IENTIFI£ MERI£AN

[Entered at Ofllce of New York. N. as Class Matter. Copyri/

CENTS A COP" Vol. XCI.-"'o. 1'7. NEW YORK, OCTOBER 22, 1904 'l, 8 E.TABJ.JSHeD 184;,. $3.0(1 A 'I'EA R.

Flnl.hed second. U'he low·powered car that took third place. d in 24-Horse.Power Pope Toledo. Clement, Jr. Starting In 90-Horse·Power Clement Bayar . Lyttle

Broke clutch In bnapshot at 80 miles an hour. Ilr8t round. Heath In 90 Horse-Power Panhard. Wallace in Fiat. Vanderbilt, Jr., the Donor of Cup. 90-Horse·Power W. K.

The flDish. HeathWlnnlng by 1 Minute, 28 Seconds. Average Speed, 52.2 Miles Per Hour.-[See page 283.) TlII VANDERBILT IlfTEBNATIONAL CUP CONTEST. Scientific American OCTOBER 22, 1904.

eontinued to use the same pattern on their standard n at sf'lf-prorJucing, that is, wbp till' 11'<'1' is ('ut it once SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN hal not. its inhcrent \Vealme�H hccn thm; clearly ne �tall\;;. and a short time a tree iH lllake�. l th['ow� 11)) w in Hew ESTABLISHED 1845 tlIP (lemonstrated in thh; eonteHt. !·'urthcrmore, tlte faet ready for the ax, wood heing valuable for many was established in the case of practically every ma­ purposes. The wood is used for fuel, the leaves as an MUNN CO., Editors and Proprietors chine in the race that the weakest point of the auto­ ingredient for medicine and oil. At present the trees 6. mobile, the one in which trouble will come first, when are nearly one hundred feet high, and as they have the machine is hard pressed, is the tires. Doubtless been planted ten feet apart, in ten rows, they form a Published Weekly at this was known before ; but it is certain that the magnificent line two miles and a half in length-a No. Broa.dwa.y, New York 361 experienre gathered in this race will result in special landmark for a long distance. attention and renewed effort upon the part of the tire The best protluct of the farm is the English walnut TERMI:J TU I:JUBI:JL'RIBl!IRS makers. grove, it being found that these trees lend themselves copy, one year for the United States. Canada. or ...... $:-),00 One copy. one year. to &ny foreign cot:.ntry. postage prepaId.MeXIOO . . ad. Unquestionably, in respect of its usefulness, automo­ especially to this treatment, and ninety acres have been THE SL'IEN1'IFIC AJJIERlCAN PUBLICATIONS.£0 168. 4.00 bile road racing stands and falls with the thorough­ planted with them. the trees in size and condition be­ ScielltiHc American (�stablished ...... _ ...... $3.00 a year 11S.jfl) SClentitic American Supplement (�stabli8hed ...... ••... .. bred horse and the racing yacht. It goes without ing among the finest to be seen in Southern California. Scientitic American Building MonthJy (Established1876) •..•. ... a.UO 1885) 2.')() .. SCientitlc American ��XDort ..I:£ditiOll l.lGstablished . ..•... saying that the sport of hor&e racing, with its develop­ This plot alone produces between $7,000 and $8,000 The comomed subscription rates and rates to1878). foreiR'1l countries�OO will be furnished upon applicatioIl. ment of the racehorse, has had a widespread and every year, and that it is almost net, the simplicity llemit by postal or express money order. or by bank draft or cbeck. MUNN .• Broadway. New York. lasting effect in improving the breed of horses in of cultivation shows. Of this ninety acres in walnuts, & CO atiJ gEneral. So also the development of a "Reliance" sixty is in olel trees, thirty in young ones; and the NEW YORK, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 22, 1904. or a "Shamrock" through the past half a century rapid increase in value and number is seen in the fact of international cup racing has been a most power­ that the crop of fruit last year, or the year ending The Editor is always glaLi receive for examination illustrated 10 ful factor in the improvement of sails, both in tex­ January, 1903, was $4,738, the crop weighing 45,131 artieles on subjects or timely interest. If the photognt\lll; are the articles and the facls the eontri butiolls ture and cut; has stimulated, on the part of ship­ pounds. This crop is ripe in October, at about the glta,.p,will receive spedal.<.;}UH·t. attention. AccepteLiauthelltil', artICles will paid for Ilt regular 8pace rates. be builders, the search for light but strong materials of same time as the chestnut of the East, and a large construction ; and has led to the adoption of many number of pickers, among whom are Indians, Mexicans. AUTOMOBILE ROAD RACING. forms and methods of construction at once lighter and and half-breeds, are employed. The nuts are knockpd Not for a long time have we seen such an ill-timeu stronger than those formerly common to the art. or shaken from the trees by men armed with poles display of prejudice, as was shown by some of the • I .... who are followed by pickers with gunny sacks, who daily press against the international automobile race, SCIENTIFIC DISPOSITION OF SEWAGE. carry them to the sheds, where they go through sev­

recently held on Long Island. The arguments ad­ BY CHAHLE� F. HOLDER. eral operations before being ready for the market. vanced were illogical; for, if pressed home and broadly "The English walmit crop of 1903 of the Pasadena, A large acreage of the farm, at least twenty, is plant­ applied, they would make a clean sweep of every form California, Sewer Farm has been purchased by P. R. ed to pumpkins, which grow to a remarkable size and of sport that involves the element of danger, or calls Wilding, a commission merchant of Los Angeles, for make an extraordinary display when ripe. They are for the supremest development of mental and bodily $7,419. This is the third consecutive year that Mr. used to feed stock, principally hogs, of which there is \;owers. Wilding has bid for and received the crop." a herd at present of two hundred. One hundred and A careful sifting out of the voluminous corres­ The above item appeared in the Los Angeles papers thirty acres are planted to barley, which is the prin­ vondence and lengthy editorial criticisms of the race in November, 1903, and is of interest, as beneath it cipal hay crop of California ; and so complete is the sbows that it was condemned mainly on two counts : we may read the story of a very successful disposition system that two perfect crops are raised, the same bf'­ ilrst, that it was dangerous to the competitors, and of sewage from a city of 15,000 or 20,000 inhabitants. ing true of corn; and doubtless as the farm is per­ second, that the machines they drove were over-de· Indeed, Pasadena claims to have solved the question of fected, experiments will demonstrate that many crops "eloped mechanisms, fit only for carrying the drivers the scientific disposition of its sewage, and can demon· can be duplicated. through the race at break-neck speed, and having no strate to any interested parties that the work is ac­ The secret of the success of the Pasadena farm subsequent usefulness whatever. complished not only successfully, but is a good busi­ method lies in the application of the sewage. Before It takes only a moment's consideration to see that ness proposition to the city. planting time a horse and plow form several inclosures the same objections apply to the racehorse and the The city of Pasadena lies on the gentle slope of the on the surface to be planted, after the fashion of the racing yacht, to say nothing of various forms of Sierra Madre, at the head of the San Gabriel Valley, long furrow seen in orange irrigation, the idea being sport such as football, polo, and some that are less and covers practically twenty-five square miles, the to hold the sewage in a location until the fluid perme­ prominent in the public eye. Set a ban upon every city, including Altadena, reaching to the mountains on ates the earth thoroughly and completely as would a competition that entails danger to life or limb, and the north and from the banks of the Arroyo Seco to good rain, that is, to a depth of three or four feet. we would be at- once reduced to croquet, shuttlecock Lamanda Park to the east. For many years, and This accomplished. it is allowed to dry sufficiently for and battledore" and a few other thrilling diversions when the city was in its incipiency, the sewage was working, when a cultivator is put on, and the ground that were the delight of our forefathers. Risk is in­ received in cesspools; but some years ago a system of from twelve to fourteen inches, the deeper the better, separable from any high form of sport; and we have sewage became �ecessary, and plans were at once be­ thoroughly cultivated and turned over. This is found to recognize the fact that human nature is so consti­ gun, resulting in the present arrangement, by which in the soil at the Pasadena Sewer Farm to not only tuted that this very element of risk does in itself form the central portion of the city is well sewered. The prepare the ground for the reception of seeds, but to one of the strongest attractions of the sports that plant, consisting of about fifty miles of pipe, has 650 render it perfectly "sweet," so there is no disagreeable are popular in the present day. It was so in the manholes, 140 flush tanks, and all the modern features odor, the hot sun acting as a deodorizer. So thorough days when the queen of the tournament watched the which go to make up a perfect system, all of which is the work of Nature after this simple treatment, that contesting knights meet in the terrific shock of en­ cost the city in the neighborhood of $313,457. The the farm managers state that there has never been a counter, and it _ is so to-day when the gentlest women establishment (')f a plant was comparatively a simple case of illness that could be traceable to the sewage or of the country are to be found forming a large per­ matter, but to convey the sewage to the ocean­ as a result of working in it. A criticism of such irri­ centage of the interested spectators of an automobile thirty or more miles distant-was a problem which gation has been made that certain fruits and grasses contest. The editorial writers who spilled so much ink seemed insurmountable. Many people would not give may carry the impurities, but this is obviatetl here by in deploring the reckless folly of this race on Long the right of way; others attempted to demonstrate an exact system. Thus so complete is tlte original Island, no doubt had their forerunners in the days of that the pipe would break, and contagion would fill the irrigation that a later application is not necessary. as Richard Cceur-de-Lion, when there was surely much air along the line. All the neighboring towns and de­ in the case of pumpkins or squashes. Fruits, as wagging of heads and shaking of fingers, and many pendencies of Pasadena rose in open revolt, and for a strawberries or anything that touches the earth and "I-told-you-so's" filled the air; and they will doubt­ while the singular situation was seen of a city with lies upon it, are not raised. less have their worthy successors fifty years from to­ a sewer system assured yet with no method of dispo­ The section of corn, which requires rain or subse­ day, when, on the eve of some international airship sition. This was solved finally by the purchase of a quent irrigation, is flooded in lines, and the low"r contest or other "folly," the correspondent and the tract of three hundred acres of land lying four and leaves, that are liable to come in contact with the sew­ editor will join in deprecating foolhardiness and pre­ three-quarter miles to the southeast of Pasadena, mid­ age, are burned. Briefly, scientific methofls prevail. dicting unlimited disaster. way between the town of Alhambra and the Mission combined with great care and common sense, resulting The second indictment against these races. on the Hills-a region which, it was well known, but required in success. The irrigation of this farm is an intorest­ ground that they serve no useful purpose whatever, water to produce crops of many kinds. This land was ing operation. The writer observed it on one oC'casion, is equally futile. And, unlike the first charge, it has acquired by the city for $37,500, and named the Sewer and supposed that the sewage pouring out was irrigat­ no basis whatever in fact. The donor of the cup gave Farm, where it was proposed to deposit the entire ing water, so apparently pure was it, there being no it for the express purpose of stimulating the automo­ sewage of Pasadena, and, briefly, turn it into money to perceptible odor at a distance of several feet. This is bile industry, by enabling our mechanics to learn those recoup the city for its general sewage expense. due to the fact that the output of the sewage is mon' lessons regarding the faulty features in the design and The sewer farm is, roughly speaking, abollt five than 75 parts pure water that reaches the pipes with the weak elements in the construction of their ma­ miles and a half from Pasadena, and the outfall pipe the deposits from water pipes, closets, etc. The pip!' chines, which can only be disclosed during the terrific is about that length, 22 inches in diameter and of on reaching the farm is divided, and led about it in a strain to which an automobile is put in covering the vitrified clay. It was placed five feet beneath the way to produce the best results, so that one seC'tion several hundred miles of the cou��e at its topmost surface, having a fall of 31 2-3 feet per mile. There can be flooded or the whole, the entire flow being at speed. It is begging the question to claim that all were several features here not found in the East, where the command of the manager. In many European this information may be gathered during an ordinary rains flush the sewers continually. There was no countries and in Australia methods have been trieu run at touring speed over country roads; for it is not rain from May to November, hence rain or a natural which have proved extremely expensive. The Pasa­ once in a hundred trips that a touring machine is put flow of water could not be depended upon; yet no seri­ dena farm' is the simplest that can be devised, being, to the severe strains to which a racer is subjected ous difficulty has been experienced, the natural flow of in a word, deep irrigation and deep cultivating, soaking over and over again during one of these contests. the waste water being all-sufficient for the purpose. the ground for three or four feet and cultivating for Take the case "of the two machines in the recent race The farm is in the hands of a practical farmer, who nearly two feet-the deep<'r the better. Everything is that use the bevel drive--one a 35·horse-power Royal runs it on scientific principles, and for nearly a decade made to pay on this farm. The refuse fodder is American machine, the other a 90-horse-power French it has been a yearly value-increasing asset of the city. cleaned out by renting the gronnd to sheep herrlers at Renault. Each of these broke its main drive shaft; The farm is divided by a road, so that one-half lies $3 per day, the animals eating it up clean. The moreover, in each case the smash occurred very early on each side, and is conducted as a continual produc­ amount of hay raised furnishes the city horses, the fire in the race-a clear indication that whatever are the ing proposition. In a word, it is worked over and department, and others with their food supply, leaving merits of this form of drive, particular care must be over again, producing just as many crops a year as it an amount sufficient for the farm horses and an abund­ taken in proportioning the shaft to its work. Take the can be forced to, the continuous supply of sewage en­ ance to sell. case of another machine that broke the steering knuckle riching the soil indefinitely. That timber is raised is The farm, while in operation some time, is yet in a lever a day or two before the race, and in the race evident by the fine forest hedge and windbreak of developmental stage. or while a practical business su('­ itself broke this same part. It is conceivable that eucalyptus trees-among the most rapid growers known cess is not old enough to produce its maximum result; the firm who manufactured this machine might have when there is an abundant supply of water. They are and judging by the present progress, the municipality Scientific AD'lerican. OCTOBER 22, 1904.

which is but a little over twenty·five years old itself, have steel wire inclosures, so that the forgetful will SCIENCE NOTES. expects in a few years to net from twenty to thirty not run against them; and nearly all of the moving A primitive chart prepared by the Polynesians to thousand dollars per annum from its sewage. The parts of the machinery are painted in vivid red to assist them in their travels from island to island has various figures of the farm are not essential, but one attract the eyes. This employment of a color that stands been acquired by the Bri tish Museum. The - chart in may be given as suggestive of the success of the plant. out distinctly to warn the operators is an advance in question refers to the Marshall Islands, and was pre­ The price received from the walnut crop alone in 1903 modern factory and engine-room practice that saves pared by the natives. Routes, currents, and prevail­ was $7,419. The running expenses of the farm for the many needless accidents. With every moving part ing winds are represented by pieces of split cane, fiscal year ending January, 1903, including everything, of the machinery painted red, from shafts and fly­ straight or bent according to the chart-makers' knowl­ from the salary of the manager down, were about wheels to small valves and slides, the workmen are edge of the facts of the case, while the islands are $5,000, so that ninety acres out of three hundred paid safeguarded to some extent; but in the up-to-date mill indicated by univalve shells attached to the canes. all the expenses and left a balance of $2,400. or factory, further devices are employed to keep the The heat of fusion has been studied by A. W. operators fr'om getting caught. Extraordinary precau­ Smith. (Phys. Rev. ) In the determination of the • • • A LIFE-SAVING MUSEUM. tions to make up for man's inherent weakness and constant the ice in small pieces was previously cooled forgetfulness are apparent to the visitor in a modern BY GEORGE E. WALSH several degrees below 0 deg. C., and after weighing The effort made to establish in New York a museum museum of safety. was transjf:!rred to the calorimeter containing kero­ of safety has attracted the widespread attention of Modern inventions for protecting workmen from sene oil already cooled to the same temperature. Heat manufacturers, who are interested in the present high accidents and injury while in the performance of their was supplied by means of an electric current, the industrial death rate that prevails in this country ordinary work have lessened the mortality greatly amount of heat being calculated by measuring both through causes which could be largely removed by the among them in recent years ; but there is still plenty the current through the coil in the calorimeter. and the adoption of precautionary methods. We are the fore- . of room for further improvement. With the inven­ E. M. F. between its terminals, in terms of a stand­ most nation of the earth in the invention .of safety tion of new forms of machines and employments each ard cell. The preliminary value given for the con­ devices and appliances ; but our industrial death rate year, there comes the corresponding need of more de­ stant is 334.25 joules as the mean of eight determina­ is the highest of all the large manufacturing nations. vices .for protecting operators. But probably the tions of the heat of fusion of ice, in each of which Either we are careless of the individual life of work­ greatest need to-day is a more general use of the safety about 100 grammes of ice was melted. men, or through ignorance or willfulness we do not appliances already invented and in use in a limited On passing a current of hydrogen through a silica take the medicine prescribed by ourselves. Our safety way. Thousands of these are neglected in mills, fac­ tube heated until soft in an oxyhydrogen flame, a appliances are used in manufacturing plants in all tories, and mines on account of lack of forethought or deposit of silica, either alone or mixed with silicon, parts of the world, but often their use is neglected ignorance. Owners of plants do not always have the is formed in the tube, the silica being reduced by the right at home. Many of the thousands of devices in­ time to study the hundreds of devices invented for hydrogen forming silicon hydride and water vapor, tended to protect workmen from injuries in various this purpose, and they are not sure that they would do which react together in the reverse direction at a dangerous employments are merely of local use, and all that is 'claimed for them. slightly lower temperature. When, however, this re­ they are of no general advantage to the industrial With a museum of safety with all the important verse reaction is incomplete, some of the silicon hy­ world. A more general knowledge of the use and safety devices exhibited, there would be no further dride is decomposed, yielding silicon and hydrogen. value of safety appliances should result in safeguard­ room for ignorant excuses. A day's study of the con­ A silica rod loses weight when heated in an oxyhydro­ ing human life in all departments of work. A museum tents of the institution would reveal to any one the gen flame, a rod 970 milligrammes in weight losing 500 of safety would form' a nucleus for working plans and possibilities of safeguarding the lives of operators in milligrammes in 15 minutes. That the above-described models of all devices intended to protect workmen any trade or profession. Since the establishment of deposition of silica and silicon is not due to the vola­ from their own carelessness or from conditions over the Amsterdam museum, it is estimated that thou­ tility of the silica and its partial dissociation is proved which they have no control. Both manufacturers and sands of lives have been indirectly saved through the by Moissan's work, which showed that silica is not employes would have object lessons presented to them more general adoption of safety devices by manu­ appreciably volatile at the temperature of these ex­ in such a collection of inventions, and there would facturers and mine owners. Until these appliances were periments. Further, if oxygen or carbon monoxide is be few trades or industries that could not draw some exhibited, little was known about them. It has also passed through the silica tube in place of hydrogen, valuable results from the exhibition. resulted in the passing of laws compelling employers no deposit forms. The loss in weight of the silica rod In Germany manufacturers have united in a move­ of labor in certain lines to use safety devices that have when heated varies with the nature of the gas em­ ment to lower the industrial death rate, while in Hol­ been found to give beneficial results. The direct out­ ployed as source of heat, being greatest for a mixture land there has been for some time a museum of safety, come of the founding of such a museum in New York of oxygen and hydrogen, and least for oxygen with which has demonstrated the value of educating the would be far-reaching, and in the end it would tend to carbonic oxide. lessen the industrial death rate in this country to a public in the use of safety appliances. Another such On immersing in cold distilled water a rod of one of considerable degree. museum is located at Milan ; but the Amsterdam the four non-crystalline tin-aluminium alloys, Sn.AI. institution has furnished more data for the general • 1., • Sn3Al, Sn,Al, and SnAI3, the surface of which has been public than the smaller one in southern Europe. Every THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. worked with the file, an abundant evolution of deton­ effort is made to secure working models of new safety It is with a sense of great gratification that we are ating gas takes place for two or three minutes at the appliances for exhibition at the Amsterdam museum, able to announce that the "Scientific American Refer­ field surface of the alloy. This phenomenon is not ob­ and one can find grouped therein hundreds of practical ence Book" has been published. The Editor of the served with (1) a previously heated or filed tin or devices for lessening the industrial death rate. These SCIEKTIFIC AMERICAN receives during the year thou­ aluminium rod, or (2) a rod of the alloy not filed but devices are gathered from all parts of the world, and sands of inquiries from readers and correspondents heated to the same temperature as is produced by the scores of American inventions are exhibited there, so covering a wide range of topics. The information filing. These tin-aluminium alloys must be formed, that a manufacturer or workman from this country sought for, in many cases cannot be found readily in except at the hardened surface, by the juxtaposition can study to the best advantage the improveme�ts any available reference book or .textbook. The pub­ of the molecules of the two metals, so that the filed made by his own countrymen in this direction. lishers of the SCIENTU'IC AMERICAN decided, many surface acts with the distilled water like a number The Amsterdam museum of safety, after which it is months ago, to prepare a work which should be com­ of small thermo-electric couples which immediately de­ intended to model the New York institution, exhibits prehensive in character, and which should contain compose the water. Boiling distilled water is decom­ specimens of the safety appliances in actual operation. a mass of information not readily procured elsewhere. posed by the non-filed tin-aluminium alloy, the heat­ A great many of these devices are intended to prevent was at first intended to issue a 144-page book; but ing apparently destroying the combination of the injuries that partly incapacitate, but do not kill. In­ It as the work progressed, and the wealth of material metals at the surface. If a filed tin-aluminium rod is juries to delicate organs that render the workmen increased, it was seen that the wants of its readers dipped into a faintly acid copper sulphate solution, almost useless for further efforts in their trade are could never be satisfied by a book of this size, and it oxygen is evol ved and copper deposited ; a non-filed so common, that we find among the unskilled class of was extended to 516 pages. This work has been made tin or aluminium rod, however, precipitates the copper laborers a fair proportion of old men who were trained as non-technical as the subjects treated of will permit, but gives no gas evolution. Zinc sulphate behaves in some particular trade, but through gradual injury and it is intended as a ready reference book for the like copper sulphate, but the development of oxygen to eyes, ears, mouth, lungs, or other organ, they were home and the office. Among the subjects treated are is not so vigorous. forced to give up their chosen profession and drop back "The Progress of Discovery" ; "Shipping and Yachts ;" Lead-aluminium alloys are described by H. Pecheux among the unskilled class. Stonecutters blinded by "Navies of the World" ; "Armies of the World"'; "Ra.il-' in Comptes Rendus. Molten mixtures of aluminium the fine powdered dust of the chiseled stone have to roads of the World"; "Population of the United and lead, containing less than 90 per cent of the former seek some other line of work, and plasterers half blind States" ; "Education" ; "Telegraphs;" "Telephones," metal, separate, on cooling, into three layers, the lower from some lime or mortar that has spattered in their "Submarine Cables," "Wireless Telegraphy," and one consisting of lead, the mIddle one of an alloy' con­ eyes become almost helpless in their old age. "Signaling"; "Patents"; "Manufactures" ; "Depart­ taining 90 to 97 per cent of aluminium, while the tipper Fully as pathetic is the disabling of workmen for ments of the Federal Government" ; "Post Office" ; "In­ one is aluminium. Of the alloys obtained in this 'way, life by failure to adopt simple mechanical precautions ternational Institutions and Bureaus" ; "Mines and those containing respectively 93, 95, and 98 per cent of that science has devised for them. Workmen as a Mining"; "Geometrical Constructions" ; "Mechanical aluminium have the densities 2.745, 2.674, and 2.600, rule are less ready to accept new safety inventions Movements"; "Chemistry"; "Astronomy" ; "Weights and have nearly the same color as aluminium; they for their own protection than employers, who must go and Measures." Many of the diagrams and engravings are malleable and are readily cut with the chisel, show­ to the expense of purchasing the appliances. The edu­ are comparisons made especially for the work. The ing a silvery surface, but are not so hard as aluminium cation of the workmen to an appreciation of their duty debt for advice and help has been a heavy one. The and are easily bent. That they are not definite com­ in this matter is one of the objects of the modern compilation of this book would have been impossible pounds is shown by the fact that, when re-melted and safety museum. In factories the whirring machinery without the cordial co-operation of government officials, cast, they yield alloys containing 92, 94,' and 96 per appears to the visitor a dangerous power that is wait­ all of whom have been most kind. There are six color­ cent respectively of aluminium and having the densi­ ing for its victims, to grind up or maim for life; but ed plates, which give the funnels and house flags of ties 2.765, 2.691, and 2.671. This tendency to liquate the operators grow so accustomed to the scene that some of the pr-incipal steamship lines in American necessitates the rapid cooling of the molten alloys. The there is no fear or little thought of any possible danger. trade, flags of all nations, and the flags and pennants alloys do not oxidize in moist air or in the molten state. In some unguarded moment, however, an arm or leg used in the International Code. These plates are They are attacked at ordinary temperatures by concen­ is sacrificed, to warn others of the danger. It is the printed in eight' colors, and are an attractive feature trated hydrochloric or sulphuric acid with evolution of consensus of opinion of manufacturers that no machin­ of the book. hydrogen, and by hot sulphuric acid which evolves sul­ ery in operation should be left unguarded and unpro­ � phur dioxide and by hot nitric acid with generation of tected, and it is possible to prevent nearly all acci­ . I. . nitric oxide ; the latter acid has little action in the cold, dents by safety contrivances that will keep heedless A square foot of uncovered pipe, filled with steam at and the same is the case with dilute acids, even -when or ignorant operators from getting caught. Belts have 100 pounds pressure, will radiate and dissipate in a heated. Concentrated potassium hydroxide 'solution their guards, so they cannot slip and catch an un­ year the heat put into 3,716 pounds of steam by the and aqua regia act vigorously even in the cold, but dis­ fortunate victim ; wheels and buzz saws ha'le circular economic combustion of 398 pounds of coal. Thus, 10 tilled water is without action even at the boiling point; sheaths, so that it is impossible for one to meet acci­ square feet of bare pipe corresponds approximately to hydrogen sulphide blackens to a slight extent the al· <\(lnts with them; piston and flywheels of engines the waste of two tons of coal per annum. rods loys containing and cent of aluminium. 92 93 per Scientific American OCTOBER 2:2, 1904.

TRAIN WRECKED BY COLLISION WITH DYNAMITE. dynamite was being hauled to the camp of McArthur other substances. His experiments were attended with L. HAlJCLIFFE. BY w. Brothers, who are constructing a portion of the Wa­ such success that it was decided to "-('ork with material On Friday afternoon, September 23, just as an east­ bash Railroad. Their commissary department, offices, of sizes regularly utilized in buildirtk and other opera­ bound freight on the Baltimore Ohio Railroad was and hospital were badly wrecked. Considering the tions, such as wooden beams, arches, columns of brick & ' approaching North Branch, a little station five miles great destruction of property caused by the catastrophe, and stone masonry, and shafts and pillars of iron and east of Cumberland, Md., a teamster with a two­ it seems almost a miracle that the loss of life was so steel. The different tests, which ar�. applied by means horse wagon, hauling a load of 800 pounds of dyna· small. of the apparatus now in use, are to determine the mite, attempt- tension, com­ ed to cross the pression, trans­ track. Unfor­ verse strength, tunately his tors ion, im­ team was just pact, and re­ a trifle too peated stress. slow, and the For the pur- on-rushing lo­ pose of deter- comotive mining the struck the rear strength o f end of the wag· masonry i n on, hurling it various forms, nearly a hun­ the test labor­ dred ya r d s atory is equip­ a) n g the 0 ped with an track. The ter·· arch - testing rific ex}::losion machine, rep­ almost totally resenting a ca­ demolished · the pacity of 400" nine houses in 000 pounds. 1 t the little ham­ can be utilized let, threw the in connection heavy locomo· with an arch tive a hundred having a: maxi­ feet from the mum length of track, com· ten feet and a pletely turninb minimum rise it around, and of one in ten. TRAIN WRECKED BY COLLISION WITH DYNAMITE. reduced seven As is indicated loaded freight by the photo- cars to kindling wood in a twinkling or an eye. One TESTING MACHINES AT THE BOSTON INSTITUTE OF graph, the machine consists or a framework of eye­ of the brakemen was instantly killed; seven other TECHNOLOGY, beams aq,d plate girders, through which pass a series of DAY ALLEN WILLEY. persons were seriously hurt, and the engineer, one BY rods. The testing load is applied by two hydraulic of the oldest and most skillful employes of the Bal­ Within the last few years some very interesting ap­ rams, each of 100 tons capacity. The upward reac­ timore & Ohio, was found in the demolished cab paratus has been utilized at the Massachusetts Insti­ tion of the rams is against a system of scale levers, of his engine unconscious, with the scalding steam tute of Technology, to determine the strength of ma­ which weigh the load. The downward force of the and water pouring over him, but still firmly gripping terials when subjected to strain under 'various condi­ rams is taken by the series of two-inch steel rods, the throttle. He died while being removed to the tions. The installation of this machinery originated which pull down on the I-beams, used to distribute hospital. with Prof. Gaetano Lanza, who has been conducting the load to the blocks. The latter are of wood, one The signal tower, in which were the Baltimore & such experiments. for a period of years. Prof. Lanza foot in length and of a width proportionate to the Ohio operator and his brother, was completely at first made tests with small pieces of wood, iron, and size of the arch, being fitted to its top. The thrust of wrecked, and its occupants the arch is measured by were badly cut by the glass noting the extension of four and splinters. of the three-inch steel rods. The windows of nearly every These have been tested, and house within half a mile of the moduli of elasticity deter­ North Branch were shattered ; mined, so that each rod indi­ while the explosion was plain­ cates the load it is carrying 1.Jy ly heard and the concussion measuring its stretch. Thi!! felt in Cumberland, five miles stretch is measured to one ten­ distant. Strange to say, the thousandth of an inch in a horses which were attached to length of one hundred inches. the ill-fated wagon were not The casting at the right hand injured at all. The driver was of the machine rests on the I· nndered unconscious by the beam frame. The left-hand explosion, but received no casting, against which the arch other injury. The wagon was bears, is mounted on rollers totally annihilated, and the 17lh inches in diameter, so :;.s only part of it which could be to allow the three-inch rods to found was a tire from one of stretch to the extent required. the wheels, which was discov­ The photograph shows the ma­ ered wrapped as tightly chine in operation with an arch around a neighboring tele­ of brickwork. graph role as though fastened The principal transverse test­ there by a blacksmith. The TRANSVERSE TESTING MACHINE; CAPACITY, 100,000 POUNDS. (Continued on page 282.)

IIACHINE TESTING TOR8�O:rAL STBENGTJ[. FOB ARCH TESTING JUCHINEj CAPACITY, 400,000 POUNDS. OCTOBER 22, 1904. Scientific American

THE DRY PYR01rlETRIC TELESCOPE. readily pointed at the hot body, while being independ­ spondlng to the observed deflectIOn may be derived BY DR. ALFRED GRADENWITZ. ent of any lateral stray radiations ; in fact, on the tube from a curve. There are several diaphragms Intended A pyrometer tl e range of which is practically un­ of the telescope being heated, the temperature of all for different ranges of temperature, allowing tempera' limited, has recer tly been designed by Prof. Ch. Fery, the soldered seams of the thermic battery constituted tures Included between 800 and 4,000 deg. C. to be of the Paris Ecole lie Physique et de Chimie. The under- by the two metallic plates will be increased by equal readily determined, though the deflection correspond­ amounts without ing to the latter temperature be 250 times greater than any disturbance in that observed at 800 deg. the readings being For Industrial purposes, the inventor has slightly ' produced. In or­ modified his apparatus, using instead of fluorine lenses, der to limit the a lens made of a special glass, the opening of which length of the plates is large enough to insure easy readings on Industrial submitted to the galvanometers. Such pyrometers are standardized by thermic radiation, comparison with a fluorine objective pyrometer. a cross - shaped ••••• screen has been A NOVEL INTERRUPTER FOR INDUCTION COILS. added, allowing BY OUR BERLIN CORRESPONDBNT. only the soldered Ever since induction coils have obtained their pres· seam to be expos­ ent importance in connection with Rontgen rays and ed ; finally a dia­ wireless telegraphy, there has been a demand for a phragm, E, placed reliable interrupting device, which can be regulated to at a constant dis­ give any desired frequency and any desired duration tance from the of the current impulses. cross-wire plates, This demand is greater in connection with Rontgen makes the readings apparatus, as Rontgen bulbs have to be regulated dur­ independent of the ing o�eration, to give most favorable results. On the distance at which other hand, such interrupters have to work with a low the body Is placed. consumption of energy and the bulbs must be put to The angle, a, of as low strains as possible. THE FERY PYR01rlETRIC TELESCOPE. the cone of rays The Wodal mercury jet Interrupter, which we illus­ striking the sol­ trate herewith, fulfills these requirements in a very lying principle on which the apparatus is constructed, dered seam will accordingly be Independent of the satisfactory way. The main casing carries at one side Is the law regarding the relation of the thermic radia­ length to which the tube of the telescope has been a small electric motor, which drives a shaft located tion of heated bodies to their proper temperature as drawn out. centrally in the interrupter proper. This shaft com­ enunciated by Stefan as far back as 1880 and con­ The telescope is, by means of a flexible wire of prises two sections coupled together but electrically a firmed by the researches of Prof. Boltzmann and other lmown resistance, connected to a special galvanometer Insulated from each other by a disk of hard rubber. physicists. The problem solved by Stefan seemed for by the deflection of which the energy of the radiation The upper member of the coupling consists of a circu­ a long time rather complicated one, as the emissive is indicated. Experiment goes to show that the rela­ lar metallic plate formed at its periphery with a flange a power of soltds is itself in most cases an unknown tive absorption of fluorine becomes constant from the which fits over the insulating disk. A number of con­ function of the temperature, which further complicates temperature of 900 deg. C. ; that is, the amount of heat tact fingers depend from this flange. Attached to the the relations observed. The problem, however, is sim­ absorbed then bears a con- plified in a high degree when considering the so-called stant ratio to the amount of black bodies. The notion of "black bodies," as first heat transmitted. A tele­ introduced into science by Kirchhoff, is relative to a scope standardized at a tem­ body emitting, when heated, any kind of radiation in perature upward of 900 deg. normal proportions ; carbon and a large number of C. will therefore allow of black metallic oxides will show this behavior. The ascertaining immediately theoretical notion of the "black body" is however best the unknown temperature realized in practice by a large sized furnace, possess­ corresponding to an observ­ Ing only a very narrow opening through which the ed radiation. radiations are allowed to pass. Any body heated, not If, for instance, the deflec­ in the open air but in a large closed furnace, will ac­ tion obtained on the trans­ curately show the normal radiation of black bodies parent scale of the galvano­ quite independently of the nature of the walls of the meter be 75 mm. in case the furnace. Now as a similar heating process is mostly furnace the telescope is used in industrial practice, an instrument based on pointed at is at a tempera­ the behavior of black bodies would seem to be highly ture of 1,000 deg., and 300 suitable for industrial purposes. This behavior of mm. be the deflection due The Interrupter with Casing: Removed. The Interrupter Complete. black bodies is indicated by Stefan's law as follows: to a body brought to a tem­ The amount of heat radiated from a black body (or perature then Stefan's A NOVEL iNTERRUPTER FOR INDUCTION COILS. x, from the opening of a furnace) brought to a high tem­ law will give immediately perature, is proportional to the fourth power of the lower end of the shaft is a centrifugal device which X" 300 absolute temperature of the black body (or the fur­ ------= operates in a quantity of mercury which fllls the lower nace ). (1000 + 273)4 75 portion of the main casing. The mercury Is thereby The instrument designed by Fery on this principle whence 2,547 deg. absolute, or 2,274 deg. C. constrained to rise through a pipe to a perforated, x = Is represented diagrammatically In Fig. 1. The cross As the temperature is proportional to the fourth root curved casing whence it flows out In a broad jet in the wires of a telescope, the objective of which is made of the galvanometric deflection, even a rather large path of the revolving contact fingers. Every time a flnger encounters this jet, the electric circuit is com­ of fluorine (a substance highly transparent to any error as to the radiation will result in a much smaller radiation and the presence of which does not alter to relative error with respect to the temperature. In pleted to the induction coil. A shield which flts over any appreciable degree the composition of the radia­ order to avoid any calculation, the temperature corre- the perforated face of the curved casing may be oper- tion) , are re- ated by me'lns placed by a of a thumb­ system of two screw at the narrow and ex­ top of the in­ terrupter t tremely thin 0 plates of iron close any de­ sired number I!- n d constan­ tan* respective­ of the perfora­ ly soldered to tions, thus per­ one another at mitting the their points of width of the intersec­ mercury to be tion and fixed a d justed . by their ends W hen the to two brass holes are all open, the con­ disks, C and from which t act fingers D, . the electric will encounter current is ta­ a broad ribbon ken through jet, and a max­ the binding imum dura­ tion of current posts b and b'. This system impulses will obviously em­ b e obtained ; bodies a ther­ on the otheJ: mo electric hand, In - the couple. The at­ case of a sin' tachment I gle hole being s opened, the Im­ pUlses will be * Constantan is a German alloy or cop­ Fig. t.-Street Post. Fig. 2.-Fire Alarm Switchboard. of short dura­ per and nickel con­ tion; and the taining 60percentot NEW ENGLIQI TELEPlIONIC next each. A FIRE ALARIII.-[SCC pacc.j current mal' Scientific American OCTOBER 22, 1904.

be wholly switched off by covering the last hole. to ascertain if the person replacing the pull wishes to Engineering Note... The path followed by the current in the Wodal in­ speak to him. In Belgium about 85 per cent of the navigable water­ terrupter is as follows: The current is supplied to the To test the lines from the station, the answering ways are under the direct control of the state, which motor through a variable resistance allowing regulation plug is inserted in each spring jack successively and is also a large shareholder in the canals conceded to of the number of revolutions of the motor and, hence, the generator handle turned. If the line is in proper private companies. the number of interruptions being readily altered. No order the discriminating buzzer will be actuated, but Stamped sheet zinc is rapidly coming into use for special regulating resistance is necessary for the pri­ if the line is discontinuous, ' it will remain silent. metal ceilings in places where wood has heretofore mary of the induction coil, even the most delicate At the post, if it is required to speak to the fire bE-en used. In some cases the material is even copper­ regulation of the current supply being secured by station it is only necessary to hold the receiver to the plated and given a beautiful finish. Those who have means of the interrupter itself. The Wodal interrup­ ear and press three or four times on the small push had experience with other material will readily ap­ ter, like other interrupters, is inserted between the button for the purpose. preciate the advantage of using zinc. source of current and the primary of the induction •.• t. Overhead electric trams on the Madeleine-Colombes coil, the current being conveyed to the mercury jet, TESTING MACHINES AT THE BOSTON INSTITUTE OF line have been responsible for an extraordinary acci­ and thence through the contact fingers and revolving TECHNOLOGY. dent. The conductor, at the end of his journey, was shaft to the- induction coil. (Continued from page 280_) about to turn the arm from front to rear when, in the In order to insure more rapid interruptions with a ing machine in use at the Institute is of 100,000 pounds act of swinging it by the cord, something caused the minimum sparking, the reservoir is filled with a quan­ capacity, and will test specimens of material up to 26 springs to act -as a powerful catapult, lifting the man tity of petroleum. As compared with electrolytic in­ feet span. 18 feet in the air and hurling him a considerable terrupters, the Wodal affords the advantage of being The machine is quite simple. Two steel girders rest distance on the roadway. When picked up he was perfectly noisp.less in operation, and of consuming at the center on a framework raised 4 inches above the found to have sustained a fracture of the shoulder and very little current (about to 3 amperes ). It can be floor. These girders support two movable carriages, Ill:! both wrists. used with any high-tension direct currents. which hold the jackscrews used for applying the load. A method proposed for testing wood treated to resist At the center of the machine there are three levers .. I ••• fire consists in suddenly heating % gramme of the used in weighing the load. Two of these levers are wood by means of an electric current-120 volts, 7 to A NEW ENGLISH TELEPHONIC FIRE ALARM. beneath the girders of the machine, and do not show BY FRANK 10 amperes-to a temperature of 700 to 800 deg. C., and C. PERKINS. in the cut. The main lever gives a multiplication of measuring the volume of gas liberated in the course A new English system of street fire alarms has re­ 10 to 1. It is of steel, about 6 (e et long, and at the of two minutes. The wood is contained in a platinum cently been brought out by the General Electric Com­ larger end it is 13 inches deep and 214 inches thick. wire basket, and the weight of ash and charcoal left pany, Limited, of London, which comprises street The load is applied by raising the jacks at the ends of can also be determined. A good sample should yield alarm and telephone posts located at various points the specimen, and it is weighed through the pull a smaller volume of gas and a larger weight of ash in the city and an annunciator switchboard for the exerted on the levers by the yoke attached to the cen­ than an untreated sample. fire station, as shown in the accompanying illustra­ ter of the specimen. The steel girders forming the tions, Figs. 1 and 2. As usual the functions of the bed must carry, without undue fiber stress, the maxi­ The French Admiralty has quickly recognized the post are to act as fire-alarm pulls to be operated by mum load which the machine can exert. possibilities of the gasoline motor for the propulsion the public in the event of fire and to serve as street The photograph shows a white pine beam which had of small war vessels. A vessel intended for police telephones fQr the use of the fire brigade in executing been in service at least seventy-five years. The srick purposes upon the rivers in the French Congo has their duties, while they may also be employed if de· is 15 inches deep and 15% inches wide. The span was been launched from Bangui, built under the super­ sired as police telephones. 20 feet. In the test made on this beam in the testing vision of the Admiralty, and fitted with two 30-horse­ power gasoline engines. The boat is 97 feet 6 inches in The calls are received from the street posts by the machine, the load was applied at two points, 1 foot It is the annunciator switchboard, which indicates from which either side of the center. The manner of distributing length, and is armed with quick-firing guns. largest gasoline-propelled boat that has yet been con­ post the call is given. The function of the annuncia­ the load is shown by the beams at the center of the structed in France and is purely an experimental vessel tor switchboard is also to discriminate between genu­ machine. The deflection of the beam was measured in to demonstrate the capabilities of this type of engine ine and accidental calls, such as "grounds" ; to allow the following way: On either side of the beam a fine for small craft of this type. the lines being tp.sted ; and, where required, to serve steel wire was stretched over pins driven into the beam as a switch for connecting any street post with the directly above the supports and at the center of the In Umea, Sweden, there has recently been installed police station, or with any official on the system. depth. A ten-pound weight on the end of each wire a factory for the dry distiUation of wood, by The post is fitted with a locking pull to be operated kept the wire in tension. A micrometer was fastened means of superheated steam, where, in addition to by the public, a vibrating bell, which rings when the to each side of the beam at center of the length and wood coal, wood tar and turpentine oil are recovered. pull is operated and indicates that the call is passing depth of the specimen. The faces of the micrometer According to the process invented by Mr. Elfstrom, the through the station, while the stopping of the bell screws were set parallel with the wires, the screws be­ steam, superheated to some hundreds of degrees, is indicates that the call has been attended to. A replace­ ing perpendicular. To take a set of readings, the conveyed into a tightly-closed horizontal retort of a ment movement for the pull is provided, as well as screws were turned down till contact was made with capacity of 15 cubic meters, filled with resinous wood, the usual telephone receiver, water type microphone the wires. when the wood tar, mixed with condensing water, is transmitter, and induction coil. There is also pro­ In determining the torsional strength of substances, deposited on the bottom of the latter, the volatile vided the usual automatic switch hook, call key, light­ three machines are utilized by the students, being of portions being removed with the steam generated by ning arrester, and a two-microfarad condenser which 150,000 inch-pounds, 60,000 inch-pounds, and 6,000 inch­ the moisture of the wood. On their way, they are once is used in the line test. pounds capacity. The accompanying photograph is of more highly superheated, and are allowed to exert their The switchboard at the fire station noted in the the most powerful machine. effect in a second similar retort. The water vapors, illustration, Fig. 2, includes an annunciator drop and The specimens commonly tested in it are from 1 % strongly saturated with turpentine oil, are eventually jack for each post, an 8-inch alarm bell, and an answer­ inches to 2% inches in diameter and of lengths vary­ condensed, the turpentine oil being separated readily ing plug, also a control . indicator, enabling a line ing from 3 to 12 feet. The power end of tbe machine from the water, while the combustible wood gases are which has been used to be kept under observation un­ is driven by a 4-inch belt running from a countershaft being used for heating the steam producer and the . til the pull in the post is replaced. A control bell overhead. The gear is keyed to a 4%-inch diameter superheater. The wood-tar discharged from time to giYes an audible signal when the pull in the post is steel shaft, which turns once in about fifteen minutes. time from the retort is separated by an addition of replaced, and a discriminating buzzer is provided to The holder is a massive piece of cast iron, reinforced common salt from the condenser water, the density of allow of detp.rmination between real and accidental by two bands of wrought iron three inches wide and which is thus increased to such an extent as to cause calls. In addition to the hand combination telephone one inch thick, shrunk on the outside. The grips are the tar to accumulate on the top. The process is said and magneto generator for the purpose of testing the made of cast iron, faced with cast steel which is fluted not only to afford a large output of wood coal, but in lines and when required to call any department, a per­ on the outer surface. These grips are cams which tend addition, wood-tar and turpentine oils of far gr'later petual calendar is provided, as well as an English to bite the specimens harder and harder as the twisting purity than in distillation plants with immediate re­ tort firing, the process being much more uniform in timepiece, as noted at the top of the switchboard. The head turns to the right. The grips do not require a the retorts and too high retort temperatures bE-ing Tottenham Urban District Council has installed this shouldered specimen. Steel bars 1l;� inches in diame­ system of electric fire alarms, as shown in the accom­ ter, containing 1.10 per cent carbon, have been gripped avoided. panying illustration, with thirty-five fire-alarm posts, without the least difficulty. A hand wheel is attached ...... The each fitted with a telephone plug box. When the pull in to the driving shaft, so that any desired twisting Cnrrent Supplement. the post is operated, the battery current passes through movement may be held on the specimen. This is also The current SUPPLElI1E;)[T, No. 1503, contains an un­ the indicator drop., closing the local alarm bell circuit, used in adjusting the load accurately, when the angle usual variety of interesting scientific articles. Mr. and the bell in the post at the same time rings. of twist of the specimen is being noted. Joseph Horner describes at length, in an excellent re­ The fireman attendant in the watchroom inserts his The weighing end is held in a movable carriage view, modern methods of steel casting. His article will be concluded in the next number of the SUl'l'LI, answering plug in the spring jack underneath the which runs on I-beam tracks. A casting, with grips - Many illustrations accompany the text. H. W. fallen shutter, and the discriminating buzzer at once similar to those described above, is attached to a hol­ 1I1J<:NT. emits a loud buzzing sound. If the alarm were caused low frame made of boiler plate, which is hung from the Buck, electrical engineer of the Niagara Falls Power by "ground" on the line, the buzzer would not operate, carriage by an equal-arm lever and links, all turn­ Company, outlines in an instructive way the method of and the brigade would not be called out unnecessarily. ing on hardened steel V-shaped knife edges. From utilizing Niagara power. Prof. Holden's splendid ap­ If, on inserting the answering plug, the discriminat­ knife edge at each end of this frame a link runs to a preciation of Copernicus is concluded. It has been a ing buzzer does not operate, it ip.dicates either that lever, one lever being near the top of the carriage and suggested (and the thE-ory has received to some extent someone wishes to telephone, or that the line has be­ the other near the bottom. The free ends of these the support of experimental proof) that certain kinds come earthed and requires attention. The attendant levers connect with the weighing beam shown running of insects derive protection from the grotesqueness or can ascertain which by listening on the telephone and across the carriage. As the power end holder turns hideousness of their appearance ; Mr. Percy Collins making the usual inquiries. toward the right, the twisting movement� transmitted convincingly proves the theory in an article entitled After calling out the brigade, the attendant with­ through the specimen, will tend to rotate the frame so "Terrifying Masks and Warning Liveries." Numerous draws the answering plug and inserts in its place a as to cause the right-hand end to go down and the left­ photographs of insects accompany his article and bear plug belonging to the control indicator. This stops hand end to go np. This causes the free end of the out his contentions. Just where King Solomon's Mines the bell ringing in the post, and the control indicator weighing beam to lift, and poise weight must be may have been situated no one knows. In an excellent pointer is deflected to the "on" position. The answer­ moved to the right to bring this lever level again. article published in the current SUPPLElIIENT, the loca­ ing plug is now available to receive further calls. tion of this fabled land of wealth is given on the basis .. '1' .. When the post-handle is replaced, the control indi­ Two processes, dependent upon the fact that some of modern explorations. Prof. Rutherford's painstak­ cator returns to the "off" position, and the control bell oils, when brought into contact with finely-crushed ore ing discussion of the radio-activity and emanation of rings continnously nntil the ping is withdrawn and in water, have the remarkable power of absorbing thA radinm is concluclcd. Prof. Neesen contributes a vain· placed in its normal position. The attendant now in­ particles of certain minerals to the exclusion of others, ahle paper on "Protpc-tion from luightning." The usual serts his answering plug and listens on the telephone have been developed. note8 are liJ,ewi::;n pnblished, OCTOBER 22, 1904. Scientific Atnerican

(!t:(lX'X'e\Yp(ludeuce. LIST O�· COMPETING MACHINES. ======��======ORDER of on OF MACHINE. OWNED DRIVEN Effect tbe Sun's RaYN tile Rlack Race. START. BY BY To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN :

In your issue of August 20, Prof. Edwin Grant Mercedes Simplex...... S. B. Stevens...... L. Campbell 1 60 . . A. De Dietlich ...... De Dietrich et Cie ....••...... GaiJriel Dexter claims that nature made a mistake in putting :I 80 j<. Hoyal Tourist ...... Royal Motor t:ar Co .•" ...... Tracy 3 .. 35 . J. the black race in the hot portions of the earth, because 4 Pope Toledo ...... • ...... • • •• ...... 6U Pope Motor Car Co ...... Webb Mercedes ...... Geo. Arents. Jr ...... A. ArentC. r 5 60 G. •• J . black is a better absorber of heat than white. Pope oledo...... Pope Motor Car Co...... ••...... Lyttle 6 I . 24 H. H. P.mhard Levassor ...... Panhard Le,·assor...... George Heath Let us look at the facts. In the white man the 7 & . 90 & . Mercedes ...... Thomas ... •....•...... KHawJey 8 60 E. 1t. B. Mercedes Simplex ...... •...... t:. Oray Dinsmore...... W�rner epidermis is a nearly colorless, translucent mem­ \I 90 .- 'V. at ...... Vanderbilt ...... �artorl 10 Fi 90 A. G 1'. brane, while in the black man it is made opaque by Henault ...... Brokaw ...... M. Bernin 11 IKl W. G.. Clement Bayard . . . Clement ...... Clement, Jr. 12 ...... 90 A. A. the deposit of pigment granules in its lowest layer of hard LeVMssor...... • . .• ...... l'an�ard . . . .• ...... Tart 14 Pall H & H 90 , & l..ev�ol' . . .. H. cells. Then practically the difference between the two 15 . . . . 90 G. Teste ol . . . Packard Motor Car . C. Schmidt 16 . 24 C�::. :.: '�:::::.:. :::::: . kinds of epidermis is the same as that between a sheet 1�����i�tl� ;V. f . . . : : : :: : : : Croker ...... Croker 17 ' ' ' :: : 75 F. F. Merc.edes ...... ::...: ...... :: :::::: . 'Vormser. Jr ... •...... Luttgen 18 60 I. . J. of clear, colorless glass and a sheet of smoked glass ; . . W. Wallace 19 Fiat ...... 90 W. Wallac "...... that is, a sheet of glass one side of which has a coating of lampblack. Compared with clear glass, smoked glass is impervious to the sun's rays. there were, in addition to the three sharp turns at the On the second round, the tire on the wheel which hit It is to protect the delicate tissue cells of the body corners of the triangle, two railroad grade crossings the tree flattened and ultimately flewoff. Arents seems from the destructive influences of the heat and che­ and one or two turns and difficult places that required to have used the brake again too suddenly, with the re­ mical rays of the sun th�.t nature has blackened the a slackening of the speed. Moreover, with its custom­ sult that the car skidded badly, and the combined epidermis of the inhabitant of the tropics. ary temerity and willingness to take a chance where wrench of the brake and the skidding seems to have When we add that the radiating' power of the black­ any excitement is to be had for the risk, the American torn the rim entirely from the wheel, overturning the ened epidermis is relatively as high as its absorbing public crowded on to the course, and in walking from car, with the fatal results stated. Outside of this there power, we think that we have proved that nature can spot to spot to obtain different points of vantage, did were no serious accidents thrqughout the whole race. be rightly read. J A�IES S. MAHER, not hesitate to use the oiled center of the road for In this same round the Mercedes car No. 9 was put Health Commissioner of New Haven, Conn. their perambulations. The course was patroled by out by a cracked cylinder, and the 9D-horse-power Ren­ September 3, 1904. motor bicyclists bearing the official badge, each patrol ault was disabled by the breaking of the main shaft covering a mile and a half of the course. Flagmen of the bevel drive. In the third round the fastest FIRST COMPETITION FOR THE VANDERBILT were also stationed at the cross roads, and it was to time was again made by Teste in 25 minutes and 48 INTERNATIONAL AUTOMOBILE CUP. these that the public seemed content to trust for warn­ seconds, followed by Heath in 26 minutes, 19 seconds ; The one-thousand-dollar international cup, which ing that a car was coming, when they would scatter, and Gabriel in 'l:7 minutes, 36 seconds. This round was recently presented by Mr. William K. Vanderbilt, often only a few seconds before a machine would was not marked by any withdrawals. The fourth Jr., to the American Automobile Association for an­ thunder by at from 60 to 85 miles an hour. This con­ round saw the collapse of Teste, who was leading Icy nual competition, was the subject of a most interest­ dition of things was the fault of the public and not of a large margin, his failure being due to a broken ing and successful contest, which came off on October the promoters of the race, who had presented verbal clutch. The fastest time was that of Heath (27 min­ 8, on a specially-selected course on Long Island. The and written warning to the public to remain at the utes, 23 seconds) followed by Hawley in 31 minutes and donor of the cup was one of the firstto import an auto­ fence line and not, under any circumstances, come Gabriel in 33 minutes and 30 seconds as the fastest mobile into this country ; he has raced in important upon t"he road. for the round. By this time Heath had comfortable a international contests abroad, and his object in the The race was started promptly at 6 o'clock, and lead over Gabriel, ' who was beginning to experience presentation of the cup was to promote long-distance the eighteen contestants were sent off at two-minute tire troubles. The fifth round found Heath not only road races of this kind, under the conviction that by intervals, with a standing start. It was expected that keeping up his fine pace, but gradually increasing it, this means, more than by any other, the development a speed of between 50 and 60 miles an hour wouh1 be the round being made in 25 minutes and 13 seconds; of the very finest design and workmanship. can be pro­ realized, and consequently the cars started at 6 o'clock the next fastest time was made by Teste in another 90- moted in the automobile industry in this country. would be due about 6.35, or close upon the heels of the horse-power Panhard in 25 minutes and 40 seconds. The cup, which is a handsome silver trophy, stands, last machine to start-a 90-horse-power Fiat which Clement, who before the race had been picked as the with its base, about 31 inches in height, and contains was dispatched at 6.32, the other Fiat, owned by A. G. winner., a young man of twenty-one years, who was 481 ounces of sterling silver. The deed of gift requires Vanderbilt, having failed to start because of machinery driving a machine· made by his father's company, had that the contests during 1904 and 1905 must be held on troubles. The first of the racers to complete the cir­ been having tire troubles earlier in the race, but now American soil ; and the competitions of 1906 and sub­ cuit was Gabriel, on his 80-horse-power De Dietrich. was beginning to pick up. He made this fifth round in s.equent years may be held in the country whose repre­ Then came No. 4, a 60-horse-power Pope-Toledo, followed 29 minutes and 33 seconds. sentative club shall have won the cup during the pre­ by the first starter, a 60-horse-power Mercedes. The Meanwhile, during the first half of the race, the ceding year. fourth machine was a 90-horse-power Panhard driven more moderately-powered American machines had been The course is in the form of an isoceles triangle, by Heath, who had made up 10Y2 minutes on the meeting with varying fortunes. The 60-horse-power with two long sides and a short base, the base meas­ leader in the first round, thus· giving early evidence Pope-Toledo had trouble chiefly with tires, which uring about 5· miles, and the two sides about 121/� that, barring accidents, he would be well up among threw it hopelessly behind. It did not, however, suf­ miles each in length, making the total length of the the leaders at the finish. The fastest time for the fer any permanent breakdown. The little 24-horse­ course 30.24 miles. The apex of the triangle is at the first round, and the fastest for the whole race, was power Pope-Toledo ' had maintained a remarkably western end of the course, at the town of Queens, and made by Teste on another 90-horse-power Panhard, even rate of speed, making the rounds in from 37 the angles of the base are at the village of Jericho the circuit being made in 24 minutes and 4 seconds, a to 38 minutes, and with the dropping out of its and where the Jericho road makes a right-angled turn speed of 70.9 miles per hour for the whole of the racing big foreign opponents, matters began to look prom­ into the road to Hempstead. There was no limit plac­ course, the controls being omitted. When we remem ising for its chances. The 24-horse-power Pacl,ard ed upon the speed of the contestants except at two ber that speed had to be slowed down below 15 miles inachine was doing almost. as well ; while. Croker, in controls, one at the town of Hicksville, where the an hour for the turns, and that considerable time his 75-horse-power Smith & Mabley Simplex, who had course crosses the Long Island Railroad, and another was lost in getting up speed in leaving the two con­ made the first two roundsa minute faster than Heath, through the village of Hempstead. The first control trols, it can easily be understood that on the long was making a plucky fight against continually-recur­ was 0.4 mile in length, and the automobiles were re­ stretches of straightaway track, a rate of petwgen 80 ring tire troubles. The fastest time of the sixth quired to take three minutes in passing through the and 85 .miles an hour must have been reachea. 'I'este round, 31 minutes, was made by Clement who, as the same. The other control was 1.4 miles in length, and contined to maintain his terrific pace for three rounds, result of a loss of twenty-five minutes by Heath in the time of passing through it was to be six minutes. but on the fourth round the clutch broke and he was putting on a new tire, was coming up fast on the The starting point and finish of the race were on the out of the race. Evidently, he was the most daring leader. In the seventh round, made by Heath in 30 northern leg of the triangle, at a point about 3 miles driver of the eighteen, his speed for the ninety miles mi�utes and 5 seconds and by Clement in 30 minutes from the town of Jericho. Following the direction averaging about 68 miles an hour. The second best and 12 seconds, Gabriel, who had been dropping be­ of the course there was, first, a run of 3 miles at high time in the first round was made by Gabriel in 26 hind in the last two rounds, retired with a broken speed to this turn, which had to be taken at a speed of minutes, 57 seconds ; and the third fastest by young pump chain. In the eighth round, made by Clement from 10 to 15 miles an hour ; then a stretch of about Frank Croker, driving a 75-horse-power Smith & Mab­ in 33 minutes and 5 seconds, Heath was again delayed 2 miles to the Hicksville control, followed run of ley Simplex, his time being 27 minutes and 35 seconds. by his tires, and took 57 minutes and 27 seconds for by a three miles to the turn from the Hicksville into the Clement, on a 90-horse-power machine of the same the round, thus placing Clement in the lead. From Hempstead road, after which there was an uninter­ name, made the round in 27 minutes, 51 seconds; and here to the 'end the race lay between Clement and rupted high-speed run of about 6 miles to the Hemp­ Heath, who was destined to win the race, in 28 min­ Heath. At the end of the eighth round, Clement, four stead control, followed by a fast 5-mile stretch to the utes and 52 seconds. The trouble to tires and mech­ minutes ahead of Heath, looked likely to be the win­ sharp turn at the apex of the triangle at Queens. After anism began with the very first round. Wallace, on a ner ; but in the ninth and tenth rounds, Heath, in a fine leaving Queens there was nothing materially to check 90-horse-power Fiat, broke his clutch and never com­ burst of speed, made the circuit in 28 minutes and 52 the speed, except for some rather rough surface, until pleted the round; Tracy, on his 35-horse·power Royal, seconds and 27 minutes and 5 seconds, and managed the turn at Jericho was reached. The actual distance with a bevel gear drive, broke the driving shaft, made to come in with a scant margin of 1 minute and 28 of the course, exclusive of the controls, was therefore temporary repairs, and completed the round in 2 hours, seconds, having ridden the whole distance of 284.4 28.44 miles, and as this had to be covered ten times, 29 minutes, 45 seconds. The second round was prolific miles at an average speed of 52.22 miles an hour. it made the actual racing distance 284.4 miles in of disaster. The first to complete it was Gabriel, who The result was decidedly popular, the winner being length. made the distance in 27 minutes, 14 seconds; and he an American and the car one of the well-known Pan­ The roads thus traversed are typical macadam roads was followed by Heath in 28 minutes, 18 seconds ; hard make. The race was stopped as soon as Cle­ of that part of Long Island, level for the most part. Campbell, driving Thomas' 60-horse-power Mercedes, in ment had passed the line, because of the crowding of with some slight undulations, and because of the 28 minutes, 17 seconds; and Teste in 26 minutes, 37 the course ; but had the race been run out, there is comparatively dry weather were rather heavily coated seconds. It was in this round that the first- American no doubt that the 24-horse-power Pope-Toledo machine wUh dust. In the preparations for the race, however, machine dropped out of the race, the Royal being would have been third and the 24-horse-power Packard $5,000 had been expended in oiling the roads, with the hopelessly disabled by a cracked cylinder. It was in fourth. result that there was a 10-foot racing track in the this round also that the only fatality of the race oc­ Analyzing the race in respect of the nationality of center of the road that was free from dust, hard, and curred. The car driven by George Arents, Jr., a 60- the contestantfl, we find that of five American cars that fairly smooth. Some work had been done in smoothing horse-power Mercedes, overturned, killing the me­ started. three finished ; of five German Mercedes ma­ the roads and fixing up the bad spots at turns and chanic and rendering Arents himself unconscious. chines, two finished ; of six French machines, two tj grade crosHings ; but on that 5ortion of the course out­ Early in the first round, in stopping. rather suddenly finished, taking first and second place; and of the two on entering a control his car swung and hit a tree. Italian machines, one started but did not finish. On side of the controls, that is on the a<.:t\�ll

Note the drilling ou tOf ul� �iIother parlB lightento machine. Overturned ; machlulst killed and Arenls iDjnred.

Frank Croker In 75-Horse-Power Simplex. Wreck ot Arents' 6o-Horse-Power Mercedes.

fourth place at In tlnlsh. Some ot these turDS were over 90degrees_

24-Horse-Power Packard, Driven by C. Schmld,t. Clement Taking One ot the Sharp Turns.

The youngest of the contestanl>!. 21 years old. Before tne start_

Clement-Bayard Machine with HouSiug Removed, and its D�lver. A, Clement, Jr. The Winner and Ws Mechanic. THE VANDERBILT INTERNATIONAL CUP CONTEST. OCTOBER 22, 1904. Scientific American

SOME RECENT LAUNCHINGS IN THE UNITED STATES sister ship of the "Dubuque" . (,;"hose launch �vas re­ United States warship. The "Georgia" and "Nebraska" NAVY. corded in our illustrated issue of September 10) launch­ represent a class of five ships, four of which, the "Vir­ The stimulus given to the private shipbuilding yards ed at Morris Heights, New York; and the wooden train­ ginia," "Rhode Island," "Nebraska," and "Georgia," by the improved conditions under which contracts for ing brig "Boxer," which was launched at the · United

DI.pJacement, 14,948 tons. Speed, 19 koots. Bunker Capacity, 1,704 ton8. Armor: Belt, 11 inches to 4 Inches ; turrets, 12to 8 inches and '6� to 6 inches ; harbettes, 10 Inches and6 inches ; deck, lIst. l� inch, slope, inches. Arnlament : Fonr 12·inch 40-caliber B. L.; eight 8-inch B. t e ve 6-inch 50-caliber 3-inch F.; twelve a.ponnders ; eight I-ponnders ; tlVO 3-tnch lIeld gons ; 3 45-csliber L.; w l R. F.; twelve R. eix sntomstic gnns; two machine guns. Torpedo Tubes, 2 sUbmerged. Complement, 812. BATTLESHIP "GEORGIA," RECENTLY LAUNCHED AT BATH, MAINE. ALSO SISTER SHIP " NEBRASKA," LAUNCHED RECENTLY AT SEATTLE. 286 Scientific American. OCTOBER 22, 1904.

to the barbettes, to afford protection against end-on 12-inch ; 1,000 rounds, or 125 per gun, for the 8-inch; Detection of" Radio-active Substances.

fire. The protective deck is 3 inches in thickness on 2,400 rounds, or 200 per gun, for the 6-inch ; and 3,000, BY E. BALLMAN. the slopes, and 1112 inches on the flat, and at the sides or 250 per gun, for the 3-inch pieces. The battery of The methods generally used fo'r testing the radio­ it is curved down to a junction with the lower edge smaller guns consists of twelve 3-pounders, four 1- activity of substances are those employing the electro­ of the waterline belt. A heavy shell from the enemy, pounders, four I-pounder automatics, two Gatlings, and scope and the dry plate. Both of these methods re­ therefore, would have to penetrate the main belt and six Colts. There are two . submerged torpedo tubes quire a great deal of time, and relatively a large the sloping 3-inch deck, and pass through the mass of carried in the forward part of the ship. The motive amount of material to be tested. These disadvantages coal in the coal bunkers, before it could reach the power consists of two sets of four-cylinder triple-ex­ can be avoided by using a method which depends Oft engine or boiler rooms or the ammunition supplies. pansion engines of a designed i�dicated horse-power or the principle of the spinthariscope, that is, this test The central broadside battery, formed by the 6-inch 19,000, under which the vessel is designed to make on for radio-activity consists of observing the scintilla­ walls of armor and their associated bulkheads, con­ trial 19 knots an hour. The maximum supply of coal tions produced by a mixture of phosphorescent zinc tains twelve 6-inch, 50-caliber, rapid-fire guns of the is 1,704 tons, and the complement of officers and men sulphide and the radio-active substance under investi­ latest pattern, arranged six on each broadside. These is 812. gation. fire through recessed casemates, and they are provided Of the two gunboats illustrated, the more important The apparatus needed is very simple, merely a with semicircular shields, which are adjusted to close is the steel training ship "Cumberland," which has a quantity of phosphorescent zinc sulphide and a magni­ the casemate opening, sufficient space only being left length of 176 feet 5 inches, a beam of 45 feet 7% inches, fying lens of about one-half inch focus. The phos­ between the semicircular shield and the casemate to and a draft on a disp,lacement of 1,800 tons of. 16 feet phorescent zinc sulphide can be bought or made as give clearance when the gun is being traversed. Upon 5'\4 inches. The sister ship "Intrepid" is being built follows : Add NH,OH in excess to a clear solution of the same deck, forward in the bows, are four 3-inch, at the navy yard, Mare Island, Cal. The vessel is pro­ ZnCl2 until the precipitate first formed is completely rapid-fire guns, firing through casemates that are pro­ pelled by sail only and, as will be seen, she is bark­ redissolved. Then pass H2S into above solution until tected by 2 inches of armor. Four guns of the same rigged. She carries a battery of six 4-inch, 40-caliber all ZnS is precipitated. Filter, but do not wash. caliber are mounted near the stern on the same deck, rapid-fire guns, four 6-pounders, two I-pounders, and Scrape precipitate into an evaporating dish and, stir­ and behind similar protection. Forward and aft of two Colts. The 4-inch guns are carried in broadside ring, heat until dry. Powder the mass, and heat in the central battery are the two barbettes for the main on the gun deck, the 6-pounders forward and aft on partly-covered porcelain crucible with blast-lamp until turrets. These are protected by 10 inches of Krupp the main deck, and the I-pounder guns amidship on the all fumes are driven off, then close and raise heat to armor in front and 711z inches in that portion that lies same deck. At first sight the "Cumberland" would highest point for ten or fifteen minutes. Let cool within the bulkheads of the central battery. The tur­ appear to be a steam auxiliary; but as a matter of fact with cover on. The phosphorescent sulphide feels rets that are mounted above these barbettes are of the the smokestack shown is merely to serve the boilers gritty under a stirring rod, and after exposure to sun- light, shines with superposed 0 r double-deck type, greenish - yellow carrying a pair of ligh t, which can 12-inch 40-caliber be seen in a dark­ guns on the low­ ened room. The er deck, and a microscope used pair of 8- to observe the inc11 45- caliber scintillations i s guns on the up· composed of two per deck ; the simple one-i n c h lower portion of focus lenses plac­ tho turret being ed close together protected by 12 and mounted on inches of Krupp stand so that it a armor, and the can be focused on upper portion by any object placed 8 inches of ar­ underneath. The mor. aperture of the The "Georgia" lens combination class are the should be about ships regarding one-half inch. whose armament With this sim­ there was so ple apparatus in much discussion a dark room, it in our Naval is possible to test Board on Con- the radio-activity the struction ; of a substance present design even lower than was adopted as a that of uranium compromise, and oxide. The test­ it is probable ing can be done that these are the best at night, be­ last shirs on cause the eyes are which the double much more sensi- turret will be tive to light. mounted. The Before entirely chief objection to dar keni ng the the type is that room, mix as four guns might much phosphor- be put out of ac· escent zinc sulph­ tion by a single ide as will go on shot ; moreover, the point of a the firing of any Wateriine length, Bealll, feet Hlnches. Draft. 9 feet 6 inches. Displacelllent, 345.tons. knife with an 108 feet. 29 one gun of the equal volume of four has a dis­ WOODEN TRAINING BRIG "BOXER," LAUNCHED AT NAVY YARD, PORTSMOUTH. the powdered sub· turbing effect up- stance, as Wels­ on the sighting of the other guns in the turret. In which supply steam to the various auxiliaries, consist­ bach gas mantle, which is to be tested. Place this in addition to the four 8-inch guns carried in the double­ ing of two 24-kilowatt generators, two 4,070-gallon a small flattened heap in the focus of the microscope deck turrets, there are four others carried in pairs in evaporators, two 3,000-gallon distillers, a steam wind­ and then darken the room. After five or ten minutes two barbette turrets, protected by 8 inches of armor lass, an electric winch, and fire and drainage pumps. bring the eye close to the glass, and small flashes of and placed on either broadside. These 8-inch guns are The vessel has accommodations for a complement con­ light can be distinctly seen. The zinc sulphide should sponsoned out sufficiently to give them a linp of fire sisting of a commanding officer, nine wardroom officers, be kept in the dark, until it loses its phosphorescence, dead ahead and dead astern. Within the superstruc­ six warrant officers, and 320 men. before mixing with the substance to be tested. ture on the main deck are mounted four 3-inch rapid­ The little wooden brig "Boxer," built also for the In this manner one can judge roughly the relative fire guns, protected, lfke those on the main deck, by 2 training service, is 108 feet in length on the water­ radio-activity of such ores as carnotite, pitch-blende, inches of casemate armor. There are 9 inches of line, 29 feet 11 inches in breadth, and on a dis­ monazite sand, etc. It is also useful in testing resi­ Krupp steel on the forward conning tower, and 5 placement of 345 tons will draw 9 feet 6 inches. dues and precipitates, which are obtained in extracting inches on the after conning tower, generally known as The hull is built of yellow pine planking and white radium from the ores containing it the signal tower. oak timbers, and is copper-sheathed below the • I., • It will be seen from a glance at the, ship and from waterline. She is built with berth, main, forecastle, Aluminium-tin alloys have been experimented with this description that the concentration of fire is very and poop dechs. She carries a 24-foot cutter, 20- by E. S. Shepherd. (Journ. Phys. Chern.) Between 10 heavy, consisting of two 12-inch, six 8-inch, and four foot whale boat, and an 18-foot dinghy. Accommo­ and 50 per cent aluminium, the author found that an 3-inch ahead and astern, while the broadside consists of dations are provided for a commanding officer, two increase of aluminium was always accompanied by a four 12-inch, six 8-inch, six 6-inch, and six 3-inch guns. other commissioned officers, and a crew of sixty lands­ rise of freezing-point. By pipetting samples off from There is no ship afloat that can compare with this in in· men· and apprentices. top and bottom of the molten alloy containing 18 per tensity of fire, even the "Connecticut" and "Louisiana" cent aluminium, in some cases with a s:nall percentage having less by a pair of .. inch. The arc of fire is also • • • of lead added, it is shown that there no tendency 8 IS very sCltisfactory, the 12-inch guns having 270 degrees, Owing to satisfactory experiments which have been to separation into two liquid layers. From analyses of the 8-inch superposed guns 270 degrees, the 8-inch guns carried out, the officials of the Pennsylvania Railway alloys of aluminium and tin with silver the author be· amidships 180 degrees, and the 6-im:h 110 degrees. Company have ilecided to do away as much as possible Iieves that a solid solution does exist. From the curve The ammunition hoists arp r>1eetrically operatef1. and with manual work and have the work done bv ma­ of specific volumes, from the microstructure, and from they are deSigned to sUi),ply the variolls guns at a chinery. At points where compressed air or electricity the thermal measurements, the author concludes that slightly faster rate than the maximum rate of fire. can be employed it has been decided to employ new 20 per cent tin is the limiting concentration of tin in The ammunition supply consists of 240 rounds for the methods of handling material. aluminium. OCTOBER 22, 1904. Scientific American.

the fifteen months which this strange animal The allied species or Canis A PECULIAR LILY. ":During Nyctereutes procyon pro­ cyonoides, according to Mivart, who makes only one BY HERBERT I. PRIESTLEY_ has passed at the Zoological Park it has not under­ genus of dogs, wolves, foxes, and raccoon dogs, is said Two American teachers In the Philippines, while gone any noteworthy change in pelage, nor has it per­ walking some time since in the fields In the vicinity ceptibly Increased in size. It therefore seems fairly to hibernate in the winter. If this is true it forms a at Nueva Caceres, in Southern Luzon, came across a conclusive that the creature is adult and that its col­ most remarkable exception to any other known animal peculiar specimen of the lily family of plants which ors are constant throughout the year. As it is cer­ of the dog kind. We are told that those of the tribe has not yet apparently been noticed by scientists. tainly not an albino individual of the . well-known rae- that do this (for according to all accounts some of the It was while passing through a dense cluster of raccoon dogs hibernate while others do not) look up underbrush that the gentlemen noticed a remarkably old, deserted fox burrows or those of some other ani· strong odor of decaying flesh which seemed to �a­ mal if they can, for their bedrooms, but are quite nate from the ground close by. Suspecting the pres­ capable, should they not be able to save themselves ence of some gruesome thing concealed in the bushes, work in this way, of digging their own burrows. As they commenced to search. They were assisted in this for the little animal at the park, she certainly evinced by the presence of numerous "blue-bottle" flies, which no disposition, severe as was the weather at times last seemed to be buzzing about some object half concealed winter, of remaining asleep in the comfortable sleep­ under the dense vegetation. This object proved to be ing quarters assigned her, when feeding time came the plant shown in the accompanying illustration. around. Nor are the feet of the creature-short, small, The strong smell of rottenness given off by the plant and weak, with claws of little strength-well calcu­ attracted all manner of insects, which was not sur­ lated for digging . burrow�. As Mr. Hornad� y says : prising, as the odor was so strong as almost to repel "As a whole the animftl iR not physically robust, nor all investigation. is it at all vicious in temper. On the contrary it has The plant is called by the native Bicols "borac sa taken kindly to its keepers and to captivity. Its teeth Mayo," that is, May flower. It blooms only during are small and weak, and taken altogether it is poorly the month of May. It is no doubt a member of the equipped for self-preservation. It requires a home order Lilaceii, better commonly known as the lily or not overrun by bears, wolves, faxes, or the larger tulip family. It has the large bulb, the inconspicuous members of the family Mustelidre. It very probably calyx, the pronounced stigma, and the characteristic inhabits moist lowlands rather than dry and rugged structure of lilies in general. The remarkable fea­ highlands." tures of this particular variety of lilies are that it has Another very rare animal-so far as the writer such a pungent odor and that it has absolutely no knows, the first animal of its kind ever seen on this leaves at the time of blossoming. These appear later, side of the Atlantic-the so-called Tasmanian wolf, when the flower has died. . The blossom rests imme­ zebra wolf, or pouched dog, Thylacinus cynocephalus diately on the ground, and is not more than eight or is to be seen at the New York Zoological Park. Al­ nine inches high. The calyx often measures a foot in though not new to science it is in some respects a diameter. more interesting animal than the white raccoon dog. After the blossom has disappeared the leaves begin The "Tasmanian wolf," so far from being a wolf, does to sprout from the bulb. These often grow to the BLACK LILY. not belong to the dog family. It is, in fact, a marsu­ height of three or four feet. Their general shape is pial, and is more nearly akin to certain of the kanga­ similar to that of the leaves of the calla lily, but they coon dog, referred · to above, with living specimens of roos than it is to the Canidre. The female, indeed, are divided into an irregular number of lobes or which it has lived in constant comparison, there ap· has a well developed pouch, though the marsupial fronds. pears to be no escape from the conclusion that we bones are wanting, being replaced by cartilages. The The corolla and the remarkably exaggerated stig­ have here the living representative of a species of ani­ animal walks upon its toes' and partly upon half its ma exude a clear viscous fluid which seems to be the mals hitherto unknown." sales or palms, as may be seen more evidently in the cause of the offensive odor. This fluid attracts the It has now been admitted to the great assembly of hind feet; this causes the body to be brought much flies, thus insuring the transmission of the pollen from classified animals under the name of Nyctereutes albus nearer the ground in running than is the case with a plant to plant. or the white raccoon dog. wolf or dog, and constitutes the Tasmanian wolf a The large bulb, in fact all parts of the plant, have It is a pretty little creature, gentle in disposition, semi-plantigrade. The lower canine teeth in dogs pass ' the peculiar acrid juice which is so poisonous, a trait and is well worth a visit to the plark to see. It is not on the outer sides of the upper ones when the mouth common to the Iilaceous Qrder. The acrid taste and often one gets an opportunity of gazing upon a brand­ is closed, while the larger recurved canines of the the poisonous effect of the juice are lost upon cool�­ new animal never before known to scientific zoologists. Tasmanian wolf in the upper jaw are separated from ing for several hours. During the the incisors by a space into which period of frondescence there is no the points of the lower canines fit odor present. This plant Is not when the jaw is shut. The animal used for food by the natives where has the peculiar lower jaw of the it is found, though there are several marsupials-the angle is inflected; other species of the same order it is, . in fact, a marsupial with which are highly esteemed by structural parts foreshadowing them as food. those of the more highly developed dog. Such an animal as this trans­ AN A.NIMAL NEW TO SCIENCE AT ports us back to those primeval THE NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK. times when animals far more gen­ Among a collection of some twen­ eralized than those that now exist ty living animals received some united in themselves diverse char­ time since by the New York Zoolog­ acteristics and specific features ical SOCiety from Capt. Thomas never, in our day (save in a few Golding, of the ship "Alfrida," was such instances as the Tasmanian a small, white creature that proved WOlf), found in any one individual to be a puzzle to all natural history or any one species. -.T. C. Beard. experts who saw it. It is 21 inches DOG·LIKE DASURE, AN ANIMAL WITH A POUCH, RELATED TO THE KANGABOO...... long-a little more than 27, count­ '1'he Supply of Ivory. ing in the tail-and stands rather During a recent visit to the Lon­ more than 10 inches high at the don Docks, says Knowledge. and shoulders. Scientific News, Her Majesty the I t rather resembles a small Queen was informed that the stock Spitz dog, but it is not a dog any of ivory then shown represented, on more than it is a raccoon, although an average, the annual slaughter the shape of the head and the face of some 20,000 African elephants. marking that seem to- belong so pe· This statement has been contra­ culiarly to the family of Procyoni­ dicted in two letters in the daily dm, are marvelously imitated in papers. In one of these Messrs. this little beast. Perhaps It resem­ Hale, of 10 Fenchurch Avenue, bles a white Arctic fox more than it state that at least 85 per cent of does any other creature. 1t had the supply is "dead ivory," mainly been called a white fox in the coun· obtained from hoarded stores of try, northern Japan, from which African chiefs, who are shrewd enough to put their commodities Capt. Golding obtained it, but it is 011 evidently no more a fox than it is the market only in driblets. The a dog or a raccoon. most interesting part of the letter "An examination of its external is, however, the statement that the characters," says the director of great bulk of this hoarded ivory is the New York Zoological Park, Mr. obtained from "elephant ceme­ W. T. Hornaday, "reveals an unmis­ teries"-spots met with here and takable resemblance to Nyctereutes the.re in the jungle, where elephants procyonoides, the so-called raccoon ha ve resorted for centuries to die. dog of Japan and of north China. Much of the ivory that comes to Insomuch as the animal seemed to the market may, therefore, accord­ be immature. and it appeared possi­ ing to this letter, be several hun­ ble that its pelage might undergo dred years old. The marvel is why seasonal changes of some import· it is not devoured in the jungles ance, it was decided to defer bring· by porcupines, as certainly happens lng it. into notice, and keep it. under with tusks of the Indian .elellhant observation for at least a year. which are left in the jungle. THE WHITE RACCOON DOG- AN ANIMAL NEW TO SCIENCE. Scientific AIIlerican 288 OCTOBER 22, 1904.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. that the science, as it now stands, has been __ __ aptly termed the " new seismology." This Apparatus lor Special Purposes. _B U_$ _in_t $_$ _a_nd p_t _rs_on_a l w_ a_n _t$. �iffi��iiii� I modernized science investigates its phenomena AMMONIA-WATER APPARATUS.-H. A. READ THIS CO CAREFULLY.-You LUMN by means of instruments that measure force r e for �ertain classes of articles , Berlin Germany. This invention tind in i s ABENDROTH '. . numberedwill 9.uiconsecutIve order. If you manu- and motions, speeds and accelerations. F'or III relates to evaporatIOn and condensatIOn ; and fac ur these goods write us at once and we will that reason it may well be considered a branch t e u the naIIle and address of t he p�rty desir­ its object is to provide certain improvements �end yo of physics, a branch moreover that treats of g t e fo.rma n every case _ neces- in amomnia-water whereby the overflow-pipes saryh tom give thetlo . nUilllll ber or theIt inqui IS ry. elasticity and wave motion in a solid 'medium, for the water can be readily removed from HINTS TO. CORRl!JSPONDENTS. I Ill the earth. Chapter I. of this book sets forth the cells for cleaning and other purposes and 2lIUNN &: CO. Names and Address must accompany an letters or no attention wi)) be paid thereto. This is for the nature of the earthquake according to without requiring interruption of the process MarIne Iron Works. ChICago. Catalogue free. our information and not for publication. modern concepts. Chapter II. is devoted to or unduly reducing the strength of the walls B.eferences to former arti.cles or answers should give date of paper and page or number of question. a general discussion of the causes of earth' of the cells. Inquiries not answered in reasonable time should be quakes. The two groups of quakes, the vol­ repeated; correspondents wi)). bear in mind that canic and the tectonic, have many distinctive Interest to Farlllers. some answers require not a lIttle research, and, or AUTOS.-Duryea Power Co., Reading, Pa. though we endeavor to reply to a)) either by characteristics which are described in Chap­ FER TILI E R - DISTRIBUTER.-J. C. letter or in this department, each must take ters III. and IV. The next two chapters, V. Z Inquh'y No. 6082.-lfor makers of apparatus, his turn. SPARKS, Mechanicsville, S. C. In this patent etc., for fittingup corD IDIlls. Buyers wishing to purchase any article not adver­ and VI., are devoted to detailed explanations , the invention is an improvement in fertilizer­ H tised in our columns will be furnished with of the instruments used in seismometry. O. S." Metal POlish. fndianapolis. Samples free. addresses of houses manufacturing or carrying distributers, having for an object to provide a the same. Chapter VII. deals with seismic vibratory mo­ i 0 m l t novel construction which can be applied to an m�i%,: ;;rgi�t J:,��I�P� :�u� � k ��P2�-��P:o�A�� Special Written Information on matters of personal tion. Passing then to the kinetic aspects of ordinary plow-beam, can set in any desired rather than general interest cannot be expected seismic vibration, the subject of intensity is be of steam at about 'j{)() r. p ID. without remuneration. adjustment on said beam, and will efficiently Scientific AmeriCfl.n Supplements referred to may be discussed in two chapters. The chapter on Perforated Metals, IIarr�gton & King Perforating 10 had at the office. Price cents each. Variations .in Intensity points out the method serve the purpose for which it is designed. Co., Chicago. Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of Inquiry No. 6084.-]'or the manufacturers of the price. of computing the depth and origin of an earth­ H Kleen U Rite." Minerals sent for examination should be distinctly quake. The final chapter is devoted to the General Interest. 10 or marked or labeled. . Handle & Spoke Mehy. Ober Mfg. Co., Bell St., discussion of seaquakes, a subject which has SUSPENDER ATTACHMENT.-L. SELIKO- Chagrin Falls, O. been investigated with great diligence by Dr. New York, N. Y. The attachment com­ (9469) C. W. asks : Can you give WITZ, Inquiry No. 6085.-For dealers in peat for use as R. Emil Rudolph, of Strasburg. prises a friction plate with means for attach­ fuel. me any information on the computation of ment to one end of the suspender, said plate be­ li it is a paper tube we can supply iL. Textile Tube time as we now have it-months, weeks, days. ing provided with a hinged bar. The plate and Company, Fa)) River, �ass. hours, minutes, and seconds ? When did this bar are constructed with co-operating clamp­ Inquiry No. 6086.-Wanted, a gaSOline motor of computation begin or come into use, and what INDEX OF INVENTIONS ing members for securely holding in place a 4 to ti h. p., for plOWlng purposes. preceded that computation, and so on as far For which Letters Patent of the pull device constituting the medium by which Sawmill machinery and outfits manufactured bY the back as we have any history on this subject ? the sliding movements of the adjusting device Lane Mfg. Co. . Box 13, Montpelier, Vt. A. There is not much exact data as one so United States were Issued are effected for the purpose of altering the Inquiry No. 6087.-For the latest and hest appli­ might expect regarding the time of the intro­ !tnces for a crematory. for the Week Ending length of the suspender member. duction of the different units of time We now D. A. Beaton, Practical Lead Burner, O. Box 334 P. employ. Probably many of them came · into October WOburn. Mass. Fifteen years' experience. II, 1904 Hard"W"are. No. 6088.-For makers of blank name use gradually an'd without any offiCial de�er- Inquiry mination, just because they were convenient REGISTERING-LOCK.-J. G. RAMEY, Rome, checks on which to stamp names, addresses and em­ AND e A C H BEA R I N Q T HAT 0 A TE blems, also of stamps with which to stamp them. and serviceable. The year was natu lly con- Ga. A lock constructed according to this in­ ni [See note at end of ist about nected with the seasons, and has been kept l copies of these patents.I vention has merit over all similar locks in MICROSCOPE.-$15; cost, $35. Also valuable acces­ sories separate. List. J. Phin, Paterson, N. J. with the sea:sons by most nations. It is more the construction involved, as well as the sim­ r round glass essential that it should begin at about the same 1 rt t ss L��� 772,105 plicity of its working parts, which are not so · ���;�� � i��� � ��. �gg�\� ,:;���� : � � ! cJ:e�:i �ric:e� C1ra c e i time with reference to seed time and harvest � � Xa�� �� fa iit te liable to get out of order. It has utility or recording .and rendering of, C. L. Hag- American inventions negotiated in Europe. Wenzel. than that it should be invariable in length. gard ...... 772,036 usefulness in recording its unlocking and the W. 772,129 & Hamburger. Equ.ttable Bunding. Berlin, Germany. Thus our years are not of the same length Acid, making hydroxy stearic, M. Bnrton registering of the number of times it has been h e , . Inquiry No. fi090.-For dealeTs in second-hand The month was also a natural epoch, in th I worked or unlocked. electric instruments and machinery. � ��� ��::'�� e!!��� s� �� Bie:i ..���: :.::::::: ���:m earliest times, dating from the phases of the Al a t r l m WIRE-STRETCHER.-O. C. A. SCHWIEN, Agents wanted to sell the Ryede puzzle. Sample by k �akf�� �nf �:ar!�y��� ir. s� :l.:':���:� 772,206 moon. While the day has always been a AU.:aline processes, apparatus for mercurial, Davenport, Iowa. This improvement is in mail for 10c. Ryede Specialty Works, Rochestjer! N.,Y., 771,833 natural unit of time, the time of its beginning Roeppcr & Harmon ...... that class of stretchers whose main feature is 9 .-For a machine for printing on to e 772,176 � t!� 1 and its division into parts have varied greatly. , �i�y���'::::::::: 771.995 a lever having a curved portion adapted to en­ t01���r�h :a ·d . ��i:��� :k et';in: ��X: i: ' This is discussed in answer to Query ��� ;:,a;� s St " ' 772,066 gage or partly embrace a fixed post and pro­ In buying or selling patents money may be saved 8744, � d ';����l �olI,i�r, ��;;;£in�d', j: � Vol. No. Our calendar, ,thy J ulian, 772,046 vided with a wire-grip, which is located at a and time gained by writing Chas. A. Scott. 719 M,utual 87, 19. Mangold ...... dates from 771,9(;7 4 A.D., and its reformation by Baling press, L. Blount ...... point between the post and the handle end of Life Building, Buffalo,New York. 5 . 772,077 Pope Gregory in A.D., while its adoption Ball mill, tubular, M. F. Abbe ...... the lever. A flexible tension device, prefer­ Inquiry No. 6/192.-For machinery for peeling, 1582 Bath trap cap and pipe, H. J. Luff ...... 772,162 cracking, cleanlt.g and bleaching walnuts. by. England was A.D. All that is Batteries, lead containing cell for secondary, ably a chain, is employed, it being connected m 1752 772,123 We manufacture anything in metal. Patented arti- known on these points may be had from en­ V. G. Apple ...... with the portion of the lever applied to the Bedstead, W. E. Collier ...... 771,811 cle8� metal stamping, dies, screw mach,. work, etc. cyclopedias. Bedstead canopy support, I. E. Palmer .... 772,175 post and adapted for ready attachment and de­ 772,006 Metal Novelty Work., 43 Canal Street, Chicago_ Bedstead, wardrobe, C. H. Tesch ...... tachment, so that the apparatus as a whole (9470).W. L. asks : Will you kindly G. 772,097 Beet topper and lifter, L. Hayes ...... � �l� o or out s and suppI ies for 771,831 may quickly applied to and removed from ::; b �2'!!��tc� fit advise me whether the current in We stern Belt jack, F. '0. Roberts ...... be co �� Ke , a ' Belt shifter, W. N. Gartside ...... 771,904 the post. Union telegraph wires would interfere with the Bicycle handle bar, B. H. Sills ...... 771,841 Patented i.nventions of brass, bronze, composition or 771,973 working of a ground circuit telephone line on Binder, A. H. Denny ...... aluminum . construction placed on market. Write to Binder, temporary, J. G. G.. Eklundh ...... 771 ,974 Heatin g and Lighting. American Brass Foundry Co., Hyde Park, Mass. the same poles, and if so, what could be done Bit gage, A. D. Campbell ...... 772,211 Inquiry No. 6094.-Formanufacturers of broom­ to equalize the current, or as a remedy ? A. A Blac�i:C ' o iS c , e FURNACE.-G. S. KENT, Lyndon, Vt. The �an��� Fo i ��f a�3 ����� F� �c making machinery. telephone line is liable to disturbance from any ...... 771,861 aim of the improvement is to provide a fur­ H Curtis ...... The celebrated Hornsby-Akroyd " Patent Safety Oil unsteady electric current in its· neighborhood, b nC I �r' · Watkinson .... 772,300 nace of economic construction capable of uti­ �i��g: �� p� ;�; r J. Engine is built by the De La Vergne Maohine Company if a ground return is employed. The remedy i t s b �C lizing all the products of combustion to a Block J. W. Foot of East 138th Street, New York. machine, plastic, Wilson ...... 772,319 maximum extent, in which furnace a con­ Block signal and safety system, electric automatic, G. P. Finnigan •...... 772,278 tinuous combustion-chamber is provided and 772,297 Boiler, E. G. Rust ...... induction is thus done away with. 772,250 two fuel-chambers in communication with the Bottle closure or the like, C. E. McManus .. Bottle stopper, O. Adams ...... 771,960 combustion-chamber, together with meaps for W ANTED.-Experienced Office man who will invest (9471) C. H. W. asks: What would Bottles or other vessels with liquids, ap- admitting air and steam to the combustion­ $15,000 in a well-established manufacturing company in paratus for filling, F. J. Fletcher ..... 772,033 be the result of an electro-magnet which is . 772,195 Central Indiana. Investment, Box 773, N. Y. Bottling apparatus, O. Vogel ...... chamber and for the admi�sion of stoking-tools capable of lifting ten times more than its own Bowling alley pins, apparatus for setting, to the fuel-chambers. Inquiry No. ti096.-For buUders of steam engines . . .. 771,963 weight, and a piece of metal that weighs say J. C. BackusE...... for automobiles, or makers of bteam automobiles. Box machine, A. Jordan ...... •.••.•.. 771, 825 eight or ten times as much as the magnet, say 772,212 Want manufacturer to buy pat. No. 760,280elect. water Bracket, Campbell & Williams ...... _ 771,976 i ron, be both placed on a level surface a bout Brake, J. A. Field ...... IlIachines and llIechanical DevIces. heater. Boils pint of water in 1 minute. Sample with Brake Sh.lt:!, vehicle, W. W. Morton ...... 772,170 attachment plug. $1.25. Richard Toennes, Box 344, one-half foot or a foot apart, with nothing Brakes, pressure retaining mechanism for HOIST.-S. T. Los Angeles, Cal...... 772,167 WALLACE, Boonville. Mo. to hold either stationary, and then turn on fluid pressure, F. Mertsheimer This hoist is intended especially for nse in Branning and polishing machine, combined, No. 6097.-For manufacturers ofmacnin the current ? What would be the result ·! ...... 771,890 the construction of buildings to hoist building Inquiry T. M. Williams ery for t!xcelsiorplants...... 772,191 Would the magnet go to the metal, or would materials from one floor to another. 'l' he hoist Brick laying machine, J. Thomson Manufacturers of patent articles, dies, metal stamp� the metal go to the magnet ? A. If a magnet Bricks, etc., with coatings of carborundum lies outside of the building, being erected on the ing, screw machine work, hardware specialties, machin­ or similar materials, producing, L. E. and a piece of iron such as you describe were t d r sidewalk immediately in front of the structure ery and tools. Quadriga Manufacturing Company, 18 placed a� you state, Brus�, l' H '�a::;:i�� . :::::::::::::::::: m:��� where it will occupy very little space. The South Canal Street. Chicago. the magnet w�uld move Brush, D. W. Cole ...... , ...... 772,217 to the iron ten times as fast as the iron Brush adjuster, automatic, W. H. Freed- arrangement of the hoist is such that it will Inquiry No. 609S.-For makers of -compressed 771,868 maL .. ...). _ ...... elevate beams of a length too great for eleva­ paper, to be used aM a substitute for leather. moved toward the magnet, since both would be Bmsh and making same, W. Dixon ...... 772,089 ...... 772,302 tion through the interior of the building. PATENTS FOR SALE.-Cantwell & Co., patent agents, pulled with the same force, and the motion of Brush, bottle, L. J. Widness Brush, eye, C. F. W. Ramus .•0 ••••••••• 772,177 Calcutta, India, has now for sale several valuable the two would b!, in the inverse ratio to the 772,293 MACHINE FOR FOR MING U R R Y­ Buggy top brace; adjustable, M. B. Reese.. .C , principally for railway improvements. Full weights. It is not probable that either would 771.948 patents Buggy top support, G. H. Taylor ...... KNIFE EDGES ON ROTARY CUTTERS.-E. particulars on applicatIOn. Building block mold, J. A. Ferguson. .... 772,032 move at a distance of a foot from the other. . 772,150 SCHROEDER, New York, N. Y. The object of Burglar alarm,: E. W. Jenks ...... d w and The magnetic force would not be able to exert Burning apparatus, fuel, H. H. Huff...... 772,147 the improvement is to provide a machine more se��:t.ft�;,lg':.��g:r';;;-:���s, 3ITtd �lf�el�0�:' 772,168 pull enough at so great a distance. Butter mold, G. W. Morrill ...... especially designed for accurately forming an I wants prominent business man p Button fastener, T. R. Hyde, Jr. . .. . '0' .' 772,280 nventor as artner to ... 772,285 annular curry-knife edge on a circular cutter­ finance some series of first-class lnventions : Camera, -photographic, J. Millard ...... Auto, Canning machine, S. J. Baker ...... 772,078 such, for instance, as is used in a fleshing railroad, iron, building and other branches. A. von Canopy support, turnback, 1. E. Palmer . ... 772,174 and shaving machine for raw and dressed furs Duczyuski, P. O. Box 54, Bellevue. Pa. NEW BOOKS, ETC, Car and .elevator for power plants, transfer, .. . . 772,183 Seaver & Wellman ...... or skins, for which former Letters Patent were Inquiry No. 61 00.-For tbe makers of an appa­ THE CHEMISTRY OF GAS MANUFACTURE. Car, convertible street, W. A. M"cCarrell, ral us cnl1ed " I�ou/! 'l'om" whIch :is fixed on the wall...... 772,110 granted this inventor. The present invention a By J. Atkinson Butterfield, M.A., Jr...... and cuin is fired bya. small caLnoU. W. . . . 771,822 is a division of the application for Letters F.I.C. London : Charles Griffin Car coupling, C. U. Greeley ...... FOR SALE.-Canadian patent No. 83,867. dated Nov. & Car coupling, J. Slepicka ...... 771,942 Patent of the United States for a machine for 19Da. Co., Ltd. Philadelphia: J. Lippin­ Car coupling, A. Matter ...... 771,992 10. Covering vital points in telephone develo}J­ B. . . . . 772,041 grinding and forming cutter edges, formerly cott ComlJany, 1904. 8vo. ; pp. 257. Car, dump, Hoover & Mason ...... mente Important subsequent improvements free to Car elevator, dump, E. O. Fehr ...... 771,899 filed by Mr. Schroeder. purchaser. Addres� Dennis O'Brien. Price, $2.50. Car end gate ol"ening device, mine, Ault .. . .. 772,268 Limestone, New York. & Reed ...... The present is the first volume of this work J...... 771 ,922 Car fender, McGuire ...... Inquiry No. 6101.-For manufacturers of keys. which has been greatly enlarged in this, the third Car llnderframet passenger, C. S. Gawthrop 772,141 Designs. witbout beadS, to be used ill the manufactlll'eof farm Carborundum arlic'le, self .bonded, F. J. Tone 772,262 machinery. edition. Volume I. treats of the materials and Carbureter for gasoline engines, G. Kingston 771,985 HAMMOCK CLOTH.-D. W. SHOYER, New Winona,'Minnesota.-Population, 21,000-Wants Man. processes of gas manufacture. All th� ,materials Carrier. See Cuspidor carrier. York, N. Y. The design cOlisists of a 'central and produ�ing �oal, wat�l" oil, and closing and sealing G. R. ufucturing Plants. For particulars address Geo. \V . methods of Carton machine, 772,076 initial letter surrounded by scrolls and flower Gregory. Secretary of Board of Trade air gas, a'nd of enriching gas of low illllrnin- c i:Y��� 'S��tt ' :::: : :: : 771 ,838 att d,' 'ir: ' Ii: :: : : :::: 772,109 ornaments which are artistically arranged. ating power, as well as the methods of pro- A. Morton ... manufacturers of solder­ Center :fire balance engine, R. 771,873 lnqnifY 1", . 61 O'!�-F01- p ing iron for aluminium. ducing simple gaseous hydrocarbons, are thor- b 771,915 DESIGN FOI� A CHAPLET OI� SHIUNE 2�:i�' ;�;���� �: r· ����� �.::::::::::::: Wanted-Revolutionary Documents, Autograph I-let. oughly described. The production of acety- Check holder and match plate, combined, OF THB HOLY ROSARY.-C. GAY, New 772,20[; ters. Journals, Prints, ,-\Tashington Portraits. Early lene was treated in a separate book 'Yritten in v s Haven, Conn. This is a deSign in which the Ch(>(>� ��th�� � G� � 'Si;u'bie'r" ::::::::::: 771 ,84� American IllustTl:lted Mag:azines, Early Patents signed collaboration with Mr. F. H. Lee, and which ...... 771,982 figure is a perspective view of the chaplet or Chin sup;lOrter, S .. N. Hiser 771,937 by Presidents of the United States, Valentine's has been recently published. The second_ vol- k shrine of the Holy Rosary. Around a promi­ �i�:��tt�' t�n�� ru��bi�� ' 'io'r" �pplyi��: " u: Manuals of the early 40's. Correspon -ence solicited. of the work, which is now in course of _ 771.869. 771 ,R7n nent crucifix and two small crosses, are in­ ume Gabrielskv ...... Address C.A. M.. Box 773. New York. 772, 291 preparation, will cover the te.sting and use of � IO m H ' ' . s: scribed St. Dominic's Chaplet of the Ho'ly Ros· ��;;;e io; cr���t, Inquiry "No. 6103.-Fnr a frepl".ing apparatus for g��� :�s� :��en:�\� 77�.?7� ary. The face of the ornamental design is ob­ making ice in small and large quantities. gas. Dunlan ...... hB n r long, square at the bottom and round at the �Send for new and complete catalogue of SCientiflc EARTHQUAKES IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW �:;�ir, �I�:� , s�� �� 'ria;'i�i'::::::::::::::: . ... 772.16[;���:�g� top. A square in the ·center is surrounded by and other Books for sale by Munn & Co., 361 Broadway, By Major Clarence Ed- (1]ock, eight day alarm . r. Matzinger .. . SEISMOLOGY. I el , ��r�2�IU:���.::::::::::: a chain looped at the lower part. New York. Free on application. ward Dutton. London : John Mur- I 2l����s ;���,C l m:8�� r of screw ray. New York ; P. Putnam's A...... 771.885 NOTE.-Copies of any these pate�ts wIll G. Clover hulling machine, Poirier of m!��i�!�;:O�it�?I�th·.;Fa':d �i\���:�!:� � Sons, 1904. 12mo. ; 314. :�If;'Ja "j: ·H·. ·M���,;,,:::: be furnisbed Munn or ten c�nts pp. I by & Co. f eaah. g�lC�;'g�; n�t, . m:�772,007�� Situat.ionwanted by young German with commercial studying earth- W. . . . Sp rlJ,pidly has the method-' . of. _. �to�, ...... Please state the of the pa tpntp�, title e rience, having studied enj!"ineerj·ng in··Berlin, want- Co�k, Th,ls 771,902 name 01 J xpe . . " h'" I 0011 wmdmg machIne, .1 . J. Frank ...... years, is guakes developed durmg the t ll"ty •••••.••••••• the lnvention, and date of th paper. ing a start. G. K., Box '173, N. Y. last Coin collector, F. R. McBerty 771.920 Scientific American

Combination' furnace, J. F. Hughes Insulated Joint for railway rail sectiolls, Commutator, J. H. Brown ...... e G. A. Weber ...... 772,00B, 772,01)9 Composing stick; R. D. Tittle ...... 772,116 Scr���w ;rut Insulated rail l'oint, A. Webt·r ..772,010, 772,011 r" e Carriage Motors O. Compressing and straining machine, F. J. iusulating compound, heat, J. D. Scott .... 772,181 ..•...... � ...... Cutting Farner m:772,230];ir- - -·------,��S---t-a� I Insu ng c ver l ir f lt l For Bicycle, Contact :: � � ��� �� � ��� � Compressing machine, B. McGovern ,:. . ... 771,921 AU���:tic or Jump Spark f ! .. . . . : ...... : .. .. 772,203 Compu ting device, wage, M. Teicher ... 771,845 Insulator for vessel handles, heat,�:. �: E. D. One Piece Casting. Light Concrete block molding machine,II\ rough, Lathes Holley ...... 772,099 Weight. Large Bearing Sur­ T.- Podmore ...... 772,292 Inva li d h - faces. Write us to-day ��� ���� �� � ��� Condenser, Grouvelle Arquem'bourg .•.... 772,279 . . . . . ��1���:��: .?:. �'.. . . . 771,84G Controller, Wood Geisenhoner& ...... 771,958 I Iron, dechromizing, O. Massenez ...... 772, lG4 GRAN'l'·}'}:RUIS & . v •••••• 772,296 co. Ironing board, adjustable, W. O. Bowman. 771,856 Corn husker, P. Rupp ...... Troy, I ...... Cotton gin, C. G. Bodungen .... v ••••� •••• 772,272 .J ack, Jefferson ...... 772,238 �. Y. 1. Couch, curative, J. W. Titus ...... 771 ,847 Jar closure, C. H. Hess ...... 772,O;�8 & Coupling, J. Wahlstrom ...... 0j" •••• 771, 951 Jar or can holder, A. B. Clark ...... 771 ,9G'D V. Coupling, Rateau Sautter ...... 772,317 Joinery, J. E. Ahlvin ...... 772, 11:3 Crane, electric, H.& A. Lewis ...... ' . 771,987 Joint stiffener or clamp, J. B. Hunt ...... 772,1-W ....•. ... 771,928 Journal bearing, I. Metzger ...... 771,99�� Crank, adjustable, O. Persson , F. 772,064 1 ,.. to H. P. Journal bearing, M. F. Wiedemann ...... 772,075 Cream separator, centrifugal, P. E. Shee � .. MARINE 40ENGINE S Crushing rolls, J. A. Thomas ...... 1••• 771,949 Laheling machine, bottle, J. F. Schneider . 771, 940 Crushing rolls, longitudinally adjustable, ;�J.. Lace fastener, shoe, H. Blankenstein ... . 772,O�2 A. Thomas ...... 771,887 Lacing hook, W. H. Wood ...... 772,015 Cuff holder, G. W. Buchanan ...... 772,2H) ' Ladder, step, C. R. Sheldon ...... 771,840 Culinary boiler or steamer, A. B. Rice ...'77 1,830 Foot and Power :r� ds?a��Js�l,!d'lJrM�!s�e�: to feet Lamp and heater, gas, W. S. McLewee . . . 772,249 17 50 Cultivator, D. Garst ...... 771,871 SHI!]PARD LATHE CO. . 133W. 2d St., Cincinnati, O. Send for Lamp burner, H. W. Gander ...... 771,903 Cllitivato�, W. W. Giles ...... 772,232 new catalog Lamp, electric, C. H. Harthan ...... 771,907 Current controlling system, A. C. Eastwood 772,277 GRAND RAPIDS GAS ENGINE YACHT CO. Lamp, electric arc, R. Scott ...... " 772,257 Current meter, alternating, W. H. Pratt. . 771,932 Grand Rapids, Mich.&, Lamp, incandescent electric, J. R. Lovejoy . 771 ,988 Clirtain ring, G. A. Springmeyer ...... •.. 771,944 Lamp receptacle, A. A. Moffitt ...... 771 ,916 Cuspidor carrier, C. H. Gunn ...... '.' 771,979 TAKE THE NICKEL PLATE ROAD FOR Lamps, manufacturing glowers, luminants, Cylinder lubricator, B. F. Kelsey ...... 772,240 THE 1ST. LOUIIS FAIR. and (filaments for electric incandescent, Dam, portable, S. Gleazen ...... : ..... 771,821 r �l��M�MJ©�tt@ M. F. Cazin ...... 772,215 F. Df'utal articulator, F. L. Williams ...... 77�,304 �\ ��t many unusual privileges. Special Lantern safety case, H. Ii', Burchfield ... , . 772,085 Dental engine and spittoon support, W. B. dates. ]'-'ull information on appli­ LaU�e attachment, A. Palm ...... ' . 771 ,997 P. Alford ...... 771,961 I�OledO Ohio,USA. or R. E. Payne, General Agent, Lathe tool holder, W. Bixby ...... 772,271 & EJ. Y., or A. Ecclestone, D.P D:stilling apparatus, water, W. Rochlitz ... 771,832 W. .A., Leather stretching machine clutch, E. L. Door closer, automatic, Gates Eihstadt .. 772,095 Post ...... 772,055 Door hanger, J. Cramer ...... & ...... 772,221 Leather used for making power belts, ma- Deor opeuer, G. Rischmuller ...... 772,060 o chine for stretching, E. L. Post ...... 772,054 Drain trap, A. W. Edwards ...... 772,091 e_�U1canIr w rKS c . Level, spirit, J. Bishop ...... 771 .Ho:l �� . . Drill, A. E. Utsler ...... 771,84D o Lever, ratchet, W. Koehler ...... 772,IG7 H. . Lifter. See Invalid lifter. Drill, W. H. Soley ...... 772,003 Ke Nothingrosene but Kerosene Oil Oil[ng to runine it Dl'illing tool, E. A. Turner ...... 771 ,848 If You Want the Best Lathe Lighting and heating device, vapor, F. W. Dry separator, F. O. Bloom ...... 7'7 1,805 Simple, Sa te and Efficient. Needs little De Tray ...... 771,863 Drying apparatus, F. Meyer ...... 771,994 attention, is less Ii kelv to get out of Lightning arrester, P. H. Thomas ...... 772,190 Dust pan, R. Forden ...... 772, 093 order, and is cheaper run than any Limb, artificial, H. Wenneborg, ,Jr ...... 772,:118 ct to Electric circuitJ. closer and breaker, T. H. GHOGKS otber enu-ine manufa ured. Economi­ Lime or cement kiln, W. S. Speed , ...... 772, 184 McQuown. reissue ...... 12,273 cal and Easily Operated. Liquid cooler coil support, M. J. Bernhard 772,081 Electric conductor protective system, L. International Power Vehicle Co. Loading apparatus, motor vehielp, G. H...... 77 ,891 Condict ...... 772,030 Andrews 1 Conn. Electric controller, A. Sundh ...... 772,067 Stamford, Lock, J. Oleschak ..... , ...... 772.112 E'le ctric controller, A. W. Harrison ...... 772,:11:� Loom har ..Iess evener, E. H. Ryon ...... 772,180 I'}lpetric heater, H. E. Heath ...... 771 .90K Loom shuttle checking means, J. Northrop .. 772, 048 Elc'rtric motor, E. Bretch ...... 772,083 Loom warp stop motion, electrical, E. ELECTRICALSCIENTI FURNACESFIC AMERICAN ARE F. Elel'tric or telephonic transmission, H. Car� ful1y described in SL'PPLE­ Kip, reissue ...... 12,274 MENTS bonnelle ...... 772,21:� Lubricating device, J. F, Joy ...... 772,153 IlnPrice7. 1374cents .each ]375., m14a l19. 14�(I.Company, l4�1. Elcctric snap switch. indicator, C. G. Per- i Pl r c � . 1 07'1.Broa dway, New10 York City,by and all. Munnnewsdealers. & r ��� � �� ������ ::::: kins ...... : ... 772,0:;] 361 . M C : . }iilPrtric switch, F. Mackintosh ...... 771,989 Luol'il'ator,t�t�}�!fg�: Houck Rose ...... !: .. 772,145++�:��� THIS ___ & I:.leC'tl'ical apparatus, ventilated coil for, N. __ �s�]i��E�'l Ap�r�R!:r�r Mail ,bag catcher and deliverer, " automatic, Neall ...... 772,288 R. Stathem ...... 772,185 WATERThe windmill and gasoline engine M. E'lectrical.J. distribution system, J. Hall- Mail box, A. M. Burnham ...... 772,128 H. berg ...... '. 772,096 ��lr ;� ��t�aa�d �� n' Mail box, F. Schmoyer ...... 772 .25G Electroplating apparatus, W. King . .. , 772,102 Has no pumps, valves. No tinuously wherever there is!o��g a running�:n� Mask, A. Braverman ...... 772, 27:3 R . GRINDEno R Electrostatic instrument, F. H. Bo·wman ... 771,968 piping required to supply it with stream. Nothing blow down, blow Mat, A. S. Burnell ...... 771,800 Elpvator. See Car elevator. water. Alwaya ready for use. Sim­ np, or require attention.10 Requires Match saf"e, ang. cigar cutter, combined, A. plest in construction, most efficient Elevator, H. R. Wellman ...... 772,074 less head of water to operate than Friedman ...... 771,977 In operation. Price interest o h r Ne'1.'er needs re­ Elevator apparatus, electriC, E. R. Cari- will you. t e ram. Matting, A. S. Burnell ...... 771,808 JN BARNES pairs.any Catalogue free. cho!!' ...... 772,086 W. F. & O. CO., Mattress, C. A. Fisher ...... 771 ,HG7 Established 1872. Engine, P. Underwood . . > ••••••••••••.. 772,"299 Niagara Hydraulic tngine Co-. Measuring stick, Newman ...... 772,289 O. 1999 Ruby St., Roekford, E. Engine .and gear casing, J. Carney ..." .... '172,214 Ill. CHESTER, P A. Measuring the speed of flowing liquids, de- Engine cooling lllechanism, explosive, F. vice for, R. IJohse ...... 771 ,826 Reaugh ...... 772,178 :JIpcbnnical movement, F. L. Eager ...... 771,8G4 Engine v"lporizer, oil, D. R. Morrison ...... 771,8Rl Medicine into eyes, device for putting, Engine wheel, traction, D. T. Spry ...... 771,945 THE EUREKA CLIP G. A. Carpenter ...... 772,028 Engines, electric igniter for explosive, W. The most useful article ever invented :i\fetal forging, shaping, or punching press, for tbe purpose. Indispensable to Law.. B. Hayden ...... 772,235 J. Dodge ...... 772,135 yers, Editors, StudentS, Bankers, Insur­ Manufactory Established 1761. Enyelop, E. Ermold ...... 772,031 Mineral or ore washing jig, C. J. Hodge .. 771.\)09 ance Companies and business men gen­ Envelops, machine for operating and remov- erally. Book marker and papEr clip. PENCILS, COLORED PENCILS, SLATBJ Mining machine, coal, J. F. Joy ...... 772,152 ing the contents of, Wolf Garrett. . . 771,852 Does not mutilate the paper. Can A I Moistener, envelop, E. Ward ...... 771 ,888 & be PENCILS, WRITING SLATES, INKS. ST T ONERS " Eraser holder, ink or pencil, Nicholson used repeatedly. In boxes of lOOfor 25c. l\Ioistening pad, finger, A. R. Hirt ...... 772,039 & GOODS. RULERS. ARTISTS' COLORS. Hemphill ...... 772,111 To be had of all bookse]]eTs� stationers RUBBER J\Iolding machine, F. W. Hudson ...... 772,042 Exercising device, W. G. Ruhl ...... 771,938 and nOtion dealers. or by-mail on receipt Mowing machine cutting apparatus, L. Explosive engine, C. W. Little ...... 772,160 of price. Sample card, bymail,free. Man- New York, N. Y. Study ...... 772,1)04 t e :J[ufftpl', Eyeglasses, Schmid Gartland ...... 771 ,837 S. Hughes ...... 772,148 & p� c� � �y.nl\��io�:i�(ld��� y. Eyeglasses, S. Ward ...... 772,196 : GRANO PRIZE. Highest Award. PARIS. Music board, J. Chisholm ...... 772,216 F. 1 �Kx 1900. Fan motor, Bockelman Deke ...... _772,126 Mus.ic leaf turner, C. Greiner ...... 77 1,978 & J{'. Fastener, L. C. Kahl ...... 771 ,D12 Music leaf turner, O'Neel Edwards ..... 772,173 Faucet, disappearing, N. H. Piffard- Music sheet feed controlling& mpchalliRm, Francis ...... 771,884 J. H. Dickinson ...... 772,225 Feather and producing same,_ waterproof os- Musical instruments, automatic playing at- trich, C. A. Potter ...... 771 ,999 tachment for, P. Brown ...... ".772,208 T. Feed water regulator, M...... 772, 303 Neckwear, clasp for supporting scarfs for, T. 'VilldllS Feeder, automatic poultry, J. Anderson, L. Lassen ...... 772,159 772,121, 772,1.22 Nut cracking machine, S. Brown ..... 772,127 �I. Feeder protection, L. Andrews ...... 772,322 Nut lock, H. L. Reynolds ...... 771,9:1[) Fence, J. Weirick ...... 771 ,957 Nut lock, J. Ball ...... 771 , 96G Fence making machine, wire, J. E'. Fredrick 772.2:U Nut lock, A. Hayes ...... 772,144 Fem'ing tie, wire, O. S. Sturtevant ...... 772,186 SCIENTIFI C \ AMERI CAN Nut, lock, Allen Andreotta ...... 772.]20 Oar lock, & }'prtillzer distributer, A. G. Cox ...... 772,220 H. W. Wheeler ...... 772,264 Fpl'tilizer distributer, A. Fairly ...... 772J229 Oil burner, T. W. Hill ...... 771,981 F'iber vessel, J. J. Shea ...... 772,258 Oil but'ner, fuel, F. Trowbridge ...... 772,263 Filter cloth, J. Crossley ...... 772,132 Oils from wood, manufacturing pine, Clark Filter, oil. C. A. Conn, reissue ...... 12,272 REFE RENCE BOOK Barri'J ...... 771,R!'in & Filtering stone, J. A. Davidson ...... 771,971 Oven, G. Kuebler ...... 771,tGl Fire escape, W. G. Ragsdale ...... 772,056 12mo ; 5 1 6 pages ; illustrated ; 6 colored plates. Price $ 1 .50, postpaid Package carrier, H. M. Weav�r ...... 771,850 Firing gear and controlling device, Meigs Pages, device for facilitating the turning of, Hammar ...... , ...... 772, 244 J. Vickery ...... 772,1D4 & Firing mechanism, Meigs Hammar ... . . 772,245 Paper holder and cutter, roll, E. C. Lee . .. 771,91:1 Flue cleaner, J. Macdonald& ...... 772,243 Paper moisture or grease proof, making, Flue stop, H. Nichols ...... 772,251 (jf The result .of the queries of three generations I. Kitsee ...... 772.1m .r. Flue stopppl' Russell ...... 772,255 Pasting macliine, R. Pick ...... 771,9HS L. of readers and correspondents is crystallized in this F. Forceps, root, extracting, N. D. Asdell ... . 772,324 Pavement or roadway, F. J. Warren . .... 771 .nr):1 Fountain, J. A. Edmundson ...... 772,139 which has been course of preparation for Pavement or roadway, street, J. Warren 77],954 Frame or the like supporting device, H. I. book, in Pavement or roadway, street F.sheet, F. J. Poor ...... 771,930 months. It is indispensable to every family and Warren ...... 77] ,952 Fruit picker, Stansbury Cummins ...... 771 ,842 Pen, D. C. Van Valer ...... 772,193 & Fruit picker, B. J. Downing ...... 772, 275 business man. It deals with matters of interest to Pen, fountain, F. W. Bender ...... 772, 204 Furnace, S. F. Pierce ...... 772,053 Penholder, H. Purschke ...... 772,000 Furnace for the manufacture of steel, G. everybody. The book contains 50,000 fads, and Phonograph records or blanks, manufactur- Gin ...... 771,872 ing cylindrical, Miller Pierman .... 771,880 is much more complete and more exhaustive than & F'urnace grate, J. N. Quinn ...... 771,934 Phonograph repeating attachment, P. Weber 771,851 Furnaces apparatus for the combUstion of anything of the kind which has ever been attempted. Photographic . plate holder, J. Schaub ••... 771,939 oil in, H. Luckenbach ...... 772,045 Picker. See Fruit picker. Fuse replacing device, H. G. Addie ...... 772, 200 Pile and wharf supporting structure, H. C. Game apparatus, J. C. Cairns ...... 771,895 Holmes ...... 772,100 Game or puzzle, C. W. Spicer ...... 771,943 Ping pong or table' ...tennis...... ,balls,...... retriever.. Gas, apparatus for the manufacture of, C. The " Scientific for, F. Smith ...... 771,886 H. Claudel ...... 772,131 American Ref­ Pipe coupling,H. J. J. Dossert. .. ••..•...... •••••.... 772, 118 SCIBN'l'IFI\J AMERICA.NREFERENCE BOOK. 1 :�6 Gas, capsule for holding compressed, H. erence Book" Pipe mold, O. Johnson ...... 771,991 S. Crocker ...... , ...... 771,813 has been com­ Pipe mold, !Shell ...... 772,259 L. Gas generator, F. G. Hobart ..., ...... 772,040 piled after Pitcher, syrup, M. Bradford ..•....•.••... 772,207 Gas manufacturing apparatus, R. Dempster. 772, 224 gauging the Plane-r, E'lather ...... 771,817 �l. Gas meters or other purposes, coin freed known wants of Planing machine edging attachment, R. F. mechanism for, W. Cowan ...... 771,896 thousands. t Brumbaugh ...... 771 , 894 Gas purifier, J. B. Harris ...... 772,037 I Planter, corn, Badenhop Rosebrock .... . 771.964 has been re­ & Gate. See Water gate. vised by eminent statisticians, Infor­ Planter, potato, L. A, Aspinwall ...... 772,202 Gate mechanism, E. A. Munn ...... 771,918 mation has been drawn from over one Plow, garden, J. T. Foulke ...... 771,901 Gate operating mechanism, J. K. Wheeler .. 772,301 . ton of Government reports alone. It is Polishing machine, H. A. Damerow ...... 772, 222 Gl'ar mechanism, reversing, W. J. Wright .. 772,320 . a book for everyday reference-more Popper� E. H. Barton ...... 771,893 Gear, transnlission, C. H. Day ...... 772,274 Power press, H. Osswald ...... � 772,113 useful than an encyclopedia, because Gpomt'trical instrument, S. E. Llona ..... 772.283 Power transmission, Beam Clarke ...... 771,802 you will find what you want in an G love fastener, S. B. Lane ...... 772, 158 Preserving citrus fruits, E. &N. Alrxandrian. 772,018 former, G. J. Schneider ...... 772,063 Instant in a more condensed form. Printer's block or base, H. B. Rouse .... 771,8:m GIOVt' Gluing clamp, J. C. Reckweg ...... 772,254 The chapter relating to patents, trade­ Printe r's tie-up, A. MacMaster , ...... 771,914 marks and copyrignts is thorough L. C'i llid separator, pneumatic, W. Broadbent . 771,857 a Printing machine, hand, C. Finch ..... 771,900 Glain binder, W. C. Duryea ...... 772,137 one and aims to give in ventors proper Printing machine inkingfr . mechanism, fiat Grain separator attachment, J. F'ernlln ... . 772,312 legal aid. The chapter on manufac­ bed, T. M. North ...... 771,924 Gl'uin spout, air blast, Benedict Aude rs . 772, 124 tures deals with most interesting fig­ Printing pres,New York City Recoil ct-eck recnperator, combined, H.nl l'orarbon burner, L. E. Coleman ...... 771 ,970 Meigs Stout ...... 771 ,82� & Hytll'orarbon burner, B. C. Woodford ... . 772.016 Register hook, H. B. Rouse ...... 771 .H:14 Hyd !'bon retort, G. W. rper ...... 771,855 D. G. Clark ...... 772, 029 l'O('U A Rivet, Indpxillg device or card recol'd system, Rivet or marking tag, J. Davis ...... 772, 1:l3 L. A. L. Allin ...... 772,326 Rotary engine, J. H. Putnam •....•...... 771 ,933 P. .•• , •••••.•• ...... 772,265 !uslllllte

l{.ubbel' C. nipples, Bpiudle fur fOl'millg, B. ••••.••••••••• ••••••••••••••• 772, Hil Huhher1)()Il; �'d\lll shoe, solf'd }pntlH'I' hout or G. 11'. Bllttt�lfield ...... •...... 772,027 SUNBURN . Rubber soled shoe welt therefor ..... 772,1J2G awl quickly relieved and surely cured by Sanding device, C. B. Cooper ...... 772,21 8 Saw blad{>, cold metal, C. A. Juengst. . .. . 772,154 Sa w set, Rice ...... •...... 772,2\)5 Sa wmills, H.off bear tabl£> for, E. M. Shantz . Scaffold, paiutpr'R, G, R. Laughlin ...... 77177 1,,887836 Seale indicator. anti vibrating, M. A. Du- quett ...... , ...... 772,090 Seales, pressure gages, etc., tension device for, W. M. Fulton ...... 772,034 Many persons prefer take chances ...... Hydro%one Scoop, egg, Scrimgeour Oberdorfer 772,182 to & Scref'il, E. Hipolito ...... 772,098 rather than go to th� trouble that It acts like magic and is absolutely Seaming machine, can, A. Wulff ...... 772,017 most rules of health enjoin. Here is a Williams' Shaving Stirh, harmless. which Sewing machine, buttonhole, D. Noble .... 771,923 rule costing extra trouble whatever, Shaving Tablel�, TniJd Sewing machine, glove, A. E. Lindner .... 772,044 no A Tria.lBottle Free yet Sure produce gratifying re.ults : o will absolutely prove this statement Sewing machine oil shield, M. Merryman . . 772,166 to }!:s��:Cr�:�T�il�� sg��; Sharpening knives of veneer other ma- etc., sold everywh€re. for to pay postage. or. WEAR JAEGER UNDERWEAR. se:lt IOC, Don't chines, W. H. Williams ...... 772,305 until you have a bad case 772,022 Write for booklet Wait Sheave, ball bearing, C. A. Brinley ...... Unrivaled as a r and preSerVt3f U tt but get it now and have it at hand Shoe or furrow opener, C. E. Hoyer ...... 772,146 � ��a� lh: How to Sbave o THEJ. Shoes, re-turning machine for manufactur- WILLIAMS when needed. RE(JOMMENDEII BY LEADING Glastonbury,B. Conn. eo. ing, F. Ii'eenpy ...... 771,975 PHY8I(JIAN8 EYERYWIIERE. Sifter, J. H. Kolmann ...... SOLD BY LEADING DR(TGGISTS. 771,876 Sign, picture, etc .. changeable, F. E. Ives .. 771,824 Booklets and SampIes Free. 8ignal device, Atterbury ...... 771,962 Signaling apparatus,E� .T. wireless, L. De Forest, 771,819 DR. JAEGER'S S. W. S. CO:S OWN STORES : ...... 771 ,818, Size for paper making, mea�s for dissolving, : Fifth Ave. New York 306 . J 157 Broadway -WARREStIlldN' Slil'lSaced B. I{ niffier ...... 771,986 I NO llil'lll.llsjJllal/ l Dept. 65 Prince St .• NeW" York. Smoke preventative furnace, M. Ericson .. 772,090l Brooklyn : 504 Fulton St. .T. ROO se&Pp �!t� 'q�U, .. SmokE' protector, W. E. Andrew ...... 771,801 Boston : Boylston St. Ol1�' Send "for ""ee Booklet H Hou' to trf"at dis ... 2 -232 FIfinisbedN Ggra \'el roof. Comes.. Snap hook, W. D. Weir ...... 771,956 Phila. : 301510 Chestnut eases, " containjng hundreds unsolicited 51. ready to lay in rolls of testllnonials of ,vonderCul cures.01" Snatch block, A. Uren ...... 772,072 Chicago : State a sa108m Speed indicator, Heyde ...... 771,930 82 St. �f�, �i r�e:{�r a�t��i���. . .T. Speed mechanism, variable, F. Miller .... . 772,246 Spring washer or plate, S. C. Ball ...... 772,079 Warren Chemical and Mfg. Co. 18 Batterv Pl •• New York Spring wheel, B. Keil ...... 772,239 Springs, bearingJ. end for semielliptic, A. N. Lukens ...... 772,284 Stairway or ladder, counterbalanced,. O. C. . Fosselman ...... 772, 094 AUTOMA TIC GA S Stand. See Horse�boeing stand. Steam boiler, . Tonkin ...... DA NGER SIGNALS J .T. 772,071 Steam generator, N. Rice ...... 772,OG9 BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Steam gf'nf'rator J.and steam superheater, r y t n S E combined, Milne ...... be��� t � A�focia\I� ��� ������eSi::s �: g��1��� J, 772,:�1[) FO�ngland, t France and the United States. This device Stf'ering gear for ships, auxiliary, E. C. to its fullrr T� �;:indicated f�:����n E Akers ...... 772,:::;09 s shorseare fllls an imperative demand ; it prevents asphyxiations and explo�ions and saves life is cheap, simple and Htep joint, G. A. Weber ...... 772,0'13 ��� ;wgifti��er . Et�'it��I't1 never fails, Immen� sales 8ssured.j Makesgasas safeas Stf'reopticon, Mead Mackie ...... 771 .828 & coal. Address The Automatic Sign"l Co" Cadiz, Stereoscope, H. E. Richmond ...... 772,058 �t:;:�bre��':!::-S' : �� l�g �: �: U. Stereotype plate clamp, C. P. Cottrell .... 772,219 Will send tull information and new illustrated catalog on request.. NO MORE ASPH YX IATI ONS! Stool, folding, C. Mock ...... 772,316 OLDS GASOLINE ENGINE WORKS H. . Stove, gas, L. O. Watson ...... 771,955 River Street Stud, balance spring, R. Lange ...... 772,106 216 LANSING, MICH. Sugar drawer attachment for bars, C. H. Bagley ...... 771,965 gieal appliance·, P. Weaver ...... 772,197 ------must be interestin$ to every handI­ Sm TOOLS AS A TOPIC SU8pende" s, G. Macwilliam ...... 771,990 craftsman. lJ.' here a mine infor­ II. 1S of r!lke, Blake ., ...... 772,12� ELECTRO MOTOR, SIMPLE, HOW TO mation in SWf'PP r:. E. . make.-By G. Hopkins. Description of a small elec- Swinglf'tTee, �af{'ty. T. Christeusen . . . 771,810 M. P. , tric motor devised and constructed witb a view to as.'OIist- Montgomery Co.'s Tool Catalogue Syringe, V. Pappenheim ...... ' a a i i & a O which enumerates thousands of tools. TlJble lock, extension, F. Arl10ld ...... �i�h ���;,�!�8g��;� :;; rre� J��i;:J 1�o: :��P� , :�� J. ++�:61�' � Capital handbotJk of reference. Pro­ Telephone call recorder, Abbott ...... 771,&53 which would have sufficient p«'wer to operate a foot fusely illustrated. Sent by mail for '.n�lephone exchanges, callH. signal apparatus lathe or any macht[Je requiring not over one man pow­ SCl�NTIFIC AMER­ cents. discount sheet included. automatic, Bullard Falk .... 77�,023, 772,024 er. With 11 figures. Contained 25 llONTGOMERY & AND ENGINES. ICAN SUPPLEMENT, in ROTARY PUMPt:l Telephone exchanges. call& signal apparatus No. Price 10 To be Fulton St., N York(JO., had at tbis office and froIDti41 all newsdAalers.. cents. 105 . for, W. W. Dean ...... 771,897 ew City. and�:;� �80�enginel�1� fra1�om�:i 1588o� \��andf\��! illustrated�t,��r���: with clearr:,�B�� draw­ Telephone exchanges, measured sf'rvlc-? RYS- ings showing- the construction of various forms of tern for, McBerty McQuarrie ...... 771,996 PERFECT - PUMP - POWER. & pumps and engines. illustrations. Contained in Telephone H. Abbott ...... 772,308 is attained only in the 38 met,'j', Price 10 cents Telephone receiver supporting means, F. W. Patented Watch TABER ROTARY PUMPS each.HCPPL g'iEK'rSsale by11 Munn09. 1tlH Co., and 11 all11. newsdea lers. Fur & St. John ...... 771,946 They are mechanical rrelephone toll line system, W. W. Dean ... 771,972 Protector simple and durable.·Win Telephone transIP.itter mouthpiece, I. S. pump hot or cold fluid, Ashe ...... 172,�J O Patent for sale or would like thin or thick. Requires & Telephones, cut out for rural, R. E. Pedigo 772, 32', to hear from manufacturer no skIlled mechanic, Most Racine Brass Iron Co. Thermal motor, W. Fulton ...... 772,035 power at least cost. All parts M. willing to make it for the RAOINE, WIS. Thill support, H. A. Post ...... 771,931 interchangeable. Made of Thill support. W. M. Nix ...... 772,290 trade. iron, steel or bronze. Can be or twine tension device, M. C. Elli- R. ADOLPH driv�n by belt, motor or en­ Iron. Bronze & Aluminum Th l'Ptul gine attachment. Larqe Illustrated, Catalogue free, )�. 60n ...... 772,140 Y. 138 Ave., Brooklyn, N. •• Buffalo, N. Y., U. S. A. Tire for vehicles, cushioned rubber, Bell 772,080 Grabam TABEr! PUMP CO 32 Wells St., Castings for Automobiles � R. 'Tire setting machine, rubber, Sweet. . 772,068 J. 1\1. Tire, ve1liele, A. Swinehart ...... 771,947 Water Jacket Cylinders Correspondence J. Tires, metal securing rim for elastic wheel, a Specialty Solicited J. M. Sweet ...... 772,069 . ------Tobacco leaf sizing machine, H. Schumacher 771 ,941 �8u USE GRINDSTONES P Tooth, artifiCial, G. C. Kusel ...... 772,104 Towel ring, P. H. Germain ...... 771,905 . we can you. sneB Toy, 'So Jurado ...... 772,281 U 80 SUPPlY All and always Trap, J. Crawford ...... 771,812 ln onnr.. d nnll1ounled. . kept in stock. R�meIDoer, we make 'J' nlley, H. Clarke ...... 772,087 specialtyof sel ecti.ng stones for aD spe·a B. i Trolley, P. Anderson ...... c.al purposes. Ask for catalowue. 772.:121 or Trolley wire support, W. H. Spiller ...... 772,298 Three Holiday NUDlbers The CLEVELAND STONE CO. Trolley wire system, overhead, C. de Kando 771, 875 2d Floor. Wilshire. Cleveland. O. TrUCk, H. Weber ...... 772,014 1'ru�k, logging, A. H. Hancock ...... 7 . � 72 2 4 Truck, warehouse, A. E. R. Bloomquist . .. 771,804 Truck wheel and bearing, G. Armstrong 772,201 F. Trunk, wardrobe, M. N. Drucker ...... 771,tlHS THANKSGIVING CHRISTMAS Tube cutter, . Roush ...... 772,062 J .T. In�tlUltive Sdenlili( paper� Tube expander, G. � Wiedeke ...... 771,889 Tubes, etc., machinery for making seam- NEW YEAR 1 less metal, B. F. MeT ear ...... 771,883 ON TIMELY TOPICS TUnnel construction, P. Kammerer ...... 772,155 Turbine, A. M. Levin ...... 772,242 Turbine governor, hydraulic, L. Ribourt . .. 772,294 Price 10 Cents each by mail Type casting machines, matrix locating mechanism for, W. Ackerman ...... 771,854 Type writer, C. D. Rice, ...... 772,057 Type writers, blind attachment for, C. G. ARTIFICIAL STONE. By P. Ford. A Chandler ...... 772,130 paper of inlmense practicalL. value to the Type writing machine interchangeable key architeC't and builder. SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ or button, A. Voges ...... 771,950 1500. CAN SUPPLEMENT Umbrella runner, Gleason Rogers ...... 771,906 Leslie's Weekly & THE SHRINKAGE AND WARPING Valve, J. C. McCarl ...... 772,287 I OF TIMBER. By Harold BURbridge. An Valve, bottle, R. B. Bailey ...... 772,269 excellent presentation of modern views ; Valve, dry pipe, H. Derby ...... 772,134 .T. fully illustrated. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Valve, intercepting, A. A. Ball.. Tr ...... 771,892 . .. SUPPLEMENT 1500. Valve interlocking device, W. F. Cole 772,088 Valves, adjusta:Jle retarding device for CONSTRUCTION OF AN INDICAT­ reciprocating, H. P. Thompson ...... 772,115 ING OR RECORDING TIN PLATE 3-Great Holz'day Nu mbers-3 Vehicle, A. Williams ...... 772,198, 772,199 .T. ANEROID BAROMETER. By N. Vehicle brake, O. F. Persson ...... 771 ,H2B Monroe Hopkins. Fully illustrated. SCIEN­ vehicle brake, L. House ...... 772,101 THANKSGIVING NUMBER Dated Nov. Closes Nov. TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1500. Vehicle brake, electric, Green Strail .... 772,143 24, 10 & DIRECT-VISION SPECTROSCOPES. Vehicle, dumping. R. B. Rifenberick ...... 771,936 CHRISTMAS NUMBER Dated Dec. Closes Nov. Vehicle, motor, C. Thomas ...... 772,070 2S By T. H. Blakesley, M.A. An admirably J. 8, written, instructive and copiously illnstrated Vehicle, self propelled, H. Beckwith ..... 772j 270 NEW YEAR NUMBER Dated Dec. Closes Dec. Vending machine, W. L. Holloway ...... 29, lS article. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ 771.mO Vending machine, C. A. Disbrow ..•...... 772,226 MENT No. 1493. vessel, Neilson ...... 772, 171 HOME MADE DYNAMOS. SCIENTIFIC Vessels, A.constructing containing, E. Wins- J. AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 161 and 600 con· ...... ••.•...... 772,117 low tain excellent articles with full drawings. Vibrator instrument, C. Owens ...... 772, 252 Vine cutter. F. M. Ewell ...... •..... 772,228 PLATING DYNAMOS. SCIENTIFIC AME­ Voting machine, W. Glenn ...... 772,142 RICAN SUPPLEMENTS 720 and 793 de· Wagon, dump, J. D. Olcott ...... 772,049 scribe their construction so clearly that any Wall, building, A. Ferguson ...... 771,81l> amateur can make them. J, Washboard, C. L. Kinney ...... 772,156 America's Greatest Illustrated Paper DYNAMO AND MOTOR COMBINED. Washers. See Pulp washer. Fully described and illustrated in SCIENTIFIC Watch guard, R. Marpert ...... 771,991 AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 8'44 and 865. Watch roller and hand remover, O. AUne 772,325 O. The machines can be run either as dynamos Watel' elevator, J. L. O. King ...... 772,241 ,' or motors. Water gate, F. E. Adams .....•...... 771,959 EACH of the Special Holiday Numbers will have Water beater. E. N. Longstreth ...... 772,108 ELECTRICAL MOTORS. Their Con­ Wave transmitter, R. de Moura ...... 771,917 struction at Home. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN L. Well drilling cable, A. C. Smith ...... 772,065 a circulation over One Hundred Thousand 759. 761. 767. 641. SUPPLEMENTS Wheel rim, R. S. Bryant ...... 772,209 THE MAKING OF A DRY BATTERY. Wheelbarrow, J. Ray ...... 772,253 Copies. Every national advertiser should be repre­ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 1001. Whillletree, J. Hair ...... 772,233 1387. 1383. Invaluable for experimental Whillletree hook, A. D. Tait ...... 771,844 sented in these three great issues: Send orders and students. Windmill, T. O. Perry ...... 772;052 ...... 7721 1R7 ELECTRICAL FURNACES Windmill lubricator, H. H. Tatsch copy early, and thus secure choice position and service are fully de­ Window screen hanger, E. G. Rust ...... 772,001 scribed in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ Window screen or awning holder, W. Y. MENTS 1182. 1107. 1374. 1375. 1419. Wolf ...... 772,306 1420. 1421. 1077. Window, self closing, C. Smith ...... 772,260 R MODERN METHODS OF STEEL Wire fabric, woven, C. A. Fisher ...... 771,866 CASTING. By Joseph Horner. A highly Wires, die for tying intersecting, ...... T. J.. instructive paper, fully illustrated. SCIEN. Morse . . 772, 169 772,043 CHAR.LES B. NICHOLS WILLIAM L_ MILLER. AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 1503 and Wood boring apparatus, C. Kleinschmidt .. 1504.TIFrC Wood filling and cleaning composition, C. Western Representative Advertising Manager H. Humphrey ...... 771,984 ...... Hartford Building. Chlc ....go 225 Fourth Avenue. NeW" York Price \0 Cents each, by mail , DESIGNS. Order through your newsdealer from noston Offlce-20 Journal Buildlng-J. F. STONE or Aquarium, fountain, F. Hundorf •••••••••• 37,181 MUNN COMPANY Automobile body, D. P. Sammis .••.• ...... 37,184 t& Badge, Barber Turner ...... •••...•... 37,161 & Bed spring, W. ••••••••••••••••••• 37.182 C. Grose 361 Broadwa.y New York Bottle, . . 1'. Scbll11D1 ...... IIT.171 Scientific American

( by Mathew Oarey, 178fJ. Brusb holder, tooth, A. Gent ...... ,. .... 37,173 Founded Hoose touch with Three Oenturies Carpet sweeper casing and handlc, E. ) " A, in E. CARE A Dryden ...... 174 to 37,176 B n CO. :n, INDUSTH,lALHENR PUBLI Y SFERS,Y BOOKSELLER8& Ht & IMPOHTEltS Ulock case, G. H. Ithyncdanct' ...... 37,172 Cup, J. A. Moller, Jr. ,...... ,. ... 37,168 810 aln t St•• Philade . i . Pa •• Lamps, hood for incandescent electric, D. M. W u h h & U. 8. A. and Revised OatalogWJ oj Practical and Gilbert ,...... , ...... 37, 7 iT Owr New a B Mirrors, brushes, or similar articles, back 1 8 �:t:J��Cgy�O��hf�g,p j,�oS:���, ft! io$;, for, H. Hillbom ...... 37,163 Oat O�Yf=oj ilo%,oo s on Steam 37,186 Ass yi g, Ana/,ysis, a a/{)fIWJ B k Paper, wall, C. W. Williams ...... an'ta then steam eU.; Engine, MacMner1J� a Catalogue of . , ...... ','" 37, 170 n Jtc.: Plate or dish, W. A. Pickard . k P Plate or plaque or similar article, G. SPECIAL MANUFACTURING. !id du::. ot�1!fj����i�'d ��c1!l�::!�fiw =:n�l;�� E'. Reliable Man Wanted every branch oj Science applied to the Arts, sent free and Homer ...... 37,169 DJES STAMPINGS TO prominent Ce'real Food Company win contract with .. , .. 37,185 AND A Jree of 1Jostage to anyone in any part oj the world who Portiere, M. M. Harding ...... SPEC'\. MACHINERY-MODElS-EXPERIMJ;NTORDERAL .: a thoroughly reliable man tor two years at per · montb, to�ether with commissions and Dffice expenses.$150 will furnish his address. Spoons, or similar :Irtieles, handle for, - WORK. forl;:8, Highest reJerences required. Address I-Ullbom DROP FORGING DIES AND DROP FORGINGS. H, , ..... ,." .....,...... ,. :)7, 164 nc AUD1'l'OR, Box Bellevue. Mich. Spoons, or similar articles, handle for, HARDWARE SPECIALTIES MANF'o .'rQ OROER.�EI'Ul SAMPLES 475, The HOW WHY forks, OR DRAW'NGS and of Electricity H, L, "Vallace .,." . , " , .... , ..::7,1 65, 37,166 FOR ESTIMATES. WRITE FOR OUR BOOJE:PORT CbNN, o L l Crescent Ma(hinery Matches, friction, Union Match& Co .. ,43,517, 43,518 SPRING HUB ��cl:;,�ll� ��fl��: Medical magazines, S. B. Hartman , ...... 48,460 Circular free. onderful Holds several "Torld's "Records � speed. Mineral waters, artificial, W. Chubbuck .... 43,471 autmnatk teachf'r,"r 51'tylf's, Relieves and breaks jar below forthe axle, Qualityand Price both right Packing, metallic, Chicago Steam Appliance OM�IGRA'Jl'1I thereby saving at lellst half the wear on $2 11P· 5::, 89 Cort_ and Specialty Co. """"""""""" 43.521 •• Dept. tire. Absolutely guaranteed. Band Saws, JOinters, Saw . landt<10 8t., New York. Frank !i'e,hmltz & s'on� Perfumes, certain named, E. Palmpr .. ... 43, 509 Telegraphy Orleans St... - Tables, Band Saw Pillows, beds, and coverlets, Chas. Emmerich 560·564 - CHICAGO, ILL, Blades Co. """"" """""" .43,492 to 43,497 Pills& fOi' certain named" diseases, P. L. La- Catalogue tells the rest I moutte ., .. , ..... ,',.. ,., .. , .. , ....,.,' 43,505 By PROP. E. RUTHE�PO�D Main Street, Powder.3, face, Tetlow Manufacturing Co . . . 43,510 230 Leetonia,O., U. S. A. Powders, salves, and lotions, healing, W. is published in SCIENTIFIC AMER­ Dupont ..,., ... ," ""', """"""'" 4:;,479 and Printing presses, automatic, J. G. Whitson . . 43,482 ICAN SUPPLEMENTS 1502 PublicatiJns, fashion, Kunstgewerbliches Un­ 150,}. Price 20 cents by mail. ternehmen fur Modefachblatter Arnold The article contains the very latest , , , , ....., ...... , .. , ...... , ,. 43,487 Bacbwitz . A New Article inforniation on the subject, de­ The "6est" Remedies for certain named diseases, A. W. Best Light Peck . ... ,...... ,...... ,..,.",." ", 43,478 scribes interesting laboratory ex­ TheSold inWorld's every civilized coun· Remr·dy for the cure of asthma and similar periments with radium, and is very try on earth. Costs less than diseases, R. J, Smalley ...... 43, 508 kerosene, gives six times Rubber belting, Jewell Belting Co, .... , .... 43,520 fu lly illustrated. No more au­ more light than electricity. Rubber gloves, Buffalo Rubber Mfg. Co. .... 43,465 thoritative contribution to radium Sewing machines and attachments, National "u Radium ... literature has been published. APure White Steadylight Sewing Machine Co...... , ...... ,.,' 43, 522 �, . Makes and burns its own gas. Silk fabrics, Stern ...... & PohIy . No wick, no odor. no smoke. Stamps, premium, Sperry and Hutchinson 43,488 & Absolutely safe. Forindoor Suits and overgarments, boys' and. ClluUI ( I,Co. '" MUNN COMPAN Y "".;p..,361 Broadway. New Yorh and outdoor use, Alsberg, Moritz Co. . ...•....•..••.... 4:l,461 & Tanning extract, Stamford Mfg. Co . ••....•. 43,503 ExclusiveAgents territory, Wanted. liberal Tobacco and Cigarettes, smoking, Martin commissions. Catalog free. Bros. """""","""""""""'" 4S.47fl Tobacco pouches, Adolpb Frankau . .. 43,501 & Co . . BEST Tonic, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Co ...... 43,512 THE LIGHT CO. & Tonics and blood purifiers, D. O. Scott . . . . . 43,477 Owners of OriginalPatents. Turpentine substitute, Fiske Brothers Rpfill- . . • ...... 43,480 87 E. 5th St. lJANTON. OHIO. iug Co...... Typewriting machines, Monarch Typewriter The Nature Library Co. . . ," ""' , . ," "" ' , .•, ..•..•.... 4H,4R' Veterinary remedies, T. McDevitt" , •• , .., 43,506 ELECTRONS THE ELECTRONIC J, AND Warp made of nickel, culinary, S. Sternau TEN SUPERB VOLUMES Theory are discussed by sm OLIVER LODGE in Scn';N­ Co. .,"""""""" """,.,.. ,.,'" & 43,519 TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 142�. 1429. 1 430. Whisky, James Saunders Co ...... 1431. 1432. 1433. 1434. & 4:{,ti�:� Price 10 cents eacb. by Wines, bottled, H. Falcon ...... •...... 43,472 the pages of these books there are l!]ail. Munn Company. 361Broadway. New York City. N 4,000 300 and newsdealers.& full-page color plates, 450 half-tone photo­ an graphs, and other illustrations, making For PIPE-THREADING I 1,500 LABELS . this set one of the richest publications pictorially or CUTTING ever issued. As most of these pictures are there is no machine on the market that can com­ "Ammonia Soap Powder." for soap powder, pare'for eflSe of operation and excellence of work ... ph�tographs from nature, with the exact with Ammonia Soap Powder Co "." .. ".11 ,482 FORBES PATENT DIE STOCK "Black and Tan Cigars," for cigars, W. C. colors and tones of the living objects, they Vise is self-centering and dies are adjust­ Lacey, Jr. . . "" .." ...... 11,464 have a value and a fidelity unique in the "Diodora." for whisky, Cranston Co...... 11,472 able any variation of fittings. Parts J. beto l sl h "Esquisitos," for cigars, J, E. Detwiler . . 11,462 a work of this kind. The photo­ ���. �ilf �hr!�1 :�d ����;� ; � ;;e� "Extra Dry Aromatic Ginger Ale," for ginger graphers wen t ...... CATALOGUE FREE. ale, G. Lomax ...... , 11,469 .... 11,473 MACHINE No. CURTIS & CURTIS CO .. "Famous," for cocktails, J. Cranston Co AMONG THE WILDS Range R. 30.L. Garden st., Bridgeport. "Franklin's ,Electric Plaster," for medicinal 7i-2 in. & 6 Conn. plasters, Bauer Black ...... 11,478 and SECRET PLACES "Gallant Knight 5ct.& Cigar, " for cigars, W. F. Marzyck """.. "" .. " ..""",, .. 11,463 of nature, aud they show you l:;J any HOW FAR DO YOU "Hon. S. Tompkins Cigar," for cigars, curious things never before pre­ J, WalterA ..... ,,,.,.,,.,,,,,,...... ,,. 11,461 sented with " true-to-life " accuracy. WALK IN A DAY? ,"'Kid-Knee," for medicine, Associated Drug A plan to Did it ever occur you that perhaps yo¥ Co. """""""""""""""""" 11,477 m�ke nature study fascinating and nature books absorbingly . . 'walked miles just goingto around your home� "'Linen," for matches, Union Match Co. .. 11.483 mterestmg was followed by the authors of this beau tiful lib shop or office?Perhaps you'd like to know. "Lomax's Original Pepsin Ginger Ale, " for rary, so, get a Pedometer. A Pedometer is an in'·If ginger ale, G. Lomax ...... , .. 11,468 and the result is an entirely gratifying success, to which educators genious affair that -goes when you go and "Lomax's Root Beer," for root beer, G. L0- as well as general readers warmly testify. Every one is interested stops when you stop. This· instrument has max " .. " ... , .." .. ," """"""'" 11,467 heretofore cost from ten to fifteen dollars. "Lomax's Seltz, er," for seltzer water, G. Lo- in nature, or �hould be. If you are interested, you can find no is not a toy, but an accurate and valuableIt 1 recorder of distanceS. max ...... 1,465 . bet�er compamonship than these books, that treat so intimately "Lomax's Sparkling Ginger Ale ," for ginger ammals, flowers, bFds, fishes, moths, butterflies, insects, etc., and impart Ale, G. Lomax .." ...... " ... " ... 11,470 their "Lomax's Sparkling Lemonade," for lemon- in�orm�tion so de!ightfully. If you are not interested in nature, you callnot help . .... ade, G. Lomax . . , ...... 11,466 bemg mterested these books, and they will wake the imagination you have al­ sendiug' us for a year's subscription to "Private Stock," for whisky, J. CraJl- lli M. lowed to sleep, and restore you to the joy the open. Read below by��D 'ir';our$1.00ll monthly �.t magazine,FRE which wilt keepMODERNE! you ston ...... 11,471 of : po�tedMACHINERY, on the great progress which is being made i� the rna., "Pu-re-co for toilet cream, United chinery world (and if you would keep abre(lst of the times you en'um," . . . . . t Sta te'3: Medical Dispensary ...... 11,479 �.�i:e�$���)p�� ;���l� a "Pu-re-co Soap ," for soap, United States ffi���::t��. �i;::;�o :\ipdiral Dispensary ...... 11, 480 __-- -TEAR .FREE. Subscribe Now. ,5���ete�! OF HERE ANn MAIL TO US. BETTER IT TO-nA Y-- "Puritana," for prepared cereal food, Na- .F no MODERN MACHINERY COMPANY. tional Puritana Co...... 11,476 813 Security Building, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS "Ralston Health Barley Food." for granular barl'?y food preparations, Ralston Purina Co . . " .." .... ",.""."."...... "." 11,475 WE SHOULD LIKE TO SEND YOU THliJ PANAMA CANAL IS DESCRIBED "Ralston Hominy Grits, " for hominy, Ral- from tbe engineering standpoint in 8CIENT1]'IC AMERI­ ston Purina Co ...... 11,474 postpaid, an elaborate booklet descriptive of " The Nature Library," CAN ,SUPPLEMENT 1359. Price 10 centE, �y mall. "Uncle Fuller's Tar Soap, " for soap, G. E. and containing sample color-plate�, black-and·white l1alf tones, Mun\! f!, Company, 361 Broadway, New York CIty, and Pettey . . ... ,." .."...... 11,481 specimen text pages, etc., with full partiCUlars of the various all neWSdealers. binding, prices, terms, etc, styles of PRINTS. ;:rii:;O��rr:t�J��u�n CLARK'S CRUISE of the "ARABIC " n�� e�� !�ilJ��� "Business Bringers," for men's apparel, Ap- 15.801 Tons. one ·of the Finest, Largest parel Cut Co. , .. ", .....", ..., ...... 1,122 and Steadiest steamers in the World "Style 'C' Sarver Auxiliary Exhaust Valve." our mail address with street and number ; for pxhaust valves, American Locomo- ¥ tive Equipment Co. """,,1 .123, 1,124, 1,127 THE "Stv1E' 'D' Sarver Auxiliary Exhaust ValvE'," AN� � for exhaust valves, American Locomotive And your City and State: Equipment Co, """""""""""",1, 125 "Sarver Valve," for exhaust valves., American Locomotive Equipment Co. . .•...... 1,126 Then tear offthis blank and forward to us, upon receipt of which we medlferianeaFebruary to April 13, days,n will send you a com-pltmentary of the handsome booklet. de�(>rlbed 2 l!11J5.70 costing only $400 and above. You win enJ Y readingC;JPY it. (A-47-N) up OIIent A printed copy of the spedfication · and drawing O �'irst-c,l asl!l, inpludmg Shqre E:xcursions. Guides. :Fees. of any patent in the foregOing li�t, or any patent print issued since 186�, win be ,furnishf.'d from Hotels. -P�iV'es1' etc. The most attractive trip leaving in the United'States next winter. this office for cents, provided thp name and number of the ]0natent dpsired and the date be Special 361 Featnres-Madeira, Cadiz, Sevil le. Algiers, �iven. Address Munn Co., Broadway, New illVNIRY THE W. Malta. 19 DAYS IN En YPT and the HOLY LAND Con� Yor . & llFE. DOVBLEDAY PAGE

BYRON JACKSON MACHINE WORKS, •• SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.

OUR. NEW READY FOR. you do not investigate the WINTON you SKELETON If before DELIVERY buy a motor car you will not get its equal. Completely WATCH equipped, 82,aOO b. Cleveland; without toP. OCTOBER 1st S'l. aOO. Prompt deliveriesf. o. . This transmission is WINTON MOTO� . 0 . THE CAR�IAOE cb . Cleveland, . U.S,A. Our New Skeleton Watflh VVAnot only sl... TC ws yon theHE time, but Show time is made. Accnrate one of the reasons why time at that. lt eady fm' delivery October 1st. For �ale by all Jewelers. a stock Cadillac with an THE NEW ENGLAND WATCH CO., 37 CEl. 39 Maiden Lane, NeW" Yorh Snow Hill. London, England 81/4 horse-power motor 7 Orient Tonneau tar made 1'14 miles over rough and hilly roads in 5:38-the power is all RapidThe New Mechanical Model Comptometer solves Calculation all Arithmetical Pro­ used in driving the car. blems instantly and noiselessly. Our new model has a li.ght The Cadillactransmission embodies strength with uniform key touch and registers instantly at one stroke, simplicity ; ,long service without noise-ap.d is only one of the elements that go to make up Cadillac as many keys in separate columns as the hand can reach. in design and workmanship. Let Samples of Duplicate Orders in different lines of business: thorougllliesssend you booklet N and -give you the name of theus nearest Cadillj1cagency where yOl can satisfyyour. Marshall Field Co., Chicago, Ill...... 102 self that nothing at double the lmoney equals tba S. Navy Department& . .. Cadillac. Prices, u...... 86 $750 to $900. -speed twenty miles per bour. Will climb ordinary Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburg. Pa...... grades, The best car the price in the world.all N. Y. C. Hudson River R. R. Co., New. . York.... City ...... 38 CAOILLA AUTOMOBILE CO . Detroit, tur & 26 C Mich. Write for catalogue I Prudential Insurance Co., Newark, N...... 20 J.. . . . Simmons Hardware Co., I�ouis, Mo ...... •. •.... _ . . . � . .. 15 Me1nbw,: Association Licensed Amomobile Ma;nu!actuTeTs. WALT HAM MANUFA CTURING CO. st. Pittsburg Coal Co., Pittsburg, Pa...... , .... .- 13 Waltham, Mass. It will Save its .ar by the saving C�1\i�: N�\ll:tt�� SENSITIVE LABOR ATORY BALANCE. TARRANT CO. By Monroe HopkIns. Tbis "built-up " laboratory FELT & nFO. balanceN. will weigh up to one pound and will turn witlJ a Send for literature and Special Trial Offer. 52 to 56 ILLINOIS ST., CHICAOO a r a l g� ��; ��fe�; s\'IT���· tlieb�: gf���:�a�� rta;�1 ii i :III ;J work well a balance. The article is' acctfm­it:�8 GAS and GASOLINE paniedas by detailedas $125working drawings 8howin� various For All Work. s n n 8 J:�t:�k�;� �g���Si.l Stationaries. POrtables, HOlsters. Pump­ Boat cents�i'i��S 1f�For�il�1�' sale by MUNN Co .• Broadway,p� �:�O ers. Sawing Boat Outfits. ARTESIAN & 361 . New & Medart Buildingmake Ma possibleterials the York City� or any bookseller or newsdealer Sena !01' OataJogue and Testimonials of St;:Lte onr Power Needs. \.\,��.�*�u'1 , Y Motors Castings CHARTER GAS ENGINE CO., Box STERLING, ILL IU t010H. 148, . P. BICYCLE, AUTO, MARINE STATIONARY What J s Daus ) Ti p-Top? I Send s�ampfor catalog TO 1"ROVE that Daus' "Tip.Top " STEFFEY MFG. the best and simplest device for makinis I CO. cop ies from pen·written and R 2720 Brown St., Phila.� Pa. c100Ol'ie!!l from typewrttten original, we will5,-, I d a THE FRANKLIN MODEL :.1th��� ��p:�i�: ��, t��i ______Inventors, amat-eur machmists, schools and colleges fmnishei with any­ �O) '---'--'- thing in metal from a single piece to a mmplete w 01' king model. le�� I Drawings and designs worked out from inventors' ideas. Write for ���:: ¥;��'o of Standard estimates. Sendfor booklet No. free. trade ditwount Net The Household Disinfectant 9, SS� per cent, or $5 PARSELL & WEED, 129.181 810t 1St., New York W. l'heFelixA.B. DausDuplieator Co� DausBldg, 111 JohuSt., New York All val'ietiesatlOwestprlCes. Best ltauroad Pocket size, but large enough fur accuracy Track and 'Va on or Stock Scales made. andVolt practical use.·Ammeters VariOus ranges for test· Also 1000 useful artlCles. including Safeb. a e i t 8ewlng Machines, Bicycles, etc. �ave. �� ��r �1��& J:�tr (�y:g, \��1��g��� MoneyS�al��. Lists Free. TOOls... Chicago. Ammeters for general measurements. :�g CHICAGO SeALE co Ill. At dealers or IOc.' and 25c. pkgs. by mail. Look for above trade mark. 1l.11 �SendJor-Oirc'Utar. Sulpho-Napthol Co., Haymarket Square, MASS. ]" M. PIGNOLET. Sold in N. City Acke-r.Merrall's,15· Macy's, SIegel-C�OSTON,ooper. SO Cortlandt 8t .. �ew York, N.Y. Y. by

MAK THE WHEEL OF BUSINESS SPIN. The Quickest Way is the Best Way.

No need to touch two keys to make single imprint with the Smith Premier.a The Smith Premier Typewriter Co.,

Home Office anaFactory, Syracuse, N. Y. Branches in all large cities.

HOROBRADLEYLOGIC POL ALY'.rEC HNICDEPAR INSTITUTETMENT Formerly Parsons Horological Institute PEORIA, ILLINOIS SUN LARGEST and BEST .= Typewriter No. 2 WATCH SCHOOL in AMERICA Perfect in Mechanical One o most Action. f pleasing souvenirs of the World's Fair, St. Louis, is the set of six teaspoons, ype t r el the. is a type lever or t ;:vi�;�� :k ��o%� Jptt:s� ¥u'ilf�� made esp�clally to order the Lake Michigan barIt machine. has visi ble re sonable.I Board and rooms near for Shore & Southern Railway by the Oneida writing in its Ittruest forID. a Cornrnunlty. Each bowl o . school at moderate rates. c ntams an engraving of a different Wor s Fair building and the It baa unlimIted speed. Send for Catalo.!rof Information. handles ld' has' an anti-ribbon are handsomely engraved. The spoo s are made of rna,terial, It n best fin y fi shed and inking mechanism. It fully guaranteed, and are thoroughly el ni is a heavy manifolder. ! serviceable for everyday use, if desired. m::�grd Do t6 order set. You will be pleased with f not fa il a the spoons. ACall and inspect,�6�t��N. or ntire s will write for catalogue. •CRUDE __ ASBESTOS E et sent, post.paid, in satin.lined box for (to -=-D .:...:I R'-'.-E _C -"T FR 0 M MINE S How to order. be $1050 _ CanadiC\n?oints Remit by express or postofficemoney order G COM ANY, --'1 ) i $1.75). P .direft • New York • PREPARED R. H. MARTIN, .tp Qneida Co�u"itYI Niagara Falls, N. Y. '. ASBESTOS FIBRE OFFICE, ST.PAUL BUILOING For really pleasant, comfortable journeys between the East and St. L�uis, Use the Lake for Manufactilrers use Shore. It afford_s�he most complete service of any line. Send two-cent stamp fo r World's 220 B'way, New York. Fair folder and boardIng house list to A. SMITH, A., Cleveland, J, G. P. & T. O. American Typewriters $'(0 $40 $50 No. 2 is the only practical machine which produces . ' perfect work and .Wonderful Help for Busy Men Which sells for � .. �.A;Handier, more useful than any memo. oook or other' S10. d ,card ,index. < ·A freshcard·comes.to. the ,fron,t every No. Is sterling .., 5 emln "� a l a k i value for S 0• j��e�l;;r ��r� ��e:k ;e:;e��� � :a� �: No. 7,4 our .....____ •. _.;_;..� �:J;i!� ��:�; latest modal, Owners of Gasoline Engines.. absolutely To Automobiles, Launch es, The POCKET CARD SYSTEM high grade in �t� answers its every respect. he Today'sNo card other always device at the front. No leave'spurpose to turn. Any card is found in��3I1tlyby its tab. Cards for the' year make Sold on instuJl· T Auto=Sparker desk ment SaO. a valuable card mdex for USf'. Every card dated. is does away entirely with all starting and have cards for mos. ahead. • Send for iI­ All 12 'sMAT,L LARGE b r Real Seal Case, Quar. Tray . • $3.00 $4.00 lustratedcata­ �������.  �:i�:� s��h��� �t� 0Dk Russia Case, Plain Oak Tray . • • 2.50 3.25 logue and easy teries. Can be attached any engine 2.00 2.75, payment plan. u to guarantet:di Cow Seal Case, Ash Tray .... e f����s��\��\�� c;�l�� Sundays. 35c, SOc. Dated cards, pr.yr. 1.00 1.25 ��it . American Typewriter CO Broadway, New York , .. 267 MotSinger Device Mfg. Co. This automaticF'ORGBT tickler helps yoNO,u to doMORB things at the right Main St. . Pendleton, time. Saves time, money and worry. 14 Ind, o w HELPS � ;�:�J;17:h ::;e� :otn�Ol;:;r���� when wanted.YOU tn krep out of trouble. now Thousands in u�e.Or.der Booklet free.and STEELTHB\��r save express charge� JESSfOROP TOOLS'g . SAWS ETC. •• 1SState St., ROCHESTER, N. lfOWARD I WILSON, Y. to 21 Clinton Street. WI!! JESSOP &< 50l)lS L:.!!.91 JOHN ST.JNEW YORK ]0

-and take it easy . as you can do by wearing the " Lightweight " PRESIDENT SUSPENDER-two ounces. Any store soc and $1.00 or postpaid for choicest patterns. •• BE LAZY TH� C. A. �DGARTON M.FG. CO Box 3IO. Sbirle". MaN.