International Journal of GEOMATE, Oct., 2020, Vol.19, Issue 76, pp.40–47 ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.76.50976 Special Issue on Science, Engineering and Environment

CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF DOMESTIC RAW WATER SUPPLY FROM MIXED SOURCES

*Lili Mulyatna1,2, Chay Asdak1,3, Budhi Gunawan1,4, and William Marcus Putuhena5

1Postgraduate School, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia; 2Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pasundan, Indonesia; 3Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia; 4Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia; 5Water Resources Research and Development Center Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author: Received: 10 April 2020, Revised: 22 April 2020, Accepted: 2 May 2020

ABSTRACT: The domestic water mix is basically the use of renewable sources of raw water such as rain water and recycled gray water to be mixed with existing raw water sources, such as surface water, springs, and ground water, which are in critical condition. To find out the level of sustainability of raw water supply for drinking water using the Domestic Water Mix approach it is necessary to formulate a conceptual model to measure it. The main objective of the research is to formulate a conceptual model to measure the sustainability of raw water supply using the Domestic Water Mix approach. This research is exploratory in nature, more in the form of literature review relating to drinking water raw water, governance, and the process of its utilization and supporters. The result of this study shows that the conceptual model to measure the sustainability of water supply raw water using the Domestic Water Mix approach consists of 5 stages of measurement, namely: (1) problem identification; (2) assign key attributes; (3) WTP analysis; (4) formulating a model with a systems approach; and (5) mechanism of institutional cooperation. The method used in each stage is adjusted to the objectives of each stage, namely: (1) Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) & Monte Carlo; (2) Analytic Network Process (ANP); (3) Willingness To Pay (WTP); (4) Dynamic System; (5) Interpretative Structural Modeling (IMP).

Keywords: Domestic Raw Water, Mixed sources, Model, Sustainability

1. INTRODUCTION implemented optimally either at the local, regional or national level. The domestic water mix is The need for drinking water increases with the basically the use of renewable sources of raw increase in population and development activities water such as rain water and recycled gray water to due to the development of a region's economy. As be mixed with existing raw water sources, such as a basic need, water is part of the requirements for surface water, springs, and ground water, which adequate living standards for the health and well- are in critical condition. To find out the level of being of all humans so that water is positioned as a sustainability of raw water supply for drinking guarantee of the continuity of human life on earth. water using the domestic mixed water approach, it Disruption to raw water supply is also caused is necessary to formulate a conceptual model to by symptoms of river flow discharge extremities, measure it. The main objective of the research is to namely the maximum discharges get higher and formulate a conceptual model to measure the cause flooding in the rainy season, while the sustainability of raw water supply using the minimum discharges decrease in the dry season domestic mixed water approach. and cause drought. This condition is due to rain falling on the ground surface subject to the law of 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY conservation of mass. Therefore, changes in land cover can cause changes in the rain fraction This research is exploratory in nature, more in (fractions that seep into the ground/ infiltration and the form of literature review relating to drinking fractions that flow above the ground surface/ water raw water, governance, and the process of its runoff). These changes can cause extreme flow utilization and supporters. rate. These extremes put pressure on water Some important points to study are: availability and threaten the sustainability of water • Literature Review resource infrastructure, such as reservoirs and • Regulations in force in Indonesia concerning drinking water supply systems [1-7]. water resources management The domestic water demand management • Policies, programs and activities that apply in approach especially for drinking water supply with Indonesia the Domestic Water Mix concept has not been

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• Alternative ranking methods to support participatory, and repeatable process that combines decision making elements of the urban water cycle (water supply, sanitation, rainwater management, and waste 3. BASIC LITERATURE AND DISCUSSION management) with city development and watershed management to maximize economic, 3.1 Integrated Water Resources Management social and environmental benefits in a fair way. Approach Water Sensitive Urban Design is one part of the concept of a green infrastructure approach. In this The principle of Integrated Water Resources concept, the integration between the management Management (IWRM) is defined as a process that of water cycle sustainability and urban design is emphasizes the coordination of the development carried out by adopting water-sensitive urban and management of water resources, land and design techniques [11]. other related resources, to increase income and Water Sensitive City is a concept that considers welfare evenly without compromising ecosystem a city as a water reservoir. All water is collected sustainability [8]. both rainwater and wastewater, i.e. domestic and The integration of human systems includes non-domestic waste, and industrial waste [12]. people's perceptions and understanding of water Considering that Water Sensitive City is a concept, resources, inter-sector integration in national and then to implement it requires another method, development policies, the influence of water Water Metabolism City. resources development on the macroeconomic City Water Metabolism is a model in the system, integration in policy making, integration management of a region's water. Regional water of all stakeholders in planning and decision metabolic systems can be urban or rural play an making, integration in management raw water and important role in sustainable development, because waste water, and integration of water management they are directly related to basic human needs, for various needs [9]. such as access to drinking water, sanitation, water The Global Water Partnership offers an quality and health [12]. attractive integration concept for integrated water Water Smart City is a method in which water resources management. According to GWP (2000) sources are maintained to be sustainable so that in Kodoatie & Sjarief (2008) important elements in future generations of urban communities can have integrated water resources management can be access to manage water in urban areas with grouped into 3 main elements, i.e: [10]: supporting infrastructure so that they can survive 1) The enabling environment is a general and function despite pressures from more extreme framework of national policies, legislation, climates [13] regulations, finance for the management of Related to national water security, the natural resources by stakeholders, their Government of Indonesia issued a national policy function is to arrange and make policies, that is in line with the concept of the urban water regulations and finances, so that they can be management approach above, i.e the Domestic referred to as rules of the games. Mixed Water approach. This approach is a holistic 2) Institutional roles are functions of various approach in meeting domestic water needs through levels of administration and stakeholders, the utilization of all water sources, natural and their roles define actors. non-natural such as recycled water from domestic 3) Management instruments are operational wastewater, optimally by integrating drinking instruments for effective regulation, water supply systems, wastewater management, monitoring and law enforcement that enable and rainwater management in the urban region in decision makers to make informative choices such a way that natural water sources are among alternative actions. maintained in a sustainable way [14-15]. This approach will contribute to water security which is 3.2 Urban Water Management Approaches important for food and energy security.

The concept of a water management approach 3.3 Domestic Water Mix Conceptual Model for urban areas is part of integrated water resources management. This approach has developed into The forms of water cycle sustainability several concept approaches, including the management are management of drinking water, Integrated Urban Water Management approach, water flow caused by rain, water quality, Water Sensitive Urban Design, Water Sensitive wastewater management and water cycle (water City, Water Metabolism City and Water Smart conservation) [11]. City. The urban hydrological cycle consists of a According to World Bank, the Integrated drinking water supply-management wastewater Urban Water Management is a flexible, system, and a hydraulic system, which forms the

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overall urban water system. Because in the economic and environmental sides. The paradigm developed regions of Indonesia the interactions of sustainable development must be understood as between the two systems occur at more points, the the political ethics of development, which is a water cycle in the developed regions in Indonesia moral commitment on how development should be which will be described below is slightly different organized and implemented to achieve goals [18]. [16]. In the process of sustainable development there Sudrajat (2015) explained that the hydrological are three important aspects in it. These three system includes natural and non-natural processes. aspects are related to form a balance between Natural processes are part of the hydrological human needs and natural needs. These three cycle on land such as surface runoff and soil and aspects are economic, social and environmental. surface and soil storage. Non-natural processes Economic sustainability can be understood as a include processes resulting from human activities form of preservation of existing natural resources. such as infiltration and ex-filtration due to leakage This aspect must also be understood as meeting the of water supply systems and wastewater vital needs of humans, not a kind of trade management, wastewater disposal through competition that ends in a materialistic and percolation to groundwater, addition of rainwater hedonistic form. runoff due to changes in land use and land cover, Social sustainability is a form of simplicity of ground water supplementation, surface and ground development that is rich in the meaning of life. In water uptake, and waste water disposal to surface social sustainability here is very influential on the water bodies. The source of water for the sustainability of life. It aims to achieve social hydrological system comes from rain and the water equality, social services in the fields of health, supply and waste water management system [14]. education, politics and others. Domestic wastewater from housing in Environmental sustainability is a control tool in Indonesia is mainly not disposed of through the a sustainable development. The government tries piping system. Therefore, water recycling can be to provide stability for the use of natural resources done for used water that has entered the receiving and the actual function of nature. In this concept water body. Wastewater of industrial activity is there must also be respect for biodiversity also can be utilized after being discharged into the (biodiversity), see the value in nature (intrinsic river [17]. value), and still see that humans are part of nature. The water supply-management system of The concept of sustainable development has a wastewater includes components that supply water close relationship with ethical and political issues. to the built area and manage wastewater from the This is because there is a conflict of interest area. The water source for the system is water between humans and nature. Humans want to be imported from outside the built area to meet the able to survive by using existing natural resources, water needs in the area through the piping system while nature also wants to stay alive as a valuable and which are local in nature such as springs, wells, entity in itself. In politics there is a decision taken rivers and rainwater. Domestic wastewater can be by the government as a form of concern for the reused for domestic purposes after going through environment. This decision must refer to principles the necessary treatment. The importation of water that keep in mind both aspects, both natural and into the built-up areas in the coast and islands can human. also include water produced from seawater In terms of environmental ethics, sustainable treatment [14]. development is more in line with views or deep ecology and not anthropocentrism views. The view 3.4 Environmental Sustainability of environmental ethics, eco-centrism, is made the basis for making a policy by the government. As The term sustainable development first for some eco-centrism views that are used as the appeared in 1980 in the World Conservation basis of policies made by the government are: Strategy of the International Union for the 1) Respect for nature (respect for nature). Conservation of Nature (IUCN), then in 1981 it 2) The principle of moral responsibility for was used by Lester R. Brown in the book Building nature. a Sustainable Society. According to the Brundtland 3) The principle of no harm. Report from the United Nations in 1987, 4) The principle of democracy. sustainable development is a development process 5) The principle of life is simple and in that is based on the principle of "meeting current harmony with nature. needs without compromising the needs of future 6) The principle of justice. generations". 7) The principle of moral integrity. Sustainable development is a form of policy Development orientation no longer emphasizes that is quite complex. This is due in the process of aspects of economic growth (economic growth) but sustainable development trying to combine the rather ecological sustainability. This is what

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distinguishes patterns of development based on paradigm that can be an alternative in economic aspects from development that promotes conserving raw water. ecological unity as a form of development. • There are potencies of unused water sources The problem is, can anthropocentric to overcome the scarcity of raw water socioeconomic views and eco-centric ecological problems. views be combined. That is, sustainable development not only emphasizes improving Drinking human quality, but also the quality of the Water Supply environment and the preservation of the supply of System natural resources as a life support system and a driver for improving welfare.

Identification of the 4. ANALYSIS OF MIXED WATER Problems of SOURCES DETERMINATION METHODS Sustainability in Water Management 4.1 Framework of Thinking

The targets strategy in relation to water resources management is contained in Presidential Assign Key Attributes Decree No. 2 of 2015 concerning the 2015-2019 WTP analysis National Middle Term Plan, namely by the application of raw water management for drinking Formulate a Model with a water which is called the Domestic Mixed Water Systems Approach approach. The domestic mixed sources of raw approach is a new paradigm of integrated water resource Institutional Cooperation management, specifically for the supply of raw Mechanisms water for drinking water, and is part of the operation of a drinking water supply system that supports sustainable development. However, the Fig. 1 Framework for drinking water raw water application of this approach has not been tested in management model with Domestic Water Mix the field, so that it has the potential to cause approach problems when implemented. Therefore, a conceptual model is needed to measure the Management performance in the sustainability of this approach as an integrated raw implementation of the management of raw water water source for the implementation of a sources using the domestic mixed water approach sustainable drinking water supply system from is a key factor used as a benchmark for the success various aspects. The conceptual model of of the management of raw water sources for sustainability measurement will be the basis for sustainable water supply system. Fig 1 shows the developing a policy model for implementing framework for raw water management model with domestic mixed water so that it can become an domestic mixed water approach. operational foundation in integrated urban water resource management in supporting sustainable 5. DESIGN A CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO drinking water supply. MEASURE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE DOMESTIC WATER MIX 4.2 Analysis and Discussion The study was conducted with a system Based on the above framework, a hypothesis can approach in order to formulate a conceptual model be formulated as follows: of drinking water management based on domestic • Raw water sources for drinking water are water mix and institutional cooperation increasingly limited so more efficient mechanisms related institutions in managing raw management of raw water needs is needed. water sources of drinking water, so that the • The management of raw water needs using sustainability of drinking water raw water is the domestic mixed water approach is a new maintained. Systematically the research approach can be seen in Table 1.

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Table 1. Systems approach to drinking water raw water management model based on domestic water mix Specific Analysis No Data Type Data Form Data Source Expected Output Purposes Method 1. Determine Primary Interview  Related  Multi- Generate critical critical attributes results and Service / dimensional attributes from 5 dissemination Agency. Scaling aspects of the questionnaire  Expert (MDS) sustainability opinion  Monte Carlo dimension Secondary Research results and related reports from various sources 2. Determine the Primary Interview Expert opinion  Analytical Generate key key attributes Secondary results and Network attributes that dissemination Process represent 5 aspects Questionnaire (ANP) of the sustainability  Software dimension Super Decision 3. Model of Secondary Literature Dynamic system Formulated a model management of search results with PowerSim raw water raw water from the results or Stella management based sources for of studies, Law software on domestic water drinking water and Regulation mix based on related to domestic water drinking water mix supply systems 4. Institutional Primary Interview Expert opinion Interpretive The stakeholder cooperation results and Structural structure model for mechanism dissemination Modeling managing domestic Questionnaire (ISM) water mixes as a source of drinking water is formulated

5.1 Measurement Method in the Conceptual in determining experts to serve as respondents Model using the following criteria: • The existence of respondents and willingness Measurement of sustainability can be conducted by to be respondents. using data and information. The collection of data • Has a reputation, position or position and has and information from various sources is done by shown its credibility as an expert in the field using the following methods: under study. a) Literature Study and Secondary Data • Have experience in the field. Collection b) Collection of primary data 5.2 Determination of Critical Attributes c) Sampling Techniques Willingness to pay consumers for drinking Analysis of the sustainability of raw water water tariffs based on domestic water mix based management based on domestic mixed water raw water will be illustrated from the answers of includes five main aspects, namely: (1) respondents who were randomly selected for environmental aspects, (2) economic aspects, and discussion and filled out the WTP questionnaire. (3) social aspects, (4) infrastructure and This approach is intended so that the water supply technology aspects, and (5) aspects legal and company can play a role in maintaining the institutional. sustainability of raw water. Public appreciation for In the next stage, a sensitivity analysis is the willingness to pay for drinking water tariffs in carried out to see what attributes are most sensitive order to help maintain the sustainability of raw contributing to the sustainability index of domestic water sources will be used as input during the mixed water management as a source of raw water formulation of the model. Respondents for ISM for drinking water. The effect of each attribute is analysis are experts dealing with the management of raw water sources for drinking water based on seen in the form of a change in "root mean square" domestic mixed water. The basis for consideration (RMS) ordination [19]. The greater the value of RMS changes due to the loss of a particular

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attribute, the greater the role of these attributes in 4. Determine the priority weight or eigenvector the formation of the index value of the 5. Check consistency ratio sustainability of domestic mixed water 6. Formulate Supermatrix management as a source of raw water for drinking water on a sustainability scale. 6. SYSTEM APPROACH AND MODELING To evaluate the effect of random errors in the process of estimating the ordination value of The components in a system are theoretically domestic mixed water management as a source of interconnected and have interdependencies drinking water raw sources, Monte Carlo analysis between components. The system must be seen as can be used. Monte Carlo analysis is also useful a whole (holistic) and will be as a goal chaser so for studying the several aspects [20]. that there is a balance to achieve goals. A system As feedback and follow-up from the study of has an intake (input) that will proceed to produce managing the domestic mixed water, it is followed output. In a system there is feedback that functions by the formulation of a development strategy to as a regulator of system components that interact prepare strategic actions and see whether changes with each other to achieve goals, and larger are needed in the future and alternative strategic systems can consist of several small systems (sub- scenarios based on existing conditions, using systems) that will form a hierarchy. Thus, the analysis ANP. Comparisons are made based on the system can function as one approach to solve a judgment of the decision maker by assessing the complex problem or formulate policies and level of importance of an element. Using AHP, the strategies to achieve a certain goal [24]. relative importance value is determined by a scale The system approach is defined as a method of Saaty 1 to 9 which will be shown in Table 2 of solving problems that begins with a tentative [21,22]. way of defining or formulating goals and the result is an operating system that can effectively be used Table 2. Definition of Rating Scale and Numerical to solve problems. These problems can be in the Scale [21,22] form of conflict of interest or limited resources

[25]. Score Definition Description Equally Both elements are According to Aminullah (2003), there are 1 important equally important several stages that need to be done in a systems One element is slightly approach to solving complex problems, namely: A little more 3 more important than the (1) needs analysis, which aims to identify the important other elements needs of all stakeholders in the system; (2) One element is more problem formulation, which is a combination of all 5 More important important the problems that exist in the system; (3) system than the others identification, aims to determine the system One element is clearly variables in order to meet the needs of all Very more more absolutely stakeholders in the system; (4) abstract modeling, 7 important important than the other which includes an interactive process between elements system analysts and decision makers, which uses Absolute more One absolute important the model to explore the impact of various 9 important element alternatives and decision variables on various Adjacent Values between two system criteria; (5) implementation, the main 2,4,6,8 considerations values are close together objective is to provide the physical form of the If for activity i For one value of the desired system; and (6) operation, at this stage the gets one comparison of element a system is validated and often at this stage number when with element b, then additional modifications occur because of the rapid compared to element b has a value that The changes in the environment in which the system is activity j, then j is the opposite of the opposite has the opposite value of element a when functioning [26]. value when compared with element a The model is an abstract depiction of a real compared to world system, which will act like the real world for activity i. certain aspects [27]. The models are grouped into three types namely quantitative, qualitative, and In general the steps that must be taken in using econic models [25]. A good model will provide a ANP are as follows [23]: description of real world behavior according to the 1. Defining the problem problem and will minimize the insignificant 2. Determine the weighting of components behavior of the system being modeled. 3. Create a pair wise comparison matrix The first step in developing a dynamic system

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model is to determine the structure of the model. observed in the form of performance (level) of a The structure of the model will give shape to the dynamic system model [28]. system and at the same time give characteristics that influence the behavior of the system. All 7. CONCEPTUAL MODEL model behaviors, however complex, can be The whole conceptual method to measure the simplified into a basic structure, i.e. the sustainability of the system of mixed water mechanism of intake, process, output, and resources for drinking water purposes is shown in feedback. According to Muhammadi, et al. (2001) Figure 2. The model is developed based on the the mechanism will work according to time thorough analysis of important aspects considering changes or are dynamic in nature which can be each model stage.

Fig. 2 Proposed diagram of conceptual method to measure the sustainability of domestic raw water suppy from mixed sources.

Measurement of the sustainability is conducted in (2) Analytic Network Process (ANP); (3) the system approach formulation which is Willingness to Pay (WTP); (4) Dynamic System; supported by completed attributes. This proposed (5) Interpretative Structural Modeling (IMP). conceptual model can be utilized each step to finally formulate the institutional cooperation 9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS mechanisms to be applied in providing drinking This research is financially supported by the water from the mixed raw water resources. Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher 8. CONCLUSION Education of the Republic of Indonesia and the Faculty of Engineering of Universitas Pasundan. Conceptual model to measure the sustainability of water supply raw water using the domestic 10. REFERENCES mixed water approach consists of 5 stages of [1] Asdak C., Hidrologi & Pengelolaan Daerah measurement, i.e: (1) problem identification; (2) Aliran Sungai. Yogyakarta. Gajah Mada assign key attributes; (3) WTP analysis; (4) University Press. 2010. formulating a model with a systems approach; and [2] Arwin S., Juwana A.D., and Studi I., Statistika (5) mechanism of institutional cooperation. Komponen Utama Hidrologi di Daerah Aliran The method used in each stage is adjusted to Sungai dalam Rangka Ketersediaan Sumber the objectives of each stage, i.e: (1) Air Bersih. Jurnal ITENAS, No.3, 6, 2002, pp. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) & Monte Carlo;

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