:r or bank cbeck. Make ali remittances payable to order of UNN The first offer of a prize of one thousand guir.eas was the tanks were being tested for leaks. They were & CO. M iF Readers are specially requested to notify the publishers in case of made about two years ago, and the conditions, as approximately full of water when, without any warn­ any failure, delay, or irregularity receipt of papers. 111 formulated a few months later, announced that prizes ing, five out of the seven in the outer row fell through would be awarded " for the encouragement of manu- the building, carrying the floorsbelow with them, and, of NEW YORK, SA'rURDAY, JUNE 26, 1897. facturers and designers of horseless carriages," The course, throwing down the outer wall at the same time. Engineer "believing that an important trade may be The accident will call to mind the fall of the Ireland on ten s. C t created in this class of machinery, and that the re- building, on West Broadway, where the same class of (lIIustrated articles are marked wltb I\n asterisk.) moval of the restrictions on the use of mechanically construction was employed, and although in that case Alrsblp takes fire...... 407 Fishes, new facts abont ...... 410 propelled vehicles will re�ult in great benefit to the the wreck was primarily due to faulty foundations, Baseball, mechanical·.. }'reezing point, mercurial ther- ...... 409 Basilicas of Rome, the ...... mometers ...... farmers." the debris showed all the usual defects in the cast iron Boiler setting, improved· ...... 400401 Gun for Hring curved ball· ...... '" 405 Bookbinding',Whalen's improv- Inventions recently patented .... 40n410 In the course of a pessimistic editorial, The Engineer columns. ed·...... •. 40-1 KllelPP, }l"'ather,death of ...... 407 Books, new ...... o •••• 411 Motor car competition� a failure congratulates itself on the fact that although the essay The great gap in the outer wall is very suggestive as . Bridges, movin� loads on ...... in ...... 402 4tJ4. Building. fan of a. N. Y ...... National Electric Light Ass'n. ... has failed in its original purpose, it has "cleared the to the origin of the disaster, and a closer inspection of Cannon, a baseball· ...... 4U't Notes and queries...... 40a411 . 409 Car coupling, an electric*'...... Patent decisions, recent ...... air " and shown the true facts concerning the so· called the wrecked iron work, and of the plan of construction . 4� Charl(esRgUlnst a patent firm. . . Patents granted, weekly record 4()'j Cinematograph camera, tile Lu- 403 of...... '11 motor car industry in England. ., There is at present as shown in the work which is still standing, makes it miere· ...... Photography. moving ...... 405 . no such industry. There is no such thing as a thor- reasonably certain that it was the columns in this wall Clark, Alv�m G.· ...... PostalCongress, work of the .... 405 406 407 Coal production, U. S ...... n o oughly satisfactory self·propelled vehicle. If a motor that failed. These columns were of square section, Drill case, the \Veiss·...... 404 ���:���i. t�! :c���iiaii*:::::: 404- Earthquake in India ...... Rome. the basilicas of ...... � . 408 ':lOt) car of the kind existed, it would have been submitted with flanges for bolting them together at the abutting a c . . . 405 Science notes ...... 407 �rllt�\�l � ��!t: Steamship. Atlantic, service ..... for competition." Now these are sweeping assertions ends. They were built within the wall, but considered H. & H. 'NR'...... N:...... • Y·.: N: 401 Switch board, electric power 400 Electric car heaters· ...... house· ...... 408 and not altogether warranted by the facts. In the first as part of a framed structure for carrying weight, they i Trade mark. curious error in ..... 408 404 �:� �1i��!rifrig��fJ��t��ie:: Weather prophet, volcano as a . . place the competition was narrowed down by the exclu- were virtually without bracing. On one side, that next � 400 sion of all vehicles propelled by light oil or petroleum the tanks, they were theoretically held in the plumb spirit, against which The Engineer has shown a per- position by the inch I beams which were bolted to O CONTENTS 24 TABLE F OF sistent prejudice from the very first, although on lugs cast on the columns, but on the other sides they its own admission "very little success had been ob- had no metal connections whatever. The stiffening tained with vehicles which did not use petroleum affordedby the I beams was of doubtful value, for the Scientific American Supplement spirit." This prejudice was so marked that it is not heavy load which they carried was transferred to the No. l.l.:al.. surprising that the subsequent offer of a special prize of columns eccentrically by means of the small lugs five hundred and twenty-five dollars for vehicles using above referred to. This would set up cross bending u 26, 1897. For the Week Bnding J ne light oil failed to bring forward the manufacturers of strains of a kind which are very undesirable in any Price 10 cents. sale all newsdealers. For by what are admitted to be the only successful motor cars member subject to compressive strains, and especially PAGE AI,r,OYS.-Alumlnlzed 'Zinc andIts UseIn Br ...s.-Interestin� re· on the market. Everybody that keeps in touch with so when the material is cast iron. I. marks regarding the use of aluminized zinc in the gaivanlziug bath and also in the manufacture of brass ...... 17913 Aluminum Alloys.-A brief resume of the principal alloys of the motor car industry is well aware of the defects of In the course of some tests on full size cast iron col­ aluminum and other metals...... 17916 oil-driven motors, and none more so than the makers umns recently carried out at the Yorkshire Engineer­ load II. ARCIIIT.t.:CTURE.-Durabllltyof Stone Carving .. .• ...... Im12 themselves. But for The Engineer at this early stage of ing College, Leeds, it was found that, when the ASTRONOMY.-Apparatus for Measuring Stellar Photographs.- the work to sweep aside three-fourths of the inventors was applied to side brackets or lugs such as we are 111. 1 illustration ...... 17919 and their machines, and suppose that it can be deter- considering, the column failed by a diagonal tl'ans­ IV.-CHEMlSTRY.-Fluoresclng Salt -By THOMAS A. EDISON ..... 17lJ21 what shall and what verse fracture whose appearance indicated that it was •. lIIined by an ex cathedra mandate V. CIV1l, ENGINEERING.-Durability of Stone Carving.-An im· shall not be the surviving type of motor car, may be the bending effect of the eccentric load that produced portant paper giving valuable figures...... 17912 'rhe Best Method of Sewage Disp()�al }'arms and 1n Small agreeable to the traditions of that jourual, but, as the the failure. A load applied from the side cannot be Com lul1ities .... o.0 ...... 011...... 17U21 n . .. recent fiasco hasproved, will have a very small effect treated as a load applied in the direction of the axis of VI. CYCr.ING.-Blcycling in tbe AUstrian Army.-An Illustrated upon the motor industry at large. a column, and a very liberal allowance should be made de�criptton of the evolutions of a bicycle corps, showing what a car valuable adjunct the bicycle may be for infantry skirmishers.-5 In defense of the course it took it is explained for this in determining the cross section of the mem­ illustrations ...... •.•...... •...... 17911 VII. lfiNEARTS.-�'ountaln in the Court of the Rathh.'us. Ham· that it had no particular desire to develop pleasure bel'. burg.-1I11ustration ...... m 17913 carriages, its " purpose was utilitarian," and it is In addition t.o this predisposing cause, the throwing as VIII. MARINE ENGINEERING.-The Torpedo Boat Turblnla.-A pointed out that the unpleasant odor which comes of the columns out of line is rendered easy in this form full description. witb detailed sections and plans. of the new boat which seems destined to work a revolution in marine engilleer- from most oil motors would prohibit their commercial of construction by the unsatil;factory nature of the con­ ing.--4l11ustrations...... 179'.lO use in a crowded city. But in taking it for granted nections, which usually consist of simple flanges, in the IX. MISCELJ,ANEOUS: that this difficulty is incurable our contemporary present case held together by only four bolts. While t . . . •• as- �re�;:.rri'!}'lfo��s .�� . :::: : '. '. sumes altogether too much, and the most that is proved it is true that this might be sufficient to keep the Miscel1sIleous Notes .. ...::::::::...... : ::: . .:. :. , :::•...•.:::: ....• :::: :::... ::::::..•..• •...... :::: ::: 17mm917 Selected Formul ...... 17916 was no load or a light 'l'he �'esttval at Runkelsteill Castle, near Bozen, Tyrol.-l illus- by the attempted competition is that the motor car in- columns in line when there tration ...... •...... 17918 upon th m, flimsiness of the connection is The Striking of a Medal at tbe Paris Mlnt.-2I11ustratlons...... 17921 dustry cannot be arbitrarily controlled so as to pro- load e the preecribed lines of development apparent when we remember that, addition X. ORDNANCE AND ARMOR.-A Reign of Coal and Iron.-Iron ceed along certain in to and steel for ordnance.-A historical sketch of tbe evolution of Although The Engineer claims too much in stating the various floor weights, a load of over tons of Iron and steel ordnance.-10Illustrations ...... 17914 40 that there is absolutely no motor c industry, it has tank and contents was carried by each vertical line of XI. PHOTOGRAPHY.-Pbotographs on Watch Dlals.-FuJI dlrec- ar ti t done the British public good service in showing that columns. The danger of collapse will be evident if we �;p a��:'1o:�����:; �¥:IJ:.�':iioiogr8pli;':':':i· � iilu.traiioii::: l�g the industry has no such proportions as to warrant the consider the outer wall (which carried none of the XII. STEAM ENGINEERING.-Clrculation of Steam for Heating company-promoting speculatiQnsiwhich have entrapped weight) to be taken away. The columns would then Purposes ...... •...... 17919 be left entirely unbraced on three sides, perfectly Xlll.-TECHNOLOGY.-�'lre Brick Colorations Ilnd 'I'helr "Ignlfl· the unwary investor. free to SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Sup- e . . . . . 17918 e buckle at the joints in the lin the waIl, cance.-By CHARI.ES �'lmRY ...... In the next issu of the of and only

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. kept from buckling outward by a few bolts fastening Lord Kelvin and others were read. President Nicholls time it covered dit,;tances from 100 up to 135 feet. This column to girder. made an interesting address and the reports of the model, which is still in existence, was exhibited in the It is to be hoped that the day is coming when cast committees and reading of papers followed. Each day spring of 1892 to an acquailltance who, some time later, iron will be entirely replaced by steel in buildings of a of the convention was filled up with the transac,tion of described its flight in small account in one of the a composite characte.·. Its g.·eat compressive strength is business, the reading of papers, and excursions to the RocheHter, N. Y., papers, and in the fall of 1895 it was than offsetby its low shearing and tensile strength interesting places and plants in the vicinity. The fol­ more exhibited also to Dr. Laugley, the distinguished secre­ and its uncertain behavior renders it altogether unfitted lowing were the principal officers elected: President tary of the Smithsoniall Institution, who took dimen­ fot· use whera the strains are more or less complicated Samuel Insull, of Chicago; first vice president, A. M. sion sketc!ws of it and who was so much pleased with and where, as in the present case, the lives of many Young, Waterbury, Conn. ; second vice president, the flights and the action of its regulator that he re­ scot·es of operatives a.·e at stake. George R. Stetson, New Bedford, Mass. quested the writer to fly it repeatedly, first with the

If cast iron is to be used at all in the skeleton of a I • It • regulator in action and then without it. composite building, it should be used with great care THE AEROPLANE FLYING MACHINE. In the year 1891 the writer constructed an improved M. and careful judgment. The abutting ends of posts and BY A. HERRING. and larger model (weighing 5 lb. and exposing 15 square coiumns should be in all cases carefully machined, and Owing to the wide interest excited by the many feet of surface), fittedwith compound steam engines and he flanges and flange bolts should be larger than are t articles on the mysterious but elusive airships with a condenser. This model furnished the power for its frequently employed. Loads should be concentri­ which the daily papers IIOW have been filledin the past few own start-but its best flight was only about 240 feet­ cally applied to wall columns, even if it involves the months, it may be of interest to the SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ although it carried fuel and supplies for several miles. use of twin gil·ders, one on each side of the column. CAN'S readers to learn that t.hough these •. news items " Petroleum was used instead of water in the boiler. Above all, transverse bracing of some kind should al­ were all the creations from the braills of imaginative The reason that only a short flight was obtained was ways be employed for the exterior or wall columns, and persons, yet scientific experiment has been carried on due to the boiler blowing up bf'fore enough trials were it should be attached to the columns as close as possi­ by many able inventors in working on what may be had to properly adjust the regulator. The damage ble to the abutting joints. Where heavy superimposed called the true flying machine; that is, one which is from the heat of the burning of the boiler's contents loads are to be carried the wall should not be entirely hundreds of times heavier than the air upon which it ruined the small engines, which were built of tempered depended upon to furnish lateral stiffness. There is rests, by reason of its dynamic impact, and not by the tool steel. Owing to the pressure of other affairs, this liable to be poor contact between wall and columns, aid of any balloon or gas bag whatsoever. This line model was not rebuilt. and a small clearance would be sufficient to allow a of experiment has resulted in such great progress in Pre-eminent in the field of aerodynamics stands the fatal lateral movement of the column line. the last few years (and especially so in the last six secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Dr. S. P. It is sincerely to be hoped that the lessons of this l:J.onths) that the attainment of long. free flight for Langley, who has done more than any one else (except disaster, which might well have been one of the most man, which not long ago seemed an invention for the possibly it be the late Otto Lilienthal, of Berlin, Ger­ calamitous on record, will be noted by the building far distant future, is a thing now near, if not quite at many) to place the subject on a sound basis ; for his departments of this and other cities, and that, if cast hand. "Experiments in Aerodynamics" will hereafter be iron columns continue to enter into building construc­ Of all the experimenters who have attacked this looked upon as one of the pioneer lights which directed tion, they will be subject to a most searching scrutiny problem previous to the last decade, but very few in­ modern scientific effort to the subject of aerial naviga­ by expert professional men. deed have seemed to have known and comprehended tion. This work, contrary to the prevalent belief of the nature of the real difficulties which were to be met engineers, showed that in so far as the question of ...... CHARGES AGAINST A PATENT FIRM. with in the securing of the flying machine; i. e., the power was concerned, flight was possible. Dr. Langley difficulties involved in obtaining automatically a safe has since then directed his efforts to the production of Owing to the large number of complaints from in­ equilibrium, and in securing horizontal flight. Perhaps a model which should demonstrate that the further ventors received at the Patent Office relative to the the greatest genius who ever worked on the flying difficulties might be overcome. This model flies alleged unprofessional methods used by Wedderburn machine problem M. Penaud, a Prenchman, from one-half to seven-eighths of a mile, uses steam, Company to obtain clients and their neglect to serve W'l.S A. & who in 1871 produced a screw-driven flying model pro­ weighs about 30 lb. complete, and employs a pair of them properly before the department, Commissioner vided with a small rear surface which acted as a regu­ engines furnishing between one and one and one-half Huttel·worth has sumllloned the firm to appear before lator. This regulator controlled his model to such an horse power. It mfty be questioned, however, whether him and answer numerous charges of unprofessional extent that its average flight., as a whole, was horizon­ Dr. Langley's expressed views as to what he has accom­ uct. A hearing is to be had before the Commis­ cond tal, but its course, however, was composed of a number plished, and his predictions of the future prospects and sioner in a few days, and if the charges are sustained of undulations. It has Leen pointed out, and insisted uses of the flying machine, are not too sanguine ; for it they will be debarred from practicing before the Patent upon by several writers, that in the elasticity of its is doubtful whether with the most economical heat Office. surfaces it contained the fundamental principle which engines that have ever been constructed the flying • ·e • made this regulation possible-but this is not the case ; machine, carrying even one passenger alone, will ever be ANOTHER TRANSATLANTIC STEAMSHIP SERVICE, for actual experiment distinctly proves that a Penaud able to fly for a day--not days at a time or at speed a After some years of unsuccessful agitat.ion of the model will flyfarther and is more stable with perfectly which exceeds 80 to 90 miles an hour. That it will question of a subsidized express steamship line between rigid surfaces than with those which are flexible. This never carry freight is allllost certain. It is even prob­ England and Canada, it now seems that the Canadian regulator does not maintain a horizontal equilibrium able that the machine of sufficient size to carry more fast Atlantic service is to be established on perma­ a except in very mild winds. Yet this model should than two persons is an iuvention for the relatively dis­ nent basis. The contract has been signed by Messrs. stand out above all others, because it was the first tant futlll·e. 'Vith all deference to the opinions ex­ Peterson, Tate & Company, of Newcastle, who are the dynamic aeroplane provided with an automatic regu­ pressed by so eminent a scientist, it might be pointed parties interested. Pour vessels are to be provided, lator that actually made free flights. These were up out that with the low economy in supporting effect each of which must be able to maintain an average to 131 feet in length and lasted on some occasions as obtained with this model (30 lb. per horse power) it * speed of 500 nautical miles per day, or about 21 knots. much as eleven seconds. Penaud calculated that it is not possible to add a condenser, and a machine built The contract calls for ships 520 feet long and of 10,000 horse power. (His model sustained 81 pounds per i' or'. anything like a similar scale for carrying a man tons register, and they are to be equal in every respect a little over half an ounce and had half would not be able to lift its own weight Por, if we weighed a I to the best steamers in service on the Atlantic to-day. square foot of sustaining surface.) double the lineal dimensions, we would have but four Each vessel is to accommodate 300 first-class, 200 second­ As his model exposed 15 square feet per pound weight, times the surface (lifting effect), while we would be class and 800 steerage passengers, and must possess a that a practical machine on this basis it is evident hampered by eight times the original weight. It may cargo accomlllodation of 1,500 to 2,000 tons, 500 tons of could never be built. Besides that of Penaud many be argued that, by reducing the angles at which the which must be cold storage. dynamic aeroplane models have been produced in the surfaces are presented to the air, a larger lifting effect Two of the ships are to be ready hy May 31, 1899, the past by Tatin, Moy, Stringfellow (whose model is now per horse power would be obtained. The maintenance other two by .May of the following year. The ships preserved as a historical relic in the National Museum of a small angle in flight is, however, one of the most will be run fortnightly during the season of 1899 and in Washington), Lawrence Hargraves, of Australia, an formidable difficulties of the whole flying machine weekly during the season of 1900. The starting point indefatigable worker, who produced no less than twenty problem. Prom the simple laws which govern the will be from Liverpool, and during the sUlllmer months models which would actually fly, the most of them thrust of helical screw propellers, it might be shown the ships will run to Quebec amI Montreal as long by rubber springs, but some by steam M being actuated that the expenditure of 1 horse power on a pair of the navigation permits; during the winter season they and a few by compressed air. One of the latter type, screw propellers 39 inches in diameter (the size given Ly will run to Halifax, N. S., or St. John, N. B., accord­ which was presented th 'ee years ago to the Pield Langley) would produce a flyingor a standing thl"Ut;t ing to the option of the contractors. Vessels are to Museum, of Chicago, is on exhibition in this country. of 16·3 lb., or 54·3 pel' cent of the weight of his call at an Irish port, if required to do so by the gov­ the fact that it sustained a hori· c It is remarkable for aerodrome. It an further be shown that with a boilet· ernment. zontal flight for 19 seconds, during which time it pressure of 150 lb. to the square inch, the pair of Messrs. Peterson, Tate & Company will receive a covered a distance of over 300 feet and carried in flight engines of the size given (1� inch bore, 2 inch stroke) subsidy of $773,000, one-third of which will be paid by a little over 75 pounds per horse power. t Its surfaces, would each produce 40 to 45 foot lb. (net) on the shaft the British government and two-thirds by the Cana­ however, are unduly large, 6% square feet per per revolution. This much spent on a 39 inch properly dian government, and the contract to cover a term is - pound weight. (A practical machine will probably be made screw would produce a thrust (flying or standing) of ten years. required to sustain from six to fifteen times this load­ of at least 10lu·0- lb., and the pair of engines acting on This addition of four first-class express steamers to ing.) Mr. Hargraves is the inventor of the cellular a pair of propellers would give a thrust 20No- lb., that is, those already afloat, together with the giant Oceanic kite used by the weather bureau. He is purely a scien­ 68!0- per cent of the weight of the aerodrome, and pos­ building for the White Star Line, and the truly splen­ tific experimenter who has given his valuable work to sibly more. The lower boiler pressure given, 110 lb., did twin ships of the North German Lloyd Company, the world without reserving to himself any patents. would give a thrust in flight for standing of 16'4 lb. which commence active service this year, will give above mentioned the writer, in pro­ Besides the 1890, These thrusts are so extraordinarily large in propor­ transatlantic passengers the choice of over a dozen duced a rubber spring driven model which attained tion to the weight carried on the aeroplanes that it boats that are of 20 to 22 knots speed and furnished horizontal flight through the action of an automatic might well e questioned if the possibilities of aerial with the latest luxuries of ocean travel. b regulating device, working on a new principle, but in navigation, which Prof. Langley claims to have demon­ • 'e, • outward appearance somewhat similar to that of strated, are not more imaginative than real. NATIONAL ELECTRIC LIGHT ASSOCIATION. penaud. This model sustained 157 pounds per horse It has not been possible in an article of this length The twentieth convention of the National Electric power with 6 square feet per pound weight.t Its to touch upon the value of the work done by the late Light Association met at the International Hotel, flights !asted from six to seven seconds, during which Otto Lilienthal nor the exceedingly valuable results Niagara Falls, N. on June and published of the experiments of Mr. Hiram Maxim, Y., 8, 9, 10. There was Even we accept Pl!nand'l and reduce the weights sW!taIned * If fgnree a very la,rge attendance, three hundred members being o loaded which, although fragmentary, are of the utmost value to what It would have been on a m del to 1 }lOund per square foot, present, and nearlyone thousand visitors who were we 8hculd find that he could have carried bu o pounds to the engineer. in­ t SI + t'iS, r eay 22 per home power. terested in the proceedings were also at NiagaraFallll. The dimension sketchgiven by Langley the Aeronautical S�venty-flve pounds per hol'l!e power on � square feet of surface • Prof. In Annual The meeting was called to ordf'r by President Frederic t to or lihowl abont square feet or 8UppOrting snrface. The whole the pound we equivalent pounds hol'l!epower, f 1897 7& weight Is given t lb .• equivalent 2� square lb. wt. Nicholls at 10:45 A. M., Qn June LetteI'! of invita­ ight Ie to 1m'S per Ifthe model abou 80 to leet per AB­ 8. loaded. pound s o . sumlng the power at hol'l!e power, It sbows lb. were carried at tion were read the variou!! companies located in were to 1 per quare fo t 1 80 that from One hund,ed and ponnds per ho\'le power on square feet weight with a loading or lb. on ll� square toot. Tbls, reduced N h :I: fifty-seven 6 1 to a load. iagara Falls and the w ich invited mem­ to equl'lalent to 60 pounds hol'l!e power with a n per equivalent barely lb. per bo\'le vicinity tho the 1>0�'](1 '. per load In" 01 I g of 1 lb. sqnare foot, II to 19 POWOl\ Letter!! of frow pound !oot. hlch lift neither a I1Isht iJerB to vitSit the "al"ious plants. regret 1 per b-lUarc with II QODUenScr Dur tnaD Iepouible,

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J (itutifi( �lUtri(Ju. Error In Trade nark. Curious a 1896, there being but one thousand tons difference, and been" sufficiently positive." The report well indicates An amusing piece of ignorance is shown in the case the output of each nearly 13,000,000 tons. These four the present imperfect knowledge of effects of impacts of a trade mark recently issued for rye whisky. The States yield about 70 per cent of the total bituminous of moving loads on bridges. proprietors of the trad!' mark have shown greater production. a . I. I • knowledge of art than of history. The design repre­ Pennsylvania's bituminous product was a little more A CONVENIENT DRILL CASE. sents, in martial attire, the bust of the unfortunate than one million tons less than in 1895. Ohio lost A case in which to keep drills, so that it will always General Braddock. The hair is arranged artistically 480,000 tons. West Virginia increased her output about be eMY to find just the drill wanted, shown in the with the conventional queue, the bristling stock and 1,500,000 tons and Illinois about 2,000,000 tons. The is the shimmering epaulets are elaborately displayed, but other important States showing increased production the specification describes the general as depicted in were Alabama, ArkansM, Colorado, Indian Territory, the uniform of an officer of the Continental army. Kentucky, Maryland, and Texas, while Indiana, Iowa, General Braddock would surely be a little startled to KansM, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, Tennessee, learn that he had been deprived of his rank as an Utah, Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming showed officer in the British army and had been adopted willy decreased production. West Virginia had the most im­ nilly into the American army. . He would, however, be portant increase among the Appalachian States, Illinois still more puzzled to know how he could be translated in the Middle West, and Colorado was the only State into the ranks of an army which did not exist until in the Rocky Mountain region whose production in­ twenty years after his death. 'Ve ad vise our friends of creased. the" still" to brush up their history and to turn the The production by States is shown in the following poor unfortunate back into his regulation red coat. table:

I 1896 • • •• • COAL PRODUCT OF UNITED STATES IN BY STATES AN IMPROVED ROCK DRILL. Total a s. Productiou, Value. St te Total The illustration represents a head for rock drill cylin­ Short Tons • ders in which the packing is placed at the base of the . Alabama .•• •...• _._ ...... •••.. •. ••• • 5,745,617 $5,171,055 Arkansas .. .._ . .. __•••••. •. •• _ •••• 669,374 743,577 head, or close to its connection with the cylinder, . California and Alaska .._ .••••••• •. ... 93.776 220,523 whereby lateral pressurE' on the drill rod or piston rod Colorado ...... _ .. .. '" _ .._ ..••••. 3,139,078 3, ,6 2 . 630 3 will have no perceptible effect on the packing, thus Geor¢a and North Carolina .•••••. __.. 246.31;9 179,770 preventing escape of the motive agent and prolonging Illinois ... .•.•••• ...• . _ . __ .•••• _. __ . 19.786,626 15,809,736 Indiana ...... __.. . _ ...... 3,905,779 3,281,737 the usefulness of the drill head. The improvement has Indian Territory ••••.•••....•••••••••• 1,366,646 1,918,115 been patented by 'Varren 'Vood, aud is being intro­ ..•.•••• ..•.•••• 3,954.028 Iowa...... __ _ 4,628,022 -:luced by the McKieruan Drill Company, of No. 120 Kansas •••• ••••..• .._ ... _ •. • ••..•••••• 2,764,801 3,171",032 Liberty Street, New York City. Fig. 1 shows the im­ Kentucky .•••••• .•••.•••• _. __•• •• •• 3,183,478 2,496,806 Maryland._ ..•••• __ __• __ . ___• •••••••• 4,143,936 3,299,928 proved head connected with the cylinder, Fig. 2 being . ..••••.• ..••.••••• •••••• ••. 92,882 150,631 Michigan . _ asectional view. The head comprises a casing made in 2 331 54 Missouri _ •.•.. _ .. ___ .••••...• . __ .••••. , , 2 2,518,194 two separable sections secUl'ed together by transverse Montana._ ._ .••••••••••• __ ....•. . ..•• 2,176,422 1,484,445 THE WEISS DRILL CASE. bolts, the casing sections having perforated lugs by New Mexico ..__ ...... _.• ••• __•. •.••. 930,381 622,,626 . . _ ...•. __•.•••• ••••. .•. 78 050 which the head may be bolted to the drill cylinder, and North Dakota , 8!,908 .• •••••..•...• . _ .... _ ... ••..• .•• 12,875,20'� 1 ,253, 1 accompanying illustration. It is manufactured by within the bore of the casing is a bearing sleeve made Ohio 0 46 Oregon ..••..•• .._ .•••• .. ... •••..•• 10l,�1 294,564 Louis T. Weiss, Nos. 291 and 293 Graham Street, Brook­ of two longitudinally separated sections, one edge of Pennsylvania- lyn, Y. It has round-bottomed receptacles, from N. 60 each section having a projection engaging the edge of Bituminous...... • . . . .. •••. .• ..: . 49,101,148 35.024,918 No.1 to No. 60, No.1 holding sixteen and No. 60 about Anth,acite . _ ....• •.•••. _ ....•••• .. 53,771,800 81,415.735

Tennessee. . . • ...... • • •• •••••••• . _ . 2,658,606 2,276.795 two hundred drills. On the raised edge opposite each

Texas ... . ___ ••••. ... •.• . . _ . __•• ••• 544,015 receptacle is sunk a hardened and accurately ground . 896,251 . •• ••. ....•••• . ...••••••..• . 418,62 500,547 Utah _ ___ 7 bushing, forming a drill gage for that receptacle, as Virginia __ . . ___ ...... ____•• ••. 1,254,728 848,351 shown more plainly in the small figure, the size of Washington.. _ .. . . _ .•.._ ..•••••• _ •• _ .. 1,195,504 2,396,078

... •••• '" •••••••. . _ .. 12,876,296 8,336,665 each drill appearing in decimals opposite each bush­ West Virginia ' " Wyoming and Nebraska ••• • •••••.•• •.. 2,233,184 2,918,225 ing, and also the size of tap for which the drill is suited. One can see at a glance every drill in the case, Total..• .•••. ...•••• __ ..•••. •. _ 190,639,959 $195,557,649 and no time need be lost in hunting for a drill or drill ••••• gage. The case is made of cast iron, and the cover, EKect on Bridges of Motive Po,ver at Hlgb Speeds. when thrown down, will not slam, the hinge bar being This subject, having been brought under the con­ a spring, and raising the cover at a touch of the finger. sideration. of the Association of Railway Superintend­ •••• • ents of Bridges and Buildings, was referred to a com­ IMPROVED BINDING FOR BLANK BOOKS. mittee consisting of Messrs. George Andrews, E. A binding especially adapted for record books is 'V. J. Grenier, and Walter Berg, which made its report at shown in the accompanying illustration, the binding G. the recent meeting of the association in Chicago. The permitting the convenient removal and replacing of report is published in the Canadian Engineer for De­ any of the leaves, for the making of entries by means cember, and doubtless will be disappointing to some of a typewriter instead of with pen and ink. A patent THE McKIERNAN ROCK DRILL. who were active in initiating the investigation, if a for the improvement has been issued to Edward M. mere compilation of facts and experience previously Wallen (Mrs. Mary B. Wallen, administratrix), Box the other section. The joints between the sections of gained by others can properly be called an investiga­ 43, New Decatur, Ala. Fig.1 illustrates, in the broken the casing and of the bearing sleeve respectively are tion, says the Engineering Magazine. away portion near the back of the cover, the applica­ out of line, to prevent any escape of the motive agent. In sum, the committee report that up to the present tion of the improvement. Embedded in the covers, 'fhe inner end of the sleeve rests on the packing and at time no positive law of the mechanical action and near the point where they connect with the back, are the outer end of each sleeve section is a lateral per­ resultant effects upon bridge structures of motive plates, the top ones resting upon flanges at the bottom forated lug to receive tie bolts by which the sleeve may power at high speeds has been formulated, and that it of tapering thimbles, and a chain pMsed through a be forced tightly against the packing. When a drill is impossible to even approximately indicate the injuri­ flexible tube extends from each of th� thimbles to an works at an acute angle it is frequently the case that a ous effects of quickly moving loads on bridges. opening in the bottom plate, where it terminates in a new stuffingbox or gland will have to be often supplied The committee, in effect, confesses ignorance of the head. At the upper end of each chain is a screw ex­ --a difficulty which this invention is designed to over- quantitative values of increased st.rains to which tension received by a screw-threaded plug, shown in come. bridges are thus subjected. At the same time it ex­ Fig. 4, the plugs fitting the tapering thimbles, and ., 0 •• presses the full belief that these effects can be meM­ Fig. 3 shows a plug without a handle, to be substituted Coal Production of the United States. ured, and that instruments can be made tlrat will regis­ The compilation of the statistics of coal production ter them. This assertion, however, is accompanied 1 in the United States in 1896, which has just been com­ with the opinion that in so broad a field no one com­ ------� pleted by Statistician E. Parker, of the United W. mittee ,can ever arrive at conclusions of great value. States Geological Survey, shows that the product in These statements are made the justification for the 1896 was 190,689,959 short tons, valued at $195,557,649, compilation embodied in the report as a substitute for against 193, 117,580 short tons, valued at $197,799,043, in . the original matter which, the committee seems to 1895, a decrease of 2,477,571 short tons in amount and of think, was expected, since it solicits the indulgence of $2,241,894 in value. The decrease in product was en­ the association for the deficiency. Classifying at­ tirely in that of Pennsylvania anthracite. The output tempted determinations of impacts into (a) purely of bituminous coal shows an increase of about one and theoretical, (b) those directed to measurement of the three-quarters million tons. The anthracite product of stretch of bridge members during the passage of trains, Pennsylvania decreased nearly four and one-quarter and (c) those directed to the measurement of the deflec­ million tons. It is a notable feature, however, that tions of bridge structures as a whole, the committee there was a decrease in the value of the bituminous declares that the theoretical determinations have no product of over $1,600,000, notwithstanding the in­ interest to the association. Those in class b include creased output, and that there was a comparative tests practically limited to European investigations on 3 " increase in the value of anthracite, although, on ac­ riveted bridges, which have shown that impacts on count of the smaller production, it did not E'qual the such structures decrease, as spans increase, "in a value in 1895. The average price obtained for anthra­ rather uncertain and erratic manner," and that "the WALLEN'S IMPROVED BOOKBINDING. cite at the mines increased from $1.41 in 1895 to $1.51 impacts in the various members of the same span are a in 1896. The average price for bituminous declined vague function of the moving load required to cause for the other variety when the record is completed and from 86 cents to 83 cents. maximum 8train in the member considered." the book is to be filed away. To remove a leaf, the Among the important bituminous coal producing The instrument invented by Prof. S. Robinson plugs art:! removed, and the cover, with its thimble�, ·W. States, Pennsylvania, of course, stands first, with an for accurately measuring center deflections is favorably opened buck, when rods are screwed on the threaded output. of nearly 50,000.000 tons. Illinois is an easy spoken Gf as one means of obtaining accurate informa­ extensions Df the chains, as shown in Fig. 2, the leaves second with nearly 20.000,000 tons, or more than 75 per tion in a general investigation of the subject. Mem­ being then passed upward on t1t� rods until the leaf cent of the combined product of West Virginia and bers of the committee made about one hundred tests of to be removed is obtained, the rods being detached and Ohio, which come third and fourth respectively. The the kind included in class b. The results are not the plugs restored after the leaves have been returned race between Ohio and West Virginia was very close in included in the report, as they are said not to have to their normal position in the book.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JUNE 26, 1897.] J tientifit �merita •• "IHE LUllIERE CINEIIATOGRAPH CAIIERA. Egyptian A.rchreology. road existed from Cairo to the desert, and yet when The popularity with which the art of moving or The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, which, during the sovereigns went to see the pyramids the road was chrollo-photography has been received has led to the Mariette's and Maspero's administrations, was located built and planted with shady trees. It had all been invention of numerous devices for taking the original in the small Boulak palace, and afterward transferred accomplished in a few days. pictures expeditiously and with as portable and com­ by Mr. Grebeau to Gizeh, has outgrown its present Nothing is more interesting. than a talk with pact apparatus as possible. home and is to be transferred once more. Mr. Dourig- Brugsch Bey when the veteran of the memorable Ma­ One of the most recent cameras of this kind is that non, a French architect. has gone to Egypt to assume riette days is willing to entertain you of this strange invented by the Lumiere Brothers, of Paris. France, the direction of the work of construction in collabora- period. He will tell you how Verdi was called upon by which works on a somewhat different plan than that tion with an inspector of the Egyptian service. The a Khedive's caprice, and " AIda" written in a few weeks generally noticed and, at the same time, is quite sim­ funds needed for this vast enterprise had been appro- to retrace the old days of Egypt. Nothing was spared ple and certain in its operations, occupying but little priated last year, and work was about to begin, when to make a more vivid picture of the past. Mariette and space. Lord Cromer had all the appropriations laid aside and , Brugsch Bey himself were the stage painters, and the '.r he peculiar novelty of this instrument is the man­ all the obtainable funds made available for the Don- I scenes were copied from the genuine records; while ner by which the film is carried forward intermittently, gola expedition. But now, after all, Cairo is going to no sprocket wheel being used. have its new mllseum, says the New York SUIl. Referring to the illustrations, the film-moving de­ Such a building is very much needed. Since Mr. vice (Figs. 1 and 3) will be observed to be nothing Jacques de Morgan arrived in Egypt, as director­ more than two prongs arranged like a fork, D, which general of t.he antiquities service, it has been his con­ stant dread that all the invaluable treasures intrusted to his care might become the prey of fire. The Gizeh palace, where the museum of Egyptian antiquities is now located, is probably one of the most unsafe public buildings in the world. Its cost was enormous, send­ ing to the shade the extravagances of the Albany Capi­ tol. It was one of the last achievements of Khedive Ismail, when he was preparing Egyptian bankruptcy " and his own downfall. I remember noticing, while visiting this palace, large openings in the walls, through which could be detected the composition of the walls, "'\\, , supposed to be made of stone. Instead of compact , and solid material, trunks of palm trees, logs of wood, , , . and rubbish of all sorts could be seen, all coyered up , , , with thin outside coating of plaster most brilliantly , a. decorated, a true picture, in fact, of modern Egypt. It was said, also, that the spaces between ceilings and floorswere filled up in a similar way with all sorts of wooden debris. The Gizeh palace was in every respect a perfect fire trap. The probings were made at Mr. J. de Morgan's re­ Figs. I, 2, S.-FILII 1I0VING lIIECHANISII. quest, to show to the commission the true condition of are alternately pushed through or withdrawn from the things, and the absolute necessity for a new museum, perforated ribbon film by a rotating bar, a, having erected in accordance with the rules of a modern fire­ the ends bent in opposite directions, impinging on one proof building. The commission and public opinion or the other sides of a wedge-shaped cam, D, attached were so much impressed that the construction of a new Fig. 4.-DRIVING GEAR AND FILII SUPPORT. to the shank or spindle of the moving fork. The film­ museum was decided upon. It is to be erected at moving fork is also attached to an arm of a recipro­ Cairo, with a frontage on the Nile, where it will be of Nubia had to supply ballet dancers and her black co­ cating yoke piece, A, actuated by an eccent.ric (see Fig. easy access to visitors. This will facilitate the more hort. Then the Egypt of the Pharaohs was revived at 1), so that the moment. a section of the perforated film economical transportation by water of the heaviest ma­ the will of this modern ruler. has been carried down by the fork, the fork is immedi­ terials. The plans are simple and at the same time So we will soon have to go to the pyramids in a plain ately wit.hdrawn from the film by the rotating bar, C, well adapted to the exhibition and safe keeping of an­ street car. In spite of the majesty of its som"enirs, the impinging the cam, D. The fork is then carried up­ tiquities. Memphis necropolis will become a general picnic ward by the arm, B, attached to A. clear of the film, Another item of news that will be of interest to tra· ground. But now that it is going to be more accessi­ the distance of the eccentric movement, until the op­ velers in Egypt is that a privilege has been granted by ble to visitors, it is to be hoped that strict rules will be posite end of bar, C, strikes the cam, D, and forces the the Khedival government to the Belgian Tramway enforced for the preselTation of its monuments. No­ forks into the film perforations; the part, A, then moving Company of Cairo to establish line from that city to thing is more d a estructive to antique remains than downward in the opposite direction, quickly carries, also the Mena House and the Gizeh pyramids. In building tourists in their uncontrollable desire to substitute the by the fork, the film the distance of one picture. On the this road the Khaling Canal will be filled up, and it is world-known names of Jones, Smith and Brown for the main actuating shaft is also arranged the shutter, E. contemplated that this will improve the sanitary con­ less euphonic ones of Cheops, Kephren and Mycherinus. Fig. 2, which rotates in harmony with the film-moving dition of the city. There is nothing so popular in It has been found difficultto keep the base of the pyra­ mechanism. Fig. 2 shows a vertical section of the ma­ Cairo as a ride on the old road to the pyramids. Every mids free from debris accumulated by ages; by a judi­ chine. A is the film-operating part, E the shutter on one who has visited �gypt has gone under the shade of cious tolerance, privileges should be given to tourists the main fHla.ft , there being on the rear end of the lat­ its stalwart trees. This old road has a curiolls origin. to take it away as mementoes, and the task would be ter a pinion operated by the larger cog wheel, which It was built at a period of Egyptian hh;tory that re­ accomplished speedily. is wOl'ked by a handle. On the upper end of the box minds one of the "Arabian Nights ;" when a mag-­ ... , . is the supply of the sensitized ribbon. which passes netic Frenchman had brought to the land of the Pha­ Freezing Point of Mercurial Thermometers. downward between guides before the lens opening. raohs a mighty sovereign to attend the opening of the Dr. J. A. Harker, in a paper recently read before The bent ends of the calll operating bar will be clearly greatest commercial waterway of the world, fully aware the Royal Society on the determination of the freezing seen. Fig. 4 illustrates the exterior of the instru­ that the canal was not free yet, but still trusting to point of mercnrial thermometers, stated that the method ment., showing more especially the way the film is his star and indomitable will to have it open in time. adopted is to cool distilled water in a suitable vessel carried through the machine. The use of the appa­ The ruler of this fairy-like land invited his imperial to a temperature below 0 degree, to insert the ther­ ratus is shown in Fig. 5, where it will be observed sup­ guest to a carriage ride to the Gizeh pyramids. No mometer. and then bring about the freezing of the ported on a tripod and its port­ water by dropping in a crystal of able nature made manifest. The ice. The thermometer then rises, ingenious device for producing an and finally attains a steady temper­ intermittent movement wit h u t 0 ature, differing only very slightly sprocket wheels or cogs is one of from the true zero. '.r he apparatus the features of the camera, while its employed consists of two portions, lightness and facility of operation the thermostat and t.he cooler. The by simply turning a crank makes it former is a copper yessel, filled adaptable for use in most any place. with either refined petroleum or a Parents with such a camera can strong solution of common salt. preserve all the peculiar antics of The vessel communicates with the their children or of pet animals and cooler, through which the liquid numerous other interesting inci­ can be pumped by a rotary stirrer, dents that Are constantly occur­ and by this means it can be cooled ring. The sallle camera can be con­ and maintained for some time at yerted into a projecting apparatus about 2 degrees. The distilled - for throwing the moving pictures water to be frozen is contained in a on the screen in regular sequence. glass tube of about 300 capacity. C. C. The pictmes taken with this appa­ This is first placed directly into ratus are about an inch square. It , the circulating liquid, and cooled should not be long before a hand quickly to -0'5 degree or -0 '7 de­ camera based on the same idea gree. It is then transferred to a should be in use, comparatively cylinder lined with polished metal, automatic, so that every time the placed in the center of t.he ther­ tourist makes an exposure it will mostat. The thermometer whose mean from forty to hundred a zero is to be taken is then quickly pictures at one release of the shutter fixed in position, the bulb and a tl·igger. The increased interest considerable length of the stem shown in this class of pictures above the zero being immersed in certainly should stimulate the in­ the water. A crystal of ice is drop­ vention of various forms of portable ped in, and t.hetellJ perature quickly �hronophotographic cameras. Fig. 5.-THE CINEMATOGRAPH CAMERA IN OPERATION. rises to the freezing point.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. ALVAN GRAHAM CLARK. pressure must alter the balance of the expansive forces The Basilicas of HOlDe. In our last issue we gave a brief biographical sketch in and under the crater. Judd also regal'ds it as be- Christianity was emerging from catacombs and hid­ of Alvan Graham Clark, the famous telescope lens yond doubt that in stormy weather, and especially in ing places and ousting the heathen worship everywhere: maker and astronomer ; now, through the courtesy of winter, the eruption of Stromboli is most violent., and In the region " over the Tiber " they had been grudg­ the family, we are enabled to present an engraving of he cites the testimony of the islanders in favor of this. ingly allowed to worship in some building where now the late Mr. Clark, and also give further detaIls of his The same opinion is held by Mercalli, who ascribes stands the basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The life and work. to meteorological conditions a preponderant influence I edict of Constantine left them free to worship in public: The sudden death of Alvan Graham Clark, the last on the activity of the volcano. Quite recently Alfred the temples were deserted in Rome, though heathen member of the dynasty of lens makers, came as a Berget, of Munich, has taken up the question anew, rites expired more slowly in the villages, and the ques­ shock to all those who are in any way interested in and in 1894 he made a long geological study of the tion at once arose, What buildings should they worship the progress of astronomical science. It is gratifying lEolian Islands. In a paper in the Proceedings of the in ? The temples were objectionable from their asso­ to note that, though Mr. Clark is the last of the German Geological Society, he describes his own ob- ciations ; they were rejected. Not so, however, their family of expert opticians, the business will not be dis- servations on the alleged connection between the materials ; this must be borne in mind, as it exercised cont.inued on account of his death. For the past changes of atmospheric pressure and the activity of an immense influence upon the future designs of twenty-fiveyears, the Clarks have had for their chief Stromboli, frol11 which it appears that such a relation- churches. Columns and t- ases, but especially the former, assistant Mr. Carl Lundin, who has already achieved a ship is ullrecognizable. Moreover, he has compared all I were freely had recourse to when building operations personal reputation for skill and painstaking work. He the eruptions of Stromboli since 1881 with the condi- began. But at first they were well content to use the and his sons will now carry on the manufacture of tion of the atmospheric pressure, and has found that structures allotted to them by the Christian emperor. telescope lenses as before, in the interests of the family there is no evidence for the hypothesis that the energy These were the basilicas. of Mr. Clark. of the volcano increases with diminution of the . The word is derived from the Greek basilike, "royal," Mr. Clark was descended from old pilgrim stock and pressure, nOl' can any lowering of activity be shown and in early times probably meant the place where the was the younger of the two sons. He was born in Fall to follow upon a rise of the barometer. Finally, he ruler himself administered justice. In Rome they were River, Mass. , July 10, 1832. He received a good school 1 also found that the list of eruptions given by Mer- used as law courts, though commercial business was education and, developing an interest in mechanical 1 calli cannot safely be depended upon. He also carried often transacted in them besides. There were many in pursuits, fitted himself for a practical machinist. About out a theoretical investigation of the subject, that led the city, some on a scale of great magnificence, usually this time his brother George and his father turned him to the conclusion that no noteworthy influence on situated near the different fora or market places, and their attention to telescope making and, realizing the the:activity of the crater can be ascribed to the pressure named from their founders the lEmilian, the Porcian, possibilities in this direction, Alvan joined the firm of the atmosphere, although it has been regarded by the Julian, after the first Cresar, and the Ulpian, which which has since become famous under the name of some as a natural barometer. But how about the popular is represented on a coin of Trajan. An approach !. Alvan Clark & Sons. The difficulties in the way of belief, which regards Stromboli as a weather prophet ? through a colonnaded court was sometimes provided, fostering a scientific enterprise are always great, and, in common with the practice of most but it is due to the persistence, painstaking and ancient cities, they were rarely quite isolated. ingenuity of the Clarks, father and sons, that The building was usually oblong in plan. On they obtained so great a success. Though no entering, the visitor saw on eithp.r hand a line such feats of optical skill have ever been of columns dividing the structure from end to equaled elsewhere as the manufacture of the. end into three sections, the center, called from au and 40 inch telescopes of the Lick and Us long, narrow shape the navis, or ship, the Yerkes observatories, yet it was Mr. Clark's side alleys, much narrower, aisles. These are . ambition, nay, even his expectation, to produce the original " nave and aisles " of our modern a still more powerful instrument from the churches. At the far end the wall was curved largest disks of glass that could be obtained. into a deep apse, a semicircular recess covered As it is, the production of the objective of the by a half dome or "shell " (concha) which it great telescope of the Yerkes Observatory will resembled ; in its center, upon a narrow plat- remain as Mr. Clark's greatest achievement. form approached by steps, was the judge's seat. Valuable as were Mr. Clark's services to sci- Here he sat looking down the building and ence as a great manufacturer of telescope facing the entrance ; on either side were his lenses, he was also celebrated as an astronomer. assessors, their curving stone seats filling the He discovered fourteen double stars and he rest of the semicircle. Over the side aisles were was a member of the expedition which went galleries. The roof of wood, and not as yet to Spain to observe the total eclipse in 1870 and vaulted, rose very high over the central nave, to Wyoming eight years later. In 1862, he re- high enough for small round headed windows ceived the Lalande prize from the Academy of (unglazed) to clear the lean-to roofs which Sciences of France for his discovery of the covered the galleries, thus acting as a clear_ companion star of Sirius. He was a fellow of story to light the building. It is probable the American Association for the Advancement that there were no other windows at first, but of Science and an honorary member of several those who have seen how easily a structure foreign societies. is lighted in Italy will not wonder at this ; .. • I • , sometimes a single window-the others having A Volcano as a Weather Prol,het. been bricked up or partly obscured by curtains Undel' the heading "Stromboli as 'Veather -will suffice to flood a church with light. a Prophet," Gaea (Leipsic, September) publishes Greek and Roman bnildings can scarcely be an intel'esting notice from which we learn that said to have had windows; they play no part this volcano has been used from the earliest in the designs of the public edifices, while times, both by mariners and by those who live private dwellings were built round courtyards. in its vicinity, as a means of predicting the The original purpose of the apse is preserved in weathel·. A recent exhaustive study of the the Italian word tribuna, used for chambers sub.iect, while it does not confirm quite all that and structures of this shape. Its raised steps has been claimed for the volcano in this line, were sometimes so high that rooms were built amply jnstifies the confidence that has been ALVAN GRAHAM CLARK. underneath them, though for what uses is placed in it. Probably other volcanoes of the unknown. Under the entire pavement of the same class would give equally trustworthy indications, Dr. Bergert answers this question as follows : He notes hall a heating chamber, with the usual Roman and it may be that nature has thus been furnishing that this belief has to do only with the smoke that furnaces, was generally provided. Where the judge us with a m eans of local weather prediction that has issues from the volcano. It is, he says, water vapor, had sat the bishop was now enthroned ; his clergy been somewhat neglected. The Litemry Digest trans- which seems to envelop the summit of the volcano as occupied the half circle of seats to his right and lates below the article referred to : a cloud. If moist mas�es of air blow over Stromboli, left. The galleries were appropriated to the women, "Among the Lipari Islands, between Sicily and the vapor that rises from the volcano will become and in some cases there were separate seats for the Calabria, Stromboli is the best known on account of more clearly visible than when dry winds are blow- unmarried, married, and widows. These halls, th us its active volcano, 921 meters [3,000 feet] high. Even ing in the upper regions of the air. In this way the suddenly invested with extraordinary interest, were in ancient times this served the sailor.;; of the Tyr- volcano acts as a very sensitive hygroscope and at not planned with any particular direction ; they arose rhenian Sea a weather sign. Pliny relates as that the the same time as a weather vane also, and by the as circumstances demanded, and being turned into inhabitants of the island could tell from the smoke of combination of its indications . . . skillful mariners churches, the old doors were still used. It Illay be for the volcano what the direc�ion of the wind would be, have for a long time been able to derive trustworthy this reason, but the custom of "orientating," or turning and Martianus Capella says that the king of the island prognostications of the weather. 'When the air is churches to the east, is almost unknown in Italy. St.. was lEolus, who knew the changes of the wind from Illoist,' says Dr. Bergert, 'if the cloud of vapor over Peter's, for instance, is entered from the east end, and its fiame and vapor. These tales are true in so far as the volcano's sUlllmitis thicker, the reflection from the not, as with most of our churches, from the west. The the smoke column of the volcano, ascending, as it does, light that shines upward through the crater will also materials of the old temples were abundant on every far into the upper air, can give indication of the air be more evident, which was probably what gave rise side ; the walls w(;mld be of little use, but columns and currents that prevail there, before these have made to the idea that the volcano is more active in stormy architraves were taken by scores. And an extraordinary themselves felt on the ground. Later on, Stromboli than in clear weather.' The question by what condi- use was made of them ; for as the original basiliCa!! became still better known as a weather prophet, and tions the eruption of the volcano is influenced is at were superseded by new ones, "basilica" thus becoming Dolomieu, who in 1781 visited the Lipari Islands, tells present not 'to be answered with certainty. Bergert synonymous with "church," a conflict began between us that in general this volcano is noticeably more believes that Mercalli was right when he regarded the the traditions of the orders and the wants of the new nctive in winter than in summer, and also more active varying activity of such a volcano as Stromboli to de- worship.-Temple Bar. on the approach of stormy weather than in a calm. pend chiefly on the stoppage of the lava channel and ... ' . Spallanzani, who visited Stromboli in 1788, investi- the subsequent clearing out of it. Bergert expresses MR. LAWRENCE B N of the University of Ne· RU ER, gated the weather indications that the inhabitants had the hope that an observatory may be established on braska, has sailed for the Argentine Republic to derived fl'om the volume of smoke and the brightness the isle of lEolus for the special observation of its vol­ study the ravages of the locnst, which have recently of the fiameof the volcano, and found by actual obser- cano, so that the action of meteorological causes lIlay developed into terrible pest, certain regions being a vation in seven c.ases that these rules for the most part be clearly separated from other influences on the vary­ completely devastated by them. The Argentine were not trustworthy. The well known expert in vul- ing activity of the volcano." government has granted $400,000 for relief, and a syndi­ canology, Poulett Scrope, was led to believe in a con- cate of business men have raised the funds to employ _ , • , .. nection between the activity of Stromboli and the AN observatory at Odel!

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. JUNE 26, 1897.J J ,itutifi, �mtri,au. Science Note ter, are"admitted to the international mails at the same •• �on eeponite nce. rates as printed circulars. The Ameriean Academy of Medicine held its twenty­ 6. Samples of merchandise itted up to 350 second annual meeting on May 29 and 31, at Phila­ The New SupplelDent Ref'erence Catalogue. are adm grammes. delphia. It was largely attendtld. To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : 7. Objects of natural history, animals, dried plants, It is said that some of the heirs-at-Iaw of the late Al­ Many thanks for the SUPPLEMExT'catalogue. It is or preserved geological specimens are admitted as fred Nobel are contesting his will, by which he be­ indeed a valuable aid to quickly find the articles in the samples. queathed his property for the advancement of scienc). SUPPLEMENT. I have nearly all the numbers of SCI­ 8. The question of the creation of a universal postage Dr. Charles W. Dabney has been appointed special ENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT and constantly stamp brought up, and the proposition defeated,'on agent in charge of the scientific and statistical investi­ ac­ use them for reference. They have been of greatest count of the difficulties which would occur in putting gation of the United States Department of Agricul me in the study of natural sciences. value to into practice that important innovation, especially be­ ture. Rev. MARCUS KIEK. cause of the diversity of currency standards. The Carlsberg f nd for scientific purposes hasoffered 11, u St. Francis Seraphicus Convent, Cincinnati, June Special arrangements concerning packages of de­ about $40,000 to the Danish scientific expedition to the 1897. 9. clared value, postal orders, books of identity, and sub­ east coast of Greenland, for the purpose of making a scriptions to journals have been thoroughly revised. chart of the coast northward to Angrnagsalik. Death of' Fatller Knelpp. (This country is not actually concernedin these arrange­ At a recent meeting of the Academie des Sciences, in Father Sebastian Kneipp, the genial old priest whose ments, mostly affecting the states of the Continent of Paris, M. Henri Moissan communicated the results of water cure, or grass cure, made him famous, died at Europe.) his experiments with Prof. Dewar in the liquefaction Woerishofen, Bavaria, on June 17, in the seventy-sixth ------•• -'H... '�.� ------of fluorine gas. We have already referred to this inter­ year of his age. Father Kneipp was a unique figure in Recent Patent and Trade Bark Deet.lon •• esting expE'riment. Though solid fluorine has not yet the history of the healing art. His fame came from his Warner v. Stimson (Decision of Secretary of Interior, been obtained, M. Moissan is sanguine that this aston­ original method of treating diseased persons by means, 78 O. G. , 1901. ishing result will also be secured. chiefly, of cold water applied in a variety of ways. He Jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior over An interesting discovery from a geological point of practiced the cure for over a lifetime, although it came Judicial Acts of the Commissioner of Patents.-The view was recently made by an explorer in the moun­ into general ,'ogue only in the last fiveyears. He was Secretary of the Interior has no jurisdiction over acts tains of Witzies Hoek, Natal, says Le Genie Civil. On born in 1821, and after leaving school worked as a of the Commissioner of Patents that are judicial in the summit of an extinct volcano, on the edge of a lake weaver until the age of twenty-seven, when he began their nature. To construe and apply a rule of the that occupies the crater, soundings revealed a layer to study medicine and theology, having long desired to Patent O ffice is a judicial act. At any rate, appeal of sand inclosing small diamonds. It would be inter­ become a priest. He was in ill health, and in a delirium will not lie to the Secretary of the Interior over an esting to know whether these diamonds were there of fever he rushed from his room and thrust his feet interlocutory order of the Commissione!" of Patents. accidentally, that is, as the result of washing operations through the ice in a pond, and instead of bec oming Jenkins v. Jenkins (Decision of Secretary of Interior), carried on by the natives, or whether this discovery worse found he was much better for the shock, and so 78 O. G., 1902. corresponds to an actual mine of diamonds, for the began systematic experiments along this line. Judicial Act of the Commissioner of Patents.-The hills of Witzies Hoek are not situated in regions known He was admitted to holy orders and went to the vil- decision as to whether an interference will be allowed to be diamond bearing. On this last hypothesis, the lage of Woerishofen in Bavaria, where he earned the ' to proceed or not is judicial in its nature, and likewise presence of precious stones in the crater of a volcano love of his neighbors and the mountai n folk, whom he the question whether any one may be a proper party would doubtless throw some light on the formation of had cured of disease by the cold water treatment. His to an interference, and in either case appeal does not the gems in nature. fame was for a long time local, but in time it spread all lie to the Secretary of the Interior. Mr. J. C. Merryweather, the well known manufactu­ over the world, and people came to him for treatment Diamond Match Company v. Hanover Match Company rer of fire apparatns in London, makE'S a most useful in large numbers. The doctors looked askance at the (U. S. C. C., Pa.), 78 Fed. Rep., 622. suggestion on the subject of the protection of churches spectacle of a priest making use of the methods only ....atch ....aking ....achi ne.-The Sisum patent, No. from fire. After referring to the dangers of fire in such ascribed to a charlatan, but he really was no charlatan. .w. .w. .w. 281,408, for a machine for bundling match sticks, has buildings from defects in the heating and lighting ap­ At last notable persons began to come to him for treat- been held valid as to claims 1 and 10 and to be entitled paratus; he proposes that each church tower should be ment. Emperor Francis Joseph took a course of it on to the liberal application of the doctrine of equiva­ fitted with a tank or tanks, kept full of water by two occasions. The Archduke Joseph of Austria also lency. The Donnely patent, No. 292,474, for a match- means of a pump and hose or fixed pipe, the pump to underwent the cure. and it was an amusing sight to see making machine has been held valid as to claim 2. take supply from a well or other available source. some of the notables of Europe walking barefoot in the From the tanks he suggests a pipe being carried into Fowler v. Dodge (Commissioner's Decision), 78 O. G., dewy grass in frock coats and white cravats. This the church, with hydrants and hose in convenient posi­ 2045. barefoot walking became the best known system intro- tions. The water tanks would then enable powerful True Inventor of Linotype Machines.-Joseph C. duced by Father Kneipp. His belief was that most iIl- jets to be brought to bear imllJediately an outbreak of Fowler has been held to have been the true inventor ness was the result of the luxury of modern living, and fire was discovered. The cost of the arrangement of the linotype machine set forth in his application his aim was to improve the circulation and tone up the would be small, and doubtless the destruction of many filed October 1, 1893, as against the application of system. He made use of local bathing and applications sacred buildings by fire would be prevented. Canter­ Philip T. Dodge. ';ogether with steam baths which were sometimes med- bury Cathedral has been saved three times by its own Sufficiency of Disclosure.-The drawing or other dis­ icated with herbs. To stimulate and restore the circu- fire apparatus, and the recent fire at St. George's, closure of an invention must be clear enough to E'nable lation, he ordered the barefoot walking and cold Hanover Square, proves that even in London there is one skilled in the art to construct a machine, and the douches. He always made it a point to see his pa- considerable risk of fire in places of worship. specification Illay fail in this while showing an ade­ tients himself, and he made no charges for his services. In his second lecture on .. Liquid Air as an Agent of ' quate and complete conception of the invention. Contributions from relieved patients he used fOl Research," delivered at the Royal Institution, says The Reduction to Practice.-'Vhere the specification and parish work. For a long time there were not accom- Engineer, Professor Dewar continued his remarks on drawings are sufficient to show an intellectual concep­ modations for the visitors in the village; but this has the critical constants of gases, and brought forward tion of an improvement. but not clear enough to en­ been remedied. In recognition of his work, the Pope SOllle interesting speculations founded on this extension able those skilled in the art to make the machine, the bestowed on Father Kneipp an honorary office, which of certain laws, known by experiment to hold good filing of the application does not amount to construct­ at carried with it the title of Monsignor. In 1894 the accessible temperatures, to bodies which one cou\.l ive reduction to practice. Monsignor was called to Rome to treat the Pontiff, and never hope to be able to examine in the liquid state. it was annonnced after some time that, by his treat- Arnold v. Tyler (Commissioner's Decision), 79 O. G., With regard to the theory that carbon is a "ery ment, the Pope's health had been restored. Kneipp 154. important constituent of the sun, he pointed out that societies have been established in most countries of the Reduction to Practice.-Reduction to practice may the density of the latter was 1'4. Supposing it to world. The method of treatment has made some head- be made with an experimental device, if it be by prac­ consist of carbon at the critical temperature, its density way in the United States. tical and successful operation aud in such use as it when cooled to liquefaction wou ld become 4'2, accord­ would have to stand when manufactured. The use of • 1., • ing to known laws, and if it were cooled to the tempera­ The Work of' the Po.tal Congre a shoe last in trimming soles is not a reduction to prac­ ••• ture of this earth, its density would increase by some· The fifth convention of the Universal Postal Con­ tice of the same last for leveling soles, where the con­ thing like one-quarter. Therefore, the density of the gress adjourned at Washington, June 15. It was de­ ditions are different and the strain is greater. Where materials of the earth-which was 5'5-did not appear cided to hold the next meeting at Rome, Italy, in the device was laid away for four years without use, to be far removed from the density of the sun at the February. 1903. The final sessions were devoted to the there is a strong presumption that it was merely an un­ same temperature. The lecturer, for the first time in signing of the general treaty, which becomes operative successful experiment in the former alleged use, and public, froze a specimen of argon, supplied by Lord on January 1, 1899. Each delegate signed these papers the claim that the party was, during the four years, Rayleigh, to the soli d state by means of liquid air at a subject to the formal ratification of his government. trying to devise means to make the device practical is temperature more than 200 degrees below zero. The originals will be deposited in the archives of the inconsistent with the contention that such device was Working in the physical laboratory of the Massachu­ state department and certified copies will be sent to in its first use a complete reduction to practice. The setts Institute of Technology, Mr. R. W. Wood has all the governments comprising the Universal Postal fact that the applicant made inquiries as to the patent­ succeeded in producing diffraction phenomena with Union. The following is an official resume of the results ability of the device is immaterial to the question of Roentgen rays, says Nature. The source of the rays of the work of the Congress : reduction to practice or of due diligence therein. Delay was an arc-like disch�rge between two very small 1. The principal treaty, which includes the entry of for four years is conclusive evidence of lack of due dili­ beads of platinum in a high "acuum. The discharge Corea into the Postal Union ; the declaration of the gence in reducing a simple device to practice, at least bulb was only about an inch in diameter, while the Orange Free State (which failed to send a delegate to where the party had ample means. radiation-which came from an area about the size

Washington) that it hoped soon to enter the union ; ...... of a pin head--was strong enough to show the bones and the declaration of the Chinese empire (which was An Alr.hlp Take. Fire. in the forearm. The .. arc " appeared to be a represented in the congress) that it will observe the re­ Adispatch from Berlin. dated June 12, states that new form of cathode discharge, and could only be pro , gulations of the union as soon as the organization of its r duced under peculiar conditions. Mr. Wood used Herr Woelfert, a noted ae onaut, and his assistant 1\ service perniits. Knabe, made an experimental ascent in a steerable tube with a platinum slit 0'1 mm. wide, mountE'!1 2. The conditions in which the countries of the union airship from the Tempelhof field. When the balloon, within the bulb at a distance of 2 mm. from the radio will pay reciprocally the intermediary transit rates which had been filled at the military ballooning es­ ating bead. The second slit of variable width was have been fMilitated, and tariff diminished quite mate­ tablishment, had reached a considerable height, esti­ placed at a distance of 10 cm. from the first, and the rially on a graduated scale for the ensuing six years. mates of which vary from 1,700 to 3,000 feet, a loud ex­ photographic plate at distances varying from 10 to 30 3. Uniform colors have been projected for postage plosion occurred, and the next moment the balloon cm. from this. The images of the slit on the plate stamps. was seen to be ablaze. The car, which was also on showed a distinct dark line on each edge, which Postal �s unpa d subjf'Ct to a double tax, flre, detached itself from the burning silk and fell could only be explained on the supposition that inter­ 4. i are that is, four cents in the place of the former tax, which with fearful rapidity to the ground. Both of the ference occurred. The plate was at too great a distance was ten cents, the same as for unpaid letters. occupants were found to be dead. Their bodies were from the slit for such an effect to be produced by 5. Circulars produced on a machine (typewritten) in horribly burned. It appears that the benzine used in reflection of the rays from the edges. Images of flne quantities of twenty circulars, aJl of the same cha.rao- the steering motor exploded, causing the disaster. wires showed similar phenomena.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J ,itutifi, �tutri,au. LJ UNE 26, 1897. TlURD RAIL ELECTRICAL EQUIPDNT OF THE NEW ered into a row of bins located on the outside of the boiler nected with the header by a heavy seamless copper YORK, RAVEN AND RARTFO:aD RAILROAD. NEW house, and from these it is drawn 9ff as required into 9 inch pipe bent to a radius of 8� feet. The throttle SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN trucks, which run on a track parallel with the wall (Continued from of June small valves are placed at the junction of these pipes with the 12, 1897.) of the building. From this track it is switched on to header, the valves being all of the balanced type. In our previous notice of the electrical equipment of another track, which runs at a convenient distance from Steam is led to the engine by 12 inch wrought iron a portion of the lines of the New York, New Haven and the furnaces. The fuel is shoveled directly from the pipes with bends of large radius. The piping of the Hartford Railroad we stated that the power honse at trucks into the furnace. Swinging trucks are also pro- accessory steam plant is so arranged that the engines Berlin was a plain rectangular structure may be run as condensing or non-con­ 106 feet in width by 117 feet long, the densing. Each side of the engine can be sides and one end being of brick, the run independently and the feed may or other end being temporarily boarded up may not be heated, at the option of the until the building shall be extended and engineer. completed. The building is divided longi- , In the illustration showing the various tudinally by brick partition wall ; the car coupling!! will be noticed the electri­ a front portion, or that facing the tracks, is cal car coupling or connector-box. In the two stories in height, the engines and earlier experiments considerable trouble dynamos being installed in the upper was experienced at the exposed point story and the heaters and various acces­ where the wires entered the motors, and sories in the basement. The rear half the connector box was designed to over­ constitutes the boiler room. Interior come the difficulty. The connection views of these rooms will be found on the consists of a hollow brass tube, split at front page of this issue. the outer end to give it a tight grip of At present the engine room contains the motor wire, and incased in a wooden a 1,200 horse power engine of the cross plug. There are two of these and they compound type, with a 28 inch by 48 enter a connector box located beneath "­ the front end of the platform, as shown inch high pressure cylinder and a 48 inch by 48 inch low pressure cylinder. The ELECTRIC HEATERS FOR CLOSED CARS. in the engraving, the box being closed by flywheel is 18 feet in diameter and weighs a lid when it is not in use. over 52 tons. The engine dynamo shaft The closed cars are each provided with is of hollow steel, and the engine is direct connected vided for carr:,ving away the ashes. Special care has sixteen electrical heaters, which are placed beneath the to a General Electric Company's standard 10 pole, been taken in designing the boiler fronts, which are seats as shown in the sketch. The degree of current and 850 kilowatt generator of the ironclad type. held in place by clamps, and may be taken down therefore the temperature is regulated by means of an The switchboard shown in the accompanying illus­ separately in a few minutes by loosening the clamps­ electrical switch of special construction. There are four tration is set in a bay built out on the front of the an arrangement which will cOilimend itself to practical graduations on the dial : full, half, low, and off. 'f he building. It is of the standard panel type of the men at first sight. dial, which is movable, has the brushes attached to its General Electl'ic Company and contains seven panels, Another point which has received special attention inner face, and these move upon a series of contacts on of which three only are at present equipped. Two of is the arrangement of the steam piping. Col. Heft the fixed plate. In order to reduce the spark on open­ these are generating panels and the thil'd is a totalizing does not believe that it is good policy to put in a costly ing or closing the switch, the switch lever is formed panel. Upon the former are automatic circuit break­ duplicate system of piping, and he is of the opinion separately from the knife, the former being hinged to ers of extra large the latter near its junction with the size, with magnetic A blowout and the switchboard. Nor­ usual generator pan­ mally the knife is el equipment ; the to­ h�ld against the lever by the tension of talizing panel carries a. a Form G Thompson plate spring ; but when the lever is 5,000 ampere record­ ing wattmeter and pulled open the two au 8,000 ampere sta­ are separated, the tion ammeter. Four knife snapping sud­ cables, each of 850,- denly against the lever as it leaves the 000 circular mils cross section. run from the contacts and reduc­ switchboard to the ing the duration of third rail. the spark. The boiler room The heaters in each contains ten hori­ coach are connected zontal tubular boil­ in series with each ers, which type has other and form a been selected on ac­ complete circuit ex­ count of its "sim­ tending down on one plicity, high econo­ side of the car and my, and general re­ SWITCH FOR ELECTRIC HEATERS. ELECTRIC CAR COUPLING. up on the other, in liability." In setting which all of the six- as the boilers, care has been taken to provide for that satisfactory results may be obtained by exercising teen heaters are included. This circuit, known the series wire, has no connection with the heat­ absolutely free expansion in all directions, and espe­ care and good judgment in tht' design and erection of cially in a direction transverse to the axis of the a single system. Accordingly, every provision has regulating switch, neither is the positive (trolley) nO!' boilers. It will be seen from the illustration that the been made for free movement of the piping under ex­ the negative (ground) side of the current supply boilers are suspended from two pairs of I beams, which pansion and contraction. In the first place, a 20 inch permanently connected to any portion of this cir­ rest upon the brick partition walls, the suspension wrought iron header runs the entire length- of the cuit. A variable ground and trolley connection is car­ rods being linked to straps which are riveted to the boiler room, at a height of eight feet above the boilers. ried by the regulating switch and can be applied by shell of the boiler. The great height (48 inches) from It has a free longitudinal movement upon rollers, means of tap wires to one or more points of the series the fire bars to the boiler is a noticeable feature, and it which are carried upon brackets attached to the cen­ wire or circuit, according to the amount of heat required. was adopted in order to secure a more thorough com­ tral partition wall of the building. Each boiler is con- As the heat generated is directly proportionate to the bustion and a slower passage of the amount of current flowing through gases to the uptake. It is claimed that the wires of each heater, and as this with judicious firing the uptakp- tem­ flow of current is governed by the perature has been kept considerably combined resistance of the heaters below the normal for this type of through which the current must flow, boiler. The grates are designed for it is but necessary to vary the number burning the half burned coal known of heaters between a point where the as " sparks," which is recovered from current enters and ",hereit leaves again the fire boxes of the locomotives of in order to regulate the temperature the New Haven road. As there are to any desired degree. several hundred tOllS of this material produced every month, it can be un­ ••• India's derstood that it is an extremely cheap Severe Earthquake. fuel as delivered in the bins at the Dispatches from Calcutta, dated power house. The pipes which lead June 14, state the gravity of the down through the partition walls and earthquake shocks of June 12. An below the grate are for introducing a extensive area was affected and much misery was caused among lIIany of Illixture of steam and air to supply the necessary oxygen for combustion. the poorer Europeans and natives. Each pipe is slightly flaring at the The shocks were felt over a large top, and contains an annular steam territory and traffic on the Eastern pipe perforated on its under side. The Bengal Railroad was interrupted. gases pass from the boiler tubes to a Bridges have been damaged and a rectangular flue, which extends the train was overturned on the Assam­ full length of the nest of boilers, and Bengal line. The heat prevailing is delivers into cross flue feet wide the highest on record, 126 degrees a 5� by 8 feet deep, which leads to a chim­ in the shade having been registered ney 125 feet in height on the outside of at the Jacobabad, on the frontier of the building. The " sparks " is dellv- SWITCHBOARD, BERLIN POWER STATION. Belochistan.

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J 'itutifi' �mtti,au. 40<) THE MECHANICAL BASEBALL PITCHER. sons of the effectiveness of the long tube appear to "fingers," thin plates of metal, which, fastened to a long tube, the complete We present some engravings of Prof. C. H. Hinton's be two : In a combustion of ring movable round the muzzle of the gun, project mechanical baseball pitcher. This new gunpowder the powder is secured and the maximum amount of over the thickness of the barrel, so that their edges a baseball tried at the Princeton gas in each case produced. With such a tube, also, are in a line with the interior of the tube. gun fO!' pitching was was put the deli very of the expanding gases on the ball is effected These fingers are curved and covered with rubber. ball field on June 8, 9. and 10. The apparatus into position and expert The ball, on leaving the players were allowed to barrel, owing to their curv­ bat the ball. The result ature presses itself against of the test was Yery suc· them more and more. cessful, the ball being Owing to the nature of the discharged by electr icity. substance with which '.r he tension was varied they are covered, the ball and ump and cUl've balls slips very little. It tends discharged by the to roll, and roll, not on a were gun with e a s e. Prof. full circumference, but on Hinton has provided us two small circles near the with the following descrip­ poles. It thus obtains a tion of his interesting me­ velocity of spin greater chanical pitcher. He says : than that which it would '.r he problem of pro­ have if it traversed its ducing by inanimate me­ courSfl rolling against a chanism the equivalent of surface instead of flying a ball pitched by the hu­ through the air. This spin llIan hand divides itself in­ gives it the curved path. to three parts. 'l' he cap which carries First., the projection of the fingers can be turned • a ball so that its velocity round on the muzzle of the varies within narrow lim­ gun so that any required its, and its direction is curve can be obtained. ac- THE BASEBALL CANNON. curate. The ball curves in that Secon ly, the impa tin direction toward which the d r g to a ball so delivered a spin or rotation ab out an axis without shock. A baseball is elastic. If an elastic front is moving. Hence, if, looking along the gun, the which does not coincide with the dir ection of flight, body is hit a violent blow when confine d in a tube, its fingers are put on the right hand side, the curve will be an in curve, that is, toward the observer's r ght ha d. but lies at right angles to it. lateral expansion causes it to jam. and when released i n With fingers seven inches long, slightly curved, and Thirdly, the providing an equivalent or su bstitute from its momentary arrestation the gases heaped up for the motion of the pitcher's arm preparatory to the behind it urge it on with great velocity. covered with one·eighth inch rubber, the gun will delivery of the ball. The most natural plan to pursue A straight ball of fairly uniform velocity being thus send balls varying from right to left of a mark by in seeking to reproduce a pitched ball by inanimate only a few inches, and making a curve of nine or ten mechanical means is to construct a catapult. inches deviation from a straight line. An instrument of this kind capable of projecting a With fingers more strongly curved, the deviation of fairly accurate straight ball is not difficult to make, but the ball is greater, but the accuracy is impaired. Pro­ when it comes to combining a rotator with the project· bably with longer fingers of slight curvature a greater ing apparatus, the problem assumes a different aspect. deviation could be obtained without loss of accuracy. And even if a solution were arrived at, the construction In order to obviate any dangerous velocities, and would, for the special purpose for which it is designed, thus make the gun perfectly safe, the breech, which be impracticable, on account of its cumbrous nature. closes the barrel immediately behind the tuhe for the The moving parts and guides must, in their weight delivery of the expanding gases, is made movable. It and friction. far exceed the inertia of the ball, and a fits easily in the barrel, and the necessary obstruction source of energy vastly disproportioned to the effect to the powder ga s is secured by means of packing. produced would be needed. The breech is pressed forward by a spring coiled in Such, at least, were the considerations which led me CROSS SECTION OF THE BASEBALL GUN. the part of the barrel behind it. The spring is so to abandon the construction of a ca.tapult pitcher and to regulated as to press on the movable breech with the adopt the expansh'e force of gunpowder acting behind obtained, the rotation round an axis perpendicular to same force that the powder does when driving the ball the ball in a tube. as �he source of projectile force. the line of flight is obtained by prolonging the inner at such a rate as to traverse 60 feet in six-tenths of a With the simple and satisfactory means, however, of surface of the tube in two !Separate lines widely distant second, that being the speed at which a ball of fair producing rotation described below, a catapult form frOUl each other, so that when the ball leaves the bar­ velocity is pitched. If, for any cause, the pressure in of pitcher does not seem to be at all impossible. rel it is o ched in two spots and retarded by the pro­ the barrel becomes greater than that necessary to pro­ t u Adopting powder and a tube, it is by no means the longation of the tube. This is effected by means of duce this velocity, the breech is pressed back and an case that a true and accu- aperture in the side of the gun is thereby made rate ball can be produced ac­ cessible to the gases, and without further thought. If the powder is ignited thus the pressure on the in a small chamber behind ball is relieved. the ball, the most varied Without the movable effects follow. The ball breech, a ball which fits sometimes fails to travel its tightly in the barrel is a course, sometimes flies with possible source of danger, prodigious velocity. When on account of the high ve­ a short barrel is used, the locity with which it is pro­ results are better; but the pelled. With it a tightly most absolute accuracy in fitting ball is driven out loading and uniformity in more slowly than one wadding are requisite. The which fits properly. whole condition, however, The breech is kept in changes as soon as a long place against the spring tube of small caliber is tra­ by a rod passing through versed by the exploding an opening at the end of powder before it emerges the gun, and secured by a i llto the large barrel in nut. which the ball is held. Variation of speed with­ . 'V ith such an arrange­ out a change of cartridge ment, the difficulty of can be obtained by shift­ sending one ball after ing the position of the another with a uniform breech. If it is drawn velocity disappears. In back so as to leave a the experirilental model space behind the ball, a

.. windage " is provided, antI in the light gun, illus­ trated herewith, a tube of which moderates the speed. There are difficulties, 1",tIT inch internal diameter however, of a psychologic and of a length of about 4 feet is used. The results nature in the way of the would probably be still successful use of the gun hitherto described. The better and more uniform as with a tube of 30 caliber, ball comes too suddenly ; there is nothing to com­ tlw length being the �a111e. It is cert.ain that a tube pensate for the motion of of 44 caliber, even though the pitcher's arm. As a a little longer, is compara­ substitute, signals of vari­ tively extrp'r!'�!:; unrelia­ ous kinds have been tried, ble. tube may be but an effective plan, and '1 1.« straight or coiled. If coH­ the one at present adopt­ ed, a slightly heavier ed, is to dispense with

ar e needed. The rea- GUN FOR DEIJVERING A CURVED BALL USED ON THE PRINCETON BALL GROUNDS. the necessity of signals ch g is AS

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 4 TO J ,ieutifi, �Uleri,au. altogether. By lDeans of a very simple electrical ar­ Forty miles of the road are left uuchanged for the Other fishell, however, show much more remarkable rangement the batter fires the gun himself. When present, but will inevitably join the majority ere long. changes. Among these the scup or porgy is one of the throwing his foot forward to take the position for Besides this, the only narrow gage track remaining best examples. This fish, when active in the daytime, striking he presses on a plate, breaks an electric circuit, in Iowa is that · of the Burlington and Western and usually has a bright silvery color with iridescent tints. and so releases a spring which pulls the trigger. He Burlington and Northwestern roads, aggregating 123 But at night, when asleep, it has a dull bronzy ground thus, after a few trials, is able to know the exact in­ miles. These roads, which are conjointly operated, color and the body is crossed by about six transverse �tant at which the ball will appear at the mouth of the C., back bands. When one of these fishes with this colora­ independently of the B. and Q. system to which gun, catches it with his eye at the moment of its emer­ they belong, are so situated that they are giving pretty tion was awakened by suddenly turning up the gas, it gence, and finds no difficulty in following its course. satisfactory results, although their ultimate change to immediately assumed the bright silvery colors belong­ '1' he problem of delivery is thus altogether eliminated, standard gage may be considered certain. ing to its daytime dress. This experiment was repeated and a practice ball is sent which can be judged en­ .. �., .. many times on different individuals with the same re­ tirely by its course in the air. For general use a trig­ New Facts About Fishes. sult. As this fish naturally rests among eel grass and ger must be devised which gives a short but definite Prof. A. E. Verrill, of Yale, has recently received seaweeds, the protective character of its nocturnal interval between the pull on the catch and the explo­ new details concerning the great octopus which was colors is obvious. sion of the cartriuge. With such a trigger the batter found some time ago on the shore near St. Augustine, A common file fish was observed that presents a very can accustom hiIl1self to the delivery of the gun when Fla. The professor classifies it as a species distinct decided change in color pattern. This species in the fired by another than himself as easily as to the ddi­ from all known forms and proposes as a name for it daytime is mottled with brown and dark olive green very of a pitcher. Octopus giganteus. The part washed ashore was of and the fins and tail are a little darker than the body, The fingers form the essential feature of the gun, at least six tons weight, which was about half its but when asleep at night its body becomes pallid gray and they, it JlJay be observed, can be used with any weight when living. The true length of the body is or nearly white, while the finsand tail become decidedly form of projector. A catapult is in the procesll of about 21 feet with a maximum width of about 7 feet black. These colors are decUedly protective at night construction in which a rigid arm moved by springs and a diameter of at least 5 feet when living. Prof. or in a feeble light among rocks and weeds, where it is suddenly arrested. The arm carries the ball in Verrill thinks that two posterior stumps, looking like lives. This and other species of file fishes when sleep­ a holder, from which project two curved rods. At arms, may be the remains of lateral fins. Some of the ing would usually rest on the bottom with the back the moment of arrestation the rods are momentarily arms were probably about 73 feet long. The dimensions leaning against the glass of the aquarium or against a stationary, the ball then, rolling along them exactly as of the Florida octopus are decidedly larger than those stone at a considerable angle. in the case of the gun, acquires a spinning motion. of any of the Newfoundland specimens which Prof. The common tau tog or black fish has the curious But, on account of portability, ease of manipUlation, Verrill brought to publir. attention years ago. Prof. habit of resting upon one side, half buried among and hanuiness, the gun appears to be the preferable Verrill adds that the species is probably one of the gravel, or partly under stones, and is often curved in fOl'lIl, and it remains to be seen whether it will supply kind upon which the sperm whale feeds regularly on strange positions. It is easy to imagine that the the need which exists in baseball-the need of a gener­ our Southern coasts, and that the specimen found Illay flounders originated from some sYIllmetrical ancestral ous supply of curved balls for practice. have had suckers as large as a dinner plate, correspond­ form that acquired, like the tautog, the habit of rest­

... ,. ing to the size of suckers once described to him by a ing upon one side, at first only when sleeping, but Tbe Passing of tbe Narro,v Gage America. In trustworthy whaling captain. afterward continually, owing to the greater protection The passing of the narrow gage is again evidenced In a number of the American Journal of Science, that this habit and its imitative coloration afforded. by the tl'ansformation of the track of an Iowa road Prof. Verrill describes some singular nocturnal changes 'f he one-sided coloration and the changes in the posi­ from a gage of three feet to that of standard, which in the colors of fishes and their curious habits when tion of the eyes, etc. , would grad ually follow in accord­ has just been accomplished without interrupting traffic sleeping at night. His observations were made be­ ance with well known laws of evolution. an entire week day, says the International Ticket tween midnight and two o'clock A. M., the gas jets near The common squid was observed sleeping on several Agent. The road referred to, the Des Moines and his aquaria being turned as low as possible. Most fish, occasions. At such times it rests in an inclined posi­ Kansas City, having 112 miles of narrow gage track, the professor says, sleep very lightly and are rOllsed by tion on the tip of its tail and on the basal parts of the was operated in connection with a standard gage road, almost imperceptible vibrations of ail' or water. Flound­ arms, which are bunched together and extended for­ the Keokuk and 'Vestern, 148 miles long, under the ers thus seen sleeping at night showed their dark mark­ ward, so that the head and anterior part of the body same ownership and management, making diversity of ings much more strongly than by day, and the same are raised from the bottom, so as to give room for breathing. The siphon tube is then turned to one gage particularly undesirable. By widening 72 miles was true in greater or less degree of the markings of a continuous line 220 miles long is established between certain minnows, king fish, the black sea bass and side. Under these circumstances the color is darker two important cities, and the imlllediate result will trout, the latter becoming much darker by night than and the spots more distinct than when it is active, doubtless be increased traffic and reduced expenses by day. This change is of a protective character. De­ owing to the expansion of the brown and purple from abolishing transfer of freight and passengers. scribing other changes, Prof. Verrill says : chromatophores.

N E U MAT I C HAND E. S ward M. strong'and inexpensive to manufacture, and capable of use vessel, from which it falls in drops or a thin sheet. to be RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. L - e P in any way in which a monkey wrench may be applied, but again diVided by perforations in the bottom of a pan be­ En ineerl n . Gunsaul, Omaha, Neb. To take the place of the ordi· a: :r nary rigid, inelastic bicycle handle, tilis inventor has de­ particularly adapted forholding round objects. 'l'he ad­ low. From a still lower pan the milk is conducted STEA.MT UR INE Lou s Bollmann, Vi­ justablejaw closed by a nut and screw, entirely dlscon­ t.hrough a cooler to the storage or shipping cans. The B .- i vised a handle with elastic body or casing secured to an Is enna, Austria-Hun!!ary. This invention, also patented iron stem with a bore at its outer end in which is fitted nected from the jaw, and opened by a spring when re­ pa.-ts are all detachably counected, to facilitate packing and shipping. in the principal European countries, is for turbines an air inlet and outlet valve. Provision is made for the leased from the tension of the screw, the latter serving in worked by steam or gas, and prOVides for reducing the admission and escape of air and easy regulation of the a great measure as a brace for the movable jaw, enabling CAPTURING AND DESTROYING INSECTS. speed at which such moto... have heretofore been rotated, degree of distention and lIrmness of the body by the the wreuch to be used on very heavy objects within the --Joseph Strouhal, Beeville, 'l'exas. 'l'wo patents have and expanding the steam or gas usefully high degree. range of its adjustment. The wrench is lIat, taking up to a same valve attachment, which is perfectly protected in been granted this inventor for means for destroying in­ It comprises a bucket wheel with guides at the entrance the bore of the stem, withont unsightly projection. The but little space, and is designed to be especially com·e· sects destructive to plants and vegetables, more particu­ and exhaust sides, and central plates auapted to receive elastic body of the handle may be of rubber or other pre­ nient and handy for a wide vllriety of uses. larly the !cotton boll weevil, machines being devised to stcam at high pressure, while plates surrounding the first ferred fabric_ BA.R AND SHAFTING TURNING MA­ run over a row of cotton plants and dislodge the insects, named plates have mixing chambers for receiving steam causing them to fall into pans where they will be killed BICYCLE ALARM.-Joh n L. Leavitt, CHINE.-Jacob Fitz, Hanover, Pa. In this machine the from the first named plates aUll openings for the admis­ by poison, the cotton removed at the same time being Albuquerque, and Emil Bibo, Bernalillo, New Mexico. head may be arranged to tum or nsed stationary and of air. The central plates draw or throttle the high received npon screens and held out of contact with the Bhm Accordin� to this invention a gong is held by a clamp on put on the ordinary lathe carriage. The tubnlar stem prcssure steam and form it into a flat or conical jet to be poison. A wheel-supported frame on whic:h is a driver's the inside of one of the members of the front fork, the has a face plate on wbich tools are held to be movable mixed with a proportional huge quantity of air or gas of seat carries another movable frame, supporting pendent gong having a tubular hnb in which slides a plunger, the in and out, a tool b:ock for each tool and the blocks be­ pressure, the invention contemplating a serial tur­ pans and screens, between which, as the machine iR driven IcY,\' forcing of which ontward brings the outer end of a ing engaged by an adjusting band, beveled surface be­ \:aving more than one circle of buckets and gnides a over the field, the plants project upward. According to bille tongne of novel form iu contact with projections or lips ing provided whereby the band may force the blocks in­ \l ith their plates. one of the patents, the plants simply struck by arms on the spokes of the wheel, ('ausing the gong to sonnd, ward and so adjust the tools correspondingly. Carriers are dislodge the insects, while, according to the other J,OCOMOTIVE EXGINE. - Charles while, if the tongne forced still farther out, the ham­ on opposite sides of the stem provided with means to H. be are patent, they are brushed by revol ving brushes, the latter Booth, New York City. A large tender, having driving mer i� free gong and the alarm makes only a for clamping the shaft, and the carriers may be engaged {,:-c "�lC being adjusted higher or lower according to tbe growth wheels and driving engines receiving steam from �he buzzing, whIstling or rattling sound. The alann may be with or feed from the feed screw. of the plants, but in both cases the insects are dis­ main engine, is provided by this invention, the driving intermittent or continuous, as desired. The plnnger and ROOF FRAMING TOOL. - John Park­ and fuel carrying capacity being such as to allow for long lodged and fall through the screens which support tongue are forced outward by a lever having link con­ hill, Rochester, Minn. Tbis invention relates to a for · rnns withont stopping for fuel and water. On the for­ a the cotton into the poison receptacles. The most ef­ nection with a lever fulcrumed ou the handle bar. merly patented roof-framing tool of the same inventor, ward truck are a high and a low pressure cylinder, the fective poison for destroying the weeVIl and itseggs and ICY C AR and provides a tool principally desi,.ned for automatically latter exhau&ting into the smoke stack, and connected to E E .-J oseph Wheatley, larVal is composed of turpentine, crnde kerosene oil and B L G indicating and marking the proper side bevel of a jack the rear of the main engine are a high and a low pressure Memphis, Tenn. According to this improvement, a carbolic acid. rafter of any piteh. It has a member with a straight cylinder on the truck of the tender, the exhaust here sprocket wheel on the rear brace bar, under the seat, is marking edge in the plane of a bearing, and a finger piv­ being into the water tankof the tender, which has drive rotated by a chain whose ends are connected to pedal Ml8cellalleOIlIl. oted thereto about an axis arranged transversely of the wheels arrangedunder itsoverhan!(ing sides. levers whose rear ends swing on the axle of the rear wbeel, the levers being connected near their forward ends marking edge, to swing in line with the markingedge and COPYING CAMERA STAND. - Owen by a strap extending around a roUer on a depending at an an�le to the plane of the hearing. Linley, London, England. 'ro facilitate the prodnction negatives to be nsed In making " process " engrav­ Appllnll"es. hanger. Tbe sprocket wheel is a bevel gear meshing Rnlhvay of with two bevel loosely monnted on a shaft at right ings, this inventor has devised a camera in which gear­ .SWITCH OPERATING DKVICE. Eduard gears Agricultural. - angles, rotating in bearings on the rear fork, and ri!(idly ing connects the camera front with the sliding copying von Haken, Charlottenburg, Germany. Pivoted cen­ mounted on this shaft, at the outer side of each bevel CULTIVAToR.-- Talbot Andrews, Mon­ board, to shift the latter in its own plane in correlation trally in tbe bed of the railway, according to this inven­ with the focusing motion, so as maintain constatlt gear, is a ratehet wheel engaged by dogs. There is also month, III. This invention is for an improvement in to tion, is a three-armed lever, one of the arms being adapted rigidly mounted on the shaft a sprocket wheel from wheeled straddle row cultivators for com and cotton, during the focusing the predetermined position of the to engage a switeh point, and the other two arms, which which a sprocket chain extends to the sprocket wheel on the cultivatiug devices being adapted to act on two rows picture on the focusing IlCreen, and enable the camera extend rearwardly from the switch, bavmg at their ends the rear wheel axle. This gear is designed to facilitate of com at once, and being shiftable laterally by levers to be adjusted for dimension and focnsing while eOIl­ each a cam lying within the lIange groovesof the rails_ A attaining a high speed and give a notable increase of withont necessitating any chan�e in the directiou of the tlDuously viewing the picture on the screen. Links con­ vertically movable rod at each siue (of the platform is car power. team. The draught attachment has a three-horse evener nect the slide rest with a hand lever at the back of the held normally raised by a spring, bnt to move the switeh by which the draught of the middle horse equals or baI­ camera. and a micrometer screw stop limit.. tbe rearward point one of the rods is depressed to run through the ances the other two. There are two donble sets of cul­ movement of the screen carrier. There is also a me­ lIange groove of the rail and strike the cam. When one Mlnillg, Etc. tivating devices, each set being composed of two gangs chanism for adjust'ng the ruled screen within the cam is within the rail groove the other will be out­ MINING CAGES.­ SAFETY GRIP FOR of rotary dlsks, a vertical arch which rigidly connects camera in front of the plate. its groove, and vice versa. H. dde William Beakey, Walkerville. Montana. An appli­ them, and two pivoted dranght bars attached to the T O M A T I C FL ID GOVERNOR. ­ ance by which a cage may be easily and safely stopped at A U U gangs and arch_ The bars may be adjusted different George W. Browne, Brooklyn, N. Y. A governor more any time or place, In case of accident, is provided by this Bicycles, Etc. dlstances apart, thus contracting or widening the arches, especially designed for use on gas supply pipes has been invention. In the shaft vertica' gnides and locking are according as it is desired to have greater or less space be­ devised by this inventor_ It comprises a :asing with PXEUMATIC TIRE.-John Carlyle Ray­ mechanism to engage them, the mechani�m being con­ tween the two sets of disks. longitudinal bore, at one end of which a bell-shaped "Onll, New York. A tire made of series of interlocking nected with a lever normally engaged by a pivoted IS a ann month engaged by a valve, while a chamber at the other \lber sections, according to this inventiou, is contained crab, there being a lever and connecting rod to operate MILK AERATOR. John Littlejohn, ra - end is connected with a snpply, the chamber having a within a casing of canvas or other suitable material. the the and a cateh to snpport the lever. By depressing Aurora, III. To eliminate from fresh milk the animal ann movable and perforated bottom for increlU'ing or dimin­ casiug being slotted at the inside, and its sides fastened a hand lever, a crab is raised to release the lever gases, odors and heat, rendering the milk more pure and ann, ishing itscapacity. The ball valve in bell-shaped a rim in which are door c108Cd openings giving access which rotates gears to throw toothed cams into locking palatable and enabling it to be kept a longer time with­ JlC to mouth of the bore regnlates the amount of gas delivered to each section, and permitting of convenientlyremoving enga"aement with the lIxed vertical gnldes on the sides out becoming rancid or sour, this inventor has devised a automatically to the desired quantity, irrespective of the any one of the sections through its door. Set screws of the shaft. novel straining and spraying device to accomplish the pressnre in the gas mains. fMten the overlapping ends of adjacent doors. and should aeration in one operation as the milk i. transferred to one section become pnnctnred, may be conveniently the cans in which it is be shipped or stored. The NOTE.-Copies of any of the above patents will be it Mechanical. to removed and a new one inserted. without dedating the milk is passed throngh a strainer into a receiver, a bot­ fnrnished by Munn Co. for cents each. Ple!.e -& 10 remaining sections or disturbing their positions on the WRENCH.-Henry Sm t Ehrin, Ill. tom lIange of which has npwardly opening hol�s to send name of the patentee, title of invention, and A." i h. d� wheel. This is an allliator wrench, weight, the milk nst the of a surronnding of this paper. adjnstable .. of light spray up agai w!llle

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. J citutific �nltriclll, 411 G...... 4 5 eigbt specimens of oak. mabogany. cherry.cypress. ma­ Combination chair, C. Starcher .m...k .. . . 58 , 29 Composin� machines, machine for a in on �uginesus anil �ergonaL ple. whitewood. sycamore, curly birCh. pine, ash, etc., �i.lpertigementg. for. �'. A. Johnson ...... g c ..- 584.366 trollers8 c making Comp illJ,( ma hines, controllers for, }I'. The charge ffn" insertion. wndtr this head One Dollar a mounted on heavy cardboard, their finely finishedsur­ 0 Is A. Johnson ...... 584.300 for each insertion ; about e�ht Wfn"as a line. faces protectedby layers of 110ft cotton, and all showing ORDINARY RA'I·ES. n , r 1m. to I n Mlde Page, each in"ertlon --7� line I �:� Advertisements must be received at publication. ojJice the great beanty whichcan be developed in clearly bring­ cmu" a 8g::'J'u��: le��¥:. 'l� fT�C:e�. ��:::::::::::::::::: Back a e each Insertion ____ line COP �� n t n earlll as Thursooy morniJl(l to appear in tM follow­ ing out the natural grainof a wood and finishingIt with P g . 81.00 a ! �e.r�� }�� o�k'i� � � W� �'Wlm�t,!:�� �� 584.442 as . . . . . 584.515 ing 'week's issue. a high polish. which the materials fnrnisbed by thi� com·· classes of Adverttsements. Special and Cornerplaster strlr,.J. s. liferrltt...... H�hernrFor rates 80meare requd.red. OuJ' g ee b e pany render entirely practicable. The samples givenare C J�':fJin � H� �P ���li��� i�::ftll"o�' p��� v coupling. Marine Iron Work.. Chicago_ Catalogue free_ but a �mall percentalle of the kinds of wood on which The abo e are hcharges per agate line-aboutof the eight l . folding egg. . words per line. T is notice sho... . the width ine Crate. H. C. Dean ..... _ ... _ ...... 584.541 " U. these finishesare applied, but thebook forms a volume S." Metal Polish. Indianapoli.. Sample. free_ s t e � :: :: : :: :: :: Yankee almost as large as a dictionary. ,!,e�� �� "tf.'!, �..%� ,:at��AdvertisementB..��f: .'I'n".?: �;":!e'!���!: mU8t g �r:��h�ir�c����fe�:.P. �·.��' :::: ::: :: ::: : : : 584�:. 2 Notions. Waterbury Button Co., Wllterb'y,Ct. ment, as the letter fress. be Current motor. W. � rancls L.. ..v...... 584,34380 '.r he catalogue of Keuffel Curtain rod, extension, It'. H. o eless .• C i 1897 the & rsday Handle & Spoke Mchy. O"er Lathe Co hagr n Falls.O. New :-:�i���� p��P::t�: f�1fo".:1'::':e�� r8 ::u'!;�n Cutter. See Band cutter. Bolt cutter. Cloth cut- Bicycle Esser Company. of York. has considerable new ter. Rotary cutter. . 584.663 &; Improved Machinery of every description. Cycle fttting.ti g Beecher . W Cornforth...... _ 'l'he G Machine Spring N. matter,and its entiretext and Illustrationsare well worth Decora n machine . Buttler ...... 584.669 arvin Cu., and Varick 8ts., Y. artlftclal. A. B. F. G ...... 584.345 the attent:on of artists,draughtsmen, surveyors, architects Foot power Denture.g L. & ilmer t.han brick, B�:if��d Concrete Houses - cheaper superior to and engineers_ The book has 424 pages. aud we are in­ Screw ... s���. �����i�'Y\�o�h�'::t"o':i : ::::::::::: a o 7 7 a Bl * ...... �:584:,400 stone. .. R ns me," 5 Jlo dllock ock, Chicago. Diaper protector. C. R. Warren 11 formed that 400 of its engravinga are separately copy­ Star ...cutting i s I .. Hornsby-Akroyd " Automatic The celebratert Putent Safety Oil righted. as well as the text. Tbe con:pany haslong held E�S;�\���.°lt. lr��,:k�: .�:.�.��:��:::::::::::::::: �:�584,588 Il i built by l Door opener, J. Headlandk ...... � g ne is the De La Verg le H.efrigeratill� Ma­ a lending position as manufacturers and importers of Cross feed Door or gate chec , R. B. Vaughan...... 584.430 chine N k LathesI-Inch G. y ...... 584.677 Company. �'oot of l>a.t13Sth Street. ew Yor . drawing materialsand surveying instruments.and has a 9 and I Swing. ))oor securer. G.A. Do le ...... 584.334 Featnres DrIllDre •• dressing stiffener. sharpeningA. Dodge The best book for electricians and beginners in elec­ most enviable reputstion for furmshing the widest va­ New and Original and machine, rock, W. tricity x n Science," Hopkins. Smd for Catalogue B. Wanllss...... 584.568 riety and the very highest qualities of everything which Duplicating apparatus, automatic, G. ... 584 7 is "' E perime tal by Geo. M. Seneca Falls Mfg. Company. n .• publi.her 361 B ad N. Dust collector tube cleaning device. L.H. Davis , 56 & ..y. Y. any one may desire to purchase in their line. The read­ By mall. U. Mu n Co •• ro w 605 Waa:rSt.,Seneca Falls,N. y. Electric CIrcuit E...... Sheets 584.711584.462 Temperlli Transporter_ ing matter of the book also affords a moot excellent protector. A. L. Creelman TIle SCIE N S E Ele l ��.��� . l . . 584.341 a guide to asound judgment when one is selecting either T I F I C AMERI CAN UPPL - �\�i ����:� "��� .. See Ulustr tion, front pag-e of Scn:sTu'IC AJ\[EU.lCA�, Electrice. . . ��������.�...... �:...... �: 584.(63 i by h Lidgerwood Mfg. n k u e h C Signal. A. L. Creelman Apr l 24. It is munufactured t e instruments or materials. '1!'��:�i':i c� 'g: �at a\ :hl� ��;�I��� Write �:�CA�10 su Ele s or I t ..����: 584.m . cents. Also to he had of newsdealers In all parts of ��Jg�gt'�� V� �� le� � ��I Co. 96 Liberty Street. New \- urk. for partlculnrs. Electromagnet.J C. �� l...... t�� �� 584.'16 new I\ud Scientific tbe country. E. Scribner aT Send for complete catalogue of TO INVENTORS, �g�o��· I : : B kS f l Broadway, n l r y .PLANlRS DRILLS �::'J'�'f.���i> G ..�������I. Pumping�::::::::: :: : �:� O I & Co., 361 tit-n e nc f �l�: l!ul�a;�d �g��is��l� e l.? CWER & FOOT SHP>PERS Engine. See as engine.t engine. �0i-!:�. ��ee �� ��:l:��'::.ll olrne��:l t:a�l b �p pfl�: AT H E S. �t.f �LttE."r,�gP f)!,lJL'Jtul��tt Rotary steam engine. S eam en�ine. �����o���t�� .5E:BASTIAN LATHl coI 120 CULVERT ST. CINCINNAT I. 0 Engine cylinders. pressure Indicating device for !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!I!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1 r:;� ���tp�:;��:��l ib�unequaled facilities for procurin� patents!��1 everywhere�g ���i��. l idner: : :: : : :: : : ::::::::: �:� EEn::;;:'t:idr:,at1f,�. rr rV,i .. : SOMETH ING NEW AND GOOD n s C e d �lsl���f:::contemcO �U� pilltin/il��i�:\�;�� Isecuring�:�ti�����W:� O���I�� ��� ���� R�� � � K��':,�J;: .��.��:.����. ��.���: 584.703 sons theinvited of pa.tents, eitherfor at HALL BICYCLE STAND En i ���. prices,home or abroad, are accordanceto write with to the this times office ust Exhil>ltino Bicycles �:��� . . ���� ..�.���.���� �! ..��. �����'.. 584,335 which are low, in and Ffn" Cleanino. AdJ iJl(l Of" Exten.lon ::':.. �: 584.537 extensive· facilities for conductin� business. Eyelet. �'.table. Hawkins E. Bauman...... Jr...... 584.353...... our the d F. 1iBf.3M d k office SCIENTI>'IC A�IElUCAN. �.!.�RI:j,!��\r.::.r(lw�e;.g���Ye � !�i :;'''..�� r �r'Ur'i:': �.!;.��e� ��r _ of wheel. All part. of wheel accessible. �::�ie'"�::. \v ::: :::: ::::::::::::::::: �:� Saves back-breaking labor In cleanln�. ?il�iI�Y>��s;'::: W. UINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. }fastenerRlcbardson for garments, ...... suspenders, etc., ...B.. 584.004 . . 11.25. e ffn" circular. L b l Faucet. M. A. Martln_ ...... _ ...... 584.5115 Names and Address Price S nd i era box. Franz .. _ 584.762 must accompany all letters discount to dealers. MBnufactured by Feed R. S...... 584,319 INDEX OF INVENTIONS •• or no attention will be paid thereto. This Is for ow WALWORTH MFG_ CO l4'ence, wire, R. H. Bloomerattaching stay wires to, �.. Information and not for puhlication. Oliver St., Boston, Mass_. S. Fences, device for . References which Letters Patent the 20 U. A. l'·oster...... 584.583 to formcr articles or anSwers should For of Fender. See Car fender. Rein fender. givedate of paperand p,,!:e or number of question...... 584.7:12 Inqnlrle" United States were Granted Filter and cleaner. Tonner & Lindsay not answered m reasonable time should r i : oe repeated : correspondents will bear in mind that : }I��t�:::�irearm. recoil�e�o r. g��d�G�V�M ;�:berrY...... ::::: ::: 584�:f��1 •• some answers require not a little research, and, JUNE FOR operated. P...... auser 584.f;?J'�) tbough we endeavor to reply to all either by letteI IS, 1897, �'Irearm sight. 1'. J. Dolan CUNSMITHS, TOOL }4�ireescape, D. Cronin ...... 584,(;2;") B or in this department. each must takehis tum. LATHES Landenberger n e to rc as MAKERS, EXPERI­ };'ireescape. }4'...... 584,37{j i� :; S AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE. ���:::�s ,,�fJ :e iu ':::r.�;��t�O!d'tr��!�s � MENTAL REPAIR �:i�t�i��kf!·ft�t;t·E: ·E: ·wii,;oii:::::::::::::::::: �:�n houses manufacturing or carryingthe same. WORK, ETC.AND Special 'V rltten Information e n on matters of [See note at end of list about cople. of the.e patent •. ) Sendffn" IlIus. Catalog. �:g:e�';,%� M� l. 'W'!fk:: �:.� �����.�S.'.'.'.: B.:'.'.::'.: �:ll,; personal rather than general interest cannot be }4'luid pressure and hydrauliC motor, Bat- lno. Barnes Co. tey ...... 584.620 expected without remuneration. making lactic. P...... 707 F. " g ...... 584.759 Scientific American Snpl.lements referred Acid. Roo.en .. . . . 584 Fluid pressure regulator. S. H. Kello g Advertising annuncia.torfor cars, electrical, Orr 1999 Ruby Street. }I'uelcompressor, '1\ M. Cochrane...... 584,327 be 10 .7 __ G b Bookstomay had at the office. Pnee centseach. & �·ugh ...... 584 00 ROCKFORD, ILL. }I' rn ce ee r age rn e ..•...... �W' u a . S a fu ac . of � referred to promptly supplied on receipt Air brake hose coupling, J. Redfern 584,7'05 �� }'urUllcebosh plates, manifold water supply for Train ��!� G. Bauman ...... 584.763 price. Alarm. See 8 ai.�m. _�I blast. H. IUlnerals I Churchill ...... 584.51.1 sent for examination sbould be distinctly Armature for dynamo electric machines, H. H. Furnace feeding device. Roney & 584.431 mill for crushing nres...... 584.31 markedor labeled. Walt ...... A �·urnlture. J. B. Albletz ...... 4 Armor plates...... apparatus for '" ..treating...... W...... E. .. 584.672 Equal in efficiency to a c Corey five stamp hattery, and at g:�Wp"a ��[�:. ft. · : : Axle box. �·i k H. �SlInack.10�e �. ���� :: :::::: :::::::::::. . . �a�.527 (7167) C. F. say!' you please vehicle. �'elumlee & n ...... 584.680 o ct Gas burner. V...... 584 H. K. : Will g STEAM G . carbureting. A. B. G ...... 584.349 . e b d. P. fh� :�o � t�� �f �"e �� ... B ..r...... iffen 584.622 ��Witchera�� �: .....��r:...... i:o;���:...... ��' com ine S... 584.;18 Gas engine. J. O. rown let me know what kind of acid will change the color of I and mInIng pense,� Gas engine. E. B. Dake ...... 584.674 blue print pbotographypaper toa dark brown ? Also capitalist.�� ;SendST for catalogue.AM p � Wright u ...... 584.«8 c r Gas engine. . & Step..nth e . s . . , 584.605 how much to use of it and how long to useIt, and if 1:�1Basket.o �!�� 1. B.a�l: c�:g�i:l X: �: �:��!�:::::::::::: �:�� GATES IRON WORKS. C Gas mamanufacturingchine H. C. Serge .... .J...... L...... y ...... 58U85 Dept. Ba.ket. i .S ee S.e i ...... 1 Ave.. Chicago. S. A. apparatus, Stewart.584.71a. 584 7H you use it before, or afterwashing the prints. Battery fru t R. W lliam ...... 584 44 650 Elston U. . 2� MILL 11._ ...... _ . . ... W. P.plate Patton and..... producing...... same, secondary.. 584.649 Gas manufacturinge apparatus, acetylene, J. H. Borax ...... oz. Bed coucb.Interconvertlble. ... 584.375 Gas���Ju cing ·,;ppaj.;.tu;': ,&i."Lor;'i;'::·.·.::·.·.::·.·.::·.: . . ' 38 �Jfll Hot water . . . or ..E...... R. Leighton 584.699 PHYSICAL AND SCHOOL . 584 75 Bed. studiO folding. M. McCoy •• Gas saving check, A. Kuhne ...... ,. When cool add sulphuric acid In small quantities until I I �:� Uate. SeeCarnlin End gate...... 584,324 ��ft�Belt. �eoncentrator.����e� tt.�.f.:1M,;.�����.�: G. Gates ...... :::::::::::::::::::: 584.501 GeaGate,r forS. vehicles and driven mechanism, b J{ hlue litmus paper turns slightly red. then add a few I able. F...... c an e- . 7 drops of ammonia until tbe alkaline reaction appearsand Belts. ,.Jju.tmentfor bench. concentr .. tor. G. Gates ..... 584.502 INDUCTION H. Lefroy ...... 584 3 7 Bench. See Wash ��r �i e �� �.�� � tttg 584 7 red litmus paper turns blue. 'I.·ben add to the solution I for experi­ 8r gfg n: :. gr � fbum ...... , 55 1M ��.;ta�:,,���. 'M'a;;lr�:·.���.��:��.�::::::::::::: CO I LS and GlasRware, machine for manufacturing C. E. grains of red crude gllm catechu. Allow it todis­ G. Borgfeldt ...... �:�584.6"21 ments in X rays Blue ...... , '" 584.665 Bicycle brake. H. Hart ...... 584.6.'\5 H. solve, with occasional stirring. The solution will keep Bicycle brake. W. Gold from auriferousb material,...... apparatus '" ...... for ex- 584.627 changeable gear. T. S. Drummond ...... 584.6:10 other electrical work. tracting. J. J. Dee le indefinitely. Afterthe print has been wasbed out in the Bicycle B 'l.' remaine ...... 584,599 Bicycle frame, E.E auro et a ...... 5R4.iUti584.f�i2 Catalogue Pree. Governor, pneumatic. Pain & usual way. immerse it in the ahove batb a minute or so pannier. . C. BartlettI lIT Bicycle pedal . �'. B ...... 584.4;"1 S. RITCHIE &. SON g�:����·I:J 'itt�I�y:.r � �i�;,�� �Ir.·Biiniieii:::: �:f£l Bicycle H. Jarviolte ...et ...... al...... 584.fhl/ Grading and ... longer tban it appears when the dcsired tone I. reached. Bicycle saddle. E. B. E. MASS. removing dust from pulverized ore, support. H. L. Davl ...... 584.:l:12 THE COBURN PATENT TROLLEY TRACK t r f e n e An olive brown or a blackish brown i� the result. Bicycle support. W. C. Kelly ...... 584.47:1 Gra�3·8 :!�rlig�: ��� K� �:it:�� [fronau:: . �:� I . � � � �� �· � � � �� �I���:' ��brack�,r.o�fmet.�� �.����g� �: .?������:.::::::: �:� n:��:: b 'U' n :I .�'. . : .?: .� .I ��l ...... : : ... :::.. :: �584.7a�;18 NEW ETC. et ...... 584.,38i BOOKS, Bird cage B d A. Mer Harrow tooth fastener.wheel. D. W.G. Hoshal ...... 584,3ti9 Bit. See ri ie hU. HOUSE DOOR Harvester tractionmachine. beet. M. KUrnon. a. . . 584.724 ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION. Block. See Meat block. Harvesting L. Frennet-W uthler A Board. See Ironing board. Plaster hoard. G ...... 584,548 M k ...... 584.594 Hat pin retainer, M. J. uthrie . . . Practical Treatise for Pract.ical Men. Bobbin. H. A. ac Hay press. R. A. Simpson ...... 584.751 Bv Louis Bell. New York : The W. Boiler. See Pipe boiler. boiler. HARGERS�The ftrstmade with adjustable track. �'...... 584.4:Jij water regulator. U. Ste .. m ...... 584.5:;5 m . Headlight. electric.... W. Dressel. 584. 12 Johnston Company. Pp. Boller k bolt. S. Archer The track can he put up In 30 inutes Hear.e. M. Koppe, ...... 584,74!I5 J: 1897. Bolt. See Sha ing Send ffn" Book. Heating apparatus. H_ D. Sawyer Bolt cutter. C. i ...... 584.1;84 lIT a r Price *2_50. W. Harr s ...... 584.5.18 ��:fl!'t� :J'.R�� ::;,h1��� F�. 'ii..�:.r�:d : 491. B The Coburn Trolley Track Mfg. Co., Holyoke, Mass. Bookbinder. S. G. rown 2ii:::::: 584f:t:�.752 584.,565 Tbe familiar power bouse of the NiagaraFalls generat­ Boot or shoe numberln2 machine. S. Snow...... E. Hinge.Heel nailing box, Wmachine._ Wilson C...... C. Small ...... 58f.616 Boot or shoe ...... setting up or marking...... machine. 584.597 cultIvator. grape. A. G. 584.7 F. o er 39 ing plant gives tbe subject for tbe frontispiece of thisex­ M w ...... Hoe or A. Parcells Johnson...... 584.7 Bottle. J. Malepart ...... 584.3S5 PRATT'S CONE BELT SHIF Hoe ••hufHe. H...... 46 h ..ustive book_ It really seems as if an adequate treat· Bottle. G. C. Phillips...... 584.481 TER ...... a:��d��:v�������a:�!� �Ir-n��i;;;�� ment was at last givcn to an all-importantsubj��t. The Bottle. J. E. Welsh ...... 5.'l4 .4:1Il �g!;.t�·t.·F��r��.. :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: �:� Bottle. Boston ...... 584.45.; turers, TROUBLE Hoi.tlng . .• 584 4 non-reftllable. J. to operator, and machinery. A 1. Shawl ...... 20 design of the author has been to avoid the folio wing up Bouquet holder. H. S. Schnell ...... 584.4O'J ���R �o � ��.' In ordering gtve Honing machine 1.\ iI'. Cur ey ...... 58.,b'26 o b Y . O .. . . . 584.517 of the ab�tract mathematics f'f tbe subject, simply intro­ Box. ESeeo �'eed box...... 584.313 �' l s O Hoop coupling. metal 'Melveny & Vail . ... . V. I'. or.!Je t �l£ & Artums...... closing...... t Inc.�e. wl�e. "l:� . i t i ducing such conditions as 'are quite essential to a proper 0 I I 584.683 Boxes, jars, canisters. etc., of, J. M. M Hor.eH (frtlfi'il: blanket. .��� .� .�� ..��' .�. ����...... ��. ����. ��: �'. �'. 584.661 treatment of the subject. lIe devotes his energies on ArnotSee...... ankle brace. 5.'l4 .660 l-r Send for cataZOf/ue 0/ machinist8' tools W. U. Ayre ft Brace...cket. Sknter's b c t CHANDLER FARQUHAR, �r:�����!:lV\f. �:��:.:::::: :: ::::: �:!,&l the otber h.. nd toputting into tangiblc sbape the moot Brake.Br ,SeeSee Bicycle Bird cu"e b kra keE . n b k &, n��:�:�g�: ra e. merge cy ra e. Fede.·aI St., recent re@nlts in this branch of electrical science. At Yelocipede 3S B()�TO :'l,MASS. U�a��II,' t.. -w.W� ��;r:i .���:::::::::::::::::::.:::::: �:1ti brake. H d i Intenslfter. U. the same time he seems to have avoided giving the work ����f:btt.lj:�,�rp:J:z� �::::::::::: ::::::::: ::: : :: y raul c W. Shem ...... 584.712 ' : : " Illd , t d ngIne Indicator. Interest and the unsatisfactory aspect of a purely theoretical one. and Ii'iscbar:: . : �:� Broom corn sizing machine. Gaffney& .. 584,49'J t t Triple Plate" � l � to�. excel­ Gas bu n P n I f':.exterminator.��i g: ...... 584,� on turning over itspages it 8cems evident that an ButterBurner. mould. See W. r er. Vnporl ...... burner. 584.G93 In.ectnsect J. S...... chindler 584.506 ]). Marsha l t·rica I M shield., W. Harri.s lent contribution to a subject hitherto inadequately l a ...... _ . 584,431 ¥ueen'sr- H 0a It ze EI CalcnoarSee or Oil a can.m nac , S. Weghorn ...... hi treated is here to be fOllnd. It docs seem as if the inrlex Can. used at all , f::��y�: ••76: a . bb ...... 584.009 oeple nt �:.P8.'"r�iJbt���:·Indicator.·:::::: :::. :::::::::.58i...... 584.b�:10 C r bbox.k A.equalizing W. Ste ln ec ac me. In ' i ere.t and time J. L. Cathcart for so comprehensive a book might have been considcra­ Car ra e levers, hanger f f, \V. H. Iron and steel directly from ore, metbod of and Durant ...... O :>84.758 . bly greaterin extent. Car coupling, ...... • i IrOl�����g� : ::::::::::::: �:� P. Hicnil 1rR4.589 j,1!i�rwa�rl�a�:...... ?�t.�. 584.tilO D. C. M l ...... Mt,Ii95 R. SEWER FLUSHING DIAGRAMS. Showing Car coupling, er 584 51 Jail. cell.C. & W. A. Stewart ...... 584.ti ll Car L. Ptlng�tRichey...... 584,650, 9 JournalJail boxR. C., & W. A. Stewart...... 584,1'0 how the Discharge V. H. fa r from a Flush Car coupling.coupling, C. m t W. Kendall .. . . . Tank Vp­ Car coupling-,J. A. H.obert-son"h mlre...... 584,7�;584.404 Key fastener A. J. Welkerg .. t ...... 584.032 will give II. Self-Clpansing Car 1. N. Knife. See Pruning"and raf ing knife. locity. S. H. New York : 'r. W. tz . .. . Knitting g Car fender, �'i ger.ald...... 584.6875fW.,4H9 A. machine needle aud method of makln , Adams. Car fender. W. Jollll ...... B...... 584.542 Spon R...... Dodge ...... 584,371 & Chamberlain, 12 COl'tlandt Car fender, A. Mnzzn.novich1. B ....i ...... 5&l,3A6 IJace fastener, C. II. Krebs Glenn. Jr ...... 584.:146 Street. N. Car fender and stop, enjam ns...... 584,452 Lacing. boot or shoe. J. L. London : E. & F. Spon, Car. hand. W. y ...... 584.52.1 ...... 584.421 25 Strand. Price *5. N. Rou.e I.amp.I.aclng. bicycle. shoe. I. M. Slocum ...... Car. metallic. C. Schoen ...... ii.'l4 .709 ith ...... 584.679 1 i T. Lamp. bicycle. Elton & Sm ...... 584. 13 J H. . g:� : n · .�������.��:: Lamp. electric J. White ...... 584.3566 s.U:��� ar . I. H Thel!ediagrams are devotedto datarelating to the ac­ : ��.:l��. f b�i�lt�:.'. : .?: .�.����...... ROCK DRILLS c .• . Hegner ...... 584.356 Car step, extension, I. N. Davis ...... 584,fi76 Lamp for bicycles. etc J. Holmes tion of pipe sewers established by actnal tests,and, de­ Car i ...... 584.571 ventilat on W. Curlett ...... 584.331 Lamp. hanging. L. J. Atwood ...... 7 ...... 584. 7 AIR COMPRESSORS E. Scribner . . . 584. spite itssomewhat high prIce, it is to be trcated as a sine C ..rd holder. 'r. Shea . . G...... 'l.'riesler...... 64812 Lamp. IncandescentB electric...... C. . .. . 584.32100 in Carpet fastener, stair, C...... 584:, SIMPLEST. MOST EFFICIENT and DURABLE. Lamp socket. E. M. radford qua non advanced enginecring practice, and hcnce re­ See Parcel carrier. J...... 584.fil4 Carrier.See Lamp support.Increasing cycle. H. White electriC ceives ourcommendation. Case. Show case. .. . 584.426 Lamps. P. Mersch ..illumin...... ating power of 584m4 Cash drawerregl.tering attachment. A. K. Suddothmachine...... I.astlngarc. machine. S. 584.7 1. REISSMANN'S RAFTER AND POLYGON CashLittlp_ ...... and Indicating C. H. 584.745 W. Ladd ...... 584.0+ ! McFeely ...... 584.0+ 1 ...... fJ.'\4 .i>l7 /fn"RA CataLogue.N D DRILBroadway,L New York. Lasting machine.machine, LaddA. & ...... 584.I�It) GAGE. o y g Price Caster B. Gold.mlth ...... Send Lasting F. Preston C p ri h t 1897. 30 B. JJ ...... �.1)(2 ( 100 CO.) Adams (rels.ue)...... 11." ", II'. A. cents. Caster, furniture, ent1. . . Latch...... 584.44 Casttn� apparatus, metal, M.J. B.W. I..nu ghlinNahnsen ...... 584.fi!1l Leaf turner. �'. Wigand ...... B ...... 584.0;:'" Cement, manufactureCombination of, i L...... 5I:W,:m CHUCKS. I.eatherbox rolling t machine. J. A.C rown...ell...... 584-,4a�J Tbis liiagramis somewhat In the same line as the one a If you want the best buy Westcott's m y Chair. See bl ch r...... 584.400 J.... etter a tach ent, E. P. hane just spoken of. and i. de.igned for the use of carpenters. CheckChair and hootwaste ack stand. R. Cholnanu .Goller . Little Giantu DoubleL Grip Ufter. See Store go<>dslifter. .. 584.50:1 Ck J It and box or protector...... W. P. 584.5IR ..111=•• Orll Cb s\:i ltt e Giant Lightningblock. G. arrester and...... multiple automatic fuse 584.1132 givesrules for laying out complicated roote, measuring C. l rill Chucks X. Check protector. E. Ong...... ley 584.1>19 I� machine,Gas t . . Churn. M. W. Hutchinson inotype It'. A. Johnson ...... �,36:l the timbersand framilJg complicatedroofs lu general. Cigar package...... 584.51 C. Mahrt . . . . 4 H...... 584.65.<; vti'rI� 1 Lock. See DoorGreen. lock. .... Seal...... lock. Seat lock. 584.348 CigaretteCircuit protectinll machine. J. D. 1'eJIldl\ ...... Cut� Lock. A. 1'. i ...... 584.007 The Wood Finishing Com­ L. Creelman ...... 584.41;'� Bridgeport CI.tern cleaner. H.sounder, G. A...... Lock. J. W. T. MorrP.s . .. . 584.566 Jaren ...... 584.05-1 Loom cloth guide. Sullivan ...... panv have recently issued, more especially for the use of B d l th l p douping attachment. W...... 584.576 Clamp. See Cisterne c o esl caam . Loom CrutchlowPatten ...... 584."7 Cleaner.See SeeMechanical cclip.e n er. Loom pattern mechanism. A. R. architects. a specimen book containingsamples of differ­ Clip. � ':. ag'''pe''����;'�': � ��tler_ ...... - ..... 584.623 ent woods finished with the Wheeler wood fillerand the Closet. See Sanitary closet. ��� ��� � I t cutter...... <; Lubricator, . .. . Brelnlg stains.which Is something quite remarkable In Cloth :I1or.e& Randall ...... 584.300 I ����l:�.r.�)!;;��I��:t. S. O. Jones ...... 584.688 e : :::: the way of catalogue work. ,The book contalns forty· g:�t��� ���:[;, J: Nic�itd�.��.���.'�::::::::: ::: f:t:rMI (Continued on page 41')

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 412 J (itutifi( �mtri,all. [JUNE 26. 1897. �P��'f�'kt�o�e�I.���.�::::::::: : PIERCE % �::tr':�.Matrix, J. Jacobson ....••••••...••..•••••...•..•.....: :: ::::: �:�584.,553 Mechanical . ArchiteoturalDrawing; Marine, ,;;; THIS IS THE ACTUAL H. P. , DRAWINr G AND DESI ....� .... '" �:��{� �:k r�������fn���� i: :l�g�����:::::�:::: . . i::�584.H3 ��::�:!;, ;=l�:�:e�:��tr;;=��D:l;:�!::; Measure. tailor·s. C. H. Scott ...... Measurements on borders of cloth, machine for U��"';':;O:J Complete,Gas Ready to or Operate. Gas YOU can'tol alfordin toe be Eng without it.in f it wille, do your ��I!IBnglneerln���I. g;31 Suneylng COURS and Mapping;ES :Yd ��i'Book·d!� "'llllI'LE, FIRE, I Me!fCI���'lf.·��:';'�*� f."s ����::: : : :: :::: :::::: �:m work. 1'041 An!'lCl l.VI' KLY "'AFE. DUltAB],E, Mechanical clip, H. H. Lu comb ...... [&,383 Keeping. Shorthand; English Branches ; MADE and RAN'l'I(EU 8 ...... 584.(()8 Archlteotu.rei Blectrioity; Machine De8ign. WELl, GUA to be as represented. Mechanical movement. H. K. Sandell Me t CI �:.I��.���. ��.���: 584.422 P ne n z al to ��M�. g�fin�;;.���� .���. ��. .��. 584.656 �:!:;b. GUARANTEED SUCCESS. % H. is��. s:"lk�:���o�a;ry��e'ir:::��r!�:s��\:� :I������':J� Metal cuttlug shears. J. A. Vernet ...... lulall AIIv c ••r ..III •• l n in r...... r.I •• .. .• pr PRICES ARE .H.lI"HT. :f�: :r�;���� �. l'e�e�·.�������� :::::::::::::::: �:� OircWGr Free; sed', "'bjtd rou uri 11to .,ud,. Mold. See Butter mold. IateruUawpoud.eBee Corree 8ehoole, Bo:.: 942, PIERCE ENGINE CO., 17 N . 17th St., Racine, Wis. Motor. See Current motor. Fluid pressure and hydranHc motor. "' 584.,492 The Engine that Built a •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• MUsical instrument. automatic, T. P. Brown.... 1 0,000 �����gp��IW: �s3.��1�r: ::::::::::::::::::::::: square ft. Addition last year. • • �U� TELEPHONES �:� for Long or Short Distance' Uee. AlsO : Price. 8il �:�� j�¥f��h*g�:.���.�:::::::::::::::::::·:::: Interior or Warehouse Telephones. • $1.2 6 HasDEP 4 In. narrowTH scale CAUCE which can be used. . Oils. water soluble compound of ethereal. L. O. n e a s : ...... 584.471 s'!!�\ 3 tt����d� ':fu°r'f�I�hE r;!� . • In middle or close to th� end, or removed . Helmers.. ...•...... •...... •...... 584,624 Olds and used separately. Fine flnlsh Organ, T. Casson two years. everyone &TestinMniaZs. success. 011$and Oasollne • • • ... . . 584.6M> Sendlor Circular and • '",-...: Catalogue of �ne ToolsfTee. • Oven. baking. J. L. W. Olsen ...... Packing for piston& heads. metallic. J. A. Burns... 584.539 pr- • S. STARRETT . . 584.727. 584.728 Julius Andrae Sons The L. Padlock. Lutz Moore ...... 584.575 Padlock. permutation. L. �'. Cornell ...... & 00. .• U. . . 584.6.'\9 MILWAUKEE, WIS, Engine Box·13. ATHOL, MASS S.CO. A . •: Paper bag. D. Appel...... A marvel of Eft!. : A. . . 584.555. 584.556 clency and Economy ...... � ...... Paper bag. W. Lorenz ...... •••••...... 584-,717 P. F. Olds " Son Engine Works. BoxU8. Lansing. Mich . Parcel carrier. }i\ K. Wilson h e O ' �ra�g��:�e !�� :o gn�r����a� d: P: Sch.. oen: : :0 ::•••: �:fI5584,721 Piano key coupler, P. Wuest, Jr ...... 584.721> Piano stringing and tuning device. G. M. Guild . . BuTHAT AREy GOODTe.. NOTlep" CHEAPho THINGS."nes Piano wires. machine for covering. J. A. Schalf... 584.7!ll . . . 584.596 The dlll'erence n cost Is little. We guarantee Pigeon trap. J. L. Mott.& Jr ...... I Pipe b iler. Lemke Weston ...... 584.tUl o an r PlaningO macbine mechanism. W.. W. Doolittle.... . 584.495 U��YE::r��:b y ta�i��f�:'�� l't;�=� 8 . 584.325 tee and instruments are both &rood. Planter. potato. F. C. Choate ...... WESTERN TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION CO. t I . �l:�i:r ';."r';[�:'�r��:O%fl':g ���� · Roome' :::::: �:�584.510 250·254 South Clinton St., Chicago. Plow. A.J . &F. Jackson ...... Manufacturers of Telephones � . . 584.411 Largest Plow. J. Schurger.Jr ...... 584.643 (n Plow riding attachment.& H. Mittendorf...... "",lurivelll the Untted States. Plowshare. Chesher Randolph ...... 584.493 Plowshare. W. E. Smith: ...... 584.424 PATENTS. -AN Pot. See �'Iower pot. . AMERICAN INTER· 584.381 e8t1ng and valuahletable shoWingthe numherof patents s n����J��M/. Lowndes ...... t s h ���I;�� J�e A. 584.521. 584.522 b Power transmitter. L. Rich ...... ��31, ��e��I�':Jef��Ot�8e b'�r;��n�P3�w'ri lg Ife������ . SCIENTIFIC MERI AN SuP. A Book of Too is Press. See Hay press. Stamping press. Stave PLEMENT,Contained 1002. In 10 A C POWERFifty per cent. 1 increasePOWER at no additional 1 POWER expNlse.! The " SclentlflcAmerican " says of press. l894 No. Price cents. �·o be had at the Boo of Tools: . It Is 80 excel­ . this omce and trow all newsdealers. VICTOR VAPOR EI81IE k . ����fs���d�uft�:�Lii . LOCAL aGENTS WANTED. lently made up, and \8 full of such Printing press sheet pilingBeii. attachment:::::::::::::::::::::. J. Got- �:� valuahle Information, that It fairly ...... 584.633 Steam and Vapor Launches lIeb ...... 584.449 eClipses many works 80ld 81m ply on Propeller. screw. J. R. J. Zuberbuhler...... Row and Sail Boats. Pruning. and. grafting knife. A.!McNulty ...... 584.396 Send for catalogue. Specify their merits." ��'i�Vo�l���· one wanted. .. A Book of Tools"Is our cata­ . . . 584.391 •• ��n:�' h��� ...... THOI. KAlE .t. DO .'. . '. logne. 550 pages, OVer 2,000 illustra­ Pump, piston, E. E. Johnson ...... �.592 64·66 .• . - . s Wabash av Chicago. . . tions of Machinery, Tools and Sup. u e d 584.534 p '::rov��e�t i�.? C?b�I$!�':M��gri.��:.��. M4�� 584,700 MANUFACTURE OF STARC FROM . plle8 of all kinds. and we Willsend a Pumping engine. b. A. Decrow...... __ Rack. See Umbrella rack. H L- COpy free post-paid to any addreS8 25 Radiator. combined hot. water and hot air. T.. 584.357 Maize.-By J. I( riegner. Ifull details of the process.AMER­ uponreceipt --of centa In stamp8to cover cost of poet.. Hennessy ...... With one illUstratIOn. Contuined in SC F.NT F C .. . . . 584.574 age and advertising. Rail. compound. R. h Caldwell ...... 584.644 ICA N SlTPPL��IENT. No. 111l�. Price 10 cents. 'J'O be Railway bond. electric. ]<'. T. Newberry ...... had at thi!l.office and from all newsdealers. CHAS. STRELINGER Railway chaIr or tie plate, J. T. Richards ...... 5Sf,ooa I I I A. I; 00. Railway...... danger signal for...... crossings,lE. H. Homae...... 584.507 day . 584.639 A !dres8 Advertising Dept.. Detroit, Mich. Railway. electric. H. M. Jones ...... tbt BOl[ 12� 584.511 ediSon n Pbonograpbs r £0.co The Chicago Gas & Gasoline Engine Railway. electric. T. W. Kloman...... 584.372 The simplest gas and gasoline Railway frog. C. F. Kress. Jr ...... �r:!���:e�? .2Fn:��h�:e��Oj_'lf:: x;, o,1:i{:i:. B:r! enlline on the market. Has no .. . . 584.486 Records. and Par!.s.�lllU8trated Railway frog. R. Selthun ...... 584.5:.) terlescatalogue. Attachments. fret. .• 42': equal for absolute. steady speed 0 Vine Str eet-Cleve. Railway frog. A. A. Strom ...... 584.652 CincInnati .• - .. anddurability. It Is a dwarf RaIlway signal. G. J,. Scott ...... land, 0 .. 166 The Arcade-Chicago. iii 57 State Street­ size andCata a. logSamsonue sent ill h k Indianapolis. Ind., 26 Pemhroke Arcade. Stl' tho on �:�I::� �·e��� � U8.ber�aiin::::::::::::: applica ::t��g: .. . . �:�584.546 MANUFACTURlCD Railway tie. C. Garvin ...... J...... •...... 584:,333 C!m... BYCCI . · Railway train signalIngH. device, J. Dise. 584.,671 ... . 1. NUltill AN . Raisin seeder, F. Chase ...... 48 uA" South Cltnton St., Reel. See Clothes line reel. OHICAGO, Refrigerator car ventilator. �'. E. Monteverde . ... · 584.729 lJ.L. S u R:f�}��J;,r. d� �. Wir:g���.�� .���.�I.��?�: ...... 584.444 Relief elfects.producing. J. Jacobson ...... 584.550 THE IMPROVED lAS ENIINE. l Two cyllndera In one casting. ��:� ri�!c�::��¥: Occupies less space and welg]js n i n :.::���\�{t::::: :::::::::::::::.: =:m: less for irs power than any engine :g�a�� ������ J.0J.��';!ly ����n:�·. ���::::: . made. Can be used wherever pow­ Rotary steam engine. I. B. Robertson�'...... :: 584.�:�500 er Is required. Either sta­ Sale and delivery mechanism, coin controlled, J. tionaryor marine. Notlre. . . . 584.586 No heBt. No smoke. Noll. SOME BUILDERS Gribbel...... 584: 5 3 Sales recording macbin�, .F. N. Brewer...... 584,�25, cen8ed engineer requIred. Sanitnry closet, T. JI�. Strachan, Jr...... order galvanized iron rolled one gaugc and . . 584.34H7 Stndforcatalog,u. Sash fastener. E. I. �'roelich...... SIpr-NTZ GAS ENGINE CO .. stenciled another. Sash fastener, automatic, C. T. Waggoner...... Granel Rapids, We don't accept such order�. Saw flllng guide. C. Reichert...... Saw lubricator. automntic, R. J.. Edwards ...... 584.719.. Mlch .. U. S. A. Scraper. road. E. A. Wright ...... Motor controlled from bOw. Valvea movement. 12 to L Apollo Iron and Steel Company. Screen. See Window screen. 16 to 60ft. Launches. Twin Screws specialty. 1 2. 3, 5, Pittsburgh. Pa. . . . . 584.544 7 20 Seal lock. W. K. Edgar ...... 12, and h. p. No licensed en�lneer or pilot reo Seat lock. �'. L. Worley ...... 584.657 14 S g Seed conveyor, cotton, H. W. Graber...... 634,736 �'::;��ita J'r�a :�rn��Cents :!a. �'::'�� �?';e�Ye1897 CatallJ9Ue.�� gf::;�� & .• Sewage disposal apparatuli W. F. Goodhue...... Send Ten in Stamps for C(rs.Ex aMpe advicerimenfree. Gardamtal & MoSon, 4!Hildel Rose Work St N.Y. Marine Vapor Engine Co., Jersey . Jersey City. N.J. , h Av POWER PRESSES �::r�gC!���h��!��� i: �· C. w: 6�iby::�:::::::::::� pr- ft. . for Cutt�lcl 'tt: 'fJ'� WIring. Sewing machine. Dancel & Scott ...... = NICKELAND t � Sewing machine, S. H. Dyer...... DRY BATTERIES.-A PAPER BY L. K. SHEET METAL BI-ANKS Sewing machine shuttle bobbin case, H. A. Bates. Bohm treating of open circuit batteries,historical dry Electro·Plating . Buitint8,Lo cks,nt. 1U}tB, t·te. sPoons Shades. attachment for spring& actuated. holding 584,723 batteries. modern dry batteries. Hellesen's battery1 of every . &; G. I" IIRO WN, 35 S. Canal St., Showcase. JI'. X. Ganter ...... 584,500 27-29 l ChiCago. FortAvenue. BALTIMORE, MD. Shutter worker, S. G. Hutchinsol ...... 584 588 ar r ti o . CROOKES TUBES AND ROENTGEN'S � � � s rl�. ��.P.. W� !\yw;,:y WATER FOR COUNTRY USE. i��a[siJ.tnal.s: Railway6: · ?�:!� danger'ID;,� slfi{nal.I o r t d Signal transmitter. automatic electriC, A. B. THE ...... 584.38,i li:� ��� �f��o�le���:� .r.b � �.fu�J'.:'�t":lcT[!�fo�� l'li DOMES TIC PUMP. Macklin ...... 584.654 lLboutCrookes tube�. SCIENTIFIC AM RICAN SU PLE Skate. roller. �'. P. Skornlckl...... Twelfth EaUum Now Beady. F. A wonderful Invention for Raising Water. Skater's ankle brace.. E. M. Theblay ...... 584.731 - The WINDMJLL'S GREA TEST RJ V A L. For . . . 584.4,';4 ;���'d�m;I� Ab!�R!iI,3r"lt8.3i106t': If.�1":�i�674. Skirt. M. Borchardt ...... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Nos. ", and 14, Vol. Country Homes, Hotels and Summer Resorts. Sleigh cycle. W. Bradbury ...... 584.456 THE SCIENTIFIO AMERIOAN P Can and see it in practical operation. Send for These profusely Illustrated SUPPLEMENTS contain a Smoke preventing apparatus. Gerardln & Rlngel- most exhaustive series of articles on CrooKes tubes and Catalogue and testimonials of well.known mann ...... 584,344 t e experiments performed wtth them. Among them Milwaukee people. Soap and sponge holder, Huebel & Manger, re· willb he found Prof. Crookes' early lectures. detalll':¥. THE ERWIN HYDRAULIC MACHINERY CO . s"ue...... 11.610 OF . I . . 584,446 CYCLOPEDIA t e •• Soldering composition, F. Woodard ...... :���� l�b ��e �g:I::�Se��lfl� :�t������� }� ��':[�c: 68 " 69 Loan " Trust 8Idg Milwaukee, Wis. Soldering end pieces on cans, machine for, J. A. s each. Booth...... 584.754 ��'t:��d ������';,�c���d·fr���h::��'iI ��f::!�s g n � p �a�:i�h"i. ;: li.�;.,!I:lo�.r. :: Receipts, Notes and Queries Speedg�"cr.�:':. of ��induction���"hl motors, regulating, E. Dantel- �:f:J 12,500 RECEIPTS. 708 PAGES. HOUSE A FIRE !� ...... 58(,577 Price, In Cloth ; In Sheep ; In Half PutIt out yourself,• quickly. • • elfectlvely • •• 11 ...... $6.00 $6.00 $6.60 by using the . � Speed80 varying mechanism. belt take up for. M. O. Morocco, Postpaid. CoOl" ntWS! Reeves ...... 584.402 great Stempel Extinguisher. .. . 584.461 THworkIS as now FIRE :?�� Sprinkler head. automatic... E. M. Cook ...... h w t ab Simple, certain quick. powerful. economical. �� Stammering, device for preventing, N. Monday .. �.696 been onthe mar­ � Stamping press for rooflng ridge tiles, F. Kunze- ket for nearly ::::r��':,f ��� � fgl�0:r. 8�� Best and most durable on the market. Tested ...... �0jC mann ...... 584.374 new Tool CataloJlue is a veri­ to 300 Ibs. and fully warranted. Adopted and �" .",,�•.. St S�"J��.*��r�.���������. eix years, and tahle1897 Tool Encyclopedia. A com­ Indorsed by le���r� t "I��: ��.� ����������� 584. thedemandforit plete Tool List for Metal Workers � �[:c�iars free. has beenso great BENN �. �£ Station indicator actuating& device. M. Anthony .. 584.4.\0 and Mechanics of all kinds. Men­ H. R. .:TT I.,: ." . . . � 584.008 that twelve edi. tion this pafer and send us 356., and Stave press. Staples . Ridlon...... 584.419 1213 Filbert St.. Phila.d.. lphia, Pa. H. tions have been d Steam boiler. See ...... 584.704 �:'t b'i�h:e�kJ°b:>ol::°�ftt: di::J!t Steam engine. J. S. Raworth ...... called fOr. Make money print- 584.445 sheet. Steam generator for whistles. P. A. N.. Wlnand. ... 584.500 is entirel I PRINT h Steering device. R. Galloway ...... It y �¥N ���,::,� e;:int�U� . . . . 584.':;1 distinctfrom the Montgomery o. Stopper. M. M. Bear...... 584.337 & MY newspaper. Type Store goods lifter. �'. Eiche ...... ordinary rece pt setting easy, printed book in i AKERS AND JOBBERS IN F N E TOOLS� Stove for burninJlhydrocarbon 011 and its vapors. 11.00l I OWN rules. Send stamp being H. Ruppel. reissue...... 584,569 105 FULTON STREET, NEW YORK CITY. Cards. clrcu. r al s Stoves, burner for oil vapor, G. Washington ..... thoroughlydate. up �� ��� ��;;il��� f� u ...... 584.638 to lars. with S 6 tile factory, . ��w:r ��e:�il!a; °s����: Theregarded work may Table. See Extension table. . 584.3'..iO be 88 'l'able. C.Boyd ...... & the product of 'l'ack separating and feeding machine. Ladd the s d and Suppltmtnt T E CmCA ...... 584.743 tu ies n. Mc�'eely ...... 584.722 practical ex. H Telegraph perforator.. electric. C... G... Burke...... 584:.464 perience of the Descriptton of a great engineering work undertaken t.o eJegraph sounder. A. L. Creelman ...... 1897 the contamination of the clty's water supply. 'r . . 584. 466 ables chemiSts p.t:event Teleg;aphlcsounder. A.. L. Creelman...... 584.737 t With 6111ustrations. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMEIl!- and workers in , G�:�!:::�::��:;:�n Telephone. C. C. Gould ...... 584,417 ta ogUt Rtad L cents. o be Telephone circuit C. E. Scribner ...... parts of the Y 'J' . . 584,�15 all o'l:c�:� dNgo��a�.'�e:.��:I��S. world: the Information given being of e • g!J1I\��::r. Telephone line circuit, C. E. Scribner ...... 584.414 th highest £a I ...... I ------Telephone switchboard apparatus. C. E. Scribner. value. arranIred and condensed in concise form, Telephone switchboards. spring jack for. C. E. convenient for read uee. Almost every inquiry fhe publishers of the Scribner...... 584.418 y ScmNTIFIC AMERI· .. that can thought of. relating to formu!re used Telephone system. F. R. McBerty ...... 584.352584.39:1 In the varbeous man fact rin industries, will here announce that an entirely new Telephone system. party line. W. H. Harter ...... CAN 48 H. ... . 584.618 ansi e u u g Telephone transmitter. C. Alexander...... 584.1\92 be found w red. page Catalogue now Terne plates. manufactureJ . of. R. Lewis ...... Those who are engaged In almos any branch SUPPLEMENT is .. 584,66'1 t 1'hermometer chart, E. Brown ...... A. of industry will find in this book much that ready for distribution, and be sent Thermometer. electrical circuit closing. Lur· is of practical value in their respective call­ Rschi...... •...... 584,382 free to on application.will . . . 584.468 ings. Those who are in search of independent all Thill holder. J. Fatka ...... business Or em lO ment, re at n the home Thread and.. cloth cutting. implement,.. J.. W.. y l i g to CO. , Publishers, Simons ...... 584,526 manufacture r salable articles, will in it MUNN & hundreds of 0 excellent suggestions.find id .. .. s .��.�. ���:. .�: 584.367 361 Broadway, New City. 'r 7ie'r:r����.�� .�:�. �. .j��. ��� .�?:'7".?� . most York �:�. pr SImd fordescriptive eireular. P �r:.l}f.lw�rh��pter ...... , 584.617 '10 I H. . J4UNN & CO., Publishers, .• minutes, and Filters.'1.25 and np. Cooke��, 'I. SeltzatenrK 'l·ire. bicycle. C. PAschke ...... 584.tU8 Machi' ne Ice, etc In a few np, •• Faml'ly Ice toprepare one'8 8elf soda water, ".00and up. L. DJlWllGNY. 126 YI'. 25th St N. Y. (Continued on PClQ6 415) 361 Br0a4wa),.New York,

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. . . . 2j6 ca.lnl!'. . Enfllnes,holstlnjf. mine ...... :n p WindOW shade ...... Bicycle skirtprotector ...... '164 Kaiser .• .•• Vi a i . ILL USTRATIONS. Engines otmach Wilhelm 385 m a n WIDII br t on, Insect ...... lSi 1 Bicycle. the Circle ...... ·I2:! Equation Ine...... 155 �:l��e ��'ih: ��� iioiii.: :: : : o e : k : Exposition. Nasbville...... 38 ::: : �iJ ���gcf,. �·���¥s����.I� : : :: ::20 : :: �� �l��gl:'t���:,�,:� :: : :: :: ::::::::�l:i . 292 tire. . '85 ·Papler mache bu.l'.:...... 40 Wrench. Hall'...... Bleycle Dolles' ...... A Parthenon. Nashville...... 86 WrenCh. Jenner's ...... 116 Btcycle, trip. army ...... 364- Pasteur, tomb of...... 91 ��:.e'��.����.�::::.::::: l Alcohol from acetylene gas...... 26 2� . . �2 Pavilion. glass brick .... " ...... 1:l6III ������'. � Xl��gl: :��a ;;!:��:j,t·.::::·::: Apron of dry dock ...... Face. oontractlon n jumping .... 138 Penn.ylvanla. steamer. . rU!�:I� · Aqueduct. new, New York ... OOII. �� 1 Fancet. Kenly's ...... I ...... 32 O e : : : :: :l��k�.iii tiindoii:.·.::::: llM . . 341 Field "lass, new...... 148 ��������f�y �� :::: :.: y Arm, mast. for electric lights . . . . bb ...... :: �M�81 �I�':,� :: trial . Field g18&l, pocket ...... 229 Photoflraphy,ri on 345 �n!�nMlr�I���toruy. :: : 'iM Armor. battleship,...... of ...... 2808\'2 PhotOlfl'8pby,tone . Yerkes ...... 225 Blood corpu.cles, counlin"...... 89 Filter. rainwater ...... 27657a ...... 230 Observatory Ash. "double Fire eDillne car ...... Pin. safety. new ...... Blood corpnscles. white ...... 197 Auditorium, Nashville ...... 36 Fireengine. horseless ...... 100 Pipe plujfjlier.new...... 122 ••• : Fir: engine patent. Knlbbs . .... 356 �l�::'t��\!:,I�g,I�j.e.iio. . :::: : . . . 1� ����l�r1����'8iiJim8iiiie::::: : : � FtreFire escape, Dew...... 2J8198 : . . . . Boat. roller. Bazln ...... 2(2 R . Boats. torp�do. new...... 99 ...... ••...... bose coopllng... . 198 f MISOELLANY. "212 152 �'Iower pot handle ...... ����!�; f:���°J'��a�.....::::...... ::::::..: aM216 - BOiler, Barne's D Bacilli. tubercle ...... Pre ... printing. job Boller explosion...... '20 . . 45 Flumes, Fresno,. .Cal...... 200182 by . s Fljfures preceded a stllr ') refer Boiler Bacil li tuberculosis ...... •.•...•...... 1 Flusber. pipe ...... 847 Illustrated ( explo.lon. pecull.r ...... ·357 Danube-Moldau-Elbe Canal. .... 259 132 l��� ;'ifeiiIiurg:::::::::: to arUcle.. Boller. water tube. merits ...... 306 Barometer, FlournOy'B •...... Forjfe. Siegfried's ...... �1��{':Lt � d . Bl1ttery. bot lIuld,Essick 250 Pulpit ot Treves Cathedral.. . . . 25 379 �'rlctlon clutch. new...... 100 . . . ��!f�:��hPn!Cio �!��. : Ba . . . ��::::::: � ttle at Milouna...... 105 Furnace, smoke consuming ...... 292 Pump, rotary, new ...... 196 A �gll:�8.'i�rb�u�:In.��...... ����::::::: .st $:��e�r�:e'i:r.r.·:: ·::::: Battleship Indiana ...... Bombay. plague IJ1 . .. B:�g g� Wa Battleship Iowa ...... 223 I ti . G Q ���':,'::l.�� Se'l!."���,; r.�:,:Y���: � �g::l.:��h'e�����:i� ��: ::::::::.....�� 19 �:�1�: �:rlo�'!.1.��Pt'l:' :��rid:: ::: Acetylene lias. alcobol from ..... '26 � . Books. over-production...... B:����h�!Cla"i�rier:::::::::::::: m . . lamp, •• DectsioD!I,patent. rE'cent...... 55, t01 Belt pulkys teel...... 84 Galata bridge ...... 297 202 Acetylene bicycle ...... '123 • • .... . ueen Holland ...... Book sclentlllc. mal:ing ...... 341 new ...... 116, 180 Q i ot . 1 17 . Bicyde brake. 189 Gas explosion, Boston ...... u ntin Massys. of ��r:� B:��'I��ttr:ri:�������ke8 weIJ ...... �g:m:�:: n��·s iicilii�' Bore hOI�'l'lb, utherzi·s. deepe.t...... 264 'Of'::::'� Rlg�gl:,�?r�':: c t 55: 2�2 Brain. !is ::: : :: : 8 �� �.��::: : 8::.\fI�.:'�'o�:;":new .. Acetylene. stol'1l!10 ...... 1961 Grant. tomb ot . . . Die head, new 38 Bicycle, house. new ...... 122 ...... 273. \����fl�:��::�f:: . e . . Bridge. bicycle. Tacoma ...... 293 Disease conveyed by books...... l:��¥. Bell·s...... :::::..... 3�I . :: Refrigerator.lteg\ster. 52 1f:.I���i��.�.� ":'::::. . : .. :.::: A'ft Brldjfe, Brooklyn.Improvement. 181 Disease. Immunity to ...... 20.1 Air ot bedrooms ...... 342 mg�gl:·I��������::c:::. . : .. :'.::::123. ffs189 I 8�&:!�� 1r':,� ��;r� ��:: : : ::: � nautiesl...... R Bridge erection. rapid...... 195 nock, dry. IIrooklyn. leak ...... 342 . for I'M Air, compre8sed, on monitor .....'"l77 York Bicycle n·)velties ...... •...... 164 Guns. compressed air ...... Regtsterlng Instrument...... 3 Bridge, Montreal...... 196 Dock,front railway. New .. S3� 52 Air. compressed, in working . Bicycle skirt protector 1 Regulator.o electrIc current...... Bridge. N. York and Long Ist. . . '29( Docks. new. Gibraltar...... 26 h guns ...... 11 Door latch. Wbltcomb's ...... '324 m�rn:s��g�y .ll�� Ji and ••••••• ... Rlg�gl:·t�I�:.e�o�r.�.�:::::::·:::::: ll:i H ...Quiiit,;:...... :::: 2123J 8 Air. lIow pressure of...... 28126 1:13:::�r c1�,.f,!���trej,r::::::·� Doors, bronze. 1.'rinity'B ·812 184 Air. mountain, influence. u Ripping attachment ...... •...... 89 B1����:9� �t'a�:�t��' . Brldjlies.•. Datural.formatio n...... g�::h':-\a:�. ��I{��eiiimi::: : spee'd:::::::: Hand. Herrmann's ...... Airship takes fll'e 407 . . . . � .•.... '26 Brld"e the longe.t ...... 007 : . . 241. :U Handle har. bicycle ...... 244 :::IlJg73 Biograph. the ...... 8 I . Alcobol from acetylene gas. . . 281 Brooklyn Institute, new home;. 8\JO allyln" . pots ...... 1911 not Drawbridge ra;sed by wedge. . s.... 20 Bird, toy...... 86115 H andle for 1I0wer ...... 16;) Alcobol a "ermlclde ...... Brooms. American...... 875 shop...... 2 8 Drawings...... Blind slatting machine ...... Han,om electric ...... Alloys. ferro-nlcke\...... 23 of. 235 newspaper ..... 231 Buddha. blrtbplace ...... 119 Dre.den. of...... 389 Boner. Burnes' ...... U ...... 212 Harlem River speedWaY''' 81 Scenery of jfrandopera ...... 381 Aluminum. action of carbon 218 Bu1l'alo,story of tbe ...... :\ � ...... 276 Dressln" too warmly ...... 202 i�l\�� :��\�����' P�� .I��.:::. :::: 85� 97 i Scbool. riding. Tor dl Quinto..... Aluminum coated sbeets .. .. ;r/ 8 BulldlnjliIn New york ...... 41 Orlll. electric. portable ...... *1 1 a nding .. . :... : 24 Aluminum . H rvester self-bi 2'M t;cow,du mping, 8team ...... a::a881 imports. Getman BuHdlnOl;s.steel. danjlier from.... 50 Drill, band. McSeeny's...... "200 . .. 1 Heaters, e\ectrlc,NlalliBra ...... 21a of Boller room,1 .fJ'iJ Herlln. Conn... .. 40 er. . 11�:::1��:::: lnt . . Buildings. tall, limiting belght Drugs, neglected...... 8 ercules plll nrs ...... 184 BOiler, railwayh. p...... 65, 6Ij Herrmann. �t-::lrt.a':��I !����J :::::::.:: M�, n�01 �!�.rt , s pr.: :::: 2ll Burners. gas, and togs ...... 395 ..... 244 Alexander ...... Bombaynlr. station ..... ot ��:�::r�? We'w���1��:·:::::::: BUSiness chanfes ...... ••. 242 'In:::: 300 Holland. Queen ...... 202 1::::�l:n\ �g� r�'I . ll ��.�:: g�lg�c:."fi�.:'Z�I��:ie8k . . ::*3� Brake, railwaynew ...... 116..... 189 Horses. of . 75 m ��135 Buslnes. ninety-six years ago 324 Dry docks. Brooklyn ...... 'J2O ...... training •...... •••• Brake,switch, bicycle, ...... 7 •..• Shower batb. velocipede ...... 2a';6 Analyses. dlll'erent....resuU ...... s...... 219 Butterworth, Benjamln ...... *243 26 Hose new , 191 b x ...... Du BOis Reymond. Emil...... Hrake elevj ator. coupltng, . . 184 Signal o . street. ADlmallndustry Duel on bicycles...... jO Brakes. slack ad uster . . . 228 Hou.e, a twin ...... Krick, glass. hollow...... 10 r :: . . . �i.'f.t��Jlt :�e;r. �l�';�r.,brakes::::. . ...::: ....: .:: 22816� 1�1::::1�: ����:�:t"��vgt��:: :: :l c � Ileolffll .. fiB Uridge, arch, over Ni8Q'sra...... Anthrop"- . pby...... Slack adjuster for ...... • 11:8 ...... 136 . E Bridge, biCYCle. Tacoma ...... 293 I Antbropologieslexped ition . Slave trade. Atrlclln ....••.. Cactus jfarden. new ...... 58 Ga ta of ...•• ... •••. • 201 Cadavers. In ...... WI Bridge. la ...... 297 •. ... Snakes, collectors ...... 137 AntitO in treatment, 1896 327 crystals Eartb, ageot. Kelvin on ...... 390 Brid"e. New York and ong lsi .. 289 IdentificationI,� BeIrtUlon syst� � 209 Apprentlce.hipX .ystem...... 88 19 L Im d Snow melting macbine . . . Calendar. Gregorian ...... 2�8 Eartb crust movements...... papier � � a 404 at . . . •...... Busts. mache...... :U340 �.:'ri:s . � . ��� � � Sp8jfbett!.ma king ...... S40 Aquarium, New york ...... '311 H� Camera. chronol>hoto"raphtc ....'281 Earths. rare. Cornell 311 Butterworth. BenJamin ...... Wotan's 347 Aqueduct. new. New york ...... Camera, . . . clnematograpb,Lumtere-(()b Spear, ...... 261 Earthquake in Japan Improved rock drill...... 404 ...... S Indltlnft,batt leship ...... 105 Speed Indicator, Horden' ...... Arcbreology, Ellyptlan...... 405 m l Indicators. slfltlaling...... 8 Speedway, Harlem RIV'liO;iid�: !& ArCbre e �::::::·���tl.;:��e:LIn ::::::::::. � ��'::'�r�� rn Rt�s�a·. :: :.::: '::::". l�� 7 �\�'fi�."t'3t r5y�2i5. :/€a Canel. Baltic, winter ...... 894 ElI'ect · on bridgesl of motive c Insects. wing. of ...... 8 �5�\J�: Canlil. ll . . . 1 �f���:ie��gpc;,���,; d . URnube-Moldau-Elbe.. ... 259 power at h g speeds hattles lp ...... 404 ... Iowa. h ...... 229 X Ch·cago ...... a . . . ���:"...... H�ii8e 49 1����·I� ft�I��g��.:'� ::::::::::. . Canal, dralna,v:e...... :/"� Ejfg of Ilreatauk . . . 292 Camera, new...... 281 Ironside •• Old ...... 283 �� mast. �� ...... Navaho Stage. two auditorium Arm electric. .... lamp...... '&11 245 n ;�����t�:e ':8 �p�����.�� IrrIgation, reservation.. 6S Stamp alllxlnjlim achine . . ... 148 Armies of Europe :l:=: �fl���if;tWtm �:�gg�:::::::::: .... g:�:l: Brii.·ij,ier. . esi': sl: Cannon,8:::::�:' 4� ��::::::�I�e*�����aF'i�dricii: Canal of Josepb ...... y t tO . . . .. � ('ar a.rmy, shipment ...... 280 . 278 :j:��lg�ty" pohe:slbl�lltI. ·e·s"o·f.·.· brake adjuster ...... 228 J : :: Mll 1���'Arm.,r�:t�;��) &·ut;':�:: : : :::: :::'� s w . . . . . S861 ..ft• Cnr. cable. grip for...... 28'� Steeringappar atus, Terror .... , .. 16�1M plate, no bids for ...... 243 g:�gg�,; r::,,:re�t;��:I��:::::::::� . 373 . Stethoscope. pbono., new ...... Armor plateli,ntckel steel...... 2S Carborundum production .... �11���tg:. l;�?n�3. R!���. ::::::: Car. lireen"lne ...... JOint tor b;cycle rim ...... 123 Car. .... 2« � Car stoP. elevator...... :: 1�l,ei;e: cable, .Iuw speed grip ...... •t8� Elevators. electrIC...... *7 ...... 7 Justifying macblne...... SUI 'C'boiriton::::: : . r (:arrill�e, motor.Columbia ...... SSI161 �l��� :�:per;a : : IfJ :':lo��::'���.'.���:::.:: :.� �::'K� ::!��=Ig::��I::a���.� : ::: Cascades. Columb·a river...... �:��d a f:;: ::;:t ��.�g:;;petiii(>ri :.::...... ::::: ·381'� :.:... � �:.tfr.: i� ��:::::: ·:.::::::: 1�t.;:s����:��t��:8 'Bi :. :::::::::: Carrlajfe,motor. Columbla Enjlilne. llre, borselessI act e : K fM 2� 275 ...... •*100 A ttractlon, central...... 362 Carriages,horsele.s. at Brussels. Engine. fire. Knlbbs' pal ent 356 �:i��dr�l rg�qpre���.. �:U IPii'::' : � Carriages, of gas U. MalaY'.... 1��O�';:':I\e����faj.iie.t::: ::: motor. price ...... �35 Engine, , Industry. 854 Caves. I'aclllc....bicycle • ...... 13956 Kite. foldlDll. 59 . '167 . .St. ates. Chain T l , : : :: �171 Cascades. Columb)a River ...... Engine. llasoline ...... *244 cleaner. Knotter. mecbanlc!!.1...... 24 A va ancbe St. BernlL"l ...... Ciltaract powerin Egypt hOisting '3'12 Chimney oowl. Hlrscbel's ...... 292 ...... 292 Engine. gasolln�. a b ...... ::: :: :::: Cataract. Te'luendama.crosslng.·265 Enll:ine. rotary, Br m el...... '74 L .. c �r���';liV'!'::��b�m: : : �3 �:I::��g:: i������::: :::::::::: WiI �::v���I��f3it . . . r : . :: ::: � Temperature apparatus ...... all B g:��::{, ...... ot.::::: '56� I�:;g:; �g�g. i:��r�::: . . . ::: ::iM : Laboratory. .. .. 145 Tequendama cataract...... 26. Cuves. Pacific g�������ilr:. �e" w:...... : ...... 257 Saranac Lake.. . . 291 En�lne. steam. dup'ex ...... '15028., a der, extension...... 64 Terror, monitor ...... 171 Bacchyl1des, poems, discovery ... 215188 Cave .. ...Itpeter. our ...... Engine, the Brtlmbel...... Coal trlinsportllr. . . . 1 3 L d . .. 218 Jl9 ...... 1 86 Tblll suPfJort Bacter a In geolojfic.st rata ...... Celluloid. manufacture of gas. ships Columbia. cruiser.. . 2M Ladder, fire, Hortont n n...... Bartlett's...... Engines. lor ...... S59 f'olumbla fiver _ceDes ...... grgy�r �� ... Tbl f I : : Cement. electric conducllvlty ... 107 Engines, bolsting. mlne ...... *21 a I;:�g: e . . �1 {?': 3���'i.a�d�� Kit�.�� 4ffi ' �:l�o"� "a����is� �����t��. m ::::::: ::::: 216fil �.� . 196 . �.:: : :: � ����"p��or.���.I��:::::: r g����n��::�S��ii'c.i8e:::. :::::. ::: �:U .. Tire. bicycle, cork ...... Balloon exploration...... 38 g:::::�t: ����. . 26 ; Lamp. electriC. ne.w...... 578 . . . � ED \Wroe::.���' ��. .��1Il.���(OS Cope. t<:. D Prof ...... Lamp. Moltenl ...... Tire. hlcycle, Dolle.'...... 8.'; Balloon voyalle. Andree s ... 183. 298 Cemetery, a unique ...... 11958 Engineers, electric, American . .. 3S9 .• N. J ...... West·s...... ' 245 of iaga Cottage. Nutley...... 89\ Latch, barndoo r...... 3"..4 1'1re compres.or, 21III3 BlLlIoonlng.military ...... 24, Census unemployed 891 Enllineers.electriC, N ra .. .. 371390 .. Tomb, Gen. Grant's ...... BRlIs. steel. hardne.s of...... 243 Census. the twelftll...... En"lneers, h h k :·:·::. : 27 ••••••••••••••••• • mechanical. meeting.. .• 42 ' Tomb or ouis Pasteur...... 91 Bamboo. lIoweringot ...... Cerium, note (ID 378 of.... ����r� ���T���r�.� �I. �: :::::: m I;:��':;I�f:: �e�gu�;���t m L . u . 20 EOlZlneering. progress tor Rrazll ...... aoo Tonograph, tbe ...... �5 Bamboo. •• s of...... 574 Cbarcoal thread...... CrUiser Columbia ...... IH T,ocomotlve 59 155 Enllineers'Society. meetin...... •g {! . . S55 ...... 157 Torpedo bOllt No. ,1...... Barometer. Flou.-ooy's...... '132 Cbat'fles8I!alnst patent attorney.402 stamps. Cuitivator. Smltb's...... Locomotive. 10jfKlo g...... •.. Envelope affixing...... •'148 Locomotives. old ...... 2!J3 Torpedo boat Porter...... 3211315 Ba.lIi""s of Rowe ...... (06 Chee�e, AmeriCAn, producUon 89'l Equation machine 154 Current, electriC, regulator . .... fr! ! !' r · . John .• Jr . w In CUrrier. J ...... 171 Locomotives. o '!r u ...... 260 T.,y bird. a flying...... Bath .and • bower. velocipede...... *235 215 Chee.e., italian. green color ..... 182 Excavations Greece ...... ISO Cycle. clrcle . . . e Toy phonograpb...... :130193 Bats music.flUId.... f � w ...... 123 e!�t��:re�rJ� cJa 'l�:m ransml.s,on plant, electric Hattery, bot E88ick ...... ·250 s� o;;: 1 s ior:::: � • ...... g� g'l,����\�I :::::::::::: ���I�mg::f!1j,�g. Y���::::::. � '1'ree. double, curious a92 Battle at Mllouna...... '879 Chile. railways ...... 57 .. n 231 ExhibItion, Nasbvllle...... "36 slabll .. Trolley manbacil ofll. war...... 1St HaUle.blp Indiana...... '105 r c I . .. i D . 242 : :: • M Tubercle 149 Battle.hlp Iowa ...... "229. g�l:::�:�. 'i::;;�l: : �� :� . . . � �i�l�l:ttg�:�:��:�?�:.'i's . . slpiil:...... ::...:: '164 �A1 Jlazar. at . . 001 . Turblne, 2ifJ'iJ b. · ...... cbarlty. tragedy ...... Chromatlzlng dry plates...... S28 Expedition. antarctiC Death dance ·co.tume., African. 361 . . 1 B . Clllar ribbOns ...... 2(4 Expediti 186, t o MaMachine,n equation ...... ::: . ·(06 on. 8ntbropolojfloal, 811895 :: of war. trolley ...... ��gl�:: ::�:: te��"6��...... �:: : ::: �l2« 1�:��i1�'f�::in' water::"::: 90,M81 8 Clark, Alvan Grabam ...... ExpedWon. arctiC. propo.ed ..... g::�: ":1�1.�� Wt�f.�.� . �:: : ::: � he bar . ' o Mechanical baseball .pitc r. .... 409 Type joints.... . Bedclol bes fastener ...... 3'�4 v : : Die head, Gardner ...... 22!1 Memeluse Island ...... :lI3 Typewriter; sbortband ...... 8.15 Bedrooms. air of...... g:�:ic�� �� e�J'�.�. �:: 150 &,':,ag;R:::�·.·.: :U2 Die head, new ...... 212 ...... • ...... 164 eaters : :::: m\ ��=Wgg: abandoned: : :::' .: 3.� MtllInjfmachine, new. . 246 Beds, 8('ldters' ...... 1:l8 Clay ...... 117 Ir.xperlment,SOCial, .. 50 Doors, bronze. Trinity's ...... 312 Monitor Terror...... I'M Beet su"ar Indu.try Clocks, curious Eltplorlitlon.anta rctic...... Door latch, barn ...... 324 · ...... 27 .. Monument, WRshington. PhUa .. 36211 V Belt I>ulley•• •te el...... 'Ill Clot bl"g. paper. . Exploration In �·8nganylk ...... 230 Dovet" II. four sided ...... 196 Mortars. . recoil cylinder for...... Bertillon sy.tem condemned...... 857�6� Cloud furmatlon. energy ...... 151 EltploslOn,subway. Boston...... 166 Dragon In t!legi'rled...... 83'1' air...... 72 Valve. air and switch ...... 369.B; cycl .. and tuberculosis Clutcb. friction, new...... *100 Eltpo.ltlon.Paris ...... 306 Motor. compresoed ...... : . : bruke, new.... and Iron In . . . 246 1896... . Moto;\Iountalnr. gas.shadows new ...... 3'l2 Valve.Valve, Kntbb'p ...... 356li6 : Bicycle ...... "11 6 I oal 1896n...... ExpoSItion.o Swls>...... 23 g��r����f�ic���t!t,��McSweeny's.I��....: ::.....::: tXY2 ...... 26'7 Sampson's...... 117 Bicycle.brldge, Tacoma...... ·200 t n 57 n UrllI. hand, . �20 ...... 233 I speed o� t"figl��'jt'ed t�� gl Ury dock. Krooklyn. apron ...... Museum,leaf Field . VaporlzlitlonIn tubes . Bicycles, change of ...... '43 gg�l c::::J'�rl�� ��� :'::'r'i'';r8:' . : :. ::: i3i B I Mnslc turner ...... 3· 5 · e . � Mutograpb, the ...... 241, 248 �:����gru'::JgM���w:. ::::::::: 1M I �lg�gl: :i�:gmg�;·New york::: m coa��� ;or' ri>of.:::::::.. ...:. ::...:::::. ..'257 � Bg ggg:., ��g�III�n���.� .. :::. � Ve88els, propulsion ot ...... fiB Blcyclo. foldlnjf...... ·16 5 C3allng war sblps at sea F Bicycle frame, Pin over's...... ·356 �69 g�����J��t�I�;; iii::::::::::::: N Bicycle frame reinforce Face. contractionin jumping ...32(, "140338 . '128 lrJ Fair. . E w Klcycle Ilear,frictiontwo device ...... Cold, regIon of gre ..test...... 38 '\merlcan In.tltute . . .. Naval parade, New york ...... 298 Bloycle .peed ...... '123 Fa l of bulldlnjf,N. Y. City ...... lOS18 . 321 EI Mist!. cratars of ...... ::: :::: :: �l��gl: . :: �gl��: �".'!' f�Mft�ioti.iY·.·.·.:·.·.::·.·. �� Fatljliue.visual ...... • 1 Elevator engine ...... 387 �:���;:tt�r�am iiii66i. :: . ����r:bt,::.��� . Columbia Rive� scenes ...... ·218 Reno...... 4\ � ;:���I�'t�fli.� i����.�:: :: .... . : � ����: .:.. �rl •.... . Elevator. Inclined. Note boOk holder ...... 100 n t bl glg�gl:':�f:;:'Ysf��:::::::::::: Concentration. economics ..of...... 107130 J:��:\���e::.:::::::::::::.:: !�: Elevatllrs,electric ...... 'l ;:t�:�m,otower.p� yn:,� w3::� or.. l.'A05: �i I new ...... ::·122 111g Concrete, electric conduot .. En"lne. Berlin. Conn ...... 401 Water ne ...... 219 Bicycle. house. Consumption. ravage.of ...... '405 86 tiioC :::. Engine, ...... •..• 1 ����l�'I;.s:��:.·(ie...... •...... � caloric small 3091 o Waterwheel regulation...... 11721 Bicycle. Ken.injflon...... '008 ConvenientE. drl11 case ...... Field RlaS8, Dew ...... *229·148 .• of . *2ti6 Illa.s. Engine. tire. horseless...... 00 I welll Quintin Massys...... Bicycle lamp ...... '276·12 ' C<,pe. D deatb ...... Field pocket m Observatory. Harvard, fltty ...... 73 Cope. PrOf.. will o! ...... 343 carbon...... 20 Enlline "a"ollne...... Ul. 74 . n PerD .. 321 Wba e. a foot. 1 Bicycle lamp, electric ...... 11 Filaments...... *216 'Engine, rotnry, Rrambel...... Observatory.yerkes ...... 225 Wbale at Lonl{B each...... 39( , Bicycle note_...... 70 Copper. meltinjli point Filter. rain water En�ine. rotary, Heron's ...... , .. 211 Oil. r. new ...... 41 1 Fire engine car...... *373 .. . separato . . . � Il�gl: :::::::: 8��r.rRCf�=�jlia :·. ::::;:::::· . Engine. Ateam,du plex ...... 2tJ3 Opera Si888, trick ...... 266 �:::d�:: =��gii'8.::::::::::::: , :g�:; ���"lgrk:. 'I� � Fire enslne, bonele88...... '100

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Fire KnIbbB·...•. eztnctlou, . . Pat n •...... 811 Rock picture. In Oregon...... S26 h a . two andltorlum...... 455 *3Ii6 " engine, patent,...... '218 t . Metal . float njr...... IIIlIIInetlc...... 195 1 Pa ent Btobacco. box.sCommi on r' •• ma�n t i ...... T ellter . .. .. Firee.cape, n w s l 2'l9 .. 399 , 362 e 1:� �i�:':e�::F.�8:••...... ::::::..••..••:: �216 fall a...... te •• JAssist.ap n ssi e Roorock •. ooal tae o prop. of . . . Thibi llsupport.•• d Bartlett'ful. fnt . .u ...... "2'18 11111 coupling...... 198 Insecta and flower ot R of Fire boae .•• ....•.... In.ects.win". ot. Meteor, ...... 38 Patent • a ese ...... •• ...... 17S r ...... 8(S T n won er re v b ti n dayllgbt. dl8CO y • Comml l er •..... 1 fru tbe ocean ...... T lrd ra . electrlcal e.422 Speed Ind cca or. sblp Vaccination In . . f!1 Latcb.•• barn k door ...... Nobel, Alfred. nde ite In quartz. p . . . .cience...... pe ayi tor. war ..., ...... • 316 Lathe o e and bandle ...... *228275 41 ag��� :.:t'e*g:�r i Latitude. ot...... NotNobele bookbolder. 111ft ofto ...... ·100 .. S edw . Harlem Riv r 52 98,"89, *104 ��Vaporisationc::,msa:.�:�� In 'l�:nbe.::::::::::::::.m variation ...... q e ...... *117 memorial . . . . ..�..:::.. � ld r a l t s . f . . . �p .. Grant tomb . .. . •*ll19 �:8.�Kl:���b:ft'ea.f�':'a� i�:::: o Holland...... e ng ...... 298 Vegetable pumping en�ine . ... 67 Grant monument dedication...... "200 t rm .. Veiretarlanl.m. etrect of...... 296 ornamentation ...... �281 Queen M&ssJ'a, of ...... ��:.���:::::::::::: 41 excavations In ...... lBO QnlDtln weU *117 . Veliiclerunnin g Ifear...... LawnLead ...... 182 Ig:�t�:;'a�� "71 Greeoe. ••• o d ot...... o �& . . � . . .. 98 Lealslatpencils.lon, trifling wettinIn. g ...... •••...... 325 Green Cro climater er • . •• ...... • 718 . O b Hippocratic �18 VeilsVending and machine. visIon.. e ...... '180 Greenland. . . . . Lefpslc E n lbltlon ...... 8S70M Oabt ��I��. ��::'e� �:JW:q�ii7::::::::::: n w ot...... x t rva y Harva":i; iii·perii.:'329 ...... � Greaniand.flora ...... *216 38 euc cy •• dl. rlb lon .. ... 1'1'1 Obs.ervatotorry.. R Stage.tbeater. newa . . . . . '56 Venus and Mercury. revolution. 264 Libraro y tebuildim,. t Nuew of . 1 Lowell. remov .. . 86 l Greenland.lo .peed. glaolers of .car...... ·282 37 Ob ervatory. al. . . ud ...... 8'14 ��£e�f.!:':p� ����,:Uiii.::·: : Ves.el.V .s l •• fa.te.t p oD llafloatlf.nlan ...... o ... 290 L!brary, C onl't;".. lo n y. ork ..... Mont BIIIlIC ...... 262 RadiOlll'llpb J'of e e r e n f r ...... '68 Gri ' s w cable . . ai Ob.e rvat ry. weatber. Mt. . Hatlsbon, Walballafruit ot..b ...s . I'tars,dl anc of ...... :.1� Viaduct•• teel . New .. . . LIbrary. New ...... 3408 rn *l33 ll .. 19 Obsers vatooy yerkes ...... Ro...... a"225 90 Rail jOints, welded ...... ta cn luster..t e: ...... 278196 York ...... 8'15 1:orl<...... a��·manutact. :"��il:f:� United:�rgr o�CStates.:: ill savinI< ... . . Ob.erervatory.r . Yerkes. aCCident .•371 ...... 34 S r Victoriay brldllA,Montreal . ... Gun In tU LifeLlgbt, artlftcialsemce ...... 818315 c u e ap lire Maxim ..•• ..•• . O an. l of . . . . . 116 ;�=� a:�Kt��U::O��et.::::: . '380 !,dgbt, electro.caplllary. .. 0 deptb...... 'oiigniiitiig:: ::::::: GuttaGun. r id 1896...... • .. 17 1 Oceanre c. e steamer...... 182 ��o'::. g.�fe: . . 131azg S tature ���!::'�. Y:=:�:'i. .�tb�O. . ..!Y:::::.. . = Ul crop 242 and I .b ...... • 387 percha of . .eparantor.w ne RaIlroad. elevated. power ...... 27 I S eamb andat welgbtBas i ...... LLlgbt.lgb ofInoandes a . ry sky. g...... t .... 102 011 w ...... '41 Railroad progre...... t o tbe n ...... 242 t the .t r p ra glass. . Railroad record. remarkable. ... 182 St am Oceanic ...... 182 m c record ...... Opera,e grand.trlcprodul<..ctloll ...... of ...... *265. 346 e er w LlJrUrla, seis i ••t .. . . . ).S5 H dy 3941 ••p ec r ra blc ... . H� �=:'I�el!'rc:��l:i1rlcIi::::::!lI Llquid8. expansion u of. . 3401 of . . . 182. 342 Ores •• t oa onp.... analysis ... 891 Hall .torma. break g np...... Llvln .mo. . ItH�:gRailroad. :=g8.� tblrd raIla:: t::::::::. .. ::::::. . . Steam.bipline. 378 g.tone. llrave•• f. .r .Br..ll.. .. ·309 O i note ...... 87 '876 new...... 19 Hallocl<. in...... Locomotive. Amer as O.trlcb. a 8 inr m � ...... n Lewis. Dr...... 166 LocomotIve export o . O Ch. w ofin ...... 8'12668 t Ha l b lcycle e ...... trI . . It\\�=:.'!�c:':�qiiIPiDeni:::: e d e ar. b ...... *244 Locomot!ve history.tra poind t In ..... SI!!l running the ...... S �':l:��f:.l ������?��.����� 4011 Handle to . . . . '198 . ... on...... = I Steel a s bardne.s of . ... . 162 r flowerpots ...... 101l1<1ng. . . . Ozone. note ...... 68 RaIlroads.electri o traction ..f ...... 870*'12 b l ...... 248 lect l LocomotIve...... 59 one . . ... carbide In Hansom.Harbor. German. e r o ...... '16525 on Mont Blanc ...... 231 Railroads.Railway. dock elevated. tront. motoNew r or . SLeel.Steel. nironc l ...... 848 Locomotive. Purdue Unlv...... 339 :l38 Harlem .peedway..new...... RaIlwayb lstorr Yo.rk. .. 194 imke r...... ing in...... 23 .338�:gtl;:;,. "r��?J:..:·::::::::: , Engll.h ...... Steel. 'l1 Ha l m River .peed way . S b te opepe .•pbenol ...... "' . . ad r e ... 82,;:: '''104 ...... p .RailwayRailway,s JaII'a In Chue and...... 231 Stevenstet o.c . pliono new ..... Locomotives.o.tl •• old ...... *233 o m v . .. . . •• Jero8aleman . .. 356 In.tltute.b anniversary .. L co e powerful . . *260 Paolflccave ...... m ic ...... 146 Stockholm x i io ...... 1 21 l"ar�::e�.�:'����Ar.:..�.��:::: ...... 6 80me ...... "58 Railwaystation.speeds. BombayA er Stone, lIthollrBpblc.e h it American n . . Lode. tbe motber...... *S44 111'1 .� :IB��W:tlg: �.� .�����::::� RaRallwavay rmI nal •• WIl.binlrl;on. St rm alarm ...... Jf=M:'I{�er���:f!��r..g&i&:::::::: LLongevity.o el signs of...... remo ...... 16186 ilw te 123 o ...... *l8Il l �l:i . nd blast rall &Ccldent . .... S e t . . . w l ob.ervatory.elemen t...va . ... 843 vens tor January...... � 9 Paint. removaln by a .... S28 Railway.Railway third li a . tr e ••.weeper. Cbarlton ...... "1lI'l He LusterLucium ntlttarcb. an...... 88 s e dl.coveries. ... 85 e s Britl.b. 1895 .... . Hea..v n tor Pale tib ot. recentti n tacts about...... 26'1 Railway. tbrougbra ssl te lan e ...... -17 SStritr kke•• and decline...... 101106 66 •• ...... 196 , ...... 181 Heaven.e . for February.March ...... 14� Paper. clotl b ngg.. RaInproduction t n b byr . . iEelmo's rtse 242 o ...... Paper.Paper mulis on ..coating...... 8571 I tern l ...... •....fires...... St. lAwrence.fire ...... di.c a .....•. �e H8'>vensf r AprIL .. .. . 195 a 2'17 t r May ...... 715 M e i . . . . Rays. n st. b rge of 211 Heaven.Heavens foro ...... Paper machine. tbeP largest ... 326 e �:: ��t':,�.;:=-�ltP�·ni;,ii.·,:oiiie: June ... . . 399 S3II Herbs...... 199 Maoblne. at 0J54 ':,�':J�:� �I.�: ��::•• I: :�s ::�r'i g�gre:. . . . . '::':'. . n� Subwa , Bo.ton. completion ..... l140 ���::::::.: Ray X. 327 )' Herrmann,medicinalAlexander ...... •...... *w equ ion ...... �C:�a l r H¥ bnrnlngby ...... 60 mache bu.ts ...... '40 Holland. MaMaoblnery.oblnerY. llold American. Illlnlnil. export. ... P p erl. ancient. lindof .. .. �::d�;I���3Ii:.��.��::::::::::::: .."200 8M . S7l Queen. ot...... • 9 exhlb.. � P l . ...S .. 1:�::ay •. I:r:re��urll e::miry ii&Hoii::�I� Supnly and demand...... = Home., our ...... 1 X...... 29a \18 Horse. spolllug. .. . e p .t g tl ! b 'b) R In . one ...... f r ...... of a ...... 341 Reys. X. . t . . 278. 348 wart.. .. lIB an ot . . Magnets.tl:g�� <'i�p�.I ends ���rre��removal�� ::·::·.: � asAmerica':: � .���...... t �e. .. . BOO Ray •• recentnote n .iga..t. ons SwalSWitslowia wortnd orders o . .. . . 198 Horaes.me welllbt ...... f!1 X. I ves i ..."39 1 t er . trom ...... •• 8apo1tyo"f ...... 147 of. .m...... 410 av len t S l se la ...... Horae ...... Rayo, X . ... e a H h ...... S5 w r nd pollulatlon of .... . ·248101 Hor.es. tramlng of...... *'15 t I I::��;:�!'{, :r��?� ��::::::::: i%ortM.::::: r. he ...... Roae coupling ...... ·198 =:�:."t'::Matis. :F��early':: days.::b �:...... ::::::.. .•• �3'781 Patent a t r y'. .. . � g;rf:.'Je�! �o Sword walke our. 25 � a ...... n Inmos . . . Bt eorlnei e telepboappeal ne...... 3231'19 1l:��Refractometer.�I interference...... "1.84 60 Hou.e.cem twin.. .. a.... . ManMalaria a d Mllquitoesy ...... PPatent,t n . bicyclen r... oodri m . .. . ex.. � ...... 68 ...... *37 2911 T Horae1{UII ships'. ling ...... Maneuvers,of war. Da.Val,t e . . . PatentCommtss1oner, Can..ad •..... Belrr:eraior·:Beii·.::.:::.: : : : : ::: 0 . so:; 13) 2t8 :t ...... receDtabout ...... 250 a e t Comml . . .a. . . Regi.terlng appa t nautloal .. *8 Tanganyika. pl rati n 290 Mankind. ueern thingsn s. Patent •• loner. new . lectrraC currentu., . . . ex o o In..... ft�i:fb�=::'�r.r:.�:::::::::::: t&1 tt:���'mi �ta lV��:� lur:: :.� :�?:': I n e M Regulator.Remains. e i .. . *521'10 ::::::: : Map. Wll9 t:��::�����r 163. �;�?�e247.��f� 263, � m� Research aborill.. us lrnal,. di.covera u ..•....y.. 278 �::c'j,� �:."Ta:.���II �.��::. : JX 294. Maps.weatber. rellet. dr dally.a in flr.t...... 102, 183, 3{'810.\ ph. t geaessb " v ...... l e ...•• t:I:;:�:Y.'h1:� ��ed:::::::::::-= ...... " .. 1m 327. Retina. ), 138 Maot ann. l c rwc lamg p . . . . . at nt ...... 46'7131 h ln ld on obydraUllcr p of plan t..... Tele!

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 5&1.690 Tire fabric. bicycle. P. Krum.cheld ...... SO SIMPLE A CHILD CAN USE THEM NOW READY. 'l'ire for bicycles, pneumatic, Von Leicht & S:· : :: : SUNART I Tlr�":l:uiD.aiii:i: i( Etfinger:::::::::::::::'...... : ggU�584.322 CAMERA. 'l'obaccocompressor, M. W. Bryson MA GAZINE Top lifts. machine for manufacturing loaded, F. Folding Camel·a ... AMPLIPHONESpeaking Trumpet TO:'·E�Wll:::��t.��:·::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::: l l a I l For country ••hore. and mountains. H . �;Wi ts l� lr&!: ���� .¥u�gi. Train alarm. R. A. Butler ...... 584.540 �� By Its nse ordinary speecb can be Inexpensive S tr i 5&1.007 �17" picture. $5.2 distinctly heard for longdistances. Send cent stamp for or Send jor CVrcular. ���r.ey s����f;���S•• h����� T. ��: ..� .��. �.����. 5&1.686 �\'+ . 'I'rolleywheel elf oiling. B. Henry ...... 5&1.318 illu.tratedCatalogue. HAWTHORNE SHEBLE, 'I·ronsers.A. Blrklnnd ...... SUNART PH OTO CO. &. Truck, car. B. W. Tucker ...... 584,578584,4b1J Chestnut Street. Phi ade ia. Country Homes/t 'l'urbine,impulse, S. C. Davidson ...... 5 AQUEDUCT STREET. ROCHESTER. N. Y. 604·606 l lph Pa. Pmcticq,l Book Architects. Builders and those Turbine or Pelton wheel. tangential. Impul.e. S. 5&1.579 A jor Intending to Build. C. Davld.on ...... THE TIN PLATE INDUSTRY IN Turbines, means or apparatus. for governing. im� 5&1.580 'I'HE Zinc Etchings '"' Half-Tones ""--"'-",,""""-' pul.e. !S. C. David.on ...... United States.-An interestioK puper. showing the ex­ A handsome cloth-bound portfolIO. consisting of 96 Type casting and composing machine, F. A. . traordinary development of the tm plate industry in palles l1x14. printed on heavy plate paper, and con­ o this country. and the serious competition into which18 it ,,'''co """.".�".. Electrotypes ,,' Designing. Tyie :e��?:g·machiD:e;}\. A: ' johnso.ii:::::. :.bSi,3b, ....i: 5&1.480�:� is now enterin� with theSCTKN BritiTIFICsh industry. AMERICA WithN illus­ ----- taining 43 designs, with floor plans, of practical, Typewriting machine. O. F.A. Mayer ...... PPLE­ . . . 584,491 trations.MENT. Contained in 1021. 10'.!'.! 8U10 �3. •• •• ta�teful and comfortable country bomes, ranging in 'l'ypewritingmachine. M. Wier ...... No •. 10I9. 10'.!O, "lid \\l't:tlSrgn & Engra\lng Co Ml1\o\8uli.ee. \\1-. $1.000 Typewriting ...machine ...... ribbon ...... mechani.m...... G... .. M. ... 5&1.497 Price 10 cents each, or 50 cents for the series. To be had cost from to $5.000 complete. The designs Eckels.. .. at this officeand l"rom ull newsdealers. have been carefully selected as embodying the best Typewriting machine...... word ...... register, ...... C.. .. C. .. ..E. . .Van .. ... 5&1,715 SALE ! IMPROVED WASHBURNE'S PATENT REMOVAL Big Big TELESCOPES. effortsof various architects throughout the country_ Alstine.. .. (2g( 12 Bargains in T it a h 5&1.435 CUFF HOLDER DRAWERS SUPPORTER. In. to In. dtams.j Tydeman & Son. Camden, N. J. Every one of the houses has already been built. YP:J� ���. w.�'.� $::h. ��:���.. ��� . .. ��. ����.�... �.�� 5&1,678 AND and all of the illustrations are half-tone engravings. Umbrelra rack. C. Earle ...... 5&1.478 � III" A CulfHolder tbat holds Ex pe ri mental e made direct from photographs of the completed n t n S . ), theIt. cnlfjn.twhereyou want . �t���T�t=:!�:.E. ll:�f:.�J'J��: t:l�:& �!J'ha'i.� � �"o�. . �r. :·:. ;�k;".. Cfr�f. i. X:'i�g�� 5&1.619 No bntton hole. needed. EMPIRE NOVELTY WORKS. 402 30th St •• New York. structures, taken especially by the SCIENTIFIC McAlli.ter...... ,...... 5&1.564 No t.aring of .hlrt or culf. AMERICAN artists. In many cases two perspective Valve motion. P. J. Shelb ...... Drawers supporters that Patent o 541.549. Antomatic Valve seats, machine for boring. and facing, G. H. 5&1.423 are easily adju.ted or taken FOR SALE u. J. N . views of the same house are sbown. Severalillus­ ...... c i rs Smith ...... olf. Hold tight. hurt noth- addre.s : W •• car:�� g f. �ag o��g::;:r:rJ.,�'ifetr;��� trations of Inexpen.lve stables are also Included Valve testing.. and ...... locking ...... device, ...... balanced, ...... J. ... A. . .. 5&1.001 t a n •. Sadler. .. 11,607 , n �a::p1 : �1 ��rt?�: cii ·tbe WE ASSIST INVENTORS. among the design ab for A87 AT�;NT NCFOR SABAR ':J���n1;a��e Beer. ale porter. stout. and malt extract. Maumee VAJ,UABI.E ¥>Vs ELECTR C CO. I,E. KNAPP I & NOVELTY i BALL BEARING AXLES AND RUB- pply 45 Warren Street, New York. Bee��'i,'d �aft°!'i���:·B·Orii &·coiD.pa;,y::::::::::: :U:.l {�snlt � �il�Nc1�? P.t�'lt.'lygl1?�1.<;L A Beer, porter, and.. malt: .. extract,...... Indianapolis...... Brew� 30.197 ber 'l.'ires.-A paper read before the Carriage1894 Bui lders' !ng Company .. T. & National Convention. Phlladelpbla. October. ••ho w- USE GRINDSTONES Blumg In dry..... and.... lIquid...... form. W...... Edmunds30.217. 30.218 ling the advantage to be derived from the use of ball �8u P Company & 30.176 bearing. and pneumatlo tire. In road vehicles. Con- 80, Boots and .hoes. Rice Hutchln...... SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLElIIENT. mouuted[f we can SUpplyunmounted, you. All sizes . . . . 30.222 tained In No. and always Canned salmon. R. D. Hume ...... 228 99'.!. Price 10 cents. To be had at this Officeand from kept In stock. R9member. we make a Cement. Portland. IllinOISr Steel Company ...... 30. all new.dealers. le g Che e n fg. u =.::::.:.....::.....::.:::..:...::...... ::------�1c:,��g::� � l:��: �L."f�: - 3!�� �� f:;:::�� rn ��&::::�������! �:�1, The CLEV ELAND STONE CO. Cig.ir:�y��:��I':i��}n�����������.�������::::: i:l:m ACETYLENE GAS AN D CARBIDE OF 2d i ire. Clev !and. O. .1 Floor, W lsh e .. "g·.irni;;.;r � D yi Calcium.-AII ubollt the new ilJumln:mt. its quullties, gf:��' �ofw�:!�t';;iid8 0nrOu8er.; ciie..�ao,181 30 92 \. :r Gral�r Sand.ng Clays. macbints Fertilizers.F Pbos-It . shire Manufacturing Com any .. '...... A: .: .... 30.178 ph t tT Co1f 15W t d s � chelIlistry. pressure of liquefactIOn,A It s probable future. ACETYLENE APPARATUS. -ACETY- � su:a��'Ch:���als. e:O�' �ear:�n :)pe�� experiments performed with it. most valuable serit>8 Corsets andI k corset materials, Vadies'. D. Kops .. ... • Send 6th of.Uustrated catalooue. SCIBSTIFIC AJUICHICA N S UPPLE­ Crayons. n •• and .Imllar articles. used III lltho· 30.215 tlon. WORRELl.,Jor Hann ba of article�, a:ivinlrl m complete form the varticulurs of leDeAl EST. numb er or the graphy. W. Korn...... �. E. i l , IU o. thisSClICN' subject.],I FlC A ppara.tllsAl\flUtiCAN l'or makiSUPPLEMng theEN']'. flas. Contnilll'd describinll. With full illustrations. the most • III Nos. 9U�, Cro S e r r 1004, H107. 101�, 1014. ]Olii, 101U. recent. simple. or home made and commerCial apparatus ���ilng �te��I��':51:r&.:: Lfa� ;�� �o:g:::;. ��� 30,186 HI�'.!.81111. for J,leneraun" acetvlene on the larJCe and small scale. Dental gold.... Roessler...... Has.lacher...... Chemical 30.181 103,:) ",nd lO:IS. 'l'he wostrecent apparatu8 of 'l'he Iilasas made for and used by the mICroscopist and pie and IllOre elaborate type described O:i7.and ll u8trlltert Company •• t student i its use in the mallie lantern. 'l'he new Frenchin Detergent or washing powder N. K. Fairbank in speCial acetylene Supplement No. 1 Price 10 tableN lampIFI making its own acetylene. Contained cents euch. '1'0 be had at thisoffice and from 11.11news. SC!E T C AMRKICAS SUPPLEMENT. No. 0.17. Dru�����.;·niaiig;,r.:::::::::::::::::::::::·.·.:::::::: dealers. 1 •• �:� PrICe JU cents. To be h"d at office. Ducks. drill denim..a .heetlng.. shirting. and Em�'!,';,����� lt1�!.r���:�J;ont:::::::::.:::::: THE �EW BRISTOL CO(J�T"�R Extracts, i:l:� essences, erfumes,t waters, cologne, Our d sL�:n�t,��; r i catalogueS. Is sent free for YEAR" :�tE,' �'d :::tl:� � J��30,211p��;: 30.213 the asklnll. It lists books per- EXPERIENso OE. & .. to 00.220 ln n h C c Flour. wheat. Ballard Ballard Company ...... I �� ; ���lf\,: :a� �':,� ��ad� e o 30 221 S·Clen t Of·Ie reference by those desiring ��';,')[8 . "I��fJd�: �:t::r::I ��:��.fe� �E::l.'roiieii . electrical.medical. enilineerinll, e �����.8.������: 30,226 00 .cientlfic,mining and technl"," ��;:h ��!:?s�i�l c��::!;��:. 30,214 B k S books. whichwe sell to every- Gas, compressed carbonic acid. Aerator's, I.limited body at wholesaleMontB'omery prices. Ward Co., ChlcaB'o. a n S & Regl.ter. an accurate account of work doneon prlnt- U:::;·J,'���:� ��� �grt��•. c�n�I�;'�il���� ':::�8: 3O.:Dl quito netting, window•• E. screen cloth,. canopies. 30.183 r a and .chool bag I. Palmer ...... �'ttef::�g�at� �a�\�::: 'C��:�:fip%ear, �j&, �� TRADE MARKS, Hose, hydraulic. air, and steam. Bm;ton Woven I repeat. automatically. 17"Simple. Send accurate. circular. durable. Spe­ Ho.e and Rubber Company ...... 00.231 Instruments,BRASS Drums, Uniforms,BAN Equip-D DESICNS, . ments Bands and DnIm Corps. cial cou11tersto order.IHIU' I" Brl ..tol, for (:onn., Iron. cast steel, and articles manufactured& there� (:. J. U. !'O.A. for Low· COPYRICHTS from. wrought. Charle. Cammell com " w. est prices ever quoted. Fine Catalog, PATENTS 400 &'c, �lMi. 30 230 Illustrations. gives B,nd , mailed free ,' it Anyone .endlng a sketch and descriptionan may Knit andt felt boots and combined knit and felt Music & Amateur Bands. quickly ascertain, free, whether Invention II J.a�g�. �I�����l.�t��:;�\�:�����E;.�::OO.233: Instructions for probably patentable. Communications strictly i:l:ill confidential. OIde.t RIlencyfor .ecuringpatenU Liniment. oil, Shore Medicine Company ...... 3O,m LYON &; BEALY. 33·35 Adama 8t., Ch:cago. Jlrt You In America. We have a Washingtonoffice. Malt extract. W. A. Weber ...... 00.200 Gi Patent. taken throngh Munn & Co, recelva Medicinal preparatiOns In the nature of a toniC. T. ELECTRO MOTOR, SIMPLE, HOW TO specialnotice In the W. Stemmler ...... 00.202 make.-ByG. M. Hopkins. Description of a .mall elec­ Oats and oatmeal... rolled. Mn.catlne Oatmeal00.223 Com- tro motor devl.ed and constructedwith a view to as.i.t­ SOIENTIFIO AMERIOAN 1)any...... F...... to 30.00.2252ffi Inll amateurs to make a motor which might be driven , Tnotntor? Pills and tablets. C. york ...... with advantageby a currentderived from a battery. and beantlfully IlInstrated, large.t circulati..on of Plaster and cement. C. Tomkins ....•....•••...... • 30,227 which wonld have sufficient power to operate a foot BnY"SClentlfic onrnal.weekly. term.ea.OO year; ReC o i:':������?� ��.�:���?��: 00,189 h r fl.50six mOil lh.. Specimen copies andHAND ��!:���n� �o�� . ��.. ������ ������A'�� BoctK ON PATENTS sent free Address JlnOr are YOll Intere.ted In Invention.? In either Remedle. for alfectlons of the skin and cnticle. ���!CAN'Wft�fi UPPL EME T °s"c�'����Ir�a�H��:: MUNN S N . No. ti4 J. Price 10 cents. To be &. CO. case you lIke to know wh .. tI. going on In the Skln·Cnra Company ...... •• ,'.I1J7 hadat this officeand from all new.dealers. way of New DiscoverieEl, the Improvements in Remedle. for bolls and similar blood trouble M. 3O 361 Broad_y, New York. A. Shoemaker...... 00.2nl30 Machinery and Manufactures. the Advancement Shear•• • heep. Burgeon & Wilkinson ...... 188 of Science. the latest Inventions In Mechanism. �g�"!:. I a n er . etc. ��A ?;a���r� l�;ld��ft�t lot ...... 30.216 Cheml.try. Electricity. Phutogt'aphy. The Manufacturing Company...... �g:,�:::�r.. 00.179 TALKING IACHINES standard authority on aU matters of-Science and Spoons•• fork. and knives. Carter.CrumeCompany. 30.18530 1 SELLINC OUT·· the Mechanical Art. I. the Stay dress. Detroit Stay Company ...... 82 ONE OF B I CYCLE:, Tire casings,devices for introductne inner tubes .30. 5PR I NC.�. ��NER Y, TO����t.':.r�::':��';..:��f>��::O�� t 232 of ANSELLING/';:''1\JcRA" P-""I LWAYo . MACHI I . . . . To-oacoo·coiD.: . R 7tol5 WA RD 5T NE.WA RK N J pany...... oo,l90 tarfestTa kin stocksi . �a­ SP Sdtntific Jlmtrican Tonic for nervous& di.orders...... and general...... debility. 30.204 H a sixteen-page lllu8trated weekly. that co.t. P. Blumaner Company . chines, original ea.OOa year. or for six months. Everything Tonics. Iron Pill Company...... 00.901 Records and 'L50 SuppUes S. Observation Sleeping Cars of Intere.t to Sclentl.ts and Sclent.lficStudents. print.. in U. Inventors, Patentees,Engineer •• Chemists. Man­ A d copy of the specification118t. and drawing ot GOods guarao.­ parts ,an ••y patent In1863. tlie foregoing or anypatent In print on ufactnrers,etc. , Is gathered from aU of the ned .ince will be furnl.hed from this officefor teecL EveiovthinR: B. & O. world and duly recordedIn Its pages. c . d e s h an b new, Wi1l amcL �� �g! pal�g[ J'.r.fr� g� �a ;:�t � n���g �� '; Commencing Snnday. June 13, the B. and O. RR. will Broadway. New York. Special rate. will be Irtvenwhere privilege eDm' place In .ervlce.between Baltimoreand Chl C8jj'o. Pu.U­ a largenumber ot cople.are dl!8\red at one tl me. Ob8ervaUon Sleep(1I1I Sptdmtn flopy Sfnt 'Jrtt. e h lOatioo. man Car.. Tb'e car. have a saloon Send Check, Draftor Money Order payable to v.g��lI.t.�� ':�a��nt':e"t:�e ��\i,::= � �t! lo�� Parlor In the rear.furnl.hed with easy armcbalrs. Up. Oln!!' provfded they are .Imple. at a co.tof each. f e I e � r Prlo_ Low. Creat Bargains. hol.tered revolving chain and sofas, Th I. will enable MUNN & CO., Pub1isbetst .. ]l88Senger. to view With better advantage the .cenlo 1�.fr'�R�:t�J�:.�:l�I.: �.� �� �� a;' Nr: : fl.ac!ison 361 Broadway, New York City. York. Other foreignpatents mllf al.o be obtalnoa. Chicallotalking Machine Co.107 St.Chic:Co. wonden that have made the B, '"O. tamou ••

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 416 j',i tutifit �mtri,au. �llvertisement$. BURNS ELECTRICITV.

ORDINARY RA·I'E";. "tbt £bloridt" PaRe, ench inserti on •• cents a lille Inside "'Ii lIack l'II Re. i a ne each Insert on •••• 81.00 l i ti����I':���\lfn���gIIC�:"� ��Sa��s. pr"For 8,""" of Advert"_tB, Spuial and o ectors. Burns'8:���0 8 to�� 10 claBBea &�. �::.,�r:.'be:; �'li I: H:f1!�':r. High... ratea are reqm,ed. . Tbe above are cblU'lles per l18ate line-about ellltil1 pr" SMId for Circular and prices. words per IIl1e. Tbls notice sbows tbe wldtb ot tbe hne. and Is set in agate type. may bead adver­ THE ELECTRIC PORTABLE LAMP CO., Drawer B, THf NONARCH tisements at the same rateEnjltrSvings per agate Une, by measure­ ment. tbe letter press. Advertisements must CYCL E receivedas at Publication Omce early Thursdaybe mornlUlit appearIn tbe tollowlIllfasweek's asIssue. THE I'tECHAN ICAL to TRIUI'tPH OF THE Ridt tbt " Oli�t " KEUFFELANN S'J�EI3T, & ESSER NEW CO., •• YORK. 'VIUORIAN . ERA "magnolia" A Drawing mattrials , E Write for & ESSER Co.'s S. A." CATA­ LOGUE of KEUFFE28tb edition.L 424 pages. 'l'he most com- BEST ANTI- N 1897. o e entln.. tbe largest V 'in��f,;,':l,I:I�\"e �� ��� ���hrs fl�':. ll �" � FRICTION METAL D E MACNOLIA METAL CO. 288 .. 287 WEST STREET. NEW YORK CITY. R � e e R EXPERIENOEPay , bave a .. ehnr!. �1����iS�';:Cr:': ��ot ��":�k�'ke:er,!, n. "-(X)the "yresultou of the l�on"e8t i'or E ter.; xperieuc� in building Has­ o line EnKille!14in tbe L Pay less tban. (X)-youU. S. bave R y I \�; D E r;fe�r����':f�� 8ol�!�:ine E�t�n- A .' �i�I':,1I1l:���11:8.G n �." .. Catalollue. TesUm"nlals "Search=Light" A B " ... alldor a Letter by a!ldressing CHARTER GAS ENGINE CO., Box Sterling, III. Always �right. D L 148, Y E PRIESTMAN SAFETY OIL ENGINE "A thoroughlll slLCCtss!ul comntercia� HALF A CENTURY OF CYCLES.-AN aine using a Safe Oil.n-Franklin InstituteEn.... ____ .. l sto f t No Extra Insurance. No 1����'it": rFm".: . fb� o�F�;cW. o # �team. Gas. No Gasoltne. Rbone.sbaker" and itsi.!!� successors."lcif �i:�':l ��'i.The tricycle. i�:The Strict �h • ea ures- rac , prac No ly grorade F t att tive - Reliable. Safe, Economlcal. modern wheel. Cycle buildlnlla science. Points of Im­ tical andsubstant iaL Special price to riders m�eC8�;:�:£':Dt::h8:�a f�� provement. Tbe pneumatic tire. A band ' and foot direct y. cycle. Wltb 9 illustrations. Contained In ScIENTIFIC in unoccupied territor nearly every purpuse. AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No; Prlce"10 cents. ------"------I PRIESTMAN Co .. Incorp'd, To be bad at tbls omce and from101� all newsdealers.. lIoul'"&e Uuildillg, Philndelphin, l'a. THE BICYCLE : I TS INFLUENCE - 1)30 Healtb Hammond. val-IN uable andand Interesting Disease.-By paper G. M. In whlcb tbe M.D.subject AIs ex- baustlvely treated from the tollowlnlltstandpoints : 1. �- "" � The Tbe use of tbe cycle bT persons In healtb. 2. Tbe use of � ar - "ring. a � e ed N . "" t'. ' :��� � .crm��� J::c�\� �'ril.:: Cb P k S·Unequaled forS E asyddl Riding ��To be���� had"...':l at��:� this office��� ..and fromo all newsdealers. f� �et���3Pn�� $5 00 �J��jurlou. jar. whlcb is \��the . only unpleasant f at re A lantern that doesnot jaror blow out. about CYCliD�. e u FalconFOR Camer3J1i x 3J1i PICTURES. Reflectingsurfaces arealways bright. a AU riders say it is-THE BEST. Uses '-ight-Pourroof J'OR SALB BVBRYWHERB.

Bridgeport Brass Co. Entirely New Fihn Cartridges CONN. we will ship to an Principle. SendNo. for Catslog BRIDGEPORT, address, a saddley ,: For J2 lll6. suitable for your weillht,wltb tbe prlvilellte of return­ ing it after a week's trial, ite not entirely sati8factor ; Exposures and :i�r:3 :g�:i. �����j���f:�ft:ea1�ee[� ��tln""antfa�� �:g: agentsi in every town, men or women. �end for A partioulars. Toledo, Ohio. (:. Z. )\' 1·011 & Vo., (ribUnt BICYdt ____ � _t

Tested and True...... D INSURAHC5 A6AlHST'LOSS EASTMAN KODAK CO. OR DAMAGe TO ROCHESTER, N. Y. PROPERlY AND LOSS·OF·ure .AND INJURY' TO'PERSONS CAU SED'BY"

SIDVl-B.,.}\·AtU!N·PRESml!NTOILm·W LOSIONS - J.B.Pn!Ra!.SECRETARV P·&AuzN · �CEPResI\lfNT Runlllnll' Wlteel ln ..� .. ..� . � � " ...... � ...... Tlte Easlellt tlte Wurld. . .. ""&I'IWIKUII'VICEP"""""'� foroata/of1U<. SMId . . MANUFACTURE OF BICYCLES. - A THE BLACK17' MF G, CD" ERIE, PA, Preserve Your Papers. very compre.... hensive article.... givlnll the details of con ... -- -- e c Subscribers to tbe N\N\N\N\, and S °1:����ln��r\ri'fS�� ��TJ:,� ��·ER'rci �� SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN CIl.:N- :��';�PLEMENT��� . No. Price 10 cents. be bad at1���: tbls TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. wbo wlsb to preserve Officeand from 110all ,...newsdealers. '1'0 tbelr paper. for blndlllll:'.may obtain tbe Kocb Patent wh rides a BicycleEVERYBODY sbould bave theo File at tbe office of tbls paper. Heavy bOard sides, \.wI\llUIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIII I) In- ��� .. an It scrtptlon II Scientific American " d SclenttOc Ameri ... ChangesRubber RatPen alTrap AttacllIDent. Rubber Pedals In ten seconds,to without �an Supplement" In gilt. Price by mall, or (�.,,&�"-, Sets '1.50, '1.25 bolts or rivets. of two at this omce. Address PaL 20, 1897. e Apr. ��: ��ol�n�rc MUNN 361 BIIOADWAY. NEW YOIIK St., San Francisco; Lake��St., !.S1�Chicago.���I; &. CO. , 735 Market ll� �E ��h�sT

AllDe Columbiatailed bicycles Te are sting tested a whole-practic­ as t!l.� ally and scientifically. But before these fU lal trials every part in detail is Self-Made ex· amined and inspected over �. ' � and over again-carefully Send for Catalogue describing this and other . and c itically by men who Reput r models. : ation knowtheir business.- That's why every part of the Col­ SMITH & WESSON, sold in 18<)6. The Popular Stockbrldlre Street, Springfield, 70,000 umbia is so perfect. I. Mu.s. Wheel at the Standard Price and no 1891 SMITH'S better wheel at any price. The un­ precedented demand for Crescents is ROLLER the result of selling an Honestly Spring Seat Post made wheel at an Honest price .... 1 3116. STANDARD OF THE WORLD. All Sizes. � to Price Agents Everywhere. Ca.ta.logue Free. $100 to all alike. $2.50. WESTERN WHEEL WORKS. •••• Colu",bl••• $7 •• IM���t!��a��eLwl!��h� !��ax�X LE Factory : CI1loago. Eastern BrUlch : New Y"'· ... Hulford Bleyelll, Second only to Colum­ 9 bias, .eo, .55, .50, .40. tterBe most SENT ON TRIAL. hundteddollar wheels. than GIVE :�:�!:T 0 ' 8 1 1 STEELT HB\�\R Y Write and We'll tell all Indorsed by tbe leadlUlit JESSfOROP TOO'S LS, SAWS £: TC 1. ��!��e '!� W'!! �ESSOP & SONS L� 91 JOHN ST NEW YORK , about It. . Red�I;:�?�� �l per ...n e ecbanlc POPE MFE CO., Hartford, Conn. JOS. N. SMITH . & CO. ���ecp ��'t:': ��d M aily Catalogue free from any Columbia dealer; by Write for �:rour g�lUU8trated �'::':��� Ca ":�:o u Teatimo- PRINTING L arne d St ree t", tal g e and Tbe SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Is minted wltb GHAS. man fromus for ODe 2-CeDt stamp. 30 nial8. which we free on application. Imperial Ball ENEU .I OHNSON & CO.'S INK, TentbINKS and Lombard t o i pr- .MId De r it, M ch. Bearing Ax l�. Dept., Lake Stre Chicago, Ill. St&., Philadelphia, and Rose St .• opp. Duane. New York 184- 190 et. 47

© 1897 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.