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Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods: Volume I

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Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods: Volume I U.S. Fire Administration Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods Volume I: Water Supply System Concepts October 2008 U.S. Fire Administration Mission Statement We provide National leadership to foster a solid foundation for local fire and emergency services for prevention, preparedness and response. Water Supply Systems and Evaluation Methods • Volume I: Water Supply System Concepts • Harry E. Hickey, Ph.D. Acknowledgment his project was performed by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) and was Tsupported by the Department of Homeland Security’s Science and Technology Directorate and the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA). SFPE is an engineering association for advancing the science and practice of fire protection engineering. Water supply is an important subject to the fire service, fire protection engineers, and city managers. These manuals are intended to provide a reference for concepts and terminology to facilitate communication and understanding between these organizations. About the Author r. Harry E. Hickey’s career in fire protection spans more than 50 years. He taught Fire DProtection Engineering at the University of Maryland for 26 years. He also has extensive experience in the fire services both as a firefighter, fire officer and Emergency Coordinator. His combination of municipal fire administration and fire protection engineering experience provides him with unique insight into the challenges of design and operation of municipal water supplies. He received his Ph.D. in Public Administration from American University in Washington, DC. He has authored many book and articles including Public Fire Safety, A Systems Approach, Fire Protection Hydraulics, and two editions of The Fire Suppression Rating Schedule Handbook. Table of Contents Chapter 1: Fundamental Considerations Topic 1: Anatomy of a Water System ..................................................................................................................................6 Topic 2: Continuous Availability of Water Supply ..............................................................................................................11 Topic 3: Municipal Water Supply Considerations .............................................................................................................13 Topic 4: Water Sources ....................................................................................................................................................16 Topic 5: Classification of Water Systems ..........................................................................................................................19 Chapter 2: Processed Water for Domestic Consumption ...................................................................................................20 Topic 1: Unfiltered Surface Water Sources .......................................................................................................................20 Topic 2: Filtered Surface Water Sources ..........................................................................................................................21 Topic 3: Water Treatment Plants ......................................................................................................................................23 Topic 4: Auxiliary Facilities for Surface Water Treatment .................................................................................................28 Topic 5: Ground Subsurface Water Systems ....................................................................................................................29 Chapter 3: Water Quality Standards .............................................................................................................................................32 A General Perspective on Water Quality ...........................................................................................................................32 Water Quality Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................................39 Chapter 4: Water Distribution System Design Concepts ....................................................................................................51 Water Supply Source Classifications .................................................................................................................................51 Water System Components ...............................................................................................................................................52 Water System Classifications ............................................................................................................................................52 Composite Water Supply Systems ....................................................................................................................................56 System Demand, Water Design and Flow Criteria ............................................................................................................57 Rates of Water Use ...........................................................................................................................................................58 Distribution System Appurtenances...................................................................................................................................58 Hydrant Locations .............................................................................................................................................................66 System Evaluation and Design .........................................................................................................................................71 • v • WATER SUPPLY SY S TEM S • VOL . I: SY S TEM CON C EPT S TABLE OF CONTENT S Basic Concepts in Determining Design Flow at System Demand Points .........................................................................73 Distribution System Storage ..............................................................................................................................................75 Elevated and Ground Storage ...........................................................................................................................................77 Comparison of System Examples .....................................................................................................................................84 Recommended Practice on Water Storage .......................................................................................................................84 Chapter 5: Consumer Consumption and Needed Fire Flow ..............................................................................................86 Water Demands .................................................................................................................................................................86 A Suitable Approach for Studying Consumer Use Water Demand ....................................................................................91 Fire Suppression Water Demand ......................................................................................................................................91 Special Notes on the Determination of Needed Fire Flows ...............................................................................................99 Chapter 6: Alternative Water Supplies ......................................................................................................................................101 Alternative Water Supply Concepts .................................................................................................................................103 Where are Alternative Water Supplies Needed ...............................................................................................................104 Water Supply Officer .......................................................................................................................................................104 Identifying and Certifying Alternative Water Supplies ......................................................................................................105 Establishing an Alternative Water Delivery Program .......................................................................................................112 Chapter 7: Impacts of Fire Flow on Distribution System Water Quality, Design and Operation ....................117 Background Statement ....................................................................................................................................................117 Background .....................................................................................................................................................................118 Study Objectives and Scope ...........................................................................................................................................118 Chapter 8: Dual Water Systems ....................................................................................................................................................138 Basic Concepts ...............................................................................................................................................................138 Background Information ..................................................................................................................................................139
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