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What's on Tap? -- Philadelphia

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What's on Tap? -- Philadelphia WHAT’S ON TAP? Grading Drinking Water in U.S. Cities June 2003 Medical journal studies have reported illnesses in PHILADELPHIA, PA children and the elderly associated with Philadelphia Philadelphia Earned a Water Quality and Compliance tap water, which may be the result of Cryptosporidium Grade of Fair in Both 2000 and 2001 (Crypto), which has been found in the city’s source Philadelphia had no reported violations but had levels waters. Crypto is a waterborne microbial disease- of chlorination by-products that averaged near the new carrying pathogen that presents health concerns, EPA standard and occasionally spiked above it. In especially to individuals with weakened immune addition, the city had significant lead levels, possible systems. The city has improved its treatment somewhat medical evidence of waterborne disease, and occasional to try to address these problems. contamination with pesticides and industrial chemicals. Chemical spills, runoff, discharges of cancer-causing and other toxic pollutants, and microbial contaminants The Philadelphia Water Department had no recent reported violations of current, pending, or proposed periodically contaminate the Schuylkill and Delaware national standards in 1999–2001.1 Rivers and sometimes city tap water. Occasionally pol- lutant levels exceed national health goals but are found Levels of chlorination by-products, specifically total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), at levels below national standards. An effort to inven- averaged as high as 80 percent of the new national tory and address these pollution problems has begun. standards and occasionally spiked above those Philadelphia’s Right-to-Know Reports Earned standards. HAAs and TTHMs are by-products of a Grade of Good for 2000 and 2001 chlorine disinfection and may cause cancer and, potentially, reproductive and other health problems. The reports included much important information At levels measured in Philadelphia tap water, TTHMs and were generally well presented. and HAAs came in well above health goals and are The reports could have been more complete in their of potential health concern. discussions of sources of pollutants and health threats to consumers. Lead levels, although not in violation of EPA standards, were found in excess of the health goal and were cause Philadelphia Earned a Source Water Protection for concern—particularly in Philadelphia schools and Rating of Poor homes with young children. Lead—which enters drinking water supplies from the corrosion of pipes or The city’s water sources are threatened by contami- faucets—can adversely affect blood pressure, red blood nation from treated and untreated sewage, industrial cells, and kidney and nervous system function and, point sources, transportation accidents and spills, especially in infants and children, cause permanent urban, suburban, and agricultural runoff, acid mine brain damage, decreased intelligence, and problems drainage, and drought. Philadelphia has put a major with growth, development, and behavior. effort into assessing this pollution and is trying to encourage protection of its source water, but the city PHILADELPHIA does not control its watersheds, and the state does not adequately regulate pollution of these waters. System Population Served 1,600,0002 Water Quality and Compliance Noteworthy 2000 Fair 2001 Fair As of June 2001, the Philadelphia Water Department’s Right-to-Know Report—Citizenship projected capital budget is $150 million per year for 2000 Good 2001 Good drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater expendi- 3 Source Water Protection tures combined. Press accounts reported Philadelphia’s Poor drinking water capital improvement budget alone REPORT CARD to be $46 million per year.4 Reported planned capital 171 Natural Resources Defense Council improvements include rehabilitation of the sampling CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND GIARDIA LEVELS lines at the Queen Lane Treatment Plant, improve- ments to operations, including aeration tanks at water 100 90 Philadelphia pollution control plants, storm flood relief, and replace- Crypto ment of 27 miles of water mains in Philadelphia 80 Giardia each year.5 In correspondence with NRDC, the city’s 70 water department forecast future capital budgets of 60 $50 million a year for treatment plant improvements, 50 including drinking water, wastewater, and biosolids 40 recycling, and $25 million per year for drinking water 30 6 % OF SAMPLES POSITIVE conveyance improvements. 20 10 0% 0% 0% 0 Finished Raw Finished Raw KEY CONTAMINANTS IN PHILADELPHIA’S Water Water Water Water WATER 2000 2001 The following contaminants have been found in Phila- delphia’s drinking water supply. For more information National Requirements on health threats posed by specific contaminants, see All large- and medium-size water utilities that use surface water must monitor for Crypto and Giardia, report results in their right- Chapter 5. to-know reports, and use advanced treatment if significant levels are found. MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS LEVELS PRESENT HIGH CONCERN Cryptosporidium and Giardia Cryptosporidium (Crypto) and Giardia are waterborne National Standard microbial disease-carrying pathogens that presents Treatment Technique (TT) health concerns, especially to individuals with weak- Draft Proposed New National Standard7 ened immune systems, including HIV/AIDS patients, <7.5 organisms/100 liters (average); no additional treatment 7.5–100 organisms/100 liters (average); some additional the elderly, children, and people who have undergone treatment (>90% Crypto kill) organ transplants. Under a negotiated EPA rule that is 100–300 organisms/100 liters (average); significant additional out in draft proposed form and is soon scheduled to be treatment (>99% Crypto kill) proposed formally in The Federal Register, water utilities >300 organisms/100 liters (average); advanced treatment (>99.7% Crypto kill) that find significant levels of Crypto will have to use National Health Goal (MCLG) more effective treatment to kill the pathogen. Existing 0—no known fully safe level rules require Giardia control as well. Philadelphia has National Requirements for Crypto now joined the EPA-industry “Partnership for Safe Most large- and medium-size water utilities that use surface water are required to monitor for Crypto and report results in Water” and reports that it has been keeping its their right-to-know reports; they eventually may be required to turbidity levels lower than required by EPA rules in use advanced treatment if significant levels are found. recent years, in an effort to increase the likelihood that 2000 Levels8 Crypto, Giardia, and other microbes are filtered out. Crypto in finished water: 0% of samples positive (0 of 36) Crypto in raw water: 20% of samples positive Total Coliform Bacteria Giardia in finished water: 0% of samples positive (0 in 36) Giardia in raw water: 73% of samples positive National Standard (MCL) 5% maximum in any month10 2001 Levels9 Crypto in finished water: 0% of samples positive (0 of 58) National Health Goal (MCLG) Crypto in raw water: 27% of samples positive 0—no known fully safe level Giardia in finished water: 2% of samples positive (1 in 58) 1999 Levels Giardia in raw water: 69% of samples positive 0.4% in highest month, total coliform positive11 172 What’s On Tap? 2000 Levels gastrointestinal illness, which often can be caused by 0.4% in highest month, total coliform positive12 water contamination.14,15 2001 Levels The first study, published in 1997, found that 0.9% in highest month, total coliform positive13 although the Philadelphia system was filtered and Total coliform bacteria are microbial contaminants in compliance with existing federal standards, emer- whose presence is a potential indicator that disease- gency room visits and admissions of children into causing organisms may be present in tap water. Coli- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia for gastrointestinal form bacteria are occasionally found in Philadelphia’s illness spiked after a short lag time following spikes water but at levels well below the national standard. in turbidity levels in city tap water.16 The Harvard That said, the presence of any coliform in Philadelphia’s investigators found about a 10 percent increase in distribution system could indicate that regrowth of emergency room visits for gastrointestinal illness bacteria may be occuring in the city’s aging pipes. by children three years old or older, and a 6 percent Turbidity increase in visits by younger children. Actual hos- National Standards (TT) (in Nephelometric Turbidity Units, pital admissions for gastrointestinal illness increased or NTU) 31 percent for older children and 13 percent for Filtered water younger children after turbidity spikes. All associa- 0.5 NTU 95% of the time (through 2001) 0.3 NTU 95% of the time (effective in 2002) tions were statistically significant. A second study 1 NTU 100% of the time (effective in 2002) by the Harvard team found similar results for elderly Unfiltered water Philadelphians, based on 1992 to 1993 water quality 5 NTU maximum, 100% of the time data and Medicare records.17 They found a 9 percent 2000 Levels 0.14 NTU maximum increase in hospital admissions for gastrointestinal 2001 Levels illness among people over 65 shortly after a spike in 0.083 NTU maximum city water turbidity. Again, the increases in illness were LEVELS PRESENT SOME CONCERN statistically significant. Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water and City water department officials dispute the Harvard is used as an indicator
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