Ientifi£ Meri£An'

IENTIFI£ MERI£AN' (Entered at the Post Office of �ew York. �. Y•• as Recond Class Matter. Copyright. 1907. by Munn &; Co.l Vol. XCVI.-No. 26'1 10 CENTS A COPY EST A1!LT8llED 1845. " NEW YORK, JUNE 29, 1907. $3.00 ,\. YEAn. BI't"AI> i'tAY ,s/(YLlflE'FROM P'foNrH SrRu:r TO BA rrEI?Y PARK, ",'TN NtrWSIHtrE'R .BV/(DIN� ToJV�1t C'OMPA RED lVlTIf 7'H-'!: )¥",rN >!IoID t>£t>TIIOr Yrcrthf'IA FALL':'. -.-. ....',f �I �'" Comparison of Victoria Falls (400 Feet High) With Niagara .Falls (168 Feet High) and With the Sky Line of New York. Only the Singer Bllilding'� 'rower Rises Above the Crest. VICTORIA FALLS AS COMPARED WITH NIAGARA.-[See page 530.] Scientific America.n of construction and producing seaworthy racing craft New York Central took care of the pasS8nger trame SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN which, although but slightly inferior in speed to the and the fast freight, while the West Shore Railroad EST ABLISHED 1845 older type, are stanch and strong and capable of being was devoted almost exclusively to freight service, only utilized by their owners for cruising under whatever two or three through trains being run daily between kind of weather may be encountered. New York and Buffalo. About ten years ago, with the MUNN & CO. Editors and Proprietors The improvement in yachting is to be attributed completion of the interurban electric railroz:.d from largely to the growing popularity of long-distance, Buffalo to Niagara Falls, the steam railroad began to at Published Weekly deep-sea racing, a movement which was first started be confronted with an active competitor for the pas No. 361 Broadway, New York by some of the minor clubs and among the smaller senger service. The success of that line led to tile classes of yachts. Notable among these races is that for construction of others, and gradually the scheme for a TERl'''!:> 1'0 SUBSCRIBERS the Bermuda cup, the first of which was held last year, continuous interurban electric line from Buffalo to and was so successful that in the second race completed Albany began to appear feasible. At this time the New One copy, one year, for 1,he United States or MexIco.................... $;-5.00 Oue copy, one yt-'ar, for Callall�.. ." ................ ............ ,' ...... .).75 two or three weeks ago, no less than a dozen competi York Central began to gather in the various electrical One copy, one year, to any torergn country, postage prepaid, £0 18s. tid. 4.f>O THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PUBLICATIUSS tors were entered, and made the 650-mile run success lines that were in close competition with its steam fully; while the great ocean race of two years ago pro lines, and having acquired these properties began to Sctentific American (Established 1845) . .. ........ ................ $3.00 a year Scientitic AmerIcan Supplement (.b;stabiished 18,6) . ....... .. .... .1.00 ... moted by the Emperor of Germany will long be remem make a study of the problem of distributing the ser Amer1Can Homes and G arden ................ .. .......... ,_ . .. 3.00 . Scientific Ameri can Expnrt Edsi tion (Established 1878) ....... ... 0.00 .. bered for the number and size of the yachts that were vice to the best advantage between the electric and The combined subscription rates and rates to !oreivn couIl t ie , in c1u(ling Canada, will be furnished upon application. r s entered, and the remarkably fast time made by the steam systems. On the stretch of country lying be l{emlt by postal or express money order, or by bank draft or check. tween Utica and Syracuse, the West Shore and the MUNN & co. 361 Broadway. New York. winners. In addition to the promotion of deep-sea races, New York Central lines draw farther apart than at ="JEW YORK, SATURDAY, JU="JE 29, 1907. there has been a marked revival of interest in short any other point in their route across the State, the distance races held over the �ocal courses. Among distance by the West Shore line being about seven The EdItor is always glad to receive for examination illustrated the large yachts there will be a series of closely-con miles shorter than by the New York Central. The articles on subjects of timely interest. If the photographs are tested struggles between that fine schooner "Ingomar," electrification of the West Shore li!le resulted from an sharp, the articles short, and the facts anthentie, the contributions which a few years ago swept everything before her agreement between the Oneida Railway Company and wlll receh'e special attention. Accepted articles will be paid for at regular space rates. in Europe, and the two crack schooners of last year, the New York Central Railroad Company, under which the "Elmina" and the "Queen." the former leased the tracks of the West Shore Rail COSTLY IMPROVEMENTS IN NEW YORK CITY. road between Utica and Syracuse, e pped them for In the 65-foot class the sloop "Effort," winner of the q\li We have heard much talk of late about the magni King's cup last year, a bronze boat, will be seen in electrical operation, and is to conduct the passenger tude of the Panama canal undertaking in respect of contests with that veteran and always successful sloop business. The Kew York Central, on the other hand, the number of men employed, the time it will take to the "Neola," the latter having been built under the abandoned the West Shore local trains, but reserves construct, and its total cost to the country. Certainly, old rule, and subsequently modified to meet the con the right to run its through steam trains and haul its $180,000,000, more or less, is a huge sum of money ditions of the new rule. In the 57-foot class three steam freight trains as before. to be spent on a single work, even by a nation as boats, which have already shown such great speed The recent improvements have consisted of the addi wealthy as our own. Nevertheless, it is a fact that, that they have beaten the larger "Effort" and "="Jeola" tion to the two steam tracks already existing of fonr at the present time, there are being carried out on time allowance, have been built by Herreshoff for teen additional miles of third and fourth tracks, and in New York new engineering works of magnitude, three enthusiastic owners, who will race them for all the relaying of the road throughout with 80-pound rail. public and private, whose total cost has been estimated they are worth during the coming season. Over this road there will be three classes of service, at not less than $600,000,000; and much of this work International racing, moreover, although there will namely, fast electric trains, for single cars, making has been planned, begun, and carried well on to com be no "America's" cup contest, will be promoted by two stops only; local trains; and the steam service. pletion, with not one-tenth of the discussion and three events, each of extreme interest. The most As between the single-phase high-voltage system with w�rldwide advertisement, which has marked the important of these will be the race for what are known catenary overhead construction and the low-pressure di operations on the Panama canal. 'Without entering as the Sonderclasse boats. Out of about a score of rect-current system with third-rail distribution, it was into full particulars, it is sufficient to instance a few American-built yachts, three will be selected to repre decided that the latter would be more suitable to the of the leading engineering works and their probable sent this country at Kiel, where they will defend the conditions. In making the comparison, it was found cost. In addition to the Catskill water supply, referred cup won by "Vim" last year in a series of races that the cost of the overhead system and motor equip to on another page, which is to cost $162,000,000, two against three German competitors, and after these ment for the single-phase system would be about as leading railroads of the country are rebuilding their races the trio will compete in a series of contests great as that of the direct system with sub-stations. terminal stations, and electrifying their terminal and to be held in Spanish waters. Then on Lake Ontario With the overhead catenary construction, 1,250,000 suburban service, at a total cost for the two, which, there will be an international race for the Canada pounds of coppEr would have been necessary for the judging from the way things are going, will not fall cup; while another international contest will be the feeders and trolley wire; but with the third·rail sys far short of $200,000,000. We refer to the electrification dory race, to be held between boats representing the tem the distribution would be through steel rails, of the New York Central system and the construction Massachusetts Dory Racing Association and the Shel which might more readily be used elsewhere in case a of its new yard and station and offices, and to the burne Yacht Club of Nova Scotia. future change should be made. The fast electric cars carrying out by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company As for the prospect of any future races for the or trains will make the run between Syracuse and of similar workS, which involve the construction of "America's" cup, the conditions are very problematical. Utica in one hour and twenty-eight minutes, and of this no less than six separate tunnels under the Hudson There will, of course, be no race this year, and thus total time, twenty-eight minutes will be consumed on and East rivers and below Manhattan Island.

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