IENTIFI£ MERI£AN'

(Entered at the Post Office of �ew York. �. Y•• as Recond Class Matter. Copyright. 1907. by Munn &; Co.l

Vol. XCVI.-No. 26'1 10 CENTS A COPY EST A1!LT8llED 1845. " NEW YORK, JUNE 29, 1907. $3.00 ,\. YEAn.

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Comparison of Victoria Falls (400 Feet High) With Niagara .Falls (168 Feet High) and With the Sky Line of New York. Only the Singer Bllilding'� 'rower Rises Above the Crest.

VICTORIA FALLS AS COMPARED WITH NIAGARA.-[See page 530.] Scientific America.n

of construction and producing seaworthy racing craft New York Central took care of the pasS8nger trame SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN which, although but slightly inferior in speed to the and the fast freight, while the West Shore Railroad EST ABLISHED 1845 older type, are stanch and strong and capable of being was devoted almost exclusively to freight service, only utilized by their owners for cruising under whatever two or three through trains being run daily between kind of weather may be encountered. New York and Buffalo. About ten years ago, with the MUNN & CO. Editors and Proprietors The improvement in yachting is to be attributed completion of the interurban electric railroz:.d from largely to the growing popularity of long-distance, Buffalo to Niagara Falls, the steam railroad began to at Published Weekly deep-sea racing, a movement which was first started be confronted with an active competitor for the pas­ No. 361 Broadway, New York by some of the minor clubs and among the smaller senger service. The success of that line led to tile classes of yachts. Notable among these races is that for construction of others, and gradually the scheme for a

TERl'''!:> 1'0 SUBSCRIBERS the Bermuda cup, the first of which was held last year, continuous interurban electric line from Buffalo to and was so successful that in the second race completed Albany began to appear feasible. At this time the New One copy, one year, for 1,he United States or MexIco...... $;-5.00 Oue copy, one yt-'ar, for Callall�.. ." ...... ,' ...... ).75 two or three weeks ago, no less than a dozen competi­ York Central began to gather in the various electrical One copy, one year, to any torergn country, postage prepaid, £0 18s. tid. 4.f>O THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PUBLICATIUSS tors were entered, and made the 650-mile run success­ lines that were in close competition with its steam fully; while the great ocean race of two years ago pro­ lines, and having acquired these properties began to Sctentific American (Established 1845) ...... $3.00 a year Scientitic AmerIcan Supplement (.b;stabiished 18,6) ...... 1.00 . .. moted by the Emperor of Germany will long be remem­ make a study of the problem of distributing the ser­ Amer1Can Homes and G arden ...... ,_ . . . .. 3.00 . Scientific Ameri can Expnrt Edsi tion (Established 1878) ...... 0.00 .. bered for the number and size of the yachts that were vice to the best advantage between the electric and The combined subscription rates and rates to !oreivn couIl t ie , in­ c1u(ling Canada, will be furnished upon application. r s entered, and the remarkably fast time made by the steam systems. On the stretch of country lying be­ l{emlt by postal or express money order, or by bank draft or check. tween Utica and Syracuse, the West Shore and the MUNN & co. . 361 Broadway. New York. winners. In addition to the promotion of deep-sea races, New York Central lines draw farther apart than at ="JEW YORK, SATURDAY, JU="JE 29, 1907. there has been a marked revival of interest in short­ any other point in their route across the State, the distance races held over the �ocal courses. Among distance by the West Shore line being about seven The EdItor is always glad to receive for examination illustrated the large yachts there will be a series of closely-con­ miles shorter than by the New York Central. The articles on subjects of timely interest. If the photographs are tested struggles between that fine schooner "Ingomar," electrification of the West Shore li!le resulted from an sharp, the articles short, and the facts anthentie, the contributions which a few years ago swept everything before her agreement between the Oneida Railway Company and wlll receh'e special attention. Accepted articles will be paid for at regular space rates. in Europe, and the two crack schooners of last year, the New York Central Railroad Company, under which the "Elmina" and the "Queen." the former leased the tracks of the West Shore Rail­ COSTLY IMPROVEMENTS IN NEW YORK CITY. road between Utica and Syracuse, e pped them for In the 65-foot class the sloop "Effort," winner of the q\li We have heard much talk of late about the magni­ King's cup last year, a bronze boat, will be seen in electrical operation, and is to conduct the passenger tude of the Panama canal undertaking in respect of contests with that veteran and always successful sloop business. The Kew York Central, on the other hand, the number of men employed, the time it will take to the "Neola," the latter having been built under the abandoned the West Shore local trains, but reserves construct, and its total cost to the country. Certainly, old rule, and subsequently modified to meet the con­ the right to run its through steam trains and haul its $180,000,000, more or less, is a huge sum of money ditions of the new rule. In the 57-foot class three steam freight trains as before. to be spent on a single work, even by a nation as boats, which have already shown such great speed The recent improvements have consisted of the addi­ wealthy as our own. Nevertheless, it is a fact that, that they have beaten the larger "Effort" and "="Jeola" tion to the two steam tracks already existing of fonr­ at the present time, there are being carried out on time allowance, have been built by Herreshoff for teen additional miles of third and fourth tracks, and in New York new engineering works of magnitude, three enthusiastic owners, who will race them for all the relaying of the road throughout with 80-pound rail. public and private, whose total cost has been estimated they are worth during the coming season. Over this road there will be three classes of service, at not less than $600,000,000; and much of this work International racing, moreover, although there will namely, fast electric trains, for single cars, making has been planned, begun, and carried well on to com­ be no "America's" cup contest, will be promoted by two stops only; local trains; and the steam service. pletion, with not one-tenth of the discussion and three events, each of extreme interest. The most As between the single-phase high-voltage system with w�rldwide advertisement, which has marked the important of these will be the race for what are known catenary overhead construction and the low-pressure di­ operations on the Panama canal. 'Without entering as the Sonderclasse boats. Out of about a score of rect-current system with third-rail distribution, it was into full particulars, it is sufficient to instance a few American-built yachts, three will be selected to repre­ decided that the latter would be more suitable to the of the leading engineering works and their probable sent this country at Kiel, where they will defend the conditions. In making the comparison, it was found cost. In addition to the Catskill water supply, referred cup won by "Vim" last year in a series of races that the cost of the overhead system and motor equip­ to on another page, which is to cost $162,000,000, two against three German competitors, and after these ment for the single-phase system would be about as leading railroads of the country are rebuilding their races the trio will compete in a series of contests great as that of the direct system with sub-stations. terminal stations, and electrifying their terminal and to be held in Spanish waters. Then on Lake Ontario With the overhead catenary construction, 1,250,000 suburban service, at a total cost for the two, which, there will be an international race for the Canada pounds of coppEr would have been necessary for the judging from the way things are going, will not fall cup; while another international contest will be the feeders and trolley wire; but with the third·rail sys­ far short of $200,000,000. We refer to the electrification dory race, to be held between boats representing the tem the distribution would be through steel rails, of the New York Central system and the construction Massachusetts Dory Racing Association and the Shel­ which might more readily be used elsewhere in case a of its new yard and station and offices, and to the burne Yacht Club of Nova Scotia. future change should be made. The fast electric cars carrying out by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company As for the prospect of any future races for the or trains will make the run between Syracuse and of similar workS, which involve the construction of "America's" cup, the conditions are very problematical. Utica in one hour and twenty-eight minutes, and of this no less than six separate tunnels under the Hudson There will, of course, be no race this year, and thus total time, twenty-eight minutes will be consumed on and East rivers and below Manhattan Island. Then far no challenge has been received for a race in 1908. the local service in the suburbs of each city, the run there is the extensive work being done by the Hudson Last year Sir Thomas Lipton made some tentative between the cities themselves being made in one hour. Companies, which are completing four tunnels below overtures to the New York Yacht Club, by endeavoring The local trains will run at a speed of twenty-four

the Hudson River, and building an extensive system of to secure from that body a statement as to whether, miles an hour, and complete the 44-mile run in on(' subways below Jersey City and beneath the streets of if he should challenge with a boat bnilt under the hour and fifty-eight minutes.

Manhattan. The total cost of this work, by the time the new rule of the Kew York Yacht Club, he would be .4 ••• terminal stations, yards, etc., are completed, will not be met iJy a yacht designed under the same rule; but An enterprise of considerable importance is now be­ far short of $50,000,000. The Rapid Transit Commis­ for reasons known only to themselves, the committee ing carried out under the direction of the Swedish gov­ sion, moreover, have laid out extensions of the Rapid declined to make any promises, stating that after ernment. This consists in the use of the Trollhattan Transit Subway, of which the first installment, which a definite challenge had been received they wonld be Falls in order to operate a turbine plant. Current is will soon be begun, will call for an expenditure of prepared to determine what type of boat would be to be generated in the station, and a power distri­ not lKS than $100,000,000. Add to this the two bridges forthcoming. The dilemma under which the challenger bution line will be run for a distance of 45 miles which the city is building across the East River, cost­ would be placed under existing conditions is, that if to the city of Gothenburg. The worl\: is under­ ing together about $40,000,000; the connecting railway he built under the new rnle, he might be confronted taken in such a way as not to detract from the ap­ illustrated in our June 8 issue with its 1,000-foot four­ by such a boat as "Reliance," or an improved "Reli­ pearance of the falls or the surrounding coun.try, track steel-arch bridge over the East River, to cost ance," built under the old rule, a type against which nor on the other hand to cause any bad effect to the from $12,000,000 to $15,000,000, to say nothing of a a new-rule boat would have very little chance of operation of the canal which connects Lake Wener large number of minor but costly improvements, and success in the light drifting matches which have gen­ with the Gota Elff and the Kattegat. As to the quan­ it can be seen that the total easily amounts to the erally prevailed in international races held over the tity of water which can be obtained by the present $600,000,000 mentioned above. Sandy Hook course. It is the consensus of opinion hydraulic construction, it is calculated to be 320 cubic

• 0' . among American yachtsmen in general, that the inter­ meters (11,200 cubic feet) at low-water periods. Upon AMERICAN YACHTING SEASON OF 1907. ests of the sport would bellromoted, and the iJuilding this total, 62 cubic meters (2,170 cubic feet) are to be The claim of the yachtsman that in spite of the of a more healthy type of boat insured, if the New reserved for the supply of the canal and 8 cubic meters great public interest aroused in yachting by the York Yacht Club would consent to a series of races (28il cubic feet) for a small hydraulic plant which is occurrence of the "America's" cup contests, such races by boats built under their own present rule. already erected at this point. A head of water of 70 are prejudicial to the interests of yachting in gen­ meters (231 feet) is counted upon, and the total amount , eral, seems to be borne out by the experience of FORTY-FOUR-MILE ELECTRIFICATION ON THE of power which can be obtained by the present vlant the past few seasons, in which the "America's" cup WEST SHORE RAILROAD. is 75,000 horse-power. According to the present de­ has been allowed to remain undisturbed in its resting The electrification of the 44-mile stretch of the signs, the turbine house is to contain a certain number place in the Tiffany vaults. These international tracks of the West Shore Railroad which has just been of 10,000-horse-power turbine and dynamo groups, us­ races, moreover, have not only had the bad effect completed has been carried through so quietly, that ing the Francis type of turbines. As a result of the of monopolizing interest, but they have been the chief little has been heard of it outside of the particular current supply which will be secured in this case, it is instruments in promoting the development of an stretch of country served and the railroad and elec­ probable that ore from the north of Sweden will be exaggerated and unwholesome type of yacht, which is trical companies that have been making the important transported to GothenUurg and will be treated by an enormously costly to build and is useful for abso­ change. electric process in large works which are to be lutely no other purpose than that of being towed out The new equipment extends from Utica to Syracuse, erected for the purpose. An electric railroad will be to the Sandy Hook lightship to sail a series of races and it has been undertaken with a view to meeting built specially for the hauling of the ore.

in ,,.hich the last conditions which the owners of either certain special transportation conditions in the district ...... - boat desire to meet are those of a reefing breeze to be served. Until about two years ago, the various Consul Frank Hannah of Magdeburg sends informa­ and a heavy sea. When each race was over, the boats electric lines between Albany and Buffalo were owned tion of a new German composition to take the p!ace of were worth merely as much as they would fetch when independently of the New York Central Railroad, in cedar in lead pencils. The principal ingredient of the broken up for old junk. whose hands were the only steam lines offering direct substitute is potatoes. The pencils are now being American yachting was never in such a healthy service; and this company being also the owners of manufactured and soon will be on the market. It is condition as it is at the present time. The rules have the West �hore Railroad, have at their disposal six estimated that to manufacture "these pencils will take been changed with a view to preventing extravagances separate steam railroad tracks across the State. The about half of the time required to make cedar pencils_ Scientific America.n.

THE HEAVENS IN JULY. handle points. Below this, in the southwest, the less COMETS C AND D, 1907.

BY HENRY NOB-RIB RGSRELL, PH.D. brilliant but whiter star is Spica, in the constellation A faint comet was discovered by Giacobini at Nice Two eclipses, and the opposition of Mars, make the of the Virgin. Another equally white star, a shade on June 1. It is in Leo, and is now receding from us month of July this year a notable one from the astron­ fainter than the last, is Regulus, in the' Lion, which is and growing very faint. A much brighter comet was omer's standpoint. The first of these eclipses, which just setting. discovered on the morning of June 10 (civil reckoning) occurs on the 10th, will not be visible in this country, The Dragon and the Little Bear are above the Pole, by Mr. Zaccheus Daniel, a student in Princeton Uni­ and can only be observed from South America. Ob­ and the Great Bear lies to the westward, while Cassi­ versity, and assistant at this observatory. It is in servers in the northern or southern part of this con­ opeia and Cepheus are toward the east. Pisces, very near the equinoctial point, and is moving tinent wiII see only a small part of the sun's disk ob­ In the east are Cygnus, the Swan, and above it Lyra, slowly eastward, almost in the ecliptic. Elements of scured by the moon, but along a wide track, which with the great blue star Vega. Farther south is Altair, its orbit have not yet come to hand. ' passes somewhat north of Rio de Janeiro, the moon in the constellation of the Eagle, and lower down, on Princeton UniversitY Observatory. will be seen projected upon the sun's face, giving rise the left and right, the Dolphin and the Sea-Goat (Cap­ to an annular eclipse. ricornus). Hercules and the Northern Crown lie be­ CONVERTING MUSIC INTO ELECTRICITY. A fortnight later, on the evening of the 24th, there is tween Vega and Arcturus, and south of them the Ser­ A successful attempt, as is well known, has recently a partial eclipse of the moon, visible throughout the pent-Holder (Ophiuchus) and the Serpent fill a great been made to produce music immediately from elec­ United States. The moon enters the penumbra at area of sky. tricity by means of the telharmonium of Dr. Cahill, 8: 59 P. M. Eastern Standard time, but first touches West of south is a part of the Centaur, whose bright­ without the aid of any musical instrument. In this the dark shadow of the earth at 10:04. When the est stars we never see, and farther east is the Scorpion, connection it will be interesting to learn that a French eclipse is at its largest, at 11: 22 P. M., about five­ with the red star Antares. Mars, which is in Sagit­ scientist, Dr. M. Dupont, a short time ago succeeded eighths of the moon's diameter is hidden. Then the tarius, is well up in the southeast, and is much brighter in converting music into electricity, by reproducing in obscuration decreases ilnd at 12: 41 the moon leaves than anything else in sight. the shape of an alternating current the series of vibra­ the shadow and gets clear of the penumbra at 1:46 A.M. THE PLANETS. tions corresponding with a series of musical sounds. This eclipse will be very conveniently visible in this Mercury is evening star until the 24th, when he This alternating current affords picture of the sound . a country. It is one of the few astronomical phenomena passes through inferior conjunction, and becomes a vibrations that constitute a musical performance, and which can be seen almost as well with the naked eye morning star. He can be seen in the twilight during is able to produce physiological effects similar to the as with the telescope. The edge of the earth's shadow, the first few days of the month, when he sets at about hearing of music. The alternating current in question which looks sharp enough is made up of periods, the to the unaided vision, is frequency of which corre· •. really very diffuse on ac­ NIGHT SKY: JUNE & JUlV sponds with the number of count of the refraction of vibrations of the sound, sunlight into the shadow that is, with the pitch, a by the outer layers of our high sound yielding a rap· atmosphere. It is impos­ idly vibrating current and sible to fix its exact posi­ a low one a current with tion on the moon or to de­ long periods. The ratios termine with any accuracy between the various phases the time at which it of the current periods are reaches any definite point. identical with the ratios This deprives a lunar between the sound inter­ eclipse of most of the scien­ vals. The alternating cur· tific value that it would rent corresponding with a otherwise have, for we can­ scale thus comprises a se· not find from it, as we can ries of periods, the num· from a solar eclipse, the bel' and ratios of which are exact time when the moon equivalent to the frequency was in a known position, and ratios of the sounds of and so cannot use it to cor­ the scale. rect our tables of the In reproducing these mu· moon's motion. sical currents, Dr. Dupont Of much greater impor­ uses a phonograph to tance to astronomers is the which a microphone is very favorable opposition fitted. After recording a of Mars, which occurs on musical scale on the phono­ the 6th. Although Mars graph cylinder, the appar­ comes to opposition every atus is made to work, other year (roughly speak­ when the microphone will ing ), he can be much bet­ yield an alternating current ter seen at some of these as above described. The times than at others. At microphone circuit com· every opposition the earth prises the primary of an is (approximately) in line induction coil without its between the sun and Mars, interrupter. By means or so that the planet's dis­ this transformer the alter· tance from us is equal to nating currents obtaineci the difference of the dis­ are controlled at will be· tances of the earth and fore being applied to the Mars from the sun. The 6.t11 O'Clock. June.7 At 9 O'Clock, July,7 organism. At 10� O'Clock, June.14 At 8>2 O'Clock, July.14 earth's orbit is nearly cir­ If in the place of a scale At 10 O'Q,lock'J Wle,'J2 At 8 O'Clock, Jul),.22. cular, but that of Mars Is a piece of music be chosen, considerably eccentric, so the alternating current, on that his distance from the Southern HoriZOn passing through the human sun varies from about 129 At,9>20'Clock:June 30 body, will produce the phy­ to 155 million miles, while siological effects of that map, �tars of the tlrst magnltnde are ei�ht-pointed, second magnitude, six-pointed; third magnitude, five-poInted; fourth magnitude (8 the earth's distance varies I:.the few), four-pointed; fifth magmtude \Very few), three·pOinted, countmg the pOints only as shown in the solid outline, without the inter­ piece. from 92 to 94 million. mediate lines signifying star I'Qys. After some practice it At present Mars is al­ will doubtless be possi!:'le most at his nearest to the sun-132 million miles dis­ 8:30 P. M. Venus is morning star in Taurus and to tell a piece of music by the .corresponding currents tant-and the earth is about at its farthest, so that Gemini and rises at about 3: 30 A. M. in the middle of traversing the tissues of the body, in the same way the distance between the two is reduced to 38 million the month. as by hearing it. This process might prove especially miles, as against 49 million at the average opposition, Mars is in Sagittarius, coming to opposition on the valuable in the case of deaf mutes. and 62 million at the least favorable. 6th, and is visible all night long, as already described. Dr. Dupont has undertaken extensive researches on Being so near us, Mars looks correspondingly large Jupiter is in conjunction with the sun on the 16th, the physiological effects produced by these rhythmical in the telescope, and bright to the naked eye. He is, and is invisible throughout the month. currents on the nervous system. It is hoped to ascer· however, very low down in our skies, his declination Saturn is in· Aquarius and rises about 10:30 P. M. tain the kind of current corresponding with ea�;h being 28 deg. south, so that he is at most 2'2 deg. above in the middle of the month. Uranus is in Sagittarius, given condition of the mind, so as to be able at will our horizon and only 10 deg. high at Greenwich. He close to Mars, and comes to opposition on the 3d. The to exert an exciting or calming action. can hardly be observed at all in northern Europe, and two are in conjunction on the 19th. At this time In this connection it should be remembered that Dr. only with difficulty in this country, so far as the finer lJranus is 5 deg. 18 min. north of Mars, and it will not Leduc some years ago investigated the calming and details go. But the southern observers will doubtless be difficult to pick him up, even with a field glass, and anesthetizing effects of rapidly intermittent direct be busy, and Mr. Lowell, who has always made Mars a make sure of the identification by watching his slow currents of low intensity. special study, has sent an expedition to South America westward motion among the stars. . .. ). for the express purpose. Neptune is in conjunction with the sun on the 5th, Meanwhile the news comes from his observatory in and is invisible throughout the month. Death of Prof. Alexander Her�cb"l. Arizona that some of the "canals" on the planet's disk THE MOON. Prof. Alexander Stewart Herschel, M. A., the distin· have again been photographed there, and we may hope Last quarter occurs at 9 A. M. on the 2d, new moon guished astronomer, died on June 18, 1907, at the that this summer's work will give us important and at 10 A. M. on the 10th, first quarter at 8 A. M. on the Observatory House, Slough, Bucks, where his grand­ perhaps conclusive evidence of the nature of these 18th, full moon at 11 P. M. on the 24th, and last quar­ father, Sir William Herschel , and Sir John Herschel singular markings. ter once more at 9 P. M. on the 31st. The moon is made most of their world-famous discoveries. THE HEAVENS. nearest us on the 23d, and farthest away on the 9th. Prof. Herschel was a fellow of the Royal Society Turning to our map, we may begIn by identifying She is in conjunction wIth Venus on the 8th, Neptune and was a doctor of civil law. He was profes�or of the very bright star Arcturus, which is due southwest and Jupiter on the 10th, Mercury on the 12th, Mars and physics and experimental philosophy at the Durham very high up, and to which the curve of the dipper- Uranus on the 23d, and Saturn on the 28th. College of Science at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Scientific American

A NEW HYDROPLANE BOAT. necessary to add another pair of drivers, and adopt COMPARISON OF TlJll: FIRST AND LATEST LOCOMOTIVE Our illustration shows a remarkable photograph of what is known as the Pacific type of locomotive, in O]f THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. a new hydroplane boat, which was first experimented which the total necessary adhesive weight was real· with successfully on Lake Bracciano, near Rome, Italy, ized without exceeding a load of 60,000 pounds on any JOhn Bull. PacificType. on the 22d of last month. This boat was designed and one pair of drivers. built by Messrs. Crocco and Ricaldoni, of the Brigata The dimensions of the new locomotive greatly exceed Date ...... 1831. 1901.

Weight ...... 10 tons. 134.6 tons. Boiler diameter...... 3 ft. 6 ins. 6 ft.7% ins. Total heating surface...... 249 sq. ft. 4,322 sq.ft. Diameter of cylinders ...... , . . . 9 ins. 24 ins. Stroke of cylinders ...... 20 ins. 2tiins. Volume of cylinders ...... 1,273 cu. ins. 11,378cu. ins.

7 tons of water, weighs 70 tons, making a total for the engine and tender of 204.6 American tons, or 409,200 pounds. In order that the great power of the locomotive might be available at fairly high speeds, the drivers were made 80 inches in diameter, which is the same as that of the Atlantic type. The cylinders are 24 inches in diameter by 26 inches stroke, and the piston valves, which are operated by the Walschaert gear, are themselves 16 inches in diameter. The valve gear, which has been carefully designed with a view to bringing its working parts into one plane, is pro­ vided with a special supporting frame outside of the link. This frame will be observed in the accompany­ ing view of the engine. It will readily be understood that to supply suf­ ficient steam for cylinders of this great capacity, an unusually large boiler was necessary. To begin with, An 80 H. P. Hydroplane Boat Driven by Ail' Propellers. the tubes, which are 214 inches in diameter, are 6 feet longer than those of the Atlantic type, or 21 Specialist!, Rome. It is fitted with two V-shaped fins anything hitherto built, or that would have been feet over all; and of these there are 343 whose com­ at the bow and stern, respectively, in accordance with considered possible a few years ago. We all remember bined heating surface is 4,117 square feet. As there a patent issued to an Englishman named Thompson, the great i terest which engine No. 999, built espe­ are 205 square feet in the firebox, the total heating n and modified somewhat by the present experimenters. cially for hauling the Empire State express of the surface reaches the enormous area of 4,322 square feet. The boat is fitted with an 80 to 100 horse-power gasoline :"Tew York Central Railroad. excited when she was The coal is burned on a 2:rate whose area is 61.8 motor, which drives two air propellers that propelled the boat first through and then above the surface of the water, as can be seen from the photograph. The weight of the boat complete with two men on board is 1,500 kilogrammes (3,300 pounds), and it is to attain a speed of about 40 miles an hour, although the inventors do not state the speed actually attained thus far...... THE MOST POWERFUL EXPRESS LOCOMOTIVE EVER BUILT. The truly enormous express locomotive shown in the accompanying illustration represents the latest effort of one of our leading railroads to keep pace with the ever·growing demands of its express passenger service. This company has jlJSt received the new locomotive from the shops, and placed it in trial service, in the hope that it will prove equal to the task of handling in one train passenger trains which otherwise must be run in two sections several minutes apart, or else handled by "double-heading," that is, conpling up two locomotives at the head of a train. The most powerful Pennsylvania standard express engines at present in service are themselves heavy and powerful machines, with cylinders 22 inches diam­ eter by 26 inches stroke, which, on divisions having Cylinders, 9 inches diameter by 20 inches stroke. Total heating surface, 249 sqnnre feet. Weight, 10 tons. heavy grades, are capable of successfully handling Tbe "John Bull"; Built in 1831. trains made up of eight Pullman cars. But the passenger traffic has increased so rapidly that ten or exhibited at the Chicago World'r Fair. Yet, to-day it square feet. The maximum diameter of the barrel twelve car trains are not unusual. The capacity of would take two of such engines coupled together to of the boiler is 79%, inches, so that a man six feet the Atlantic type, with four-coupled drivers, could not do the work that can be performed by the new Penn­ tall could walk through the boiler shell, and yet clear be increased sufficiently to meet the demands without sylvania engine; for the latter locomotive, with water the top of it by over half a foot. The maximum trac­ adding considerably to the weight on the drivers. To in its boiler and in running condition, weighs 134.6 tive power is 31,000 pounds or 15%' tons. gain the required capacity, therefore, it was found tons; its tender when loaded with 11 tons of coal and (Continued on page 530.)

Cylinders, 24inches diameter by 26 Inches stroke. Total heating surface. 4.322square feet. Weight, engine alone, 134.6 tons. New Locomotive for Heavy Express Service.

THE FIRST AND LATEST LOCOMOTIVES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. Scientific American.

SOUND SIGNALS FOR MARINERS: AN INVENTIVE FIELD WHICH IS NOT OVERWORKED.

BY C. H. CLAUDY. Inventors often complain that the field of their activ­ ities is limited by the very fact of those activities; that all the little conveniences have been thought of by some one else, and that the big things take too much money to introduce! In a measure this is true, but there are exceptions. There are some inventions of compara­ tively large size and cost, which if made would find a ready market. The very best market in this country for some things, if they are good, is the United States government, and of some classes of inventions it is a liberal pat.ron. The subject of this paper is to present to inventors an outline sketch of the field of sound signals for marine use. At practically every lighthouse of impor­ tance on the coasts of this country is some sort of sig­ naling apparatus, to be used when weather conditions prevent the lights from being seen. Sometimes it is a bell, sometimes a whistle, sometimes a Daboll trumpet, sometimes a steam siren. The idea is to make a noise which will be heard where ordinarily the light would be seen, to give the mariner warning which a fog pre­ vents the light from giving. Of course, in the case of a first order light, which may be seen twenty miles, the signal is, in part, a failure, only the best and most favorable of conditions carrying a siren sound so far. The signals, of course, have certain characteristics, to prevent the hearer from mistaking one signal for another. At certain times, in certain weathers, and more par­ ticularly in certain localities, these sound signals be­ have, as far as their hearers are concerned, in a most erratic manner. In some cases the Lighthouse Board gets indignant complaints that on a certain date a cer­ Daboll Trumpets in Which the Sound is Produced by II. Vibrating Steel Reed. tain fog signal was silent when it should have sounded. Investigation shows that the signal was sounding at ner should not assume he is out of hearing of the fog assume he is close to it because he hears the SOUl1L� the time, but was, for some inexplicable reason, inaudi- signal because he fails to hear the sound. He should plainly. He should not assume he is at a given place in his course because he hears the sound with the same intensity he did on a former occasion. He should not assume that the signal has ceased sounding because he fails to hear it even within easy earshot. He should not assume that the aber­ rations of audibility of one fog signal pertain to any other fog signal. He should not expect to hear a fog signal as well when the upper and lower air currents run in different directions; that is, when his upper sails fill and the lower ones flap, or the lower ones fill and the upper ones flap. He should not expect to hear a fog signal well when between him and it is a swiftly-flowing stream, or when wind and tide are in opposite directions. He should not expect to hear it well during an electric disturbance. He should not expect the sound to reach him well over a bluff or over land. When there is a bluff behind the sig­ nal, he should be prepared for skipping, that is, he might hear it at two, four, six, eight, and ten miles from the trumpet, and lose it one, three, five, seven, and nine miles away, or any other combination, regular or irregular. A further sentence in this publication is com­ mended to the careful reading of inventors who doubt the extent of the field : "It the law ot these aberrations in audibility can Caisson Lighthouse, Chesapeake Bay, With Three Daboll Thimble Shoals Lighthouse, Rhowing Trumpets be evolved, and some method discovered tor their Trumpets. .Below Worked by Compressed Air. correction, as the variations ot the compass are corrected, then sound may be depended upon as a ble to the very ship it was meant to reach. Naturally, not assume that because he hears a fog signal faintly, more definite and accurate aid to navigation." Prof. such instances have been very carefully investigated, he is at a great distance from it. Neither should he Henry, one of the greatest scientists this country has and certain facts have come to light as a result. It has been found that sound, like light, is sometimes affected by atmospheric conditions, and that it will skip about in a most bewildering way. Thus, a fog signal may be heard with ear-splitting force a mile from its source, and five hundred yards farther on may disap­ pear entirely. Yet another five hundred yards, and it again sounds, as strongly as before. The theory in such a case as this is that the sound hits the water and is echoed back from it into the air, to return in a curve of more or less magnitude and again strike the water. The sound, in other words, skips, like a stone skillfully thrown into the water, the points of audi­ bility corresponding to the places the water is hit­ the areas of silence to the flights of the stone. This is a simple case. In others, the sound forms a circle, a ring of audibility, outside of which there is Silence, and inside of which nothing in the nature of a signal can be heard. And to make the matter more puzzling, the conditions sometimes do not appear, and the signal acts as it should, while at other and rarer occasions, it takes these freaks and fails in its purpose. As yet no laws have been deduced to cover the cases in point. But the following lis of cautions to mari­ t ners, published by the Lighthouse Board as sugges­ tions merely, give an idea of the trend of investiga­ tion : The mariner should, when approaching the sound Interior of Steam Siren Station. Penetrating Sound Caused by Revolving Disk in Throat. Wbich from windward, go aloft, and when approaching from Interrupts the Steam 30,000 Times per Minute. the leeward, the nearer he can get to the surface of the water, the sooner he will hear the sound. A mari- SOUND SIGNALS FOR MARINERS. Scientific American 530

ever had the honor to own, classified these abnormal burning wood). Heating surface of tubes, 213 square this fissure, and that only 300 feet wide, the depth of sound aberrations as follows : feet; of firebox, 36 square feet. Total heating sur­ water in the gorge must be exceedingly great. The 1. The audibility of a sound at a distance, and its face, 249 square feet. The firebox was of the dome peculiar geological formation may be said to cause the inaudibility nearer the source of sound. or Bury pattern. The reversing gear was complicated, lake or river to flow first on end over the falls, and 2. The inaudibility of a sound at a given distance the two eccentrics being secured to a sleeve or barrel, then on edge through the gorge. in one direction, while a lesser sound is heard at the which fitted loosely on the crank shaft. The water pours into the fissure amid clouds of spray, same distance in another direction. Soon after the engine arrived, the Camden & Amboy with a deafening roar which may be heard for miles. 3. The audibility at one time at a distance of sev· mechanics made the following changes and additions : This has given rise to its native name, Mosi-oa-Tounya, eral miles, while at another the sound can not be heard As the railroad curves were very sharp, the coupling or the Thunder Sounding Smoke. For the same rea­ more than a fifth of the same distance. rods and cranks were removed aIld a lateral play of son Niagara was called by the aborigines the Abode of 4. While the sound is generally heard farther with 1112' inches given to the leading axle, to which a cow­ the Spirit of Thunder. Bearing out the belief of the the wind than against it, in some instances the reverse catcher was connected. The wooden wheels were red man, his pale-faced brother has succeeded in draw­ is the case. replacf'd by cast-iron wheels. The dome was moved ing the lightning from this Thunder Spirit. Similarly, 5. The sudden loss of sound in passing from one forward to the former manhole and the boiler lagged the white man expects soon to draw the fire from the locality to another in the same vicinity, the distance with wood. A bell was placed on the boiler and a Thunder Sounding Smoke, and use it to operate the of the source of sound being the same. headlight on the y;mokebox. A new tender was subse­ machinery of the Rand gold fields. In keeping with Now, then, the problem can be stated as follows : quently built, having a small cab on the rear for the the size of this giant waterfall, as outlined in the To invent or discover a sound-producing apparatus, accommodation of a brakeman, who, if anything went SCIE:'i'TIFIC AMERICAN of December 22, 1906, the Vic­ no more complicated or expensive, or but slightly more wrong with the cars, could signal the engine driver toria power station, when completed, will have an so, than those in use, which will be heard uniformly at to stop. A cab and a large wood-burning chimney output of 250,000 horse-power at the enormous pressure uniform dfstances, exception being made in favor of were subsequently added, but both these were removed of 150,000 volts, and will transmit its power 600 miles, sounds swept away by a heavy wind ; or to invent or some time before the engine was placed in the United or nearly three times as far as any system now in oper­ discover a means of improving present fog signals, States National Museum. ation. as a resonator or reflector, which will so amplify, According to Mr. Herbert T. Walker, a well-known direct, reflect, or otherwise project the sound that it authority on locomotive history, this was the first The Sealed Bonnet Contest oC the AutoD1obile Clu b will not be subject to the aberrations above described, engine equipped with a bell, headlight, and cowcatcher, of� Alllcrica. saving that caused by a heavy wind. There is a wide although bells were used on English locomotives as What proved to be one of the most interesting as market ready for the invention which solves this prob­ far back as 1827. well as successful automobile competitions ever held lem. In October, 1906, there were four hundred and This remarkable locomotive was exhibited at the in the vicinity of New York city was that conducted by fifty fog signals in the United States, operated by Philadelphia Exposition of 1876, and again at the the Automobile Club of America during the last four machinery, not including two hundred and thirty-four Chicago Exposition of Railway Appliances in 1883, and days of last week, and which was known as a "Sealed whistling and bell buoys. Then there are some thou­ lastly, at the Columbian ExpOSition of 1893. Leaving Bonnet Contest." sands of vessels, all with fog signals, not belonging to New York city under steam April 17, 1893, it hauled In this contest the bonnets, radiators, gear boxes, the United States, and sixty lightships, the fog signals "the John Bull train�' of two cars 912 miles, without tools, etc., were sealed and were not allowed to be of which are supposed to be as reliable as can be assistance, to Chicago, arriving April 22, and meeting touched throughout the total distance of 600 miles, made. with a continued ovation over the entire route. It which was covered in daily runs out and back of But the problem has another side. It is not enough formed part of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Company's 150 miles each. The first and last day's runs were to to warn the mariner of a danger, or point out the exhibit, and was one of the great attractions of the Patchogue, L. r., and those on the second and third course, by a sound ; it is necessary to provide him World's Fair, carrying over fifty thousand passengers days were to Danbury and West Haven, Conn., respec­ with a means of finding the direction of the sound. over the exhibition tracks in the terminal station yard. tively. Almost the total distance was over macadam­ Can you locate a cricket? The engine left Chicago again under steam December ized roads, but as the contestants were favored with In a fog the sound seems to come from all direc­ 5, 1893, coming east over the Pennsylvania lines via the fair weather, this made' no particular difference. ' tions, unless it is right on top of the vessel, and then Southwest system to Pittsburg, and through Altoona, No less than 47 cars started in the test on Wednes­ the inevitable collision results. The very fact that in Harrisburg, and Baltimore to Washington, arriving day, June 19, and 42 of these finished with a perfect spite of warning apparatus of the greatest power col­ there December 1.3, 1893. This was a very good per­ score on the afternoon of Saturday, June 22. A lisions frequently occur, shows that some method is formance for a locomotive sixty-two years of age. It Stoddard-Dayton runabout, entered by a private owner,

needed to definitely locate a sound. was then returned to the museum at Washington, dropped out the first day, owing to the replacing of Some vessels now carry a sound-receiving apparatus, where it will remain permanently. the nut which holds on the steering wheel. The consisting of a telephone and microphone immersed in ., .. .. second day's run was completed with the loss of but wells in the ship connecting with the water outside, THE MAGNITUDE OF VICTORIA FALl.S. one more contestant-t.he Columbia gasoline-electric and designed to hear under-water vibrations. There is Oozing out of a black, boggy depression in the heart touring car-which was obliged to open its bonnet in now an under-water bell on lightships, put overboard of Southern Africa is a sluggish, muddy stream which order to replace a broken valve spring. Three con­ in a fog, designed to warn ships so equipped. It is wends its way southward, very leisurely at first, but it testants were arrested for speeding at Mt. Kisko by 11 hoped that in time apparatus will be designed by soon grows rapidly in size and strength until it pourll constable with a rope which he stretched across the which the soun,-'" direction can be recognized by turn­ into the Indian Ocean, 1,650 miles away, fourth in road. In view of the fact that the club stationed ing the telephone receiver this way and that until the rank among the mighty rivers of Africa. About 700 men with flags at the entrance and exit of each village, direction is ascertained by the loudness of the sound. miles from its source, and just beyond the cataracts thus cautioning the contestants to obey the speed limit A similar idea is in the invention of Prof. Mayer'lD of Mololo, the Zambesi, joined by the waters of the under penalty of disqualification if they did not, this "topophone," in which the sound wave is defined by Kwando River, spreads out into what might be termed attempt to mulct the autoists by the Mt. Kisko authori­ means of resonators. But the apparatus requires the a lake about six miles long and over a mile in width. ties should not be passed over lightly. No competi­ resonators to be attuned to the source of sound and This lake is studded with islands and the surface is tion of this character more devoid of racing has ever an undistorted sound wave, and is not yet practicable. very smooth, the vegetation along the banks being per­ been held, and the Club will doubtless not allow the The accompanying illustrations show some of the fectly mirrored in the placid water. Strange to say, constable and justice of the village in question to sound signal apparatus now in use. The Daboll trum­ the lower end of this lake is marked not by a shore line put upon the contestants the stigma of speeding nor by the slightest narrowing of its surface, but by an because of some very sligh technical violation. pets are blown by compressed air, the power being ! furnished by an oil engine. One of the illustrations abrupt fall beside which our much-vaunted Niagara is a The cars were divided into three classes according shows the interior of a typical first-ordBr siren station. mere pygmy. It is an entire lake that takes the plunge, to price. The price limits of these classes were : Class Although an ear-splitting sound may be produced from and not merely a river. A, $3,000 and over; class B, $1,500 to $3,000; class C, this steel throat, capable of carrying thirty miles A comparison of Niagara and Victoria Falls is pic­ $1,500 and under. Runabouts in class A were required under favorable conditions, the sound may be inaudible tured in the front-page illustration, which shows at a to cover 175 miles a day instead of 150. The average just when it is most needed, due to the causes sug­ glance how vastly greater is the African falls. At speeds required of the three classes were 17, 15, and gested in the first part of this paper. Niagara the river takes a plunge of 168 feet, but the 13 miles an hour respectively.

.. t .. .. Zambesi falls sheer 400 feet. The crest of Victoria All stops were recorded, and the length of each THE MOST POWERFUL EXPRESS LOCOMOTIVE EVER Falls is over a mile long-5,808 feet, to be exact­ stop was added to the running time. Tire repairs were BUILT. whereas the American Fall at Niagara measures but the only repairs permissible, and the time taken in (Continued tram page 528.) 1,060 feet, and the Horseshoe Fall is only 1,230 feet making these hall to be added to the running time of By the courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com­ across, or 3,010 feet as measured along the curve. To the cars. A notable feature of the various runs was pany, we present, for comparison with their latest illustrate the magnitude of the African waterfall, we the fact that there was little or no tire trouble ; only l(')comotive, a photograph of a diminutive engine, have depicted against it the skyline of New York from two or three cars each day were delayed on this which has the distinction of having been the first to Battery Park to Worth Street. Not a building pro· account. The fact that the runs were made over first­ haul a train over the lines now owned by this com­ jects above the crest of the falls excepting only the class macadamized roads doubtless accounts for the pany. The smaller engraving represents the cele­ tower of the Singer Building, which is now in process lack of tire trouble. Nevertheless, it is quite remark­ brated "John Bull," which is now in the National of erection. To be sure, in comparing Niagara with able that out of nearly half a hundred cars of all sizes Museum at Washington. It was the first engine used Victoria, it must be said in favor of the former that and weights, there should be such a small percentage on the Camden & Amboy Railroad, which is now a the Horseshoe Fall presents an unbroken crest, while delayed on account of tires in a series of runs aggregat­ part of the Pennsylvania system ; and it was built in the edge of the Victoria is divided by numerous islands ing 600 miles in length. England in 1830 by StephEnson & Co., of Newcastle­ into stretches which nowhere exceed 600 feet. At the Altogether there were thirty-seven touring cars and on-Tyne, to the order of Robert L. Stevens, president center is Livingstone Island, and to the left, as you ten runabouts engaged in the competition. Among of the railroad. It reached Bordentown, N. J., in look up stream, is the main fall, while at the right of these were an Aerocar, two American Mors, two Ber­ August, 1831. The engine was originally named the island is the Rainbow Fall. Buka Island separates liets, three Corbins, one Continental, one Columbia, "Stevens," but on its arrival in this country the rail­ the main fall from the Cascade or Devil's Creek. two Darracqs, one Deere, one DeLuxe, an Elmore. a road company renamed it "John Bull." It was put in Fully as remarkable as the falls themselves is the Glide, a Haynes, a Jackson, two Knoxes, four Locomo­ service November 12, 1831, at Bordentown, N. J., at the peculiar formation of the chasm into which the waters biles, two Loziers, two Mathesons, two Maxwells, thl'C C place where the Railroad Monument now stands. pour. Facing the falls, and separated from it by a Moras, an Oldsmobile, a Pierce-Arrow, a Pope-Hartford, The leading dimensions are as follows: Weight space of less than aoo feet in width, is a vertical wall a Pope-Toledo, a Royal Tourist, a Rolls-Royce, thrfU about 10 tons ; boiler, 3 feet 6 inches diameter ; cylin­ of rock presenting a barrier to the flow of water which Stoddard-Daytons, one Studebaker, a Welch, and two ders, 9 inches diameter by 20 inches stroke. Four is unbroken except for a gorge near the center a little WhItes. coupled wheels 4 feet 6 inches diameter, with cast­ over 300 feet wide. It seems as if this wall, which at Tt is certainly remarkable that so many standard iron hubs and locust wood spokes and felloes. Tires one time undoubtedly formed the lower terminal of the machines of both domestic and foreign manu facture of wrought iron % inch thick ; sixty-two tubes, lake, had been moved bodily back by some giant hand. were able to go throngh so severe a t.est with a perfect 7 feet 6 inches long by 2 inches diameter. Furnace leaving a deep, narrow fisSl1 l'e into whieh the waters s(�ore ; and their performance in this test should do had 3 feet 7 inches long by 3 feet 2 inches high (for of the lake fall. Since t llt�re is Imt 0118 outlet front much to influence intending purchasers, Who have Scientific America.n. 53 1

impressed upon them heretofore by their well-meaning vide an additional borrowing capacity to meet the ex­ cut-and-cover method and partly in tunnel, which will automobilist friends the idea that it often costs more penses of the undertaking, by means of a constitutional extend to the westerly bank of the Hudson River at a to keep a car and run it than the original price of the amendment which had passed the Legislature, but had point between Cornwall and West Point. car itself_ not been submitted to the people. Second, it was It was originally intended to carry the aqueduct in With the test just cited as a sample, the C'hicago necessary to enact legislation so as to make the powers tunnel below the Hudson River at New Hamburg, but Motor Club has decided to conduct a similar test on of the local authorities certain. And third, and most the preliminary borings at this and other sites proved June 28_ Three classes are provided for touring cars, important, it was necessary to arouse public opinion so that it would be difficult to find a rock sufficiently free and a separate class for roadsters or high-powered run­ that the first two obstacles could be removed. from fissures and other imperfections to render it suit­ abouts_ There will be but one prize in each class, "As the years merge in the decades and the decades able to withstand the enormous pressure of the water and the car having the least penalization will win in the centuries, when time has thrown its kindly veil at the depth below the river at which it would have to this_ In this contest, each time the engine is stoJ;lped over the bickerings and the differences and the quar­ be carried. Borings are now baing made near Corn­ there will be a penalization of 25 points_ The bonnet rels which seem so much to us and are after all so fu­ wall at a site where geologists assured the engineers and coil of each car will be sealed, and a penalization tile and so petty, when friend and enemy, traducer and that it would be possible to find a thoroughly sound of 50 and 25 points respectively will be made for the traduced have passed away, when our very names shall and suitable rock. The aqueduct passes through the breaking of these seals_ Five points penalization will have been forgotten, when this great work conceived mountain and reaches the westerly slope of the Hudson be given for each minute or fraction thereof spent in in honesty, begun in honesty and completed, God will­ River at an elevation of 400 feet above tide level. Here making repairs, adjustments, or replacements. Putting ing, in honesty, shall be administering to the health a vertical shaft will be sunk until a depth probably of water in the radiator will also be penalized. All cars and happiness of millions yet to come, then God grant 700 feet below the river surface or 1,000 feet below th� having the engines underneath must be provided with that those who shall see it may say: 'It does not mat­ level of the aqueduct is reached. The tunnel will then mud aprons, which will also be sealed. There will ter how they were called who did this thing, or who pass beneath the river to connect with another vertical be no penalties for repairing tires, but the contestants they were, or what they were, it is enough that they shaft of almost equal depth on the easterly bank of the will have to make up any time lost in this manner did their duty.' '' river. From this point it will be constructed through within a control. A leeway of ten minutes is allowed The sod was cut on a strip of two and one-half acre� the mountains until it reaches the new Croton reser­ at each control. There will be five checking stations, voir. Here connections will be made to enable the and the total distance is 131.6 miles_ water to be drawn directly from the Ashokan reservoir In addition to the sealed bonnet contest just men­ into the Croton reservoir, with a view to augmenting tioned, California automobilists are to have a two the Groton supply until the whole aqueduct from Asho­ days' endurance run from Los Angeles to San Diego kan to New York city shall have been completed. on June 27 and 28, and the Quaker City Motor Club From the Croton reservoir the aqueduct will be con­ is to conduct the reliability run from Philadelphia to tinued south to Kensico reservoir, which will be en­ Wildwood, New Jersey, July 3. The race meet will larged to include Rye Pond, and form an auxiliary be held at the latter place on the Fourth. storage reservoir at an elevation of 355 feet above

.... ). mean tide, capable of containing 25,000,000,000 gallons, INAUGURATION OF WORK ON THE CATSKILL or sufficient to supply the city at the rate of 500,000,000 NEW YORK WATER SUPPLY, gallons for a period of fifty days. About four miles On June 21, on the side of one of the mountains to south of Kensico, at Scarsdale, thilre will be built a be intersected by the aqueduct, Mayor McClellan cut large filtering plant, and six miles to the south of this the first sod of what is probably the greatest municipal will be another storage reservoir at Hill View. engineering work ever undertaken in the history of With these two auxiliaries or emergency reser­ the world-the Catskill water supply for New York voirs provided, the city will be secured against city_ At the invitation of the New York Board of any sudden interruption of its supply through failure 'V ater Supply some three hundred guests, ineluding of the 69 miles of aqueduct lying to the north of them. besides the Mayor, the Comptroller, the Corporation By the construction of a tunnel of 200,000,000 gallons Counsel, the State and Civil Service Commissions, and daily capacity below the East River, Brooklyn and representatives of various prominent institutions in Staten Island will be provided with a supply of 100,- this city, were taken by steamer to Cold Spring, on 000,000 gallons daily, and this aqueduct will terminate the eastern bank of the Hudson River, and were then in a large reservoir to be constructed in Forest Park. driven some three miles back into the mountain::. to From the point where this tunnel reaches the shores the valley of what is known as Indian Creek. Here, of Long Island, a line of 20,000,000 gallons capacity after appropriate ceremonies; a silver spade was pre­ will be built through Brooklyn and below the Narrows sented by Commissioner Charles M. Chadwick to the for the supply of Staten Island. Mayor, who, after turning the sod, announced, "Now I, The rate of growth of Greater New York is so rapid j'be Mayor, in the name of the people of New York, that it cannot be many years before the watersheds declare this work begun." of the Rondout, the Schoharie, and ultimately of the It was fitting that the work of actual construction Catskill rivers will, in turn, be brought into service. should be thus inaugurated by Mayor McClellan ; for The Rondout watershed covers 176 square miles, and it is to his appreciation of the grave condition which would be capable of yielding 130,000,000 gallons daily. threatened New York with the terrors of a water This water will be stored in what will be known as the famine, and to the energetic and masterly way in which Mapanoch reservoir, from which its waters will be led he has used all his influence to push the work through by an aqueduct into the main Catskill aqueduct a to its present stage, that the present and future citi­ couple of miles below the Ashokan reservoir. Later, zens of New York will be indebted for this, its most the Schoharie watershed will be brought into service important municipal undertaking. The magnitude of by the construction of the Prattsville reservoir, its the work will be understood when it is stated that its waters being brought into Esopus Creek by means of a estimated total cost of $162,000,000 is not far short of tunnel through the divide. Lastly, the Catskill water the total estimated cost of the Panama Canal. Next to will be impounded in several reservoirs located along the Mayor, credit should be given to the Commission­ that stream, and brought into the Ashokan reservoir ers, President J. Edward Simmons, and his fellow Com­ by an aqueduct whose location is shown on the accom­ missioners, Charles M. Chadwick and Charles S. Shaw, panying map. Altogether, when the whole scheme is for the enthusiasm and energy which they have dis­ completed, New York city will have at command over played, and the excellent results achieved during the 700,000,000 gallons daily water supply from the Cats­ brief period in which they have been in office. The MAP OF NEW YORK CITY'S PROPOSED NEW kill Mo.untain watershed, in addition to the 375,000,000 speech of President Simmons was of an unusually high WATER SUPPLY. gallons already available in the Croton watershed. order, and the motives and purpose of the work were summarized in a passage which we here quote : of land which has the distinction of being the first land The Current SuppJelllent, "Why do four millions of Americans who compose bought by the city for the new aqueduct. More than 10,000 men are in daily attendance at the the greatest municipality of the New World contribute In selecting a new source of water supply, the engi­ largest railway university in the United States. The without a murmur all the treasure required for this neers realized that the conditions surrounding New university is described by Frederic Blount Warren in gigantic enterprise? The answer comes spontaneously York city were exceedingly difficult. To the east it is the current SUPPLJ<;lVlJ<;:'IT, No. 1643. "False Back Repe­ to our lips. It has been demanded and ordered by the shut in by the Atlantic Ocean ; to the west it is ex­ tition Casting" is the title of an article which will ' people for the people. cluded by the laws of "'ew Jersey from tapping any of interest the amateur founder. Some practicar tests of "This mighty aqueduct will take away from no man the water sources of that State. The excellent supply rubber are given. Several forms of telegraph railroad anything that is needful to him. It will bring the which might have been drawn upon from the sources signaling systems have been proposed, and a number purest and most healthful of all drinks to myriads of of the Housatonic River was shut out of considera­ of tests have been carried out. ThO) most recent of our fellow-citizens, both in the present and the future. tion because of the location of that river in the State these systems, invented by Frank W. Prentice, is de­ It will bring to their homes the means of cleanliness of Connecticut ; and hence the city has been driven by scribed. Walter F. Reid tells how to use waste India and happiness. It will be a safeguard to the household its geographical and legal restrictions to the splendid rubber. "Bacteria in Cheesemaking" is the title of an goods of the poor and to the merchandise of the cap­ sources of supply which lie in the Catskill Mountains. essay by Prof. Herbert W. Conn. "The Amateur's tains of industry." This water sUjljlly is not only abundant, but the Foundry" is simply described by Walter J. May, a well­ After the ceremony of turning t�e first spadeful of water is of most excellent quality. By reference to the known English expert. If the same region of the earth the Mayor said: accompanying map, it will be seen that four separate sky is photographed at two epochs, the comparison of "When I took office on January 1, 1904, I found my­ districts are to be drawn upon. The first of these is the photographs in the stereoscope at once shows what self confronted with a possible water famine, and with what is known as the Esopus Creek watershea, which stars have altered in brightness in the interval, for in nothing practical done for its avoidance. The immi­ has an area of 255 square miles. Its waters are to be the photographs the diameters of the star disks vary nence of the peril was appreciated by the few who impounded by the construction of a great dam 220 feet according to the brightness of the star. This method had studied the matter, but the public at large did not in height across the valley of the Esopus, at the is described in the current SUPPLEMKU by Dr. Max understand its seriousness, nor was there any public Olive Bridge site. The dam will create the Asho­ Wolf, the well-known Director of the :'-':eidelberg Uni­ - sentiment in favor of its speedy solution:- Some pre­ Imn reservoir, 12 miles in length and 2112 miles in versity Observatory. The maintenance of the equili­ liminary work had been done and done well, but that width, with a capacity at full level of 170,000,000,000 brium in aeroplanes is a subject of vital importance to was all. My administration found it necesary to do gallons, and capable of supplying 250,000,000 gallons the aeronaut. Robert W. Goddard shows how the gyro­ , three things before a new water supply system could of water per day. From the dam a huge aqueduct 17% scope may be used for oalancing and steering aero­ be actually undertaken. First, it was necessary to pro- feet in its largest diameter will be built, partly by the planes. 532 Scientific American

THE VESSELS AND GUNS OF THE OLD NAVY, ment at Nantes. The 32-gun frigates were built as guns or else guns of moderate length. There were no 1775-1850. follows : The "Raleigh" at Portsmouth, N. H., the carronades in the Continental navy. The frigates BY DR. CHAltLEB OSCAR PAULLIN. "Hancock" and "Alliance" at Salisbury, Mass., the mounted 12·pounders, 9·pounders, and 6·pounders, and The American armed vessels that cruised against "Warren" at Providence, the "Confederacy" on the the smaller craft 6's and 4's. A few 18·pounders were the ships of the enemy during the revolutionary war Thames River in Connecticut, and the "Randolph" and in use, and on some of the galleys guns of still larger were fitted out by either the federal size were to be found. In the fight government, one of the State govern­ between the "Bon Homme Richard" and ments, or by private persons. With the the "Serapis," the American vessel exception of New Jersey and Delaware, mounted on her lower deck six long, each of the States owned one or more old-fashioned 18-pounders, on her main vessels. The fleet of Virginia, which deck twenty-eight 12·pounders, and on consisted of some fifty ships, was the her forecastle and quarter-deck eight largest, but it was poorly equipped, and 9-pounders. The "Alliance," rated as a rendered little service. The most effi­ 32, is believed to have carried in her cient State navy was that of Massachu­ fight with the British brigs "Atalanta" setts. It contained sixteen vessels, of and "Trepassey" twenty-eight 12's and which the largest was the frigate "Pro­ Section Showing Construction of a Section Through a 'eight 9's. The "South Carolina," of the tector," mounting 26 guns. The largest Frigate. Sloop-or-War. South Carolina navy, carried an extra· ship in the State navies was the "South ordinarily heavy battery for a frigate­ Carolina," mounting 40 guns. The principal fleet of "Washington" at Philadelphia. The "Bon Homme twenty-eight 32-pounders, and twelve 12-pounders. This the revolution wa.s that of the privateers. It comprised Richard," 42, the largest ship that sailed under Ameri­ was the heaviest armament mounted by an American some 1,200 or 1,500 vessels. They were privately can colors during the revolution, and the fiagship of vessel during the war. owned, and sailed under letters of marque issued either John Paul Jones, was loaned to, Jones by the French Probably the finest vessel in the revolutionary navy by the State governments or by the Continental Con- government. The revolutionary vessels mounted long was the "Alliance." She was a fast sailer, and when

Gun Deck of 44-Gun Frigate "Santee-" Side Elevation of a Typical Smoothbore, as Mounted in the Rev()lutionary War.

gress. They were generally small she visited Europe in 1778 was craft. Only a few of them mount­ greatly admired. She was in John h ed as many as twenty guns-more Paul Jones's fight off Flamboroug ' than one-half of them ten or a less Head, but was compelled to. play number of guns. The crews of a most ignominious part, owing to the smaller privateers consisted the weakness of her captain, of fifteen to fifty men. Pierre de Landais, an eccentric Some eighty or ninety ships be­ Frenchman. In 1780 the com­ longed to the Continental Con­ mand of the "Alliance" was given gress, the federal government of to Capt. John Barry. He was of the revolution. About one-third, Irish descent, and next to Jones of these were rated as galleys, was the most celebrated sea officer half-galleys, or small sailing craft of the revolution. His most carrying less than ten guns. The famous fight was that of May 28, galleys and half-galleys were pro­ 1781, when he captured two Brit­ pelled partly by oars. Of the ish naval vessels. This engage­ ships carrying more than ten ment has been describe ' for us by guns, there was one line-of-battle one of Barry's officers : ship, the "America," 74. She "Toward evening discovered a never went to sea under American sail on the weather bow standing colors. Shortly after she was for us, and which, after coming launched in' 1782, our government near enough to be kept in sight, gave her to Louis XVI. to replace hauled to wind and stood on our the French ship "Magnifique," course. Toward day it became which had been accidentally lost quite calm. After it became light, in Boston harbor. Eighteen Con­ it appeared that they were an tinental vessels, mounting from armed ship and a brig about a 24 to 32 guns, were rated as league distant. At sunrise they frigates. The dimensions of one hoisted the English colors and of the largest of the frigates, the beat drums. At the same time the "HanCOCk," 32, were as follows: American colors were displayed Length of gun deck 137 feet, keel by the "Alliance." By little puffs 116 fect, beam 34 feet, and depth of wind we were enabled to get 11 feet; per tonnage was 730 tons. within small hailing distance. At The "Boston," 24, measured 114 11 o'clock Capt. Barry hailed the feet on the gun deck, 94 feet keel, ship, and the answer was 'the 32 feet beam, and her depth was "Atalanta," ship of war, belonging to His Britannic Majesty, and 10 feet; her tonnage was 514 tons. The burden of the "Alfred," commanded by Capt. Sampson Ed­ the first ship in the Continental wards.' Capt. Barry replied that navy, was only 200 tons. The we were the Continental frigate ""'asp," 8, and "Fly," 8, were 'Alliance,' commanded by John still smaller than the "Alfred." Barry, and advised him to haul The 74-gun ship "America" was down his colors. Capt. Edwards built at Portsmouth, N. H. John answered : 'Th:ink you, sir ; per­ Paul Jones was superintending haps I may after a trial.' The her construction when she was firing then began. But unfor­ launched in 1782. All but two of tunately there was not enough the Continental frigates were wind for our steerageway. Being built in the United States in the lighter vessels, by the use of chief Atlantic ports to the north sweeps they got and kept athwart The largest wooden tbree-dccker ever built in America, of 3,241 tous and can-ying 120 guns. of Virginia. The "Deane," 32, our stern and on our quarters, so that we could TJ.ot bring one-half was purchased in France, and the First-Class Battleship " Pennsylvania." "Queen of France," 28, was con­ our guns-nay, ofttimes only guns out astern-to bear on them. And structed for the American govern- THE VESSELS AND GUNS OF THE OLD NAVY, 1775·1850. Scientific American 533

thus we lay like a log the greatest part of the time. "About 2 o'clock Capt. Barry received a wound by a grapeshot in the shoulder. He remained, however, on the quarter·deck until by much loss of blood he was obliged to be helped to tlie cock­ pit. Some time after, our colors were shot away. It so happened that at the same time such guns as would bear on the enemy had been fired, and were then loading. This caused the enemy to think we had struck our colors. They manned their shrouds and gave three cheers. By that time the colors were hoisted by a mizzen brail, and our firing began again. A quartermaster went to the wheel in place of one just killed there. At the same time a small breeze of wind sprang up. A broadside was brought to bear and fired on the ship, and then on the brig, when they struck their colors at 3 o'clock." After the close of the revolutionary war in 1783 the few ships that remained in the navy were gradually disposed of, and the officers and crews were discharged. The "Alliance" was the last vessel in the Continental navy. She was sold in August, 1785, for $14,400. Her purchas-

.I!'ight Between the United States Ship" President" and the " Endymion," January 1/), 1810.�

30 to 55 guns, on two decks. Well-known vessels of this type were the "Constitution," "United States," and "Constellation." The tonnage of the line·of-battle ships was 2,200 to 3,200 tons. They mounted 74 to 120 guns, on three or more decks, and carried 800 to 1,100 men. As their name indicates, they were intended to bear the shock of battle between opposing fleets. After the building of the "America" during the revo­ lution, no line-of·battle ship was constructed until the war of 1812, when five of them were placed upon the stocks: the "New Orleans" and "Chippewa," at Sack­ etts Harbor, on Lake Ontario; "Independence," at Bos­ ton; "Franklin," at Philadelphia," and "Washington," at Portsmouth, N. H. The "Independence," which went to sea in 1815 as the flagship of Commodore Wil­ liam Bainbridge, was the first line-of·battle ship to fly Capture of the " Java" by the " Constitution," December 29, 1812. the American colors. The "Washington" was placed in commission in 1816, and the "Franklin" in 1817 or ers afterward disposed of her to Robert Morris at a sloops were rigged as sloops, brigs, schooners, or ships. 1818. The "New Orleans" and "Chippewa" were never great profit. In June, 1787, she sailed for Canton as Their tonnage was about 500 tons. They mounted six­ launched. In 1883 the "New Orleans" was sold upon a merchantman, being one of the first American ships teen to twenty-two guns, on one deck, and carried 140 the stocks for $527. ' to make :': voyage to China. to 175 men. The "Peacock," "Frolic," "Wasp," and Shortly after the war of 1812, the construction of From 1794, when the construction of a new navy "Hornet," which were in the navy during the war of nine new line-of-battle ships was begun. Of these, the was begun, until 1850, when steamships first began to 1812, wen, of this class. The frigates were ship-rigged first to be completed was the "Columbus." She was supplant rapidly the sailing ships, the American navy vessels, of 800 to 1,600 tons burden. They mounted launched at the Washington navy yard -:in 1819. In contained some 600 vessels. Of 1820 three other ships were these, about one hundred and launched-the "Ohio," at the eighty-five were sailing vessels New York yard; the "North of ten or more guns, about Carolina," at the Philadelphia twenty were steamships, and the yard; and the "Delaware," at rest were gunboats, galleys, the Norfolk yard. The next ves­ barges, and small sailing craft sel to be completed was the of less than ten guns. The "Pennsylvania." She was launch­ building of gunboats was a fad ed at Philadelphia in 1837. The of President Thomas Jefferson, "Vermont," building at Boston, and during his administration was not completed until 1848; one hundred and seventy·six of and the "Alabama," building at these small craft were construct· Portsmouth, N. H., not until ed, at a cost of $1,584,000. They 1864, when her name was varied in size. One of average changed to the "New Hamp­ dimensions was 60 feet long, 17 shire." The "New York" was feet wide, and 6 feet deep. They destroyed on the stocks at Nor­ carried one or two large guns, folk in 1861 by the Unionists usually 24·pounders or 36·pound­ when they abandoned the Nor­ ers, and from fifteen to forty-five folk nav� yard, and the "Vir­ men. The gunboats were adapt� ginia" was sold on the stocks at ed only for coast defense. Sev­ Boston in 1874. eral of them, however, made the The number of line·of·battle trip across the Atlantic and took ships in the old navy, all told, part in the Tripolitan war of was fifteen. The size of these 1801-1806. vessels may be seen from the In the early part of the nine· dimensions of the "Ohio." She teenth century our larger naval was 198 feet long, 54.6 feet beam, vessels belonged to three classes and 22.5 feet hold. The largest -"sloops," frigates, and line-of­ of these vessels was the "Penn­ battle ships. These were distin­ sylvania." She mounted 120 guished from each other by size, guns. Her tonnage was 3,241 the number of guns carried, and tons. Her complement of officers Capture of the "Serapis" by Paul Jones in the" Bon Homme Richard," September 23, 1779. the number of decks upon which and men was 1,100. Her cost of the guns were mounted. The VESSELS OF THE OLD NAVY, REPRODUCED FROM CONTEMPORARY PRINTS. construction was $694,500. The Scientific American 534 cost of the line-of-battle ships of our navy usually active cruiser on the Southern coast, mounted long 6's and Europe. This ideal was in large part realized in varied from $425,000 to $550,000. President John and 12-poundel' carronades. Generally speaking, the France in 1829, in England in 1839, and in the United Quincy Adams, who went aboard the "Pennsylvania" American ships were better built and better armed States in 1845. In the latter year the Navy Depart­ in 1827, wrote that she was "said to be the largest than the British .ships of the same classes. During the ment adopted the 32-pounder as the unit caliber of ' ship that will float upon the ocean. She is built chiefly war a third kind of gun, the columbiad, was coming our navy, and directed that in the future the battEilries of live oak, and looks like a city in herself." into. use. In size it was intermediate between the of our naval ships should consist of 32-pounders and The first 44-gun frigates in the American navy, the long gun and the carronade. The projectiles . in com· 8·inch shell guns. The latter type of ordnance had rate next in size to the line-of-battle ships, were the mon use at this time were solid shot, shrapnel, canis· come into use in our navy about 1840, when the Paix­ historic vessels "Constitution," "United States," and tel', bar shot, and chain shot. There were no explosive hans shell guns had been introduced. The improve­ "President," whose construction was begun in 1794. shells used in the navy. ments that were made in ordnance during the decade No additional vessels of this rate were built until the The principal sea duels of our sailing navy during preceding the civil war again complicated our naval war of 1812, when five of them were placed upon the the nineteenth century were fought during the war of batteries, and brought into use the 9-inch, 10-inch, and stocks-the "Plattsburg" and "Superior," at Sacketts 1812. The latter part of the year 1812 and the winter l1-inch Dahlgren guns, 64-pounders, and rifled cannon. Harbor, N. Y.; the "Guerriere," at Philadelphia ; the of 1813 will ever be memorable in our naval annals. •.e· • "Java," at Baltimore; and the "Columbia," at Wash­ The five naval engagements of this period all resulted BERTILLON'S NEW SYSTEM OF ANTHROPOMETRY. ington. The latter vessel was burned by order of the favorably to the Americans. The "Constitution" cap­ BY JACQUES BOYER. Secretary of the Navy when the British were advanc­ tured the "Guerriere" and the "Java" ; the "Wasp," the Dr. Bertillon, chief of the department of identifica­ ing on the capital in August, 1814. The "Plattsburg" "Frolic"; the "United States," the "Macedonian"; and tion of the Paris prefecture of police, has devised a was never completed. The "Superior" was the largest the "Hornet," the "Peacock." The first severe reverse photographic apparatus, by the aid of which valuable naval sailing ship ever on the Great Lakes. of the Americans was the capture of the "Chesapeake," evidence can be obtained in the investigation of crimes. After the war of 1812 the construction of nine 44·gun Capt. James Lawrence, by the "Shannon," Capt. Philip The new method is based on an ingenious application frigates was commenced-"Potomac," "Brandywine," Vere Broke, in May, 1813. This well-known engage­ of the laws of perspective to photography. "Columbia," "Cumberland," "Savannah," "Raritan," ment, off Boston, in which the American captain was The apparatus, invented by Bertillon and constructed "St. Lawrence," "Santee," and "Sabine." The comple­ killed, lasted but a few minutes. It was an artillery by Lacour, furnishes an elegant solution of the fol­ tion of several of these ships was long delayed. Two fight at close range, and was decided before the board- lowing problem : Given an object of a thickness not of them were exceeding 40 cen­ still on the tim e t e r s (16 stocks in 1850. inches), with its About 1828 the median plane at " Hudson, " 44, a fixed distance was purchased, (2 meters or and in 1841 the about 6lh feet) "Congress," 44, from the lens, it was launched. is required to Altogether the make photo­ old navy con­ graphs of the ob­ tained nineteen ject on various 44's. They were scales of dimen­ very serviceable s ions, without and efficient ves­ moving the cam­ sels. During the era or displaCing war of 1812 the the optical cen­ 44-gun frigates ter of the lenses, were the largest. so that the real vessels in the dimensions of navy, and they the object can be were u sua1 I y calculated from successful measurements of in their en gag' the photographs. ments with the Theoretically the British vessels. problem is sim­ For frigates they ple, but in prac­ were very heav­ tice it is compli· ily b u i I tan d cated by several strongly armed. difficulties. I n

Thei I' cost of the first place, construction was in order to ob­ A Photograph Surrounded by Perspective Scales. $BOO,OOO to $430,- tain a number of 000. Their size photographs 0 n may be judged different scales from the dimen· of a n object sion� of the placed at a fixed "Constitu­ distance from tion." She was the camera, it is 175 feet long, necessary to use 43.6 feet beam, an equal num­ 14.3 feet hold, ber of lenses, or and 21 feet draft combinations of forward. lenses, of differ­ Several his· ent and appro­ toric vessels of p riate focal the 0 I dna v y 1 engt h s. The were rated as change of the a6's. This was entire combina· the rating of the 1' l1e .New Bertillon Apparatus for Photographing Suspected Criminals A Photograph 'laken Obliqnely. tion for each "Constel­ for Identification. change in focal lation," "Chesa· BERTILLON'S NEW SYSTEM OF ANTHROPOMETRY. length would in- peake," "Phila· volve great ex­ delphia," and "Macedonian." The "sloops" were di­ ing of the "Chesapeake" took place, as the result of pense for lenses as well as probable displacement of vided into first, second, and third class, rating respec­ the superior discipline of the British crew. The the optical center. tively 20, 18, and 16 guns. The sloops tended to in­ American ship was manned with raw recruits. The In Bertillon's apparatus as constructed by Lacour m' ease in size. The "Saratoga," one of the later sloops, engagement between the "Constitution," Capt. William the back lens remains fixed and may be combined with carrying twenty-two guns, had a tonnage of 882 tons. Bainbridge, and the "Java," Capt. Henry Lambert, off any one of six front lenses of graduated focal length, Her complement of men was 210. Her dimensIons the coast of Brazil, lasted about three hours. Here without displacing the optical center of the entire were as follows : Length 150 feet, beam 36.9 feet, and the maneuvering of the ships played a most important combination, which in each case is anastigmatic and hold 16.6 feet. A 20·gun sloop cost about $170,000. part. The "Java" was too much injured to be worth perfectly corrected, with a depth of focus of about 16 During the war of 1.812 our naval vessels mounted taking to the United States. Bainbridge therefore or­ inches. Hence, as the focal center is a fixed point of two Idnds of guns, the! long gun and the carronade. known position, the com ound lens may be treated, in dered her to be burned. p The former was very long and thick·barreled in com· A typical line-of-battle ship of our navy of the date calculation, as if it were reduced to this pOint, and parison with its bore. E possessed great range and 1820 mounted thirty-two long 42-pounders, thirty-four the distance required can be computed very simply by penetrative power. The carronade was introduced into means of the well-known elementary formula p = long 32·pounders, and twenty-two 42-pounder carron­ t the British navy in 1779, and into the American navy ades. The weight of its broadside was 1,710 pounds. (g + 1), in which p is the distance between the abject. about 1798. It was a short, light gun ; it had a large The long 42-pounders had great range and penetrative and the optical center of the lens (2 meters in this caliber, but a short range ; it had little penetrative, power. About 1845 the "Pennsylvania," the largest case), g is the ratio of the dimensions of the object to but great smashing power. In the war of 1812 Ollr ship in the navy, mounted sixteen 8-inch guns and one those of its image, and t is the foca.l length Of the com· '1 4-gun frigates were underrated. They usually car· hundred and four 32-pounders. During the early part bination employed to produce that image. Consequent­ ried fifty-two or fifty-four guns. These consisted of of the nineteenth century there was a "chaos of cali­ ly the reduction (or magnification ) can be computed thirty long 24's on the main deck, two long guns as bers" in our navy. For instance, a line-of-battle ship if the focal length is known, and vice versa. l<� or ex· bow chasers, and twenty or twenty-two carronades, might require "three sizes of shot and four classes of ample, let us suppose that we wish to obtain a photo­ 32-pounders or 42-pounders. The brig-sloops carried full charge, with as many reduces as caprice might graph of dimensions 1/5 of those of the object. In this

24-pounder or 18-pounder carronades. Long 12's and suggest." A uniform caliber throughout the fleet be­ case the formula becomes 2 = f(5 + 1) = 6t, whence ' 8 s were c . The schooner "Nonesuch," came the ideal of the naval officers of both this country = 2/6. The required length, 1 ommon an t focal thElrElfQJ,'El� W �/6 ScientIfic American 535

meters, or 33 centimeters. M. Bertillon has adopted the a grown person. The German Museum of Masterpieces for a limited time, these tinned or preserved eggs seem following scale of reduction : 1/7, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2.5 of Science and Industry, which has been recently to answer very well ; that is, on the Continent, for and 1/2 corresponding to the focal lengths 25, 33, 40, 50, opened in Munich, is exhibiting these disks.. Many England doesn't take kindly to them. London, for in­ 57 and 67 centimeters, or about 10, 13, 16, 20, 23 and 27 schools have adopted this simple apparatus for the stance, which buys large quantities of Russian eggs, inches. demonstration of the working of atmospheric pressure, pays 8 rubles per pud for them (against 5 for the pre­ Each of the movable front combinations is marked thus dispensing with the use of an air pump. We are served eggs), besides the weight of the shells and the with the focal lengths and the reduction which it pro­ informed that the inventor is communicating with a extra freight tariff on eggs. Each block-tin box of duces when combined with the fixed back' lens, thus : "conserved" eggs, whether it be of half-kilo (a kilo is focus 25 centimeters, reduction 1/7. The camera, which a little over two pounds) or 2 pud size, must bear the is mounted with its axis vertical as shown in the il­ date and hour of its closing, thus guarding against lustration, is a large rectangular wooden box sup­ getting stale eggs. The amount of eggs put up in boxes ported by three legs. In one side are six slots at dis­ and annually exported is enormous and constantly tances from the opfical center corresponding to the growing.-National Druggist.

focal lengths of the six combinations of lenses, and the ••••• plate holder, measuring 24 by 30 centimeters (about 10 Paper Pinions. by 12 inches) is inserted in the slit corresponding to The driving of machinery by means of gear wheels the combination used. is rapidly extending, the three chief factors in the de­ The optical center is exactly 2 meters above a fixed velopment being the increasing use of electric motors, horizontal plane, the plane of reference or median the tendency to s�ve every inch of space occupied by plane, which is itself 20 centimeters (8 inches) above machinery, and the greater attention now paid to the the floor. Hence, as the lens has a focal depth of 40 prevention of variation in speed and loss of power. centimeters it will give a sharp image of any point Where belts are used for driving it is impossible to within a distance of 20 centimeters above or below the avoid "slip" with consequent undue wear and tear, loss median plane. of power and great variations in speed. Gear wheels Portions of the object situated above this plane and give a positive drive with no loss in speed between the consequently within less than 2 meters of the lens driver and driven, and if properly designed and con­

will, of course, be less reduced than equal areas of the structed the wear and tear and loss of power is 0:, plane of reference. It has been determined that the tremely small. scale of dimensions increases by 1/100 for each 2 cen­ Noise is the chief objection to driving by means 0: timeters of elevation, between the limits of 180 and 220 The Gorlitz Pneumatic Disks. gear wheels, and although this objection has to a great centimeters from the lens. Hence, if the photograph extent been overcome by the use of rawhide pinions is surrounded by perspective scales, as shown in one number of foreign governments, offering his apparatus, which gear with spur wheels having machine-cut teeth, of the illustrations, the real dimensions of a part of free of patent obligations, in the interest of scientific these pinions cannot be considered as finally solving the object in any plane parallel to the photograph can in vestigation. the problem, because under the most favorable condi­

be computed from measurements of the corresponding ".1 .• tions their life is comparatively short and they must be part of the picture. Thus the photographs possess the Eggs Without Shells as FreJght. protected from moisture, oil, and changes in tempera­ valuable properties of the diagrams of descriptive geom­ Russian exporters, to avoid an excessive freight on ture-three difficult things to avoid in ordinary prac­ etry and orthogonal projections. The method appears eggs as well as to avoid loss from breakage and from tice. In consequence of these difficulties experienced, a susceptible of numerous applications, especially British firm began experimentil}g with different to anatomy and natural history. In photograph­ materials, and found that pinions made from a ing objects smaller than the human head some high-grade Manila paper were the best available. such series as 1/2, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 diameters might The paper after being cut into blanks was sub­ be employed, and the fixed distance might be jected to the requisite pressure in 1,000-ton hy­ made less than 2 meters in order to diminish draulic presses, and the result is a paper pIllion the space occupied by the apparatus. that has the strengtJ;!. of a cast-iron gear of the

• ••• • same dimensions . A N)VEL APPARATUS FOR DEMONSTRATING Different from the rawhide pinions, those made ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. of paper are not subject to variations of tempera­ BY DR. ALFRED GRADENWITZ. ture and other untoward conditions. A papo­ Mr. B. Rheinisch, an engineer living in Garlitz, pinion is more elastic than one of cast iron, and Germany, has for some time been engaged in it is even lighter in weight-i. e., 23 cubic inches systematic investigations on the upward pull ex­ equal 1 pound-than rawhide; consequently it has erted by the atmosphere, with a view to utilize a very decided advantage over either of these atmospheric pressure for the lifting of loads. gears. When in operation there is no vibration, Special attention was paid to the specific and there is a total absence of the ringing sound weight of all animal bodies carried by the air, so prevalent in metal gears when they become a such as birds, beetles, and butterfiies, and con­ separating the Two Segments Held Together by Atmospheric trifle worn. After working a short time and stant ratios between the volume and weight l'l·essure. being lubricated with graphite, the compressed (within certain limits) were given in these three paper assumes a highly polished surface, which classes of bodies. While a full account of the scien­ spoiling by heat, ship them without the shell, 1. e., reduces to an appreciable extent the friction between tific results reached in this connection is reserved for broken, and the contents put up in air-tight block tin the paper and the metal teeth. a future article, the first practical achievement was the boxes, with or without salt, according to the taste of A paper pinion is very simply manufactured by com­ construction of what the experimenter calls the "Gar­ the customer. Each box contains several eggs, and is pressing the paper between flanges of hard brass, gun litz pneumatic disks." These disks are intended to sold by weight, the size running frol'1 half a kilo­ metal, or steel ; in the smaller sizes the flanges are interest scientists in the investigation of the displace­ gramme up to a pud (some 16 kilogrammes). The held up to their work by suitably spaced rivets, and ment of air while affording an illustrative demonstra­ price of the latter is 5 rubles. For use in cooking and in the larger sizes by special steel studs with conical tion of the essence and effects of the invisible force heads countersunk. due to atmospheric pressure. Owing to its extreme . ' .. simplicity, the apparatus can be advantageously sub­ ProC. Pickering Elected a Member oC the Royal stituted for the classic Magdeburg hemispheres de­ Society. signed by Otto von Guericke. Dr. Edward Charles Pickering, the well-known Di· Mr. Rheinisch uses two fiat, elastic segments of a rector of Harvard College Observatory, was elected hollow sphere which are slightly compressed against June 6 a foreign member of the Royal Society of Lon­ each other, thus displacing any air contained in the don. for his signal contributions to astronomical knowl­ intervening space. Each segment is supplied with a edge. The importance of the election may be gathered suitable handle, which is of great assistance in making from the fact that only fifty foreign members have experiments. After discontinuing the compression, the thus far been elected to the Royal Society, a very jeal­ experimenter has practically an absolute vacuum be­ ously-guarded list. Those in America who are already tween the two segments of the apparatus. foreign members are Simon Newcomb, Alexander Agas­ The two halves of the apparatus can be separated with siz, George William Hill, and Albert A. Michelson. difficulty by two men seizing the handles and exert­ In 1886 the Royal Astronomical Society of London ing their strength to the utmost. If the disks are com­ awarded Dr. Pickering its gold medal for his photo­ pressed against a smooth surface, each can be loaded metric work in connection with astronomy. with a weight of 110 pounds by a pull acting at right Prof. Pickering was born in Boston in 1846, and was angles to the surface, no matter whether the load is graduated from Harvard in 1865 with the degree of applied in a downward, upward, or lateral direction. Bachelor of Sciences. He started his pedagogic career In the case of two elastic disks applied to the var­ as an instructor in mathematics in the Lawrence nished wooden surface of a door frame, the charge can Scientific School of Harvard, which post he held from be- represented by the weight of a grown man loading 1865 to 1867. From 1867 to 1877 he was professor of each handle with 99 to 110 pounds, while a child will physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, be able with its weight to load one handle. which chair he relinquished to assume the directorship The experimenter further used marble blocks, 22 to of the Harvard College Observatory, a post he still 66 pounds in weight, and polished on one side. It was holds. He has received many academic and honorary especially interesting to note how awkward were those degrees from many institutions, notably California, lifting the stones from the ground without the pneu­ Michigan, Chicago, Harvard, and Victoria (England ). matic disks, while with the use of the disks the more Besides two Royal Astronomical Society medals, he comfortable position for handling the block was found has also received the Rumford and Draper medals. to be of great advantage. Disks Attached to Polished Surface, Supporting the It is supposed that these disks will be used to replace From 1893 to 1905 the tractive power of passenger Weight of a Boy. ordinary gymnastic implements, because of the ease with locomotives in the United States has increased from which they are fitted to ceilings or door-frames, leaving A NOVEL APPARATUS FOR DEMONSTRATING 15,250 pounds to 24,648 pounds, an increase of 55.6 no marks, while fully capable of bearing the weight of ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. per cent. Scientific AInerfcan

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. so construct the device that it may be readily lamps, oil stoves or the like, which are in­ or to aid in sustaining the ship fioating in Pertaining to Apparel. adapted to either of such uses without dis- tended to be removed from place to place, and water. Wheels may be provided for moving SA.FETY-PIN.-W. STRAY ER, Axtell, Kan. I· memberment. which are liable to be accidentally over­ on land, and runners for ice. 'l'his invention relates to certain improvements ANCHOR-PROJECTILE.-E. MINGUS, Marsh­ thrown. The device will not permit oil to PORTABLE COTTON COMPRESS in safety pins adapted for general use but field, Ore. The projectile has in all respects flow or leak from the reservoir when the lamp BALING MACHINE.-J. W. PHILLIPS, Austin,OR more particularly adapted for use in securing the otltward formation of the ordinary pro­ to which it is attached is overturned, thereby 'l'exas. The object of the Invention is to pro­ any suitable attachment to the person. It jectile, but with arms forming part of the peri­ preventing ignition or explosion. vide a simple, powerful and economic mechan­ may be made in any convenient size or shape. phery of the projectile, designed to fly outward GAS-BURNER. -B. F. JACKSON, Jersey ism or device, by which the material to be It cannot be opened by pressure alone, nor due to the action of an attached line as the City, N. J. In the present patent the inven· pressed can be subjected to great pressure, l:Jecome accidentally unfastened. projectile is shot and engage in the earth or tion has reference to gas burners, and the while the operation may be rapid and con­ other matter in which it becomes embedded, improvement has for its object the provision ducted in a manner to most satisfactorily thereby forming an effective anchoring means. of means for thoroughly mixing gas and at­ compress the material with uniformity. Its Electrical Devices. THAWING-POINT.-J. H. LAMLEY, Ta­ mospheric air in the proper proportion to general principle can be applied to other and ELEC'l'RIC HEATER.-J. S. REYNOLDS, coma, Wash. This invention pertains to produce quick and complete combustion of various kinds of presses. San ta Barbara, Cal. In the present patent the thawing-points, such as are used in placer the gas. invention has reference to electric heaters, the mining for gold. These points are used in BASE FOR STOVES OR RANGES.-M. F. inventor's more particular object being to im· frozen earth to a great extent, and are pro­ ALLEN, Nashville, Tenn. The present inven· RaUways and Their Accessories. prove the general construction of the heater RAILROAD-SWITCH.-J. M. POWELL, Stock­ and more particularly to provide an improved vided with means for conducting steam to the tion provides a base for sheet metal stoves forward end or tip of the point, which effect' and ranges, arranged to increase the strength ton, Utah. A purpose of the inventor is to manner for mounting the heating wire. a thawing of the ground as the point is driven and durability of the body of the stove or improve upon the construction of the switch ELEC'l'RIC CONTROLLER. - R. VAN R. in. The object is to produce a point having range, to dispense with separate base bands, for which Letters Patent were formerly SILL, Newark, N. J. The object of the inven· means for attaching the hose to the body. and to render the manufacture of the stove or granted to Mr. Powell, to the extent that a tion is to provide a controller, more especially TABLE.-H. H. LEVY, New York, N. Y. range very economical. It relates to range short switch rail is employed between adjac(mt designed for use on electric street cars and 'l'his table is particularly for usc in manicur­ construction such as shown and described in rail sections of the main line and sidings, other electric motor vehicles, and arranged to ing operations or for the use of chiropodists, the Letters Patent of the U. S. formerly pivotally mounted to constitute a bridge rail insure long life to the contact members and to granted to Mr. Allen. for the break occurring at such sections of provide an exceedingly strong contact between the object of the invention being to provide a the track, and to provide switch points having the said members for the proper transmission table, on the side opposite to the operator, concerted movement with the switch rail. with a rocking rest for the arm or leg of a Machines and Mechanical Devices. of electricity. person being operated upon, thus not only re- TRACK·SANDING DEVICE.-A. A. CHURCH­ ELECTIUCAL CONTACT· JOINT. - R. H. lieving the person from tiresome annoyance, FLYING-MACHINE. - W. PHILLIPS, Chi­ IJ,L, Portland, Ore. The invention relates WAPPLER, New York, N. Y. Mr. Wappler's cago, Ill. In brief the invention embodies a more particularly to specific means whereby the more particular object is to produce a type of but making it more convenient for the car, a plurality of peculiarly constructed sand may be delivered from the sand box to 'oint suitable for use in connection with operator. wings mounted on the car, novel meanS for the track by the force of compressed air sup­ miniature lamps employed in surgery, dentistry, KODAK·FIL1\L-J. KETCHUM, Joplin, communicating motion to and controlling the plied from the brake system or other source. watch·making, and various other professions Mo. 'rhe film is for use in a camera having adjustment of the wings for effecting pro­ One object is to provide means for controlling and avocations in which it is necessary to a ground glass focusing plate across which the gressive movement in any direction, a guiding delivery of sand, that it may be manufactured manipulate the lamp by hand, or to secure it filmis passed. An opening is provided in the vane, and means for changing the position of by an ordinary mechanic and the use of all upon the operator's head, as the case may be. film or its web, which may be brought into the vane from the interior of the car. special castings and delicate mechanism obvi­ position over the ground glass ; in this way PIANO-PLAYER. - R. MORGAN, Ellsworth, ated. one is enabled to focus an image on the Kan. Blowing into one of the perforations the RAIL-FAf\TENING.-A. W. AVERY, Cove, or Intere8t to Farmers. ground glass without removing the film from upper portion of the yoke body is rocked N. C. 'rhe invention comprises the combination CORN-HARVESTER.-F. D. WILSON and A. the camera. 'l'he invention prevents tearing toward the player, thus elevating the switch WILSON, the edges of the focusing opening. with a rail and a clamp plate, of a bolt and D. Ottumwa, Iowa. In operation the and completing the circuit including the a tie having a slot notched in its opposite harvester is driven up the row with one horse NON-RElcILLABLE BOTTLE.-1. 1. KREMER, electro-magnet connected therewith, whereby to walls to receive corners of the bolt shank between the unharvested corn and the row New York, N. Y. An improved plug is adapted sound the key engaged by the striker corre· whereby to lock the bolt when applied to se­ being harvested, and the others on the outside to be secured within the mouth of a bottle, sponding to the magnet. When, however, suc­ cure the clamp plate. The combination with of the row being harvested, thus bringing whereby the latter is prevented from being tion is created in the perforations the yoke the rail, and plate and the bolt for securing 'talks in the row into position to be engaged refilled. 'l'he plug is unremovable and its rocks in opposite direction and elevates the the same, of a tie plate having a slot receiv­ by conveyer chains. These pass the stalks mechanism is so constructed that liquid may opposite plate, playing another key. It is ing the bolt and provided with an enlarged backwardly toward the vertical rollers at the readily flow out of the bottle through the plug, preferable to connect the strikers to the semicircular end portion for the introduction rear which arc separated to allow the stalk to but impossible for liquid to be forced into the switched plates in a way corresponding to the of the bolt head, the rounded side of said pass but not the com thereon. M;eans provide bottle. Insertion of wire or other tool is also placing of the reeds in a mouth organ, so that portion being sloped to facilitate the intro­ for snapping off the ears and knocking them impossible. one familiar with a mouth organ may operate duction of the head. nto a conveyer, stripped stalks passing be­ PORTABLE MOLD.-W. L. HART, West the player. ween the rollers. 'l'he latter yield for the Liberty, III. Especially that type of mold in ANIMAL-TRAP.-J. M. KELLOGG, Bozeman, Jassage of larger stalks or slight obstructions. which the side walls are removed when the Mont. 'l'he object of the present invention is Pertainin� to Recreation. SEED-PLAN'l'l!JU AND FERTILIZER-DIS­ molded block becomes firm enough to stand, is to provide a trap more especially designed for ATTACIIMPJNT FOR BAIT-HOOKS, .JIG· 'l'RIBUTER.-C. m. LITTLEFIELD, Jesup, Ga. improved by the invention. 'l'he side walls of catching small animals, such as mice, rats, GERS, AND LIKE ANGLING Dl!JVICES.-J. A purpose of the invention is to provide a the mold may be r.emoved by simply tipping rabbits, etc., and successively in large num­ HAYWARD, St. Johns, Newfoundland. The combined planter and distributer which can be them to one side and without raising the bers, each caught animal resetting the trap for "Vobject. of the inventor is to provide an attach­ used for con tin uous sowing, drilling, or for structure to a height above the molded ma­ the next animal. It relates to traps, such as ment arranged to prevent depredation of the planting seed at desired distances apart, and terial. 'l'he walls may then be employed 'upon shown and described in Lettcrs Patent of the dead bait, artificial bait or like bait by small which will be simple and light of draft, and a second base plate or pallet. S., formerly granted to Mr. Kellogg. fish, to allow convenient and safe use of whereby also two kinds of seed can be planted U. choicest bait, such as mussels, cockles and at the same time from the same machine at LOOSE-LEAF INDEXED LEDGgR.-.T. F. CREASING AND ITOLDI;"\G MACHINE FOR other shell fish, as well as white fish, squids, GLOE, Manning, Iowa. The invention is in the COLLARS, CU1<'l;' S, A;"\D THE LIKE.-II. desired intervals apart. GIORHARDT, herring pips and like entrails too soft to be nature of a form of ledger known as loose Hazelton, Pa. The invention has strung on the hook ; to prevent fouling of the STONE·PICKER.-G. L. HOLLIDAY and 1. S. leaf ledgers, in which removable and inter­ reference to apparatus employed in the manu­ IAWKS, Curtiss, Wis. 'rhis machine is adapted changeable leaves are firmly held together in facture of cuffs, collars and like wearing ap­ hook on the bottom of the fishing groundS, o remove stones from farm land as it is pulled a temporary mechanical binder. The object is parel, and the object is to provide a machine, and to securely hold bait in place for any along, and load them into an auxiliary cart to make the ledger: self indexing and capable arranged to crease a piece of fabric on all length of time, thus requiring no hauling of coupled to the rear of the machine, and it of indefinite extension and to facilitate the sides, to form outer sewing flaps and to fold lines to see if the hook is still baited or not. 'an be uncoupled when loaded and driven to reference to the various accounts, thus saving the s·ame over onto the fabric-body. he desired dumping ground, thereby dispensing much valuable time. HANDHOLD-FORMING MACHINE.-A. J. Pertaining to Vehicles. with the labor entailed in such machines as BOWES, l!' l'£ZPAT­ VENTILATOR.-J. F. North Adams, COLVIN, C. G. HOCKETT, and J. W. TIRE FOR VEHICLE-WHEELS.-'l'. F. dump stones in piles thereafter to be re-Ioaded Mass. This ventilator is such as those ordi- RICK, Grants Pass, Ore. In this instance the HAMIW'ON, Chicago, III. 'rhe invention relates before being carted away. narily removably placed in window openings invention relates to wood working machinery, to improvements in vehicle wheel tires, a of buildings, cars, etc., and which will auto­ and its object is the provision of a new and special object being to provide a tire formed matically operate to close and shut offa draft improved hand hold forming machine more of a plurality of similar segments so con· or General Interest. of air on blowing therethrough. 'l'his is done by especially designed for cutting hand holes in nected and secured, that in case of injury to 'l'ONSILLOTOME.-E. m. STRAW, Marsh­ swinging two or more sheets of thin material boards employed for forming boxes and the one or more segments, said injured segments ield, Ore. The o])ject of the inventor is to within the opening of the ventilator frame, like. cutting blades to remove any desired can be readily removed and replaced with neW provide these being slightly spaced apart and having GEARING.-J. SCHROEDER, Davenport, Iowa. ones. amount of tissue at a single cut, to provide other openings, whereby as the sheets arc 'rhis improvement relates to gearing especially means for adjusting the blades at any angle blown together, the ventilator is automatically adapted for devices having a rotary beater or NOTE.-Copies of any of these patents wlll 'elatively to the handles operating the blades, closed, and when separated, is likewise opened. stirrer arranged within a receptacle and may be furnished by Munn & Co. for ten cents each. and also means for detaching one blade from be applied to devices of various characters, Please state the name of the patentee, title of the other. but it is especially designed to be used in con­ the invention, and date of this paper. STAR-FINDER.-J. T. ROGERS, New York, Hardware. nection with washing machines of the char- N Y., and W. H. RIDINGS, Milwaukee, Wis. TUBE EXPANDING AND BEADING TOOL. acter s!lown and described in Letters Patent This finder is more especially designed for the -W. MCCORMICK, Hillyard, Wash. Means pro­ formerly issued to Mr. Schroeder. usc of mariners and others, and arranged to vide for expanding and beading the tubes of enable a person to tell at a glance which stars boilers into the tube sheet. One object of the DRILLIKG DEVICE.-h K. MOORE and G. invention is to provide means whereby the pin J. COS'l'JOLLO, Philadelphia, Pa. The principal are most favorably located at a given time for may be constructed of greater strength and object of the invention is to so construct the making observations, without requiring tedious the beading tool more centrally arranged to device that it may be used to operate the calculations ; to give the shortest formula for eliminate the jarring effect when in operation. drill in obscure and inconvenient places, and working out longitude and latitude by the to drive the drill either by hand or motive simultaneous altitude of two different stars, It relates to improvements in the tube-expand­ HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. ing and beading tool described and claimed in power. The invention has reference to a de­ and to find the deviation of the compass by Names and Address must accompany all letters or he bearing of stars, planets, or moon. a former U. S. patent granted to Mr. McCor­ vice for carrying and driving drills. no attention will be paid thereto. This is for mick. HYDRAULIC ELEVll.'l'OR.-R. H. BEEBE our information and not for publication. CLOSURE.-F. H. PAI,MJOR, New York, N. Y. B.eferences to former articles or answers should give S'l'UHAG, and 1. R. CONCOFF, St. Johns, Ore. The ob­ 'l'he object of the improvement is to provide HAMMJ;JR.-S. S. New York, N. Y. date of paper and page or number of question. ject here is to provide an elevator arranged Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should be an internal closure for the necks of bottles, The aim of the improvement is to produce a repeated; correspondents will bear in mind that hammer having means for holding the nail so to insure full utilization of the power applied some anSwers require not a little research, and. jars and other packages, and arranged to as to start it in the wood without necessi­ by reducing the friction of the surrounding though we endeavor to reply to all eithel' by hcrmetically close and seal the package in a lettel' or in this department, each must take 'cry simple manner and with economical tating that the nail be held in the fingers parts to minimum, and by causing the piston his turn. when the first blows are struck. It is es­ in the hydraulic cylinder to exert at all times Buyers wishing to purchase any article not adver� means. Means enable the prying of the closure straight-line pull on the flexible connection tised in our columns will be furnished with out of the bottle when desired. pecially useful in facilitating the application a addresses of houses manufacturing or carrying of nails in inaccessible places such as a corner. employed for turning the hoisting drum, and the same. AERIAL VESSEL.-I". D. ]lIIORRICK, New to allow the latter to travel bodily on its Special Written Information on mattE'rs of personal York, N. Y. One of the purposes of the in­ WRENCII.-G. H. TATGE, Randolph, Neb. rather than general interest cannot be expected The object in this instance is to provide a shaft to exert a straight·line pull on the hoist· without remuneration. 'ention is to combine in one vessel the aero- ing rope. Scientific American Supplements referred to may be plane and balloon systems in such manner that wrench morc especially designed for screwing bad at the office. Price 10 cents each. up or unscrewing the nuts on the teeth of AIR-SHIP.-W. HULL, Souris, Manitoba, Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of the two will co-operate and be under the com­ threshing machine cylinders. By using a Canada. The patent covers features designed price. plete control of the operator, and so that the Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly frame of the vessel may be made of exceed­ separate handle for turning the shaft the to improve air ships and make them more con· marked or labeled. ngly light material, timber for example, and wrench can be conveniently manipulated in trollable. Improvements comprise special ar· inaccessible places in which only a partial rangements of horizontal and vertical pro· (10574) T. W. A. asks: 1. A railroad 'et be safe and strong and capable of all the turning of the shaft at a time is permissible pellers to be pmployed ; a series of sheets of train going at a rate of over miles per hour necessary elasticity. until the position of the handle is changcd in canvas or the like are mounted on rollers so rounds a sharp curve. Will60 the train if it COMBINED EASEL AND PLATE-II OLDER. the eye. as to be wound and unwound. These to be should leave the track be likely to fall out­ S. MCMIcHAEr" Newark, N. J. An object in utilized as steering sails and a certain adjust- ward, or does the raising of the outside rail his case 1s to provide a device which can be ment of them gives the ship the nature of a overcome this tendency and make it likely to quickly, conveniently and economically secured Heating and Lighting. parachute to retard downward movement. In- fall inward? Grant the following : If the or removably applied to any object capable of OIL·RESgRVOIR I<'OR L.\MPS. - C. T. flatable bags are arranged to be rolled up. track were level, the train would fall outward, being supported by an easel, or which is to be WHIPPI,E, Glens Falls, N. Y. The invention is When unwounll and inflated they serve to in- now if the outside rail i" raised, will it faJl suspended from a support, and furthermore to espeCIally adapted for use In connectIon WIth crease buoyancy, eIther fOl aertal navigatIOn Inward? A. A raIlway traIn roundmg a sharp Scientific AlDerican 537 •

D...... curve at a high speed cannot under any sup­ be pleased to hear from you. I do not want NEW BOOKS, ETC. Bed bottom, spring, C. Brouyette . , 857,324 Bcd lounge, O. B. Starkwather ...... 857,iU5 posable conditions fall over in the inner side to go to the expense of a steam locomotive 857.353 of the track. 'l'he elevation of the outer rail excavator. A. The only suggestions that we LE CARBONE ET SON INDUSTRIE. By Jean Bed sprmg. tilting, A. Lawrenc.e...... have to offer you for excavating earth are a Escard. Paris: H. Dunod et E. Pinat, ��?r�griti�i !!gf.fni�';'·" w. "T: St��fi�id :: ��H�� is made such as to overcome the tendency to 1906. Paper; 751 pages; 129 mUS- Binder for loose-leaf ledgers, H. R. Mo<;:re.. 8 7,2iiO overturn to the outward side of the track, and steam shovel or to use hydraulic means in case . 857,2D2 807,254g tratl·OnS. P'rICe, "'7 50• Bmder, loose-leaf, J.Ii'. L. McMllIan ..••.•.....• t(} there is a sufficient supply of water in the 'V ' Binder, temporary, R. Baker 857,377 the train goes round the curve as if on a level, M. Jean Escard in hi� new work has taken d n when it moves at the speed for which the ele· vicinity. :lrnJ fa sfe';;':�, .r·B�dle'J:�:::::::::::::::: �ggg for his end as complete and wide a description Blind or shade, Venetian, W. B. Hughes . . 857.066 vation of the outer rail was calculated. If (10580) T. C. G. says: Can you give as possible of the recent applic�tions of the I n K os the velocity of the train very much exceeds the �l�n��' Ol: ��d, r:,. �. :r:�f��:::::::: :::: �g+:��� me reliable rules for finding the sets of ellipti- different forms of carbon, puttmg stress on Boats, life-saving apparatus for submarine, velocity for which the outer rail has been ele­ ...... : ...... 857,193 cal and spiral car springs? Also the length a those which have a particular interest or an C!. A. C, Oehml,r . ; vated, the train would leave the track on' the should be to make a spiral car spring of a BOb t . Ies bar especial industrial application. After a gen- C .. outer side of the curve. The tracks for bicycle ��g��� �I.�� . ����:: . :�� .��:�� . . : . �' �: 857,556 given free height? Do you know where I could eral dissertation on the properties of carbon Boiler. See Steam boiler. racing are made very steep at the turns in buy a book dealing with car springs? A. The so as to familiarize the reader with the' modi- r v st 857,350 order to enable riders to go round the turns ��n� Ii� 'W. �uJ���:�. . :��: :::::::::::::: 857,29n question of calculating elliptical and spiral car fications which will be presented to him later, Book carrier, F. Gottschalk ...... 857,050 at full speed, and when rounding a turn the springs to give definite results is an exceed- and also to avoid repetitions in the following Bookcases, adujustable support for sectional, rider feels in equilibrium while leaning far in ingly complicated one, and one that requires chapters, the author commences with a study b toward the center. To him he is as if rid· e e c s l a t a n it l on it Boor;nrsho�� ;�te�i)���f,"ii: F."K��th:::: �g+:�i� ing on a leyel. The centrifugal force is neutral­ ��:��:�;�� ;�� �;� �n� q��� a :o! ���: ��:: �� ;c� �; '::;�h; �f �e��P����� �isc�:�� :� iz�d by the elevation of the track or rail. cussion of the theoretical side of this subject ll � e autho� does not fear dealt wit at le gth. Th ���tli������ fil�� ';r � �: . �C�UI:�::: : U¥¥ How much in the last edition of Lanza's "Applied� Me- to lay great weIght the phYSIcal and chem- ��m�: � I iS . . . : : : : �g (10575 ) A. H. S. asks: on BraceletD�g�::fgf'!Elt joints, manuf:�acturing,������i(i C.��: Wrig-::::: igU� chanics," with which we can supply you for ical characteristics of a number of the many gins ...... 857,373 more sunshine is there at the equator than at by mail. M the north pole during the year? Where are $7.50 varieties of this substance, and to describe �:::�� P:;'����ni���' G e��l'ii�i�k�::::::::::: �ggf,g ...... 857.?�6 the longest days-at the equator or the North (10581) A. E K.. says', The owners with care the principal localities in which this Br,akwat,r, G. A, Wieland ...... P...... 857,364 mmera l'S f oun d . n I e th next ch ap t er, th e Brlckmakmg machme, F. Rosback Pole? We have a great argument over this of one of the mills in this vicinity are having I for, Brickmaking plants. filling mechanism 4 question. A school teacher and others contend a great deal of trouble with foaming of the reader can gain some idea of the interest that F. Zagelmeyer ...... 857.1 3 is shown in investigating the properties of e ' i n e ��h: ::: : a�� that the sun shone longer at the North Pole water in the boilers, and have made a trial ��:�� a����t���r 'h;':se:VCl� L' B : �g than at the equator, and I thought it absurd, of very nearly everything that has been sug- amorphous carbon, each variety having special Brusb for cleaning horses, S. F. Scanlan, applications of its own. The last two chap- reissue ...... " .... ,.. 12.66 so we decided to leave it to your good judg­ gcsted to remedy this. A sample of the water Brush, rotary, B. K( , tn,. .Tr ...... 857,52.)� ment. A. At the equator the sun rises and was sent to the University of Minne&"ota for tel's, given over to bituminous coal, are par- Brush, water color, J. W. Hawkins ...... 857.23G sets at six the entire year. All days are twelve ticularly alluring. The author gives not only lre ge I analysis, and I inclose copy of a letter re- ����r:: J & M�N�;b. :������:::::::: ::: �gU�� hours long, and all nights of the same length. ceived in reply. If you can suggest anything a view of this mineral and of its properties, Burglar alarm, wireless, 1<'. Keller ...... 857,351 but a description of the localities in which it Burglar trap, O. W Gabrielson ...... 857,456 Disregarding the effects of refraction and cloudy that would be of service the favor will be " . K 857,145 IS found m France as well as m. Europe and Buttonhole stitching machine, B. Allen. weather, the sun is above the horizon at any greJltly appreciated. A. We doubt if it will be Buttons, tool for plaCing shanked, A. H. place on the equator and shines just half of the possible for you to avoid trouble from foaming in the other p �rts of the world, and he �as h ' endeavored to tere t the reader by addmg cabi;;�� Il�� ;,hi��'j,; .;,�i�g.;'i (��dt� '&"ri�h��: �g�:i�� year. This half-year of sunshine is divided into with water containing as much organic matter m 5 Calcium hydrid, producing, Askenasy & . some new considerations on the exhaustion of ...... 857.146 equal parts of twelve hours each. At either as t he analysis w h ic h you meI ose sh ows. If Stocl" or 14.7 pounds per square inch. A con­ Temperatures. Crushing and grinding mill. '1' . L. & T. J. funnel or wash basin which determines the densing engine ean never have a perfect vacuum Sturtevant ...... 857. 121 DIE BETRIEBSSICHERHEIT DER EISI,,,mAHNEN. ult 1<' . E. Da ...... 8?7,}62 < � !vator, vis .... course of the liquid as it runs out. A loss of because it cannot cool the exhaust steam far . CultIvator, II. E. KlIne...... 8»7,352 eqnilibrium is Roon seen, and thc water whirls. enough. '1'he lower the temperature to which Sonderabdruck aus d em 'ArchlV fuer Current, "edressing .and regulating device by the Eisenbahnwesen." Von C. Guillery to transform a smgle. phase IIlto a con- Centrifugal force is produced, caused it does bring the exhaust steam, the more per­ : u t e ' 857,267 OIWl)ing into the pipe below. We would try to fect will be the vacuum. kiiniglicher Baurat. Verlag von Ju cnrr��:��� �pp�r�,�i,� f� :e ���'�t�;,g: h'igh' 'r't.�� f'xplain why the whirling is always counter­ lius Springer in Berlin N. pp. 645-659. I e ' c 857,561 (10583) T. N. K. says : Will you Cllll'��i�. Yal���(;:':���"�;)/\ra7,����::,i�g: ' �;)�� clockwise if it were so. We have just tried a ' timlOus, l\L Lelllmlc ...... 857,080 kindly give me horse-power of a fore-and-aft C"ul'rents, g('nerating high fl'eqm�ney alter- wash basin, and found· the motion always ::U. .. . 8fi7,560 clockwise whf'n left to itself. By a motion of compound engine 8 and 11 x 12, 200 pounds nating, Leblanc ...... the hand it could be made in either direction. boiler pressure, BOO revolutions per minute, 25 INDEX OF INVENTIONS 2���;;����h'F,.R'J�' it{��;��y : : ::: ::: : : : ::::: : �g�:!�� inches vacuum? A. You do not give sufficient Cuspidor {'lPtUWt' and lift<:>l, H. II, Jackson, 857,178 Probably some inequality in the orifice deter­ Cut off, wnter, G. Hpnkel' ...... F!57.171 mines the matter. information in your letter to make it possible For which Letters Patent of the Cutting tool, S. V. Huber ...... 857,284 for uS to exactly calcuate the horse-power of Dental plate swage, G. E. Freeborn ...... F!57, ;{:m (10578) A. B. S. writes : As a long Dental tray, J. A. Henning ...... 857.240 8 and 17 x 12 tandem compound engine which R57.11O United States were Issued Desk, .J. L. Rhodes...... rcader and subscriber of your publications, I you mention. The power varies with the Dial rim. F. R. Cullningham...... Afi7.!'i16 desire to ask if there is any secret in the point of cut-off in the two cylinders, the Display cahinet, E. A. Wilcox .•.•...... 857,2H5 Display hold('r, Ii'. Prutton ...... 857,10F! preparation of fluoroscopic screens for X­ amount of compression and the throttling of for the Week Ending Door check, J. A. Rped ...... 857.486 rndiance, or if the high price is due to the the steam during the admission and exhaust. Door hanger, L. A. Hoerr ...... 857,174 Door lock, corridor, I-I. G. Voight .....•.. 857,126 high-priced material - platino-barium-cyanide If the engine is well designed, however, the June 18, 1907. Dool' locks and latches, adjustable frame for, (or tungstate of calcium). Where can they power does not probably vary very much from .T. Hope. Jr...... R57,�47 P. 857,232 be procured? A. There is no secret in mak­ C B Door operating apparatus, R. l;�orrnan. 250 horse-power when running at 300 revolu­ AND B A H EAR I NO T HAT D A T B Doors' anll oth"r objects, roller support for ing a fluorescent screen for X-ray work. Skill tions per minute with a boiler pressure of 200 movahlp, D. E. Hunter ...... R57,557 only is required to distribute the crystals with inches vacuum. We would re­ 1 See note at end of list about copies of these patents.] Draft aud buffing apparatus, S. P. Busll .. R57.H27 pounds and 25 D aft d�vicp. D. W. Stapp ...... Ri"i7.211 perfect evenness and to attach them to the quire indicator cards from both cylinders to Drillr hit holder. U. S. Booth ...... 8!57,lfll cardboard by the adhesive employed. The Drill press stop mpchanism. S. C. Schullrl'. 8G7.207 give information necessary to figureexact horse- Aeid from format('s, producing eoneentrated I-I . & .T . II, �!)7 .020 E. . 857,046 Drill press, suspended, .T. Birch crystals must also be of uniform size, sifted power. formic, :F'ranlre...... R!)7,))2H E. 857,042 Drill support, ndjtlRtabIC', A. l\Iohrbaehpr,. Adjusting box, G. \-V . & E. Edwards . . L. . Hf)7,5:{8 through a sieve of rather a fine mesh. We O. . . 857,0 0 Drilling machine, automatic. E. Rice . (10584) F. A. T. asks : I s there any Air brake. T. Beatty ...... 1 Ear omam('nts, attaehml'nt for' holding, C. should buy rather than try to make one. The Air signal, air brakp, and steam coupling, . 857,105 gain in power by using an Archimedes screw . . . . 857,362 H. Pftttpn ...... cost is in the material used. It is advised automatic, H. C. Priebe ...... Electric eables, terminal box for, Grace & beyond the powcr required to work an ordi- Alarm. See Burglar alarm...... 857,341 iu a o id il e a Snyder ., nary pump? There is no gain in power by lec re e elat r, tp t ng , �!�:�t�;;: s�� �! ���n���:;e :f ��i�u: ;s �:o:::: A. ��c���.� �. �¥���ig!'.. �: . .�' . . �::��:::::::: �g+:��� FJ m110;.�r �: � � : " �I r�'�' � : ::: 857 394 E...... 857 325 ...... cent for quite a time after it is excited. It using an Archimedes screw over the power Animal trap, R. Brown ...... , Electrie eUl'rents, regulating l'('sistnnce for, require d f or an ordinary pump. Its efficiency Automobiles, etc., gear for. K. Sclmait- P. Wohber ...... R57,la8 is cheaper but poorer, and is little used now. mann ...... 857,114 Electrie distrihution SystPHlS. gTmmd and is so low that it is not used in practice, and Axle spindle turning maehine, J. Johnson. 857,242 fault df'tpetor for, 1'or<'hio & Varley .. R57,262 (10579) J. B. S. says: I want to ex- we therefore cannot tell you where you can Till B p nd t Bradshaw. cavate earth and move the same to make a �:��:: ����, . f[�y .:::::::::::::::: ::: ���:��� �J���;l� f������ � ¥1�m;;;;n h �f,U�� see one. The principle of its action is just the B:...lI cover�, (�te., seam for, D. M. Montgom- J�lp�tric heatpr,' J. ·A. n('a�'dOl;::::::::::::: 857,485 fill of about 60 000 cubic yards. If you know same as that of the screw convevors used for pry ...... 857,294 Electric light rpgulatiug attachment, C. . ' " ..' " �. Battery can or reeeptacIc, storage, T. A...... 857.31 1 of any machlllery that WIll I ...... •.....•.•...... Smith ...... do thIS, would coal mto furnaces, . feedmg to convey gram, etc. Edison 857,041 ... . 857,384 I J I Electric light switch, H. R. Coffey. . . Scientific AlDerican

Electric m&chID�, dynamo, J. R. We.zellno- vito • ...... • . • ...... • ...... • • . . .. 857 ,132 SORE TH ROAT Electric machine or electric motor, dynamo, R. Lundell ...... •..... • ..••.. • . • ..... 857,184 To prove the Efficiency of Electric masts, support for crown or an.. tenna wires for, A. E. Brown ...•..•• 857,152 Electric snap switch, W. S. Mayer ...•...• 857,087 Electric switch, W. S. Mayer ...... 857,186 A...... 857,368 Send for Catalogue B. Elevator alarm bell, C. Sisson . Elevator shaft doors, chain attaching SENECA FALLS MFG. CO. bracket for, Rashkin ...... 857,109 Water Street, J. 69 S End gate, A. G. Quinn ...... 857,302 Hydrozone Seneca falls. N. Y., U.s.A. Engine vaporizer, gas, J. V. Rice, Jr .•.. 857,111 Engines, circuit breaker for gas, F. B. to Sore Throat Sufferers, I will send Packwood ...... • 857,196 One Cent Bottle Free Exercising apparatus, J. J. Cooper .....•. 857,447 25 Engine and Foot Lathes Exhibitor, merchandise, S. Goldberg ...... 857,391 to anyone mentioning this paper MACHINE SHOP OUTFITS, TOOLS AND Exhibitor, 4Jevice for restoring nap to, G. B. and sending IO cents to pay postage SUPPLIES. BEST MATERIALS. BEST Dexter ...... 857,038 . . and packing. Hydrozone is a harm­ WORKMANSHIP. CATALOGUE FREE Fabrics, machine for cutting ribbed, I! .... New Model H-Four·Cylinder-30 h. p. W. Robinson ...... 857.540 •• less germicide, indorsed and success­ SEBASTIAN LATHE CO 120 Culvert St., Cincinnati. O. Felly for vehicle wheels, W. S. Plummer. 857,200 $2,500 f. o. b. Detroit-Lamps not included. Ii'iber, etc., machine for decortica ting fully used by leading physicians. Not ...... 857,386 genuine without my signature on and Turret Lathes. Plan- manila, Q: E. Dailey . F t d ower A...... 857,052 00 an ers, Shapers, and Drill Presses. !<' ifth wheel, . J. Grasberger . . label. Ask for Booklet on Treatment P O. �� ile, temporary, binder, loose leaf book, and SH mPARD LATHE CO., 133 W. 2d St. Cincinnati, of Diseases. Sold by Leading Drug­ the like, J. Walker. Jr ...... 857,371 e d. gists. Price �m��: f;;nn�y � J':r� :::::::::::::::::: �g+:!�� A Car ent vegetable Detroit. Mich. Heating apparatus, J. IIeizmann ...... 857,060 fibre) covered with special Heating furnace, J. Hughes ...... 857,285 waterproof aterial. Will Member A. L. A. M. Helically riffied pipe, Isaacs & Speed .... 857,464 m at Hinge, H. E. Hoke ...... :.; ... 857,175 not water-log. Will flo 4co Hinge plate for tilting posts, L. H. ·Need- pounds live weight. Sample ham ...... prepaid mail, 90 Cents. Hoisting mechanism safety appliance, W. CHICAGO FLAG DECORATING CO. F. Bucb ...... 857,382 r& WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.-ITS PRO- to Fulton Market. Chicago o Hollow articles, means for drawing, K. 2 10 gress and Present Cond i ti n are well discussed in SCIEN­ Gossweiler ...... 857.235 TIl!'IC AMERICAN SUPPLli:MENTS 14�5, 1 4:26, 1427, Hook eye, garment, C. W. Stevens. ;Jr.. . . 857,:169 el�b� �Y In� 1'l:'M\,� ;8& Hoop nailing machine, barrel, E. F. Beugler 857.515 i ll��'lo'-�e�f; ,!W li�8: U��: rk and Hop picker, Horst & Ehrhol'll...... 857,461 m , Y o City all ne 'I w.."�� Horse detacber, G. A. Waters ...... 857.128 Iv AX :'f'1:;:J., If · j:- C Horse releaser, A. McLean ...... 857,189 The,� new*iIJ process!l33 for tran,· sfer:tring any[.:t Photo­ ·� Horseshoe, J. Grosjean ...... 857,554 . : I E. graph to any surface. Indestructible. Pillow Hose supporter, H. B. Moses ...... 857,251 Tops, etc. Can be washed. For sale by all Hub, Redemer ...... 857.204 ,T . C. . dealers in Photo Supplies. Or sent to any AUTOMOBILES Hub for vehicles, pneumatic. G. Middleton . 857.0H2 BOUGHT. SOLD ANp EXCHANGED address on receipt of 25 cents. Sample on Hydraulic motor, W. R. Tuttle ...... 857,501 largest dealers and brokers SECOND­ Hydrocarbons, emulsioning and solidifica- Satin Free. The in NEW AND HAND AUTOMOBILES in the world. Automobile Supplies at tion of, W. Van del' Heyden ...... 857.425 CHEMICAL ART COo. cut prices. We andl everything pertaining an auto Index, card, J. E. Ralph ...... 857,202 h e to 263 La Salle Street, Chicago mobile. Send for complete bargain sheet No. 129. Induction coils, contact breaker for, F. B. Griffin ...... , .. 857.458 TIMES SQVARE AUTOMOBILE CO. Ink pigments, production of printing, P. 1599.1601 Broadway. New York Fireman ...... 857.044 PEERLESS Internal combustion engine, W. Morey, Jr . . 857,410 857,422 UT· Ironing table, W. H. Tichborne ...... S PROOF PLU S Jack. See Lifting jack . $40 .Tointing machine, J. Joecken ...... •.. 857,071 MO P. Guaranteed absolutely self-c1eamug. TOROYOLE .TournaI H. H. . 857,243 box cover, Kryger ...... ? e e Junction box, E. 1\ Greenfield ...... 857,053 If you are troubled with sooty plugs :evd ���t��rt;;l!����t�l�d Kettle, cooking, W. Carey ...... 857,329 :d � e h t send for full details, we can suit you. fo����: �rt�"s� eE�;t��:'a:� Kiln, vViegmann & Dorr...... · . ... 857,429 i : Kinematograph projection apparatus. ar- r d e : ��� R�I��;, ·ex�·u�" i�� rangement for the centering of the im- Peerless Equipment Co. (Not Inc.), s W�t·;��:·f�t! ages in, E. A. Ivatts ...... 857,069 170 .so. Clinton Street, CHICAGO n�� (·����t\��. w��\�I�ilsS=��:c��l��::· ------Knife handle, C. D. Harrington ...... 857,400 -- 1 Knob attachment for covers, E. J. Weston, McLaran Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Jr ...... 857,428 Buy Pair Telephones $8,00 Lace holder, shoe, CullcIl & Sjolandcr .... 857,448 • With 100 feet ·wire, eusy installed Laddel', metal step, R. II. Fetta ...... 857,453 .. Lamp, carbureting, G. H. Holgate ...... 857.064 Pair Telephones for mill'S iron \Vjr(� REX " The King Hill Climbers Lamp protector, G. A. RusselL .. : ...... 857.541 ]'or a single $12.00 of l\lu.ne ill Luulioll, Eug-laud, by lal'.:.!;est Lamp regulator, electric, E. Johnson ...... 857,404 Iron wir�, per mile, $5.00. By express, !\loton::yck COIlCel'll ill Lamps, adjustable support for Signal, A. /.'. O. D. If $1.00 to guarantee express the \Vo rld. charge.':! io Hecord H. Handlan, Jr...... is sent WiLh order. Gu:mmked I<:llglish Road 8�£ wile,; in 48 suit or money refunded. 36 A high im­ Lnst. F. J. Chainscy, Sr ...... Tdcg-raphSet, minutes. priceclass Lust. E. .A... Eastman ...... Learners' - $2.;'0 lll:lchine, same as Amc­ Fla-"h L ght, gate, E. F. Campbell ...... {'od;d i --- Z 0. ma;:h�lles. Let us Hmd von Latch, Door Bell Outfit, Elel'ttlc 1.00 d ta and pnc{; !:st. Laundry marking machine, '1 \ L. Taylor, j llll e ils The Adams St., thicago " 857,421. �'L.\ RR EI,Ee'fRIC CO., 170 W. .. !lEX sold only by Leather, hardening, D. Bryan ...... AlTTO & SUPPl� Y CO., Lifting jack, Booth & Gaspar ...... Lightning arrester, G. L. Foote ...... ·... . USE GRINDSTONES ______)_I _i _',I_li=,,_ ._an A venue, Ch_i_" _u _g_o_. __ _ �8u P Liquid selling and d(�livering apparatus, au- If 80 we can SUPPlY you. Ali Slzee COSMOPOLITAN tomatic, L. O. rr . Thompson ...... mounted and unJnoullred� always Liquids and gas.es, automatic flow regu- kept in stock .. R�memoer, �e make a A citlr.en of the world. The b e t1 all spe. lWM, cheapest and prettiest in lator for, J. H. Gregory et a1...... specialtyof el c stone� for Liquids, electrolytic process of purifying, cial purposes. Sewt� for catalo(1ue .. I " world. B{)l1;..\"tlt by the world :nt·he;d run all OYtr the world. J. T. IIarris ...... 857,277 The CLEVELAND !STONE CO. W. HlIyd()ck Automobile nlfg. Co. . D D. Lock. O. P. Nixholm ...... 857,192 Wilshire. St. Louis, .no. Lock, C. Calicchio ...... 857,4:19 2d Floor. Cleveland, O. Lock center, W. R. Corbin ...... 857.031 Locket, etc., S. Woods ...... 857 ,140 Log loader, J. R. McGiffert...... ·. 857 .188 Loom shuttle, J. L. Poalk ...... 857.107 Looms, warping machines. and the · like, lease rod for. T. A. B. Carver ...... 857,442 Luhricating valves. means for, J. A. Hicks 857,280 Mail box. H. Geddes ...... 857,2:�4 How to Buna a Huaroplane OnainU Boat Mail receiver, N. K. Bowman ...... 857,022 Manifolding device, J. E. Norman ...... 857,100 simply-worded, c1ea desc iption of the construction of the hull of a hydroplane Match box. poekf't, M. Gabasio ...... 857.274 . ! ! . !'- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT Mattress, E. D. H. Lambotte ...... 857,078 ghdmg. motor-boat IS publIshed 111 1641. Working l\-{easuring apparatus, liquid, E. O. Linton. 857,OSa drawings giving full dimensions accompany the description. Measuring tool, W. Thain ...... 857.542 Meat tenderer, J. W. Hurley ...... 857,568 The boat is easily built and wonderfully fast. Price of SUPPLEMENT 1641 ten IVIecbanical drier, W. 1\1. Cummer ...... 857,161 cents by mail. Mechanical movement, Lindsay & Meinert. 857,408 Medicine from carrots, obtaining. E. F. Bolt 857.224 Order from your newsdealer or from :M etal fusing apparatus, A. E. Menne ...... 857,247 Metal "plicln!,; device, expanded, A. W. Rush ...... 857,307 MUNN COMPANY, Broadway, New York . . .. & 36 1 Scientific Atneric8.t\ 539

Meta� )�'oI'kiIlg machines, speed box for. I�. .r. Hannum ...... 857.399 .:\letuls, eh_'ctI'olyticalJoY refinillg, A. G. Betts H57,378 :\lilk or cream storage and cooling vat, Z. Popular Books •...••....••...•.•...•.. S. La\vl'ence 857,473 Mines, safety mechanism for hoisting or bauling apparatus for, R. Jensen ..... 857,286 �liter box. M. J. Goodale ...... 857,520 Miter box and cramp. combined, I-Iill & Blain ...... 857,345 �lolding machine, Hodgson & Hartley .... 857,173 Home Mechanics �Iotor control. F. Eichbel'g ...... 857,165 Motor controlling apparatus, automatic, E\ W. Newell ...... , ...... 857,191 foByr GEORGE Ama In. HOPKINSteur s Multiple feed lubricator, Anderson & Erick- Author of "Experimental Science " son ...... 857,221 li'. & •••.••. 857,367 12mo, 370 Pages, 320 Illustrations Mul�o ('onductor, A. W. Shor� MUSIC rest, portable, M. WaldteufeI. •.•.... 857,504 Price, $1.50 Postpaid Musical illstrument, self playing, H. M. Salyer ...... 857,261 'l'he book deals with wood-working, household orna­ Musical instrumf'nts, actioll for stringed, L. ment.s. metal· working, lathe Ii�. Boyd ...... 857.:;80 work, metal Rpinning, silver Necktie device, C. 1. Hoople ...... 857,402 working; making model en­ Nest, hen's. S. C. Stevens ...... •...... 857.213 gines. boilers and water . me o s Nut lock, S. Barber ...... 857,223 t r ; making telescopes, .. microscopes and meteoro­ Nut lock, T. Booth ...... 857,227 logical instruments. elec­ Nut lock. D. B. Hanlon ...... •...... 857.a98 trical chimes, cabinets, bens, Nut lock, C. Kemmerpr ...... •... 857.405 night lights. dyuamos and Nut lOCk, A. H. Knopf ...... 857,526 motors, electric light, and Oil burner, Stream & Gibhens ...... 857.496 an electrical furnace. It is Oil can, Harmon & Goodpasture ...... 857.056 a thoroughly practical book Oil call, A. 11�. J)C'mol'y ..••...••...•••••••• 857.517 by the most noted amateur Oven grate, baker's, .T . A. Stackhouse ..,. 857,210 experimenter in America. Ovens, beat regulator for, J. P. Farmer .. 857.452 Every reader of "Experi­ Package, banana, W. Bell ...... 857,435 mental Science " should . 857,030 y Packing. metallic, E. M. Cook ...... b�l���� o l�fa��)�a�O:; Pan. See Baking pan. the boy �as g��weH as the more Paper bag manufacturing device, T. Hugo. 857,067 mature amateur. Holidays Paper clip, C. Spiro ...... 857,418 and evenings ('anbe profita­ Paper trimming machine, C. E. "r bitmarsh 857,133 bly occupied by making use­ Paper vessels, press for forming Internal fnl articles for the home or in building small englnes or grooves in, A. R. Tiffany...... 857.123 motors or sci€'utificins truments Pasting machine, J. H. Trismen ...... 857,423 Phonograph horu support, L. P. Halladay .. 857,169 Photometer, 'r. Torda ...... 857,124 Piano actions, hammer supporting flange for, R. J. Murray ...... 857,359 Experimental SCl-enCe ...... •. 857,260 Piano, automatic, H. M. Salyer 857,299 By GEORGE M. HOPKIN IS Piano pedal, L. W. Norcross...... Picker stick check, N. Vaillancourt ...... 857.424 Revised and Greatly Enlarged. 2 Octavo Pigs' feet, machine for splitting, J. Cun- Volumes. 1100 Pages. 900 Hlustrations ning ...... 857,332 Cloth Bound, Postpaid, $5.00 Pile cutting machine, rotary cutter shaft ...... 857,356 for, T. Morton . . .. �� A New, Revised, and Enlarged Edition has Pipe couplings, gasket for, T. Pendergast.. 857,106 liISL��;�fnch��d!U�::, been issued Pipes. strainer support for water, W. S. Lamps, Etc. 100 Candle �::lPower Sp arking Foster ...... 857,519 seven hours ONE CE�T. No p...... 857,208 Wicks. No Smoke. No Odol'� Owing to the arr ount of new matter added, Plaiting gage, Schoon Absolutely safe. THEY SELL AT SIGH'!'. Storage Batteries the bOOK is now pub­ Planes, gage attachment for, N. N. Beas- Exr,luslveterrito�y to good agents. g-Write for lished in two volumes, ley ...... 857.514 catalogue and pnces. 1000 Miles On One Charge J...... 857,487 handsomely bound in Plow, Rivara . . G, . .... Chicago Solar Light Co. De�i Chicago for MONEY buckram. Of the addi­ Plow riding attachment, :roo Walbaum . 857,503 BEST LE.AST tions which have been Plow, straddle 01' gang. R. C. Henderson. 857,061 Guaranteed for One Year ...... 857,319 made, amonga theA most Plow, virgin ground, T H. TripI_ important re : full Plug, flush attachment, H. HubbeII ...... 857,176 iJlustrated description ...... 857,057 NORWALK of P. Pool table, H. L. Hasl{cll. BELL PUMPS � H. ElectrlC Mo­ Posts, pattern for ornamental, K. Nelson. 857,255 tor, prepared expressly ...... 857,527 ill a e Your ire for this edition of H Ex­ Pot cleaner, E. C. Lewis . BRASS CO. W S v T perimental Science"; Potato digger. hand, �'. R. Lancaster ...... 857.182 chapters un Alternat­ Pounder ,v asher, R. Hayes ...... • 857,567 Franco_American J#uto .. Supply Co...... 857,414 Por All Purposes Sole Agents ing-Current :\Il ac1tinery, Powder box, tooth, W. H. Perkins . 857,493 and clear, concise Ex­ Power transmission mechanIsm, F. Sedivy.. 1(04.1406 ..... 857,346 JIIICIlIG.l.N .!.VENUE CIlIC.l.GO, ILL. planations of Vv ireless Preserving apparatus, W. G. Holden WRITE FOR DETAILED DESCRIPTION rl' eJegraphy and Tele­ Pr�sure gage, J. R. Goehring ...... 857,049 1 phony. Electrical Meas· J. 857,039 NORWALK, CONN. uring Instruments, the Printing device, S. Duncan...... I Printing or like machines, paper feeding E e cr ri c Clock. the machine for, F. W. Vickery ...... 857,426 PORTABLE GASOLINE r.relegraphone. Hig h Printing plate and preparing tile same, LIKE SIXTY '. rension Currents, the ...... Nernst I" amp, and M. A. McKee . . 857,531 SELLS LIKE SIXTY Submerged Propeller methods of measuring Printing press, G. R. Cornwall ...... 857,331 SELLS FOR SIXTY • the heat of the stars. Printing press mechanism, E. B. \V oodward 857,508 Attached and detached ANY BOAT "In No other wurk contains Pruning implement, D. W. & D. A. Watson 857.129 GIL$60SON a jiffy." Can be raised and lowered to such a fund of" trust­ Pulley, G. Richards ...... 857,304, 857,306 run In Mballow water. Largest. most worthy, up·to-date SCI' Pulley, belt, G. Richards ...... 857,303, 857.305 a er i t entinc in f o r illa tion, Pulley casing or honsing, C. A. Brinley. 857,548 f: &�;�k�glt B��� ���fe��; �� &� � presented in a clear and s Pulverizer. lister. and marker. soil, J. W. Money Maker for Summer Resorts. Send scriptive circular. Dalrymple ...... 857.036 for Details and Price List. Pumping apparatus, G .•T. Murdo('� ...... 857,477 lSubmerged Electric Motor Co. Pumps, speed regulator for, W. 'Yo Satter- Menomonie, Wis, thwaite ...... 857,490 Rail and other like joint. C. A. A. Chenu. 857.229 < ______Rail. permanent way, H. W. Perry ...... 857,199 Rail tie, C. W. Israel ...... 857,068 Railway block signal system, H. G. Com- Scientific American stock ...... 857,446 Railway cattle guard. H. B. Myers ...... 857,093 12mo, 516 Pages, Illustrated. 6 Colored Railway Signaling system. F. M. Black .. 857,021 ReferePlatesnce Book Raihvay systems. automatic contact mech- Cement Concrete anism for electric, }I� . Hedley et al .. 857,059 Price, $1.:>:0 Postpaid Railway systems, automatic interlocRing � contact mechanism for electric, F. Hed- The result of the queries ley et al...... •....•...•. 857,058 of of ...... 857,363 Reinforced Concrete three generations Railway tie, A. S. U,eavis . . readers and currespondents is Railway tie, metallic, J. L. Gonr!ey ... .. 857.051 crystallized in this book') Railway tie, metallic, Canty & Schoenfelt. 857,328 which is indispensable t Railway track clamp, S. McElfatrick ... . 857,479 every family and business ...... 857,342 Concrete Building Blocks man. It sbould be found on Razor, .J. Green every desle It is extensively Razor blade bolder, safety. M. D. Fletcher. 857,390 . used by government officiaJs. Register', C. Schillinger ...... •... 857,309 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT It. bas been revised by ex- Retort charging machine, L. W. Kirk ...... 857,074 1543 contains an article on Concrete, by 1372 contains an article by A. D. Elbers on h b n Retort cover, automatic, J. J. Barr ...... 857,148 Brysson Cunningham. The article clearly tests and constitution of Portland cement. �� :��� ...... 857.142 describes the proper composition and mixture EO���·faCrs :nd ?sO�u Rheostat, starting. W. C. yates SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT ...... 857,468 of concrete· and gives the results of elaborate complete andexflaustivethanI o o Johnson 1396 discusses the testing of cement. bas ever been attempted. t ����� rs:� ����� �'n�. tests. �S :.i'�g;':�: �,I;:::;rag;,ct ��� Rolling mllI feed table, S. V. Huber. ' SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT n: t 857,282, 857,283 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPf.LEMENT 1325 contai'ts an article by Professor Will­ 1538 gives the proportion of gravel and sand imparting the information by pin, C. L. Sanford ...... 857,308 iam K. Halt giving an historical sketch of means of ·comp dia Rolling ...... 857,558 to be used in concrete. arative - Rotary T. Keenan . . slag cement. grams. It is like no other engine, ...... •...• 857.322 It A. O. Baker SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS SCIEl'<"TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS book. tells how to harnes.s Sash fastener, ...... •...... 857,438 a horse and read a gas meter Saw tool, W. Bryson 1567, 1568, 1569, 1570, and 1571 contain an 955 and I042 give good accounts of cement as well as giving hundreds of Scale. M. M. Schwartz ...... 857,416 elaborate discussion by Lieut. Henry J. Jones ...... 857,226 testing and composition, by the well-known statistical tables. The very Scraper. T Booth .. . of the various systems of reinforcing con· r.a,nge of J.. .•....•.....•...... 857,269 authority, Spencer B. Newberry. wide topics treated Scraper, E. Culver crete, concrete construction, and their appli­ ::J,a� �i ����g gl fh'ini�P� Screw press for molding tahlets, H. Enoe- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS . 857,043 cations. These articles constitute ! a splendid o e i s J 15 IO and I 5 II present a discussion by on $1 50 mann ...... 857,4 5 text book on the subject of reinforced can· free reqnest Remit I Seam fo uniting materials, J. C. Ivory � Clifford Richardson on the constitution of and the book wi'll be promptly : ...... 857,0,,4 crete. better has been ptiblished. Seat sprmg, C. M. Haeske . Nothing Portland cement from a physico·chemical mailed. F...... 857.195 SCIENTIFI AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT Seed distributer, R. Paekham...... 857,248 standpoint. Seed separator, M. Meyer 997 containsC an article by Spencer Newberry SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT �Sewed fabrics, prodUCing, B. H. Zimmer- in which p� ctical notes on the proper prepa­ ...... 857,510 man . . . . ration of ��ncrete are given. 1519 contains an essay by R. C. Carpenter ...... 857,070 on experiments with materials which retard Se'wing machine, W. Jasper ...... 857.082 Sewing machine, W. T. Lintner ct al. SCIENTIFI AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS the activity of Portland cement. & ... 857,532 1568 and C:1569 present a helpful account of Sewing machine, McNeil Sturtevant. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS The Scientific Sewing machine bearing, W. S. Reser .... 857,537 the making of concrete blocks by Spencer Sewing machine presser foot. E. '1' . Allan. 857,431 Newberry. 1465 and 1466 publishes an exhaustive illus­ J. 857,491 trated account of the Edison Portland ceo Sewing machine trimmer. D. SChoonmaker SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT By A. RUSSELL BOND Shaft hanger. J. A. Manahan ...... 857,528 ment works, describing the machinery used. American Boy �'...... 857,238 1534 gives critical review of the engineer­ Sheet fastener, loose, P. HarrIs . 1 a SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 12mo. 320 Pages. 340 Illustratious .... 857,543 ing value of reinforced concrete. Shelf bracket. self-locking, H. Thomas 1'491 gives sume fallacies of tests ordinarily Price, $2.00 Postpaid Shelves, anti lost motion device for pull SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS ' ...... 857,271 applied to Portland cement. out, L. Day . 1547 and ' 1548 give a resume in which the & SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT a story of oo Ships. device for transporting, West various systems of reinforced concrete con­ This is outd r boy life, suggesting'a large ...... 857,264 I 56 I presents excellent review by Brysson 11umber of diversions Walther . . ... struction are discussed and illustrated. an which, aside trom af­ Shoe, pole climbing, C. F. & C. G. Young- Cunningham of mortars and cements...... 857,430 fording entertainmnt, quist . . . . SCIENTIF�C AMERICAN' SUPPLEMENTS SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT will stimulate in boys Shoe tree or stretcher, adjustalrIe, J. S. 1564 and ' 1565 contain an article by Lewis ...... 857,055 1533 contains a resume of the cement in­ the creative spirit. In Hansen . A. Hicks, in which the merits and defects ...... 857,035 dustry and gives some valuable formul",. each instance complete Signal light apparatus. G. Dalen . of reinforced concrete are analyzed. practical in�tructions Siphon. plural alternating, S. W. Miller .. 857.355 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT ...... 857.507 are given for building Sleeping bag, H Wilson SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1575 discusses the manufacture of hydraulic . W...... 857.155 the various articles.of Slicer, meat, F. P. Burkhardt I5S! contains the principles of reinforced cement. L. L. Stone is the author. The needs the boy 857,471 Smokf' and cinder conductor, H. L. Larisey . concrete with some practical illustrations by camper are supplied by ...... 857.403 SCIEl'<"TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS Snap hook, G. M. Hubhard . Walter Loring Webb. the llirections for mak­ .... ing tramping outfits, Sound producing device. W. C. Smith 857,209 1587 and 1588 contain an able paper by ...... 857.300 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT Edwin C. Eckel on cement material and b n Speed changing device, R. C. Ogburn 857,562 Speed changing device, Le Blond & Gl'Oene 1573 contains an article by Louis H. Gibson industry of the United States. �ll��Pi�� g�e� �h�T��:J . 857,3fi7 as tree houses, SLraw on the principles of success in concrete block log �peed changing mechanism, E. A. Muller . 857,476 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT huts. cabins and Speed changing mechanism. G. D. Munsing. manufacture, illustrated. caves. 857,081 I586 contains a review of concrete mixing Speed transmission, variable. R. E. Lincoln machinery by William Larkin. l1 be winter diversions Spinning and twisting rings, ring holder SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT L. include instructions for ...... 857,535 kin of for, G. L. Pierce . 1574 discusses steel for reinforced concrete. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT making six ds Spinning or twisting apparatus, rotary rIng, I583 gives valuable suggestions on the selec· skate sails and eight ...... 857.088 Meats & Chandler . . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS tion of Portland cement for concrete blocks. kinds of snow shoes and ..... 857.566 Spray nozzle, atomiZing, A. Franchetti. 1575, 1576, and 1572 contain a paper by skis. besictes ice boats, .. 857,499 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT .. Stamp affixing machine, G. O. Thompson Philip L. Wormley, Jr., on cement mortar sco()ters, sledges.tooog ...... 857,206 a a Steam boiler, W. Robertson . . . . . and concrete, their preparation and use for 1581 splendidly discusses concrete aggre­ Stf'am boiler, oil burning, Heintzelman & ga tes. A helpful paper. § ;� d g confr������ ...... 857,170 farm purposes. The paper exhaustively dis­ Camp . . . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT called a" rennwoIf." ...... 857,539 cusses the making of mortar and concrete Among the more in.. Stereoscope. H. E. Richmond depositing of concrete, facing concrete, wood ' presents thorough discussion of sand structive subjects covered are surveying, wigwagging Stick feeder, W. H. Waldron ...... 857,427 595 a heliographing and bridge building. in which six different Stoker, traveling gate, J. E. Bell ...... • 857,011 forms, concrete sidewalks, details of con­ for mortar and concrete, by Sanford E. kinds of bridges. including a simple cantilever bridge Stone mold, artificial, F. Nelson ...... 857,413 struction of reinforced concrete posts, etc. Thomson. are de�cribed. Stovepipe thimble and flue stopper, D. Hard- ...... 857,522 ofIn adflition to these, the book contains a Jarge number ing ...... Each number of the Supplement costs cents. A set of papers miscellaneous devices, such as scows, cawJcs1 land Strpet sweeping machine, G. Pum ...... 857,415 10 yachts. windmills. water wheels and the like. A com­ ...... 857,559 on Stud, snap fasten<-'r, H. Kerllgood . . containing the articles above mentioned will be mailed for plete table of contents sent req uest...... Stuffing box, J. HaltNman . . . . 857,395 all $3. 50 e b lel B I. . . . 857 Order from your Newsdealer or from MUNN & COMPANY, Publishers ������ �!��, 'N i,efso�· .. �: . . . . . :���. �� �g+:m Swing, adjustable. C. �' . Bean ...... 857,432 . , Broadway, New York City .... 361 Switch operating device, L. Z. Preston 857,201 MUNN & CO PUBLISHERS, 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY 540 Scientific Amerlcaft

MACHINERY. Switch stand, Long & Hoffer..•...... 857,289 Switch stand, M. W. Long .•.•.•.•857,290, 857.291 Classified Advertisements MOTORS AND GENERATORS.-AIso refrigerating 857,483 y n a s a S Talking machine sound box, M. A. Possons. Advertising in thIs column is 50 cents a line. No less ::;'�f!�'i�� o� g�g�l�l �i i�'i:��a'i\��: 'ii\'�f�elI i��fr�� Telegraphy, receiving apparatus for WIreless, L. Arnson ...... •.•.•...... •...... 857,375 than four nor more than ten Jines accepted. Count Co.• 133 S. Clinton St .• Chicago, III., U. S. A. Telephone lineman's grab seat, C. Randall. 857,203 seven words to the line. AU orders must be accom- Telephone system, L. B. Niemann .•••.•.••• 857,480 panied by a remittance. Further information sent on Telephone, wireless, F. J. McCarty .••.•.•• 857,530 Telephony, multiplex, M. Leblanc ...... ••.. 857,079 FORD request. SEASICKNESS. Temperature regulator, F. B. Kemmler •••• 857,073 SEASICKNESS and Car Nausea prevented, Brush's Testing tube, C. Wagner ..•..•.••••••.•• 857,127 A Year-behinder is Remedy (Elixir prophylactic). Guaranteed perfectly Thermostat, J. L. Nix ...... •••••..••••••. 857,298 Harmless. 'rhe only preparation tbat has never failed. Thill coupling, J. M. Bryant...... 857,154 Thill coupling, F. Galvin ..••.••.••••.•. 857,340 Worse than a BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES. k o m J. 6h�inPc�� d��, � Ii��J�:�� N�\�� XlIsd:���i�ls �f��� Threshing macbine, A. T. Bakkem ...•.•.. 857,147 J,OOK BEFORE YOU LEAP.-I have complete plant bottle. Time recorder, D. A. Stowell ...... •.•.• 857,419 Mollycoddle. and facilities for investigating and working out mecba- Tire guard, Saunders & Breitweg •...... •.• 857,365 l l p i i i r Tires, ball bearing tube for, W. Hogben.. 857,281 ��c:f a�t������stf�� ��J Os��ur����la c1� r�Ofh:�t,is e� EXPERIMENTAL WO RK. 1J..1ires, machine for filling fabric for. W. R. It may save you money. Highest references. Write Smith ....•...... •. J. Archibald Manahan, AdvIsory Engineer, 1901-1907 EXPERIMENTAL AND MODEL WORK, light spe· Tongue, vehicle, J. L. Hecht ...... •... The one is a Ninny­ Park Avenue, New York. cial machinery and tools. electrical and mechanical in- . e s Tool, L. Labreck ...... TO INVESTORS.-We own greatest modernInven· �� � J. �e�n�¥N��lw! It�� r?'V����ySt� Tool, combination, J. A. Hendrickson ....•. but the other is  � :J� Tool holding device, E. A. Muller ...... tion. Sure money-making monopoly. Bonanza for Phone 1165 Cortlandt. quick capita}. Sell patent rights or put into Stock CD. Tool, household, G. Vlett. .•...... •..•...• W. A. Sheldon, Success Sawing Machine Co., Colby, Wis. Toy, F. J. McCormack ...•.•...... •..•.•... a Chump. Toy, M. Perez •.•...... •..•...... •..•. START a mail order business; we furnish every­ ...... •..•...... DUPLICATORS. Toy, J. R. Patterson thing necessary; only few dollars required; new plan, Toy, explosive, Armstrong Coup .••. .... e s o n n & ifi�1rs� 8r3���£ la� ����.�t3� J5e�r�������b1;ic:i�� ur - MULTICOPYING.-Bensinger .. Rapid" Dnplicator, Trace shield, J. E. Martin ...... •.••... The man who buys a quick, inexpensive, benefits bU8ines� or professional men Track spreading signal, I. M. Bond ...•••.• CONCERN IN INDIA desires to manufacture a sim· Numerous exact letters, diagrams, or anything in pen. Traction engine, L. Y. Keibler ...•...... b e i y l penCil, typewriter. C. N. Bensinger Co., 3� Stone SL., N.Y Traction engine, A. S. Wysong ...... High-powered Four­ �1:s:��� �elr���rt���i�:�g n:d�r::s� ��nag�� I:J� �: Tramway and other points and the like. trial Scbool, Nadiad� India. means or device for operating. :r. R. cylinder Touring-car Peacock •...... 857,533, 857,534

AUVLCE on all practical methods pertaining to me­ ....•. chanics, Expert in patent causes, machine, Lool� die MISCELLA NEOUS. Transformer. electrical, J. D. Hilliard 857,062 design and manufacture and steel trcatment. Have you OUR VACUUM CAP wben used a few minutes each Trap. See Animal trap. in this six-cylinder rl 'rolley catcher, W. S: Roath ...•••••••.. my buoks? Postal brings reply. J osepb V. Woodworth, a o t a n d Trolley retriever, C. Earll .•...••••••... M.E., Suite 412, Arbuckle BUllding, Brooklyn, N. Y, �lt���: :r:ft�� �gi�� �t1 ��lfte� t�� �!f;1�� 1. era is no Mollycoddle, healthy growth.� Sent on trial under guarantee. 'Yrite:�:r: Truck, boiler, Fiers & Tigner .•.•.•..•••.• Truck brake, E. H. Slaybaugh ..•....••••• INCORPORATE YOUR BUilINESS. Over sixteen for free particulars. rl'he Modern Vacuum Cap Co., 617 hundred charters proc1lred for my clients. Write for Barclay Block, Denver. Col. Truck, conveyer, A. Marvin •..••..•.•.•.. bu t he certainly is a corporation laws, blanks free, to former Ass't Sec'y of Trunk, R. L. Turman .....•.•...... •... State, Philip N. Lawrence, Dept. 16, Huron, So. Dakota. •..••. Trunk rope fastener, Carroll & Baird Year-behinder. "ASK OUR REPRESENTATIVES "-any one of the Trunk strap fastener, H. J. Patterson ...... many-about the assistance and the co-operation that Trunk, wardrobe, A. D. Seaman ...... our system extends to them and why they an.) so BUC ... Tube emptying device, collapSible, A. H. cessful lll placingsecurities with the investing: public. W. Weber ...... •...... •. 857,547 We desire a representative in every community. Re... "Almost a Kodak." Tube manufacturing apparatus, S. V. Huber 857,348 you haven't learned quest Information at Old South Building, Seventh Tuning instrument, C. P. Dolan ...... •. 857.334 If ,,'loor, Boston, Mass., The Hammitt Investment Cor­ Turbine. Gersant & I.;egrand .....•.•...... 857.048 the why of this six­ poration. Turbine, reverSible, J. Molas ...... 857.090 PATENTS SOLD ON COMMISSION.-If you wish Type metal melting pot, H. F. Bechman .. 857,433 Typewriting machine, E. F. Kunath ...... 857,288 cylinder preference, to buy or sell a patent write for particulars to E. L. Perkins, 72 Broad Street, Boston. Patent Sales Exclu- Umbrella, Celenza & Rosen ..•...•...... 857,157 sively. ' Valve, H. S. Rankin ...... •.... 857,484 let's show you what Valve, dry pipe, J. C. Meloon ...... 857.187 Valve, dry pipe, J. R. Hamilton ...•.•.•.... 857,276 Valve for engines, cut off, W. Goodwin .... 857,457 Simplicity, Valve for explosive engines, G. W. Irwin. 857.463 Valve, globe, angle, and check, T. Waltz .. 857,321 Valve mechanism for explosive engines. ex- Silence, RODMAN & UO., 33D ST. AND 5th AVE.. CAM­ haust, G. M. Beard ...... BRIDGE BUILDING, N. Y., will finance meritorious Valves, means for operating pneumatic, W. " propositions where large capital is required in the U. s. "sweetness, or Canada. Money loaned on securities. Mintng, elec­ Lintel'll, reissue ...... •...•.••.•.•.•• 12.661 tric and steam ralroads. Manufacturing plants. Vault, burial, T. B. Malone ...... 857,245 Flexibility and Vegetable matter. protecting, A. Kay ••.•.• 857,075 Vehicle, ammunition, W. Mayer .••••••••••• 857,246 Vebicle brake. motor, G. Enrico .•.•.••.•• 857,272 Power are as •.•.••.•.•..•.•• 857,084 FOR SALE. Vebicle, motor, L. C. Lull Vebicle spring, F. E. Pratt ...... 857,256 exem plified In a WOODWARE FACTORY. -Tub and pall factory, Vehicle spring, C. Burgess, Jr .•...... 857,3&� saw mill� standing timber, etc.• for sale in a pleasant Vebicle steering gear, motor, W. E. Slater. 857,494 viUage. Two mInutes from railroad. Good schools and Vehicle wbeel, J. R. Welch ...•.•.•.•...... 857.219 Ford Six. three churches. Good business established. Inquire of Vebicle wheel, F. J. Conant. • . • . • . . • . . .. 857.330 E. Buttrick & Co., Troy, N. H. Vehicle wheel, F. Ephraim ...... •.... 857,335 A POCKET Vehicle wheel, D. Ward .•...... 857,546 Vehicle wbeel and axle, J. E. Murray .•.... 857,296 Vending machine, C. E. Davison ..•..•...• 857,037 "A Demonstraizon Vending machine. P. A. Roblchon .•.•.•.. 857,257 HELP WANTED. 'lS Vessel, J. 1t£cArdle.... •..•..•...... •.•.•.•• 857.478 a Revelatz'on." MEN AND BOYS TO LEARN PLUMBING, Brick­ Vessels, lines for, T. R. Timby .•.••.•.•• 857,317 laying-,Plastering and Electrical Trades. Positions se· BROWNIE. Voting machine, F. Keiper .•.•••.•••...•.•• 857,469 cured. Free catalogue. Coyne 'l'rade Schools, New York, Wagon reacb, J. L. Hecht •...... •....•... 857,279 San Francisco and Chicago. Mention gel. AMER. Wagons, drive mechanism for distributing, ENGINEBlRS.-Leading employers everywhere seek The New No. 2 Folding. R. S. Wells ...... •...... •...••.•..... 857,131 througb us experienced Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Washer. See Pounder washer. n i �t ot l:°sitions open Wasblng machine. G. D. Burton ....•••.•• 857,027 �:�� 1I���o�j� � :�!�d��;; N y r An easy fit for the coat pocket. Washing machine. W. C. Fawkes .....•.... 857,337 MEN WAN'I'ED IN EVERY FACTORY and auto­ Watch balance staff, F. C. Smith .•..••... 857.312 mobile garage to sell a hand soap to be used with or Meniscus lens, Pocket Automatic Watch guard, L. L. Tirrell •...••.•.••..... 857,216 without water. Lowest prices ever. Radine Mfg. Co., Watch movements, means for attaching dials to, I;'. R. Cunningham ..••.•••••.• 857,333 173 Greenwich Street, New York. Shutter with iris diaphragm, Auto­ l\1"ater, apparatus for feeding lime to, Leopold Brown • • . . . • . • . • . . . . • . . • •• 857.563 AG�]:Leonard Street. New York. Water heater, B. Haynie .•.••••••..•...• 857.555 nearest Ford agent or branch. Kodak film daylight loading Water tube boiler, J. E. Bell •.....857,016, 857,017 N. C. Water wbeel, A. H. Perry •.•••••..•.•.•.. 857,482 FORD MOTOR COMPANY Weapon. hand, K. G.. hrer ..•.••...... 857,047 exposure cartridges. SITUATIONS WANTED. 6 Weighing device, automatic, P. Edtbauer. 857,164 270 Piquette Avenue. Detroit. Mie'" Weighing macbine, automatic, O. C. Patton. 857,301 HNGINEEJlt, CAltPEN'l'ER. E·rC., able to work out Perfect in mechanical and optical Well screen, G. W. Stanclitr ••.•.•.•.•.. 857,313 models. Had experience on hydroplanes, aeroplanes, Wheel for cycles. motor cars, carr1ages, and and all kinds of experimental wood work. Fred C. A. detail . Handsomely finished and otber vehicles, J. N. B. Moore ...... • 857,091 Schlottwann, 149 Arch Street, Greenwich, Conn. Wbiffletree, H. Sellon ....•..•.•...... 857,310 carefully tested. Wbip, F. H. Audley ..•...... •...... 857,511 Windla�s attachment, E. R. Buckwalter . . 857,326 shop give satisfaction Windmlll. J. Axelstrom •...•..•...•.....• 857,376 PHOTOGRAPHY. Window cleaning device, H. E. Walter .• 857,263 Pictures 234'x334'. Price $5. Window swinging device. G. H. Parker .... 857,103 PHOTOGRAPHEJRS,we want to get you in the habit ...... •.... 857,089 of reading the American Photograpber and Camera and Wire cloth reel, K. Mebaffy t t a s Wire, machine for covering bundles of, ���I{y��r� �'sg;s��T���n ��i�� rS���t��5����; ��;t�ly EASTMAN KODAK CO. G. F. & G. M. Wrigbt ...... 857,141 at news dealers. We will send you four numbers as a Wire spring fabric. A. G. Cameron .•.•.. 857,156 trial subscription for 25 cents in fltampsor coin. Am­ Rochester, N. Y. Wire stretcher, D. R. Clark ..•...... •... 857,444 erican Photographic Pub. Co., 361 Broadway, New York. r907 Brownie Book at the Wire stretcher and splicer, J. Sanders .... 857,489 dealers or by mail. The Kodak City. Work gage, F. M., R. W. & H. W. Chap· AMATEUR� EVERYWHERE ATTENTION I Good man ...... •...... •.•.... 857,443 quick service in kodak developing and printing. Pho- Wrapping machine, J. N. Jacobsen ..•.•... 857,466 a O s Wrench. E. H. Derby ••.•.•.••••••.•••..• 857,163 j�¥. £�oe;�, ��w��t�¥t� S����i. ��gad����¥:r����;:: Wrench, E. H. Zanto ...••••.••...... 857,220 JAGER Marine Wrench, O. M. Hansford ..•••••••••.•••..• 857,237 4-Cycle Engines KO KEN BARBERS' SUPPLY CO. d1/a/Ce,Ts MOTION PICTU R ES. SkilIfully designed and well 2526 OmO AVE. I- ST.LOUIS bUllt. Single lever control, com­ DESIGNS. THE MOVING PIC'I'UREWORLD, weekly, 10 cents bining automatic carburettor Brooch pin, H. W. Fisbel .•.•..•••.38,622, 38,623

per copy; yeariy subscription, $2. The only paper de­ with spf.trk advance. Develops ...... •.•...•...... 38.628 voted to the moving picture. illustrated song and lan­ wide speed range and reliability Cigar, H. Ruden tern lecture field. Moving PICture World, Box 450, N.¥. under most trying conditions Glass candlestick, B. W. Jacohs ...•.•...• 38,626 Sizes:lto60h.p. Sefidfor catalog. Glass tile, D. C. Ripley ...... 38,629 The Kickdrive Circular Saw MOTION PICl'URE MACHINES, Film Views. Magic Jug or similar article. J. Slater .•...... 38,627 Is a simple power for light work ot the cabinet, Lanterns. Slides and similar Wonders [tor Sale. Catalog Pincushion, J'. V. Barr ...... 38,630 kinds most done by earpenters, box, CHAS. J. JAGER CO. . pattern and picture- frame makers, and wood li'ree. We also Buy Magic Picture Machines, Films, Spoon, L. G. BIasier ...... •...... 38,624, 38,625 Slides, etc. S. Harbach. 809 Filbert Street, Phila., Pa, 281 Franklin, cor. 8alterymarch St., workers gent>rally, besides engravers and rl'. Boston, Mass. electrotypers. This Machine has a strong, solid hon frame and steel shaft: is thoroughly TRADE MARKS. well-huilt and suitable for vfi-riollS kinds of work, as ripping, eross-cutting, grooving Atrasive and polishing materials, certain, etc. Can be operated sitting standing. W� AUTOS. or Morton Co •...... 63,338 also mah all kinds of foot power devices• Alterative. Battle & Go., Cbemist's Corpora· MAY};lt ST"O'l'KIN KIBLINGElt AUTOMOBILE, $250. Built on honor. Most economical, reliable and efficient. If tion ...... • ...... 63,429 sold under guarantee. Speeds to 25 miles an hour, 25 yAutomaticOll have running Waterwater the NiagaraSuppl en.y- Anodyne, Battle , Co., Chemists' Corpora- 210... 212 Canal St., New York. to 50 miles on one gallon gasoline. Wood wheels, cushion gines will elevate 35 feet for each & tires, double chain drive. Satisfaction guaranteed. foot -faU obtainable from spring, tion ..•...... 63,428 Write Dept. S, W. H. Kiblinger Co., Auburn. Ind. brook, or river, delivered to any Antipurulent, Battle & Co., Chemists' Cor- distance. Write for catalogue. poration ...... 63,431 AntiseptiC germiCide and deodorant prepara- WATCHMAKING tions, Peroxident Manufacturing Co ...•.. 63,420 We teach it thoroughly in us many montbs as it Niagara Hydraulic Engine Co. Beer, E. Becker Brewing Co ...... •...... 63,376 formerly took years. Does away with tedious appren ... AUTO ACCESSORIES. 140 Nassau Street, Y. ticeship.LEARN Money earned while studying. Positions se­ N. Beer, Portsmouth Brewing & Ice Co .....•... 63,421 cured. Easy terms. Send for catalog. Belts, waist, Kunstadter Bros ...... •...... 63,366 LOUIS SCIIOOL, St. Louis, Mo. p:3,¥JFe-1:�orz; r �,�� i"���e" ���r1f���� ���iti; Biscuit, Austin Biscuit Co...... •...... •.•... 63,427 ST. W ATCllMAKING world; agents wanted everywbere. Republic Rubber Bitters, Foster, Milburn Co...... 63,417 F}.lire and �hoe Company, 1686 Broadway. New York. Pipe Cutting Threading Machine Boots and shoes, leather, Charles Meis Sboe For Eitherand Hand or Power Co...... • 63.362 A U'l'OMOBILE ACCESSORIES of every description. TerreROSE Haute,Ind. POLYT ECHNIC INSTITUTE Lamps. Ctenerators. Gas Tanks, Spepdometers, Plug:s� This machine is the regular hand machme supplied Boots and shoes, leather, A. Gunderson ...... 63,379 A CoI1ege of �ngineering. Mechan­ Coils, Batteries. and in fact everything for a motor car with 3. power base, pinion, countersha.ft, etc., and Boots and shoes, leather, Jos. Rosenheim ical. Electrical and Civil Engineering, Chemistry and can be worked as an ordinary power e e o at prices that no other house can compete with. Cata­ Shoe Co...... 63,382 lO:!11e free on request. Reference any commercial machine or taken from its base for Canned fish, Northwestern Fisheries Co., !����::\M��e::! �s.!� lo� C:targ:�: ��d yP�g}�;���!i \lse as a hand machine. Pipe 7i in. Register of Alumni, address L. MEES, Pres. agency or any Buffalo bank. Centaur Motor Co., 63.447, 63,461 () 51 to 15 in. diameter handleJ easilv ill . Franklin Street, Eutralo. N. Y. smnll room. Illustrated catalogue­ Canned fruits and v{>getablt's, Mennillo Bros. 63,435 SUPPLEME:6 Streets, rlouble-decked ...... 505 Alcohol f�r aut�s ...... 333 Concrete hloek machine...... 7[) Compressed air in logging ...... *330 Stump puller ...... 415 Alcohol, mdustnal ...... 291 tn . Concrete hnihlings, Sllhsidencc of .... 154 Submarines, construction and band- Concrete, armored, f!l ectrolysls 306 IU Alcobol, three months of, d enatured. 28 Concr�h" wull constT'Uction ...... 275 of G Concrete buildings, subsidence of ...*154 ling ...... 405 American Association Advancement Cooking fooll. los!'f's during ...,..... 40 � Concrete block machine ...... *75 Magnetic detector ...... 290 Suumarine, government tests for ... 508 of Science ...... 8, Coupling for large pipes ...... Sulphur mines of Louisiana ...... 45;:; . Concrete, new use of ...... 254 395 Masks and helmets. breathing ...... 113 AmmaIs. age of ...... : ...... * ;.�uu Crane and hoist. portaiHe...... 76 Concrete, reinforced ...... 146 �ras�age machine ...... 51G Swimming apparatus ...... 416 Animals. do reason ...... �15 they � veloping plate. In dayllgbt ...... 361 542 Scientific American.

. 287 . 511 , ...... *485 Haswell, Charles Haynes., ..•....•*433 Metals, evaporation of ...... Rallroad curve mechanIcs ...... Telegraphy without batteries ...... 514 Diplodocus ...... *295 . 254 *275 Ha t, silk. how made ...... *253 Metals, odors of , ...... _ . _ , .. _ ... 147 Railroad train lecture room ...... Telephone, interesting use of ...... Dish drainer ...... 526 . ' .. *76 . . 470 Telephone receiver ...... DIstllleries, small ...... 73 Heavenly bodies, physical constitu- Microscope for demonstl'ation .. . .. Railroad, West Shore, electrification Door lock ...... *13 tion of ...... 13 ka n s '505 Heavens in January ...... *9 1 �f�;: :;: �:t ::::::::::::::::: ��� �:n:: �:�e�� fi�id ' � ��� i:�:����;, �i�:i:�: :::::::::::::::: ;� Double decked streets ...... : . _ _ . �' f��: *412 *205 Dredge, suction, building by ...... *435 Heavens in February ...... *107 Milk, perhydrase ...... 66, 111 Railway, Florida East���P����l Coast...... Telharmonium ...... Duryea automobile ...... *25 Heavens in March ...... '187 Milk, sweet and indigestion ...... ,. 191 Razor, safety, novel ...... *516 Telpherage system ...... , ....*311 . . 467 . 306 .... 428 . . 195 Heavens in Aprll ...... *267 Mines, safety devices for...... Rapid transit facilities ...... Terminal problems in New york Dust, cost of laying ...... *367 *472 . . . ·285 ...... *336 Dustpan ...... *415 IIea vens in May ...... Mining in Newfoundland ...... Rapid transit system ...... Test plug ...... *49 *385 Heavens in June ...... *447 Moissan, H...... 211 Recol! check ...... Theater auditorium, shifting ...... 370 . , ...... *39 . 286 . . '527 Moon, water on the ...... Reflector, novel ...... Theory and practice ...... Heavens in July ...... " ..*407 . . . *515 . . 67 E Helium, preparation of pure...... 254 Moore, E. B ...... Respirator, artificial ...... Throat diseases, cure for ...... Helicopter ...... 107 Mosquito problem ' , , , ... , ...... 371 Reservoirs. surface soil and ...... 186 Tie, armored-concrete , ...... *316 *26 . 229 1906...... 4 ...... *69 Ears, concerning ...... *115 Rolsman automobile ...... Moth exterminating powder ...... Review of year Tide predicting machine . *47 ...... *275 ...... 246 . . . *39 ...... Earthquake construction ...... 486 Hub. steel ...... Motometers ...... Rifle sight ...... Tile, fireproof ... J1J arthquake, Jamaica ...... 87 Hurricane ...... 46 Motor boat for amateurs .., ...... *170 Rocking chairs, roller appliance for.*396 Tin. recovery of ...... 268 *450 '75 ...... 506 . . 66 Hurricane, West Indian ...... 191 Motor boating to Jamestown ...... Roller bearing ...... Tinol ...... Earths, l"are ...... 469 . . 153 . , ..*434 Hydroplane hoats ...... '164 Motor boat race, Bermuda . . .. . Tire, rubberless pneumatic ...... Eclipse of the sun ...... 163 . *152 134 Hydroplane gliding boat ...... '495 Motor boat races ...... Tobacco raising in Philippines .... . Eggs, cause of soft·shelled ...... '225 507 *188 Egypt, excavations in ...... *272 Hydraulic air compressing plant .... Motor boat race to Bermuda ...... S Tool, combination ...... Electric light plant, windmill ...... *448 Motor boats ...... *161 Tools, useful hand ...... *172 . . .. . *191 231 Electric oscillations ...... 326 'Motor boat show ...... r *93 Tornadoes in Kansas ...... * Safety devices, it· on : : : : Electric traction, limits of ...... 386 I ur ' : : *427 Torpedo est , "' 266 n�::t:; �f ' : : Safety devices, �u���� of : Of ����: . �. . . ��:��� . . .. 493 Electric traction vindicated...... ����� ���!�' F;���h: �gg d iC s �. ����� ����. *250 . . . 131 by ...... Electric wire ...... 237 Ice cream, lead in ...... Motor, gasoline in shallow-draft l'i7� : 4 � Torpedo control wireless *474 "'95 . 366 ...... " *268 �:i���ss �; ���ati . . ..��� :: : :: �: � Touch-me-nots Nature's Ice, glacier, quarrying ...... vessels . . : *354 Electrical household devices...... ·288 269 Sapphires, Australian ...... *34 Electrification, N. Y. C ...... *65 Ice jam ...... Motor ng in the desert...... * Touring car �nd limousi��: ' i . 251 . 'R���i :: *48 Electro deposition and separation... 87 Ignition dynamo ...... *38 Motor, two-cycle ...... �'���S��: ,, " ��'��h : : : : : : : : : : :: ;�� Touring car, Moon ...... *285 l .. . . *49 306 . . *436 Moving platform ...... , . �f" Touring car, Peerless ...... Electrolysis in armored concrete.... Illusion, curious ...... ' .*207 Science not es ..... ,...... 12 . . . 43 Engine, Cadillac ,...... "'24 Illusion, optical ...... , ...*270 Munn, Orson Desalx ...... *427, 5 08 Touring car. White ...... 491 . . . 527 Scientific American medal ...... 347 MUSic, converting Into elect . .. . . e i l Engineering societies, building... Image, inverted .. weighing ...... *416 .. . . 230 Scoop, .. i�;� � ������f .::: ::::: : :: Engine, small steam...... "'42 Immigration ...... k t ::..:::: ::.:�� . . ,.... 390 Improvements, New York city .... 526 w ri Transit of Mercury ...... *487 Engines, alcohol ...... I bO� ::�te��;': :::::::::::::::::::�� � . . 315 ���� Engines, gas, for marine work ....."'169 Indian children, education of...... N Seal industry, Labr�dor ...... *305 . 366 . . . *192 ����::i::i�� ��� �� Engines, gasoline ...... Inland waterways commission .... . Seas, ckne�s, prevent on of...... 411 �iZ�� b���i' d�i;�: ;��*24 . . *428 . *336 I TransmiSSion, engine and auto car .. Engines, turbine . � ...... 70 Insect enlargements ...... Nail, novel form of ...... Sea weedl Industry ...... * 328 . . . . *27 . 70 Intensification of paintings, optical. *134 Naosaurus ...... , , ...... *365 166 Transmission gear ...... Erosion, gun ...... *44 310 Sergeant, H. C...... Transmission gear double Esperanto ...... 111 Iuventions, ancient, modern ...... Naval programme, British ...... 396 with .. *28 . . . 356 Sewing machin�s, attachment for ....; i . " . *272 . .. . . ,"'345 . ! clutches ...... Excavations in Egypt ...... Inventions, exhibition of ...... Naval review ...... Shaftmg, ,,:e�dlllg ...... 471 506 . 96, 337 . of Transmission, long-distance electric. Explosion, natural gas ...... "'12 Inventions, notes on ...... Navy, old, vessels and guns ...... *532 Shaft, broken ...... 251 *30 . 512 . *133 repmrmg .. Transmission, sliding gear. ,...... Exposition, Pacific Ocean. ,...... 73 Iron, new process for ...... NegatIve, spider's: web as .a ...... Shallow draft ...... *268 . 430 ••,.... .•.•. .•.•.. vessels .. 71 . Chicago Eyeglasses as telescopes ..••. , .•••• 190 Iron production Neptune's daughter ...... *325 . "'13 Transportation faCilities, ... Shaper, hand operated ...... _ . . . 211 Newspaper, telephone ...... 507 . * 216 Tree moss as compass ...... Shawl strap �ar ...... 226 . Tunnel, Brooklyn ...... New York, architectural improve- . 348 Sh�p, amputatlOn of ...... 106 J .. 246 . Tunnel, Channel ...... F ment of ...... * 29 ...... 307 ShIPS, vibra twn of ...... � . Tunnel Terminal, Hudson ...... *85 Nile barrages . Shock absorber ...... 38 466 . . . *395 tester . . 470 Jack, vehicle ...... "'232 Tunnel tubes in soft materiaL ...... Factors of safety...... Nippur, tablets from ...... *276 . . . 214 ....•....•... 193 Shoe holder ...... Tunnel ...... • , , • . *96 Jalap, resin content of Northern automobile . .. ' ...... *25 . . *274 ventllation Falling bodies, illustrating ...... 346 S�utter, p�otographIC ...... Turbine battleships ... 327 . . . *530 propnlsion for .Jamestown Exposition ...... 1 4 Falls, Victoria ...... of.*351 S�gnal deVIces, new ...... :5 . . 162 . *149 Jamestown Exposition, opening . Turbines, gyroscopic action of . . .. Ferry, car, Lake Erie ...... *373 SIgnalmg system, automatic rail- ' ...... 146 86 Japanese squadron at Jamestown .. o Turbine, wear of ...... FlIament, new electric...... road ...... '489 386 ...... 246 ...... ••,..... 76 "Jena" disaster ...... *529 Turbo electrIc engines tor sblps : Files, rejuvenation of., S�gnals, sound, mariners' ...... :: :'336 . . cutter . . *13 Twine ...... Frilling, formaldehyde useless for. 151 Oiler, wh eel angefi ...... SIgnals, supplementary rallroad ..... 111 ,...... 426 Industry ...... *212 FIres, smoke perll at...... Opium ...... Siren, talking ...... '389 . . . , ...... *196 Fish, new ...... K Skate, spring ...... '216 I<'lax, treatment of ...... 447 Skin, human ...... *173 . . .. , 451 ...... , 214 p u Flight, mechanical ...... Kite concourse ...... Slag, fusibility of ...... 109 . , ...... "275 207 *289 Flag holder ...... Kites in !lfe·savIng operations .... Sleeper chair ...... and car . *76 . *228 .....•..•••• 13 Umbrella ...... Flowers, artificial ...... Korn's photographic fac-simile tel- Packing flexible steam . . . . . 411 frame .... Smith, ...... G. 0 ...... *214 . . *252 . . . , *145 '356 U l p Flying machine, German ...... egraphy ...... Packing for pistons ...... •*372 vio lam ...... *415 Smoke stacks, felling Flying machines, model ...... *414 Packing, piston ...... Snow plow, rotary ...... *92 Flying machine trophy, Scientific Panama Canal ...... 206 Snow shoes for wagons ...... *75 . 347 L v AmerIcan ...... Panama, dams and locks, founda· Soap holder, !lquid ...... *76 Flywheel explosion ...... 371 tions for ...... 126 Sodium as a conductor ...... 266 . . . . • ...... 196 . . .. 136 ••..•.•.*495 . . 468 Foster, Sir Michael .... . Lambs, Iimbness, snake-Ilke Panspermy . . *189 . .. *26 , 213 . 396 .Soldering of metals, autogenous . .. Varnish, gold ...... FrIction disk transmIssion...... Lamp, arc ...... Patents, etc., in canal zone ...... Spark producer ...... *516 Vase, Babylonian ...... *294 333 U . *214 . . 346 . *3 Fuels, alcohol, for autos ...... Lamp, viol ...... Peace Congress ...... Sparklet inflator ...... 89 Vermont, battleship ...... 162 ....•..... 187 "209 Fuels, alcohol, kerosene and gaso- "Larchmont" disaster ...... Pearls from the Sulu Sea Spectacles, substitute for...... •.•. 430 Vessels, square-rigged ...... 127 *96 . 347 Peary's Arctic trip ...... • *245 Une ...... Lath, sheathing ...... Speed indicators on locomotives 446 Vessel raised by compressed air ...... *155 . . *, . 434 331 Furnace, electrical ...... Lenses, ancient ...... Peary's polar projects ...... Speed meter, auto ...... *317 Vibration of ships ...... *129 . . *295 Peat, novel uses of ...... 188 Lifeboat, motor ...... 67 Speedometer ...... *43 Light and blood ...... 187 Pencils, black ...... Spike fastenings on railroad curves. 331 G . '476 *10 Pens, manufacture of steeL ...... Lightning arrester ...... Stamp machines ...... 474 w . *489 , .. , '289 Lightning, ball ...... Phonograph, time·controlled ... Stanchion for cattle ...... *316 GalvanIzing, cold ...... 94 Liner, four-day ...... 286 Photographs with bas·rellef effects. *42 '230 Star map, how to study a ...... C...... 114 . Walcott, D . Garbage and refuse as fuel...... 446 ...... *96 Piano, tension rods for .. . , ...... *336 ...... Liquid measurer . . *J30 . Gas engine, after burning In...... 12 470 535 Stars, morning and evening ...... Wall covering ...... 508 Liverpool channel ...... Pickering, Prof., member Roy. Soc. Steam trap ...... *215, *256 . 451 Gas engines for marine work ...... *16 9 ...... *13 Pigeons, flights of ...... 407 Watch problem ...... Lock, door . Steel castings, sponginess in...... *6 . 434 42 . 426 . . 474 WateI' in the earth ...... Gas, etc., production of...... Locks, Gatun ...... Pile foundation, concrete ...... 186 . . 456 .. Steel-concrete construction ...... Water, storm, conserving, ...... Gas industry ...... *186 LDcomoblle ...... *25 Pinions, paper ...... 535 270 *531 ...... •.••.•*276 . . *336 Steels, tests of...... Water snpply, Catskill· New York .. Gas Ilghter, electrIc Locomotive, Bavarian ...... *208 Pipe stopper ...... 469 . 146 . . 226 Steel, vanadium ...... Gas, producer, and steam ...... 506 . . . . *216 Water supply scheme ...... Locomotive built on metric system . Pipe, tobacco ...... •• 226 *309 ...... *192 Steel work, preservation of Gasoline engines ...... Locomotive, electriC, peril of ...... 186 Pipe, tobacco, guard ...... *476 .. , ...... *436 Waterway, North Carolina-Virginia .. Gatun Lake ...... 486 Locomotive, expr('ss, most powerful. *528 Pipe wrench ...... *415 Sterf'oscope X-ray .. . vVeather forecasting ...... *10 8 ...... 331 Storehouse, novel ...... 292 . . *135 Geyser, artificial , Locomotive, Mallet ...... •...... *333 Piston packing, metallic ...... *155 Weather towers ...... *416 . . . *255 ...•..87, 251, 271 Stoves, attachment ...... Gila monster, bite of. Logging, compressed air in ...... *330 Plant, Madagascar ...... 307 *505 Welding, autogenous ...... Glasgow and municipal ownership. 227 '234 Streets, double·decked ...... Wellman expedition ...... 391 Longitude. wireless telegraphy for Plants and cells, artificial...... *415 . '509 Glass, quartz ...... 330 determining ...... 95 Plants, effect of ether and chloro- Stump puller ...... Wellman polar aIrship expedition .. 387 Submarines, construction and hand- . . . *445 'Graphite and the Acheson effect.. . . *316 . . . . 166 Wheat crop ...... Lubricator for motors ...... form on ...... *4(j5 . . *116 " ...... *476 Ilng of ...... *36 453 Window blind guard ...... Grass cutter ' LubrIcators, mechanical ...... Platinum deposits of California .... $34 496 Submarines, government tests for ...*508 Wireless telegraph Dutfit...... *369 Gulf stream's influence on N. Y. Platinum an ounce ...... 126 70 weather ...... 134 346 Subsidized shipbuilders ...... Wireless telegraph situation...... Postal regulations, Canadian ...... 206 44 Gun, army 14·inch ...... 310 *215 Subway, six-track ...... Wireless telegraphy, KelvIn on. .... 256 M Posts, anchoring device fOT...... 271 . *296 Gun, British, heavy ...... *535 Sugar statistics ...... Wire rope rallway ...... Pressure, atmospheric ...... *455 . *496 .46, 66, 91, 306, 431 .•.•.•••.....•... Sulphur mines of Louisiana ...... Gun, erosion ...... Magnetic detector *290 Pulp wood, consumption of...... 490 471 Wondergraph ...... 131 Gun erosion, cure for ...... MagnetiC North Pole ...... 12 Pump, see-saw ...... *215 Sun and solar system, orbit of ...... s n Gunpowder, early English...... 46 ...... 91 Sun, orbit of the ...... 331 :��k, :{:::r i� tr�i�: : : : ::: ::::: :: : :",i �� Man in the drift ...... 146 . . 246 *232 Gunpowders, stable ...... Sition ...... 247 Superheat locomotive test ...... Wreck, wooden cars in ...... Maritime ExpO . . ?4 •.•...••..•...'395 . *294 Superheater trials ...... Gyroscope as a compass ...... Marksmanship, naval ...... 266 R Wrench, quick-acting Gyroscope, monorail ..... " ...... "'449 Masks and helmets, breathing .....*110 SWimming apparatus ., ...... *416 Swimming app!lance ...... *216 Gyroscopic action of electric loco� Massage machine ...... *516 Racer, steam, accident to ...... *128 . . . . 311 motives ...... Masterpieces, mechanical ...... "'513 Radiators, honeycomb ...... *47 y . . .. 406 Gyroscopic railroad train...... Matches, manufacture of, in France. *392 Rafts, sea ...... *112 ...... *494 ••• • • • • 526 Gyrostat for ships ...... Matches, new types of ...... *216 Rail, broken, problem ...... 406, 409 T Yachting season, American Mechanical engineers, meeting of... 386 Railroad accidents ...... 91 Medalist, art and craft of the ....*511 Railroad aCCidents, government in- Target trains. electrIcally driven ...*194 H . . 286, 508 . . 226 Medal, Scientific American . .. vestiga tion of ...... Tea, facts about...... •74 z . , .• ...... 151 ...... 22 Mendeleff, Prof. . ... , Railroad, connecting . Technically educated young men .... 246 • • • . • • • ••••, • , • , •••*325 •• , .. . . • • • ..• • . • • • 86 Handwriting of authors. . .. 356 Mermaids, hippodrome RaUroad crisis . Telegraphy, facsimlle ...... *145 Zebra, Burchell's 247 Scientific American. 543

Corn tlakes. H-O (Hornby's Oatmeal) Co. _ . __ 63,464 Com starch, Corn Products Retlning Co ..•.• 63.439 Corsets, Stix, Baer & Fuller Dry Goods Co.. . 63.386 Cream, cold, A. M. Hobby ...... 63,445 Creams and sbampoos, toilet, Rlmak Chemi· cal Co...... 63,448 Cutlery, Brookes & Crookes...... _. 63.404 ...... 63,405 Cutlery, Jonas & Colver ...... 63,406 . 63,408 Cutlery, Joseph Allen & Sons to 0 Cutlery, Josepb Rodgers & Sons ...... 63 4 9 Cutlery, Wilkinson Sword Co...... _ Cutlery and edge tools, certain, Fayette R. 63:411 Plumb, Incorporated ...... 63,392 Cutlery and edge tools, certain, Kelly-How- Thomson Co...... •.� •.•� ••.." •.• 63.395 Cutlery, certain. Cattaraugus; Cutlery Co ..•. 63.389 Cycles, motor, W. F. Remppis ...... -.. ..•.•• 63.401 Edge tools, certain, W. K. & C. Peace .... �. 63,410 Files and desk pads, document, Globe· Wer- . nicke Co ...... 63,443 Fire extinguisbers, band, Pluvius-Feuer- loscber·Geselischaft mit bescbrankter Haftung ...... 63 ,400 Flavoring extracts, Miller Manufacturing Co...... 63,460 Flour, wbeat, Akln·Erskine Milling Co...... 63.437 Flour. wbeat. Globe Milling Co ...... •.• 63,440 Flour. wbeat and Grabam. J. L. lies Co .•.• 63.418 Foods, poultry and pigeon. Taylor Bros...... 63,425 About this Furniture, certain, Globe·Wernicke Co.. 63,442 Game boards, E. J. Bond ...... �,:::: 63,360 Gas for inflating tires, Prest·O·Lite Co ...... 63.422 LLG-IN Gasoline. National Refining Co...... •...... 63,369 Goggle, spectacle, and eyeglass lenses, W. W. Bissell ...... •... 63.328 Gum, cbewing. A. M. Fitch ...... , ...... 63,459 In Particular Hammers. screwdrivers, and sbovels. Kelley· How-Thomson Co. . ..•..••..••...... • 63,396 Hats. felt. W. A. Brooks ...... " ....., .•••• 63,374 "The Watch That's Made for Hose supportel's. Gordon Manufacturing Co. . . 63,378 The Majority." H c . t i ' r r YP�i��_ .. � � ! ..� ..��': . .�� . � ..� . . 63,430 It is second nature when think­ Insect repellent.� � certain, F. L.�� Stallman� � � ..��...�: 63,436 ing of watches to think of ELGIN. .Insulating material, electrical, American Hard Rubber Co...... 63.388 The name ELGIN stands for var­ Knitted garments. cert.ain. J. H. Parker . . ... 63,383 ious grades of watches-varying Knitted underwear, Bristol Manufacturing Co...... 63,361 according to the number of jewels, Knitted underwear, H. L. Welch Hosiery Co. 63,380 Lamp and lantern globes. R. E. Dietz Co..... 63,423 character of materials and work­ Lamps, kerosene oil, Manhattan Brass Co ... 63,337 Remington manship into the con­ Lante:ns. oil·burning tubular band, R. E. entering DIetz Co...... 63,341 struction. Laundry appliances and machines, certain, ...... 63,397 The ELGIN in particular that we Kelley-How-Tbomson Co. Magazine or periodIcal, W. G. Bohannon Co. 63,463 Magazines •. Wllly ...... 63.403 Typewriter mention is the G. M. WHEELER J. Medicinal ointment or lotiOD, C. J. Sindelar. 63,449 Grade Movement. This desig­ Medicinal preparations for certain diseases, nates an ELGIN of popular price­ H. E. Bucklen & Co...... 63.444 Medicine, prQpr.ietary. H. L. Lautemsoll..... 63,434 .. MedIcines. certain. Citizens' Wbolesale Sup· 'The Watch 'That's. l1atle fo r the ply Co...... 63,438 " A 17-jewel, finely ad­ 71aiority Metal dressings and polish. S. M. Bixby & lS . the standard of the world, j�8ted movement which can be had Co...... 63,348, 63,349 ...... 63.333 in the various sizes for men's and Opbtbalmometers. F. A. Hardy & Co by Ornamental objects. certain. A. Mayet ...... 63.399 ..••• 63,358 boys" use, and in the models now Oversbirts, men's. Bates Street Shirt Co Paint and varnish remover, Berry Brotbers . . 63,327 which all others are measured. so popular. .Aak your jeweler to Paints, certain, United States Grapblte Co .. 63,352, 63,353 show to you. it Painters' materials, certain, S. Cabot ...... 63,329 ELCIN NAT,IONAL WATCH GO., _Painters' materials, certain. Eagle Paint & Varnish Co...... •.•...•••••....•. 63,332 III. Elgin, Painters' materials, certain, Standard Var� nisb Works ...... 63,350 Painters' materials. certain, Tecb Bros .....• 63,351 Paper bags, Cleveland·Akron BABBITT METALS.-SIX IMPORTANT Bag Co63,452.. (o� ulas. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPI,EMENT 1123. to 63,458 Remington Typewriter Company ... 63,419 Pr,ce cents. For sale by Munn & Co. and all news. Papers. wall. James R. Crompton & Bros , (Incorporated) dealers.10 Send for cataJol!ue. Pharmaceutical preparat1ons, certain, Smith, Kline & Frencb Co ...... 63,462 ...... 63,359 Phosphate, bone. Baugb & Sons Co New York and Everywhere Every reader of the SCIENTrFIC AMERICAN should also Piano players and pianos, automatic, Cable Co...... ; ...... •.... be a reader of 63.375 Pigments. lead. Plcber Lead ,Co ...... 63,339. 63,340 Powders, condition,...... Van ...... V1eet-Mansfield 63.450 T Drug Co. echnical Literature Remedy for ('roup, E"xternal, Smoot Drug Co. 63.424 A Monthll Reviewof Current Teehnlenl PublJeatlons Remedy for diseases of tbe eye. J. P. W. S...... ·· ... ···········.•.... �413 a lar2'e 64-page illustrated journal 2"ivin2' its readers. in Aymond 63,432 more or less condensed form. the BEST literary material of Remedy for tuberculosis. Bebringwerk ...... •- .•. . 63.465 SEALED PROPOSALS intere t appearing in the current Rice. Wall Rice Millin!, Co � ... �eneral � technical publica· 63.446 Rubber packing, A. B. Jenkins ...... R L OR PLU�BrNG tl Ons of America and Europe. as well as much valuable in· P Wc?&t �J� AND ONCRETE Saponaceous and alkaline compounds, certain, e e n8truct1n� formation found in daily papers, trade pamphlets, society We esti mate on anything yon want made to order. � � � Quartermaster.C Lopas Co...... 63.336 Fort Bliss 'Texas � l � lO proceedinzs, speeches and lectures, etc. The sealed prop?sa!s in ...... STA IUPINGS, MODELS. EXPERT WORK ·duplicate will Sardines. A. Watson & Co . 63.451 be 'receivedJ ·s hlS 0 ce, un l 12 " jaIEW:I." 'D1i" i'ijl"i\' o'clock r i ffi M. July 1st 1907 and the b Sarsaparilla. Schoneberger & Noble ....• � ...• 63,371 ' n for alterat!ons t tn two Lavatory "Indexto Articles in Current Technical Periodicals" Saw bladf's, hack; '\\'est Waven Manufactur- m z d � p e ButIdinlitS 8 ost. . AlteratIOns m �¥ ft�� �� ��I�:;M;'�� i �r���WrI����� consist' of removing present � . rives a Classified descriptive listing of all the articles of im· ing Co...... •. 63,402 THE rn':,GLOBE� MACHINE� AND: 8TAl\IPING CU. tl�xt �Er e ng onc et 1l0or�, and furnisbing and in 8�Tf i' 1l IM� � r portance appearing in the current tl"'Chnical press. broufbt .. 63,398 !St.. , Cleveland, O. 1 g an �ewing machines, Kdley·How-Tbomson Co 910 Hamilton lIeatLD� � b fixtures. . Applicattons for plans Bh 3 g down to the first of the month of issu�. Shirt waists and shirt waist suits. women's, ompame(J 1 b a c by 88Jgned receipt to s ...... , ...... 63,385 i;fe re u B. D. Spandauer & Co. of the same and s o d insure the "An indispensable publication for enfi· . h be add es M to .. Th e CoDS rue.. Shoes made wholly or in part of leather, tlng Quartermas r : ti � neers and other technical men, and one of Corliss En i •• Brewers ter, Fortu Bliss. Texas.ns ...... , ....•.. " ...... 63.370 ';';UI� a- n the most instructive ever published for general Peters Shoe Co. and Bottlers' Ma iner . THE VllJTER Sb o Id b ra d e d P B 'n & cb l readers who wish to keep in touch wim MFG..;.1·rr CO_..� 899 Clinton !itv . . Milwaukee. Wis. i r . . ... l . .. 63,357 l·-E·�"- '" UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA. I e modern progress." industrial Silk� and: silk�:� .�and� cotton���� � :��'.piece, .:goods, �6s ,r;56. M. Strauss ...... 63,373 EXPERIMENTAL WORK. SUBSCRIPTION RATES Inventions developed. Special l1acbinery. Silk dress goods. Fried. Mendelson & Co....• 63,377 a Year. ingl i s - MODELS '" Professor and Lecturer Wanted. $2.00 S e Co p e , - 20 Cents Silk piece goods. Empire Silk Co ...... 63,364 E. V. BAILLARD. 24 Frankfort Street. New York. Soap, Robinson Bros. Co . . . .., ....63,342 to 63.347 & Applications ac�ompanled by eigh t p rin ed or type Special Offers to Readers of tbe Scientific American -As Stoves and ranges, KeIley·How·Tbomson Co.. 63,335 Ex,Pert Manufacturers t . written.copies ot testimonials, addressed to the under: a trial subscription we will send you TECHNICAL LIT­ Suspenders. Smitbmade Suspender Co •••••• 63,384 UBBER Fme Jobbing Work sIgned at the University of Manitoba Winnipeg ERATURE for two months 25 CENTS with a low rate r e W 63,393 R 228.229 Soutb Street. New York Ca��da, �nd marked "Application fol' . ' PARKER. STEARNS &CO .. . pro essor shiP'; in combination with a specialor Premium Book Offer for the n 1 �d ' i ' ��tt';;,"An;�;i: f f � ,; g ; � <;;� or ApplIcatlOn for lect r - ." ..••.• e ship tbe case may continuance of the subscription. �;:can� �Tbread� �; Co ...... i:� ...... 63,355 ------8S be will be r<;celved u� to Julyu 10. or the f ll Send your quarter to-day and get tbe current numbers. Traps, mouse and rat, Enterprise N ovelty & 1907. f o owin .. pOsItIOns the Umversity Manitoba Manufacturing Co ...... 63,391 III of : Professor forg TECHNICAL LITERATURE, 19 S, Broadway, New York ...•.••...• 6:1,368 the Ohair o! 220 Umbrella cover fabrics, R. Muller INVENTOR I i permISSIon?ivU Engineering ••a lary $2,500 per annum Water and crystals resulting therefrom, natu- Send us your models or drawin�s for our lowest prices (w th to enga�e in such priva-tepractice as ral mineral, L. Smith ...... 63,372 We can develop, perfect or manufacture }'our invention will not interfere wIth bis dntles to the University) Waters and non·alcobolic carbonated bever- MONARCH TOOL CO., 128 Opera Place,Cincinnati, O. duties to commence September 19a1. Lecturer 8g-es, mineral and table, F. D. Council- Ma 1. thematics, salary per annum, duties to com­� man ...... 63,363 $1,500 SPRINGFIELD mence October 1, 1007. Glen Waters. still and carbonated,...... , ...Rock...... Min- 63.394 T eral Spring Co. FRANK ALLEN, MO OM ETER Wbisky. S. & S. H. Freiberg ...... 63.365 MODEL . 11.9 E MAOO, SO N Sr WORKS'L ' etoJry . . .,...... 63.367 ICH'CAG'/P T' .)� CA�'L"(�r or " CHI"IJftCAGO ·U, &cr of Oommittu Ohaw 01 Enginetri;ng. .. Made Right .. Wbisky, F. T. Morrissey £'MODTAOLISHEOELSI867 r""(;f. � .. Proved Right " .. Stays Right " LABELS. DIE ' SPEC ' f./. : MODELS ". Price RIght " W O RK . "Brandt Self-Honing," for razor strops, : TOOLS NOVELT1ES Does not wabble On rough & F'\Il •• inH""lal 'lurk fOI' II1H" j, I M. L. Brandt ...... 13,621 Gir. d: (Id,nce free. Wm. Gardam & Son. 45-51 Rose St,N. Y TCRNEU TOOl. .• . roads. . U. ("0 21�;�. (' Huton . {'ht(,Ul!o "D . McG. Newcomer," for cigars, D. MeG. "t ...... Experimental Model Work Easy to read...... 13,612 =-.- Newcomer THE S CHWERDTLE 5TAMI'> CO. Simple construction. HEdwin Cigar Company's Cigars," for cigars, STEEL STAMPS, LETTERS & rtGURES 25 years' reputation back of Edwin Cigar Co...... 13,610 �. BR.IDGEPORT CO!,!N We manufacture METAL its manufacture. "Kardos,. " for a beverage, R. Horwitz Dis- ...... 13,614 SPECIALTIES of all kinds. 50-Mile Size, $45.00 tilling Co . INVENTORS ...... 13.613 to order ; largest equIpment ; 60-Mlle Size, 50.00 "Mars." for cigars, Best & Russell Co "Mentholatum." for an external remedy for es nd rf p With fittings for any car. tbe relief of all inflammations, Menthola- n k O� O l ! �s � a�� b S� � ! � vr ! F R E E Send .. P �: S �� � for Booklet Facts." tum Co...... 13,620 m � ! ! � ! : THE EAGLE TOOL: � �� Dept.� � A, CinCinnati, O. :!Sc, Pa lor Tricks Catalogue, free- R. H. SMITH MFG. CO. "Mrs. M. G. Brown's Poor Ricbard Eye Wa- r CO., MAR'.l'lNKA & CO. . Mfrs .. 493 Sixth Ave., New York ter." for an eye water, A. Mosebach . . 13,617 �� �� ���!! �� SprlnafieJd. Mass. 1<\ "Phosigna," for medicine. Barnes-Hart Co... 13,618 "Professional Tooth Taste," for tooth paste, Re)'nolds & Lehr ...... 13,616 DRYING MACHINES f W_!Jo_r;r·_re�.���l.oiJ,HJ:iUni ba)§:·t,Mo. ______� "Schilling'S Best," for tea. A. SchilUng & ____ Co...... 13,615 "Searcblight Garmf'nt." for women's. ladies', misses', and children'S garments, E . .l. 1\1 AME Koracb & Co...... • 13,622 PLATES-STEEL ...... 13,609 IV .4Stag," for cigars. L. E. Swan ':E MPLOYEE GHECKS,KEY TAGS &BSTADGAMPSES' uThe Springer Sanitarium." for medicinal J.ROBBINS MFG.C O. 58 KNEELAND ST. . preparations. N. A. Soringer ...... • 13,619 SiEND_FOj? C:iffAL'oGU£ . ··BOSTON. MASS. .•.••• 13,611 UTurjo," for cigars, M . T.' Cofrey Co 5 Are you interested in Patenrs, Model or Experimental How to Build a H. P. work ? Our booklet entitled TRADE MA"lkS PRINTS. Gas Engine at Home DESIGNS "Apparel for Man and Boy." for clothing, WHAT WE DO-HOW WE DO IT will be sent to you on request. E. L. Boone ...... 2,032 COPYRIGHTS &.C. . KNICJ.:ERUUCKER MACHINE WORKS, In SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS d "Men's and Boys' Apparf'l." for men's and Inc., c 8 ..1("12 Jonel!.' Street. New York. 1641 and 1642, F. :r.ake describes simply n �,�J'����i�'i, boys' apparel, H. C. Lytton...... 2,033 E. qu1�lJ� :.���?!r! f��� �g�I&�;'�a. .Invention is probably patenta.ble. Communtc and thoroughly how a five horse power tlonsstrictly confldentlal. on Patents HANDBOOK � gas engine can be built at home. Com­ sent free. Oldest a ency for securing patent8 Co. rece1ve A printed copy ot ·the speCification and drawir.c. : NOVELTIES & PATE NTED ARTICLES � PUNCHING DIES. SPECIAL MACHINERY. plete working drawings are published, .Jc� ��t�:���t�o�t'::t�,.��fri of any patent in tb� foregoing list, or an,. patent BV t:e 1863, u ni d I""'�NUfACTP�ED CDNTRACT part. in print lssued since will be f r sbb trom KONIGSLOW STAMPi�G & 10:"_ WORKS. CLfvE l A�O I] with exact dimensionsof each Price 10 name and 'l' this office for cents, provided the by mail for the two Supplements, 20cents. number ot tbe patent desired and tbe date h<' Address Munn & ·Co., 361 Broadway, New Order from your A ha dsomely Illustrated weekly. J,ar/lest olr. «iven. MASON'S NEW PAT. WHIP HOIST .------_..IL_ culatnion of any scientifiC journal. Terma, Yort. newsdealer or from til'- e for Outrtlll(er hol.td. Fas er than Elevators, and holst MUNN & COMPANY Seitntifie Jfmtriean.I d e Cana.dian pa.tents may now be obtained by' the in· a o t ; na.med direct from teams. Saves handling at less expense. vent�rs tor any ot the i�vention8 1n the fore-­ Publishel'8 .. �======I 3 �olng list. For terms and turther p rtlcula .... Manfd. by VOLNEY W. MASON & (�O .. Inc. �:;' . R. S. M . 361 o d � Providence. I., U. A. Broadway, New Branch Otlioe. �� 8t.; Waahlnllton. _ddreas u n &: Co , Br a way New Yorlt. 381 York r 626 I' New D.f' ik n MUUr & CO: :O: W 544 Scientific AlIlerican ��!: Drive." Jigged? Rubber Pump Valves Models and styles to suit the purchaser For Cold and Hot Water, Oils, Adds, Follow the Arrow PLEASVRE CARS, RVNABOVTS and Buy yourself5c. worth of the most delicious, invigora�ing, �efreshing TOVRING CARS High Pressure Mine Service and for ilTCommercial Trucks beverage that ever pleased your palate or put starch In a tired body for all purposes. LAMBERT patented FRICTlON- ORIv]] TRANS­ every pumping requirement. $- $- $­ MISSIONToe has to be the SAFEST� SUREST,proveu MOST by EASILYyears of CONTROLLED tests a d entirely satisfactory tra Dsmission made. n Mechanical Rubber Goods of every description LAMBERT CARS ARE IN A SUPERIOR CLASS BY of unsurpassed qualities. including BELTING. THEMSELVES. INVESTIGATE. """WRJTE FOR OUR ART CATALOGUE" HOSE PACKINGS, Gaskets. Mats and TIlEBUCKEYE MANU�'A CTURING CO., Anderson, Ind.,S." U.S.A. Members American Motor Car Mfra. Association. Matting. Tubings. Springs. Interlocking Tiling; Emery Wheels and MOULDED and CUT SPECIALTIES for any mechanical SKIDOOI$2'3 and commercial device. $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Will quench your thirst, relax your strained nerves, stop the MARINE ENGINE ACTUAL NEW YORK BELTING & ( pounding in your head and fill you with renewed energy. 2 Bare H. P.Engine PACKING COMPANY, Ltd. A ·Iiquid food for brain, body and nerves. With A cces80ries a.nd Fittings, $39.90 Chambers Street, New York Swiftest, most powerful, efficient and reli­ 9t & 93 I a.bleengine of it ear Drives Canoe, s size on th. All varieties atIOwestprtces. Best Sc.-Everywhere-Sc. Rowboat. or 14 to 20 ft Launch, with Uatlroad o to le per hour. Reversible. d n l ad, 6 10 m i s . !�:gkl� u�!:t�T ar�l�l�S�O��c����: '""'I easy to install and operate. Runs on Gas­ ca 8S etc. s����: S I Sevnng Machines. Bicycles. Tools. �ave Catalog aline, Distillate, Kerosene or Alcohol. Li st �'ree. CHICAGO SCALE CO•. 1II. l Money. s Chicago. FREE Sold under f)-Yea.r Gua.ra.nt�e. IsleJ'lot��p1-J�.DetmU. Mich.

The Greatest Pulverizing • Machine In the World CRUDE ASBESTOS Us;'d Wherever Port1&nd Cement IsM&de DIRECT FROM MINES Over SOper ceRt. I,lf the Portl"Rd Cement manufactured in the United States to.day is ground in the Griffin Mill.. PREPARED It. H';;''MItRnN, ASBESTOS FIBRE OFFICE. ST. PAUL BUILDING THE GRIFFIN MILL PULVERIZES MORE CEMENT THAN THE COM­ for M nuf tu ers use-"r' a ac r 220 B'way, New York. BINED OUTPUT OF ALL OTHER MACHINES USED FOR THIS PURPOSE. Thoroughly tested by continually successful and constantly. increasing use duro ing the past sixteen years. THE DIAGRAPH Portland Cement Clinker reduced from inch to required fineness in one oper. (Trade Mark Registered) % The Improved Stencil Cutting Machine ation, with no.auxiJiary apparatus. No other machine made will do this. Is a saving of 90per cent in your Ship­ Buy the GRiffIN MILL and get the BEST. It holds the world record from uina Department worth consIdering? ,... Just aword will bring our free every standpOint. illustrated booklet describing the Send for Catalogue and full information. Dlagraph and our" No Error�' 8Y8· tem of shipping goods. a a BRADLEY PULVERIZE� COMPANY, 92 State Street, Boston 10 N. t:��i�:!.�et�)i l[ Eo�is��·. s. A .. WM. H. BRISTOL IJ a Electricor Pyrometers Record.ing F ms • r ;. ��(�t�8� o UTFIT' S s;'!���(:ion work.e�� l��'I,�igNew DIrect���\'"�� VISIOn Portableang to 29C00 r . O ENLARGING i al � Spec­ PH TO O for and . cAllr rt . Inexpensive.es F. GuaranteedPractical, Ac· to . troscopes Colleges Iron and Steel u a satisfaction.e Send circulars.. for showing cuts and opaque o j ct Bes!. Fastest. Simplest, Cheapest . DON'T GET HUNG UP � �. Fully guaranteed. miles from home because your igm­ CIGARETTE _" Machine. -'' . THE PETTYJOHN CO. i Save Worry i tio n system goes back on you. In� you in that exclusive class ·of men PUts 615 N. 6th stall an Apple Battery Charger on who seek and demand the best. Plain or your auto or motor boat, and you will Street, Terre Haute. Ind. cork-tipped. Send ten 2c sta,!,ps for have an ineXhaustible source of the o • box : MSHEETa ures In tbousandthsMETAL fGAUGE:o 0 to � best kind of cnrrtmt for ignition pur� of assorted cigarettes and pnces. • iu.e tshi r m n r ckness and to 2 ins edge. s Mfllr•• 4th and WalnutSis .. St. Loui& • of sh et. In ...!rom • kee¢s t£e ���e�:s 1�� h:�ft�; e leatber case, ",6."1). fh=�and ever-read condition. '\\�rite • '-F.i- free catalogue No. 17 • y Send for B. to-day for full mformation. .. The L. S. Starrett Co •• Athol, •• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••Ma8s The Dayton Elet·tl"icaI !tUg. Co., 98 St. Clair St., Dayton, Ohio 11> to leI South Clinton St""et.