Tribeca Was Originally Developed in the Early 19Th Century As a Residential Neighborhood Close to the City’S Center in Lower Manhattan
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A GUIDE TO HISTORIC NEW YORK CITY NEIGHBORHOODS T RIBECA ManhaTTan The Historic Districts Council is New York’s citywide advocate for historic buildings and neighborhoods. The Six to Celebrate program annually identifies six historic New York City neighborhoods that merit preservation as priorities for HDC’s advocacy and consultation over a yearlong period. The six, chosen from applications submitted by community organizations, are selected on the basis of the architectural and historic merit of the area, the level of threat to the neighborhood, the strength and willingness of the local advocates, and the potential for HDC’s preservation support to be meaningful. HDC works with these neighborhood partners to set and reach pres- ervation goals through strategic planning, advocacy, outreach, programs and publicity. The core belief of the Historic Districts Council is that preservation and enhancement of New York City’s historic resources—its neighborhoods, buildings, parks and public spaces—are central to the continued success of the city. The Historic Districts Council works to ensure the preservation of these resources and uphold the New York City Landmarks Law and to further the preservation ethic. This mission is accomplished through ongoing programs of assistance to more than 500 community and neighborhood groups and through public-policy initiatives, publications, educational outreach and sponsorship of community events. Six to Celebrate is generously supported by The New York Community Trust. Additional support for Six to Celebrate is provided by the New York State Council on the Arts with the support of Governor Andrew Cuomo and the New York State Legislature and by public funds from the New York City Depart- ment of Cultural Affairs in partnership with the City Council and New York City Councilmembers Margaret Chin, Inez Dickens, Daniel Garodnick, Vincent Gentile, Sara Gonzalez, Stephen Levin and Rosie Mendez. 232 East 11th Street, New York, NY 10003 tel 212-614-9107 fax 212-614-9127 e-mail [email protected] www.hdc.org Copyright © 2014 by Historic Districts Council Cover: 55 White Street (site #9) Guide design: Lost In Brooklyn Studio Guide design: Lost In Brooklyn A BRIEF HISTORY he area now known as Tribeca was originally developed in the early 19th century as a residential neighborhood close to the city’s center in Lower Manhattan. Its street grid Twas laid out at right angles off of Greenwich Street and on a diagonal off of Broadway, creating blocks of different lengths and irregular open spaces. The residential character of these blocks allowed for the retention of small lot sizes in future waves of development, thus creating a neighborhood with richly textured streetscapes of varying styles of architecture. After the Civil War, shipping hubs moved from the East River to the North River (later renamed the Hudson River), and South Street Seaport was traded in for steam-powered shipping on the west side via long piers. With a newly thriving industrial waterfront, the neighborhood was poised for change. Around 1812, Washington Market was established on the streets from Fulton to Vesey and Washington to West (near the current site of the World Trade Center). The market grew con- siderably between 1812 and the middle of the century, becoming the city’s major source for consumables. Hundreds of vendors sold all manner of imported and locally made goods and produce to store owners, restaurateurs and home cooks alike. The growth of the market was, no doubt, fueled by the shipping industry on the river nearby, facilitating the transfer of goods. The market moved to Hunts Point in The Bronx in 1967 and the World Trade Center was developed shortly thereafter. Washington Market Park, located at Greenwich Street between Duane and Chambers Streets and designed by Lee Weintraub in 1978, was named after the historic market. With the combination of a bustling industrial waterfront and thriving commerce, the Federal and Greek Revival residential buildings north of the market were transformed into food storage warehouses and over the course of the rest of the 19th and into the 20th century, the majority of these would be replaced entirely with store and loft buildings and warehouses. This architec- tural development, which spanned roughly 50 years from 1860 to 1910, encompasses a balance of utilitarian and decorative forms in a range of popular styles of the period, all while defining the identities of the enterprises housed within and the expression of American commercialism as a whole. These buildings still dominate the character of the neighborhood today. Originally referred to as the “Lower West Side,” there are differing accounts as to where the name “Tribeca” came from. It originated in the 1970s, after a Special Lower Manhattan Mixed Use District was adopted for the area south of Canal Street, between Broadway and West Street. A realtor, advertising real estate within the new district, referred to it as Tribeca, which stood for the Triangle Below Canal. Most likely, the realtor hoped to inspire a similar transformation to that of Soho, whose industrial buildings had been converted into artists’ lofts and trendy apart- ment buildings. Four historic districts were designated in 1991–92: Tribeca East, Tribeca West, Tribeca North and Tribeca South, which was extended in 2002. These are located in Tribeca’s center, while pockets around the historic districts and most of the neighborhood’s periphery remain unprotected. Community members are currently advocating for more individual land- marks and expansion of the historic district borders. 1 — HISTORIC DISTRICTS COUNCIL — Tribeca 1. DUANE PARK Q 1797 Redesigned: Calvert Vaux, 1887; redesigned: Signe Nielsen, 1999 161–163 DUANE STREET Babcock & Morgan, 1891–92 165–169 DUANE STREET Stephen D. Hatch, 1881 173 DUANE STREET Babb & Cook, 1880 168 DUANE STREET Stephen D. Hatch, 1886 172 DUANE STREET Jacob Weber, 1871–72 Named for James Duane, a Revolutionary War figure and mayor of New York City (1784– 89), this is the city’s second oldest public park after Bowling Green. Its formal layout was redesigned by Calvert Vaux in 1887, paved over in the 1940s, and restored to evoke Vaux’s design in 1999. The buildings lin- ing the park were originally warehouses for Washington Market, many housing dairy products. Tribeca’s iconic entrance canopies, of which there are many in this nook, were installed to protect goods from the sun. Numbers 161–163 (middle left), 165–169 and 173 were designed in the Romanesque Revival style of brick, brownstone and terra cotta. They feature intricate cornices, round arches and pilasters. The gabled corner tower on number 165–169 is particularly striking. On the south side, number 168 (middle right) stands out for its Flemish-style silhouette (in 1891–92, its architect designed another Flemish-style building at 451–453 Washington Street) and number 172 (bottom), whose cast- iron façade was preserved in front of a glass renovation, evokes the Maison de Verre, an iconic 1931 Paris work by Pierre Chareau. LEGEND OF DESIGNATIONS National Historic Landmark: F National Register of Historic Places—District: H National Register of Historic Places —Property: J New York City Historic District: Q New York City Individual Landmark: X New York City Interior Landmark: D 2 — HISTORIC DISTRICTS COUNCIL — Tribeca 2. RALPH WALKER COMMUNICATIONS BUILDINGS 2a. FORMER WESTERN UNION BUILDING X D 60 Hudson Street Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker, 1928–30 2b. FORMER LONG DISTANCE BUILD- ING OF THE AMERICAN TELEPHONE X D & TELEGRAPH COMPANY 2a 32 Sixth Avenue McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin, 1918; expan- sion: Voorhees, Gmelin & Walker, 1930–32 2c. FORMER NEW YORK TELEPHONE COMPANY BUILDING (AKA THE BAR- CLAY-VESEY BUILDING) X D 140 West Street Ralph Walker of McKenzie, Voorhees & Gmelin, 1923–27 Ralph Walker designed a series of functional but stylistically innovative communications buildings in the 1920s, including these three in Tribeca. With the rise of the telephone, com- 2b munications companies needed to increase their visibility with buildings to reflect modern technology. The Art Deco–in- spired buildings feature asymmetrical massing with setbacks to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution, patterned brick- work and dramatic curtain-like entrances. The decidedly mod- ernistic skyscraper at 60 Hudson Street was built for the West- ern Union Telegraph Company, which sought to reestablish its corporate identity after years of domination by the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. It features a graduated color scheme, with brick that lightens as it ascends toward the upper stories. The lobby of the AT&T Long Distance Building is worth a visit to see its ornate mosaic ceiling. Walker’s first ma- 2c jor work in New York City, the Barclay-Vesey Building features a Guastavino-vaulted arcade along the sidewalk on Vesey Street. Located immediately adjacent to the World Trade Center site, it miraculously sustained only minor damage on September 11, 2001. 3 — HISTORIC DISTRICTS COUNCIL — Tribeca 3. STAPLE STREET ALLEY Q Former House of Relief, New York Hospital 67 Hudson Street Cady, Berg & See, 1893 Former Ambulance Annex 9 Jay Street Robertson & Potter, 1907–08 This alley is one Tribeca’s most picturesque spots. The bridge once shuttled patients between two buildings operated by New York Hospital, whose main campus was on West 15th Street. 67 Hudson Street was originally the hospital’s Lower Manhat- tan emergency room and 9 Jay Street was the Ambulance An- nex. The latter still bears a plaque with the NYH monogram on its west façade. 4. FORMER NEW YORK MERCANTILE EXCHANGE Q 2–6 Harrison Street Thomas R. Jackson, 1884 In the mid 19th century, buyers and sellers of vari- ous commodities recognized the need to organize in order to maintain quality and standards, elimi- nate questionable practices and set down business rules. Among the city’s many industry-specific “ex- changes” established prior to the creation of a central stock exchange was the Butter and Cheese Exchange of New York, formed in 1872.