PROTECTION of EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS Practical Guide

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS Practical Guide

2019 Edition « What's the job of a cartoonist becoming? » Côté (Canada)

This publication has been prepared with the support of the European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of Cartooning for Peace and should not be understood as reflecting the views of the European Union.

Cover illustration: Ares (Cuba) Back cover illustration: Molina (Nicaragua)

Graphic design: Suzanne Grossmann

Abbreviations ...... 4

Foreword ...... 5

Caveat ...... 7

Acknowledgments ...... 9

Cartooning for Peace in Support of Editorial Cartoonists ...... 10

Introduction ...... 11

Section 1: Risk Prevention ...... 16 Prerequisite: Knowing your Environment ...... 16 Knowing your Environment: Examples of Questions and Testimonies ...... 20 Preventive Measures ...... 31

Section 2: When Comes the Time to React ...... 36 Reacting to the Danger – Key Steps and Action Plan ...... 36

For Our Female Colleagues ...... 52

Conclusion ...... 53

Abstract ...... 54

Appendices ...... 56 Useful contacts ...... 57 Contact Form ...... 63 Work Sheets ...... 66

Endnotes ...... 74 Abbreviations

ARC Artists at Risk Connection CFP Cartooning for Peace COE Council of Europe CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists CRNI Cartoonists Rights Network International EFJ European Federation of Journalists EU European Union ICORN International Cities of Refugees Network IFJ International Federation of Journalists IMS International Media Support IWMF International Women’s Media Foundation NGO Non-Governmental Organization OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe RSF Reporters Without Borders UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees VPN Virtual Private Network

4 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Foreword

In this confusing world, the irreverent perspective of cartoonists is more necessary than ever. Diffused over the Internet and social media, cartoons have never been so powerful and creative. Yet today, those with pen in hand face a crossfire of unprecedented dangers. There is the traditional oppression. The autocrats, machos and popu- lists of this world are strangely tetchy and thin-skinned. Their loathing of humor and terrifying fear of ridicule push them to hound those who practice the art of satire. Zunar of Malaysia, Musa Kart of Turkey, Hani Abbas of Syria, Pedro Molina of Nicaragua, Rayma Suprani of Venezuela and many others, who are harassed, convicted, imprisoned, forced into Tom Scott exile or fired, are a credit to this profession. They remind us that drawing (New Zealand) is an act of courage. To this, we can add econo- mics. The long, merciless sapping of traditional media that disheartens newspaper executives and seems to destroy their appetite. That appetite for a battle of ideas, a palate for argument. Essentially, the taste for their very business. As such, many editors are tempted to ditch their cartoonists. Forgetting all too quickly that these troublemakers are often very popular among the public. And of course, there is censorship. It can come from the State, the editor or the more insidious type from our own subconscious: “It goes with the job.” The Charlie Hebdo attack in 2015 showed us all the most abso- lute form of censorship: death. But a new type of collective censorship has slyly implanted itself. The pressure from the Internet’s sanctimonious mobs is just as corrosive for public debate. For the horde offended by an opinion or a drawing, it is not enough to express their feelings, they want justice to be dispensed. The offender punished. The offender silenced. These campaigns are often stoked by interest groups that know all too well what they are doing. Social networks, the echo chambers of vitriol are today more powerful than traditional media that they bully.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 5 The cartoonists who become the object of threats, the target of hate- ful or misogynist vigilante campaigns, find themselves isolated and poorly protected. Sometimes dropped by their publication. Being in the cross hairs is a lonely place. This is why this guidebook, put together by Sylvain Platevoet and the entire Cartooning for Peace team, could not have come at a better time. For newcomers and veteran cartoonists, this manual aspires to be a precious tool kit next to your pens and pencils. It will help you identify threats, confront them and find the necessary resources when needed. This guidebook is an outstretched hand in a chain of solidarity. It is part of the counter-offensive in the fight for trust and justice, the very thing editorial cartoons fight for. Despite it all, we should not forget that the fight is good-humored. And our job remains the best in the world!

Patrick Chappatte Editorial cartoonist, Vice-President of the Swiss Foundation Cartooning for Peace

Chappatte (Switzerland)

6 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Caveat

In 2016, Cartoonists Rights Network International (CRNI) published the extre- mely helpful “Safety Manual for Political Cartoonists in Trouble”— the only one of its kind to this day. Thanks to the support of the European Union, Cartooning for Peace presents this guide which we hope will expand on the work done by CRNI. In publishing this guide, CFP aspires to help you foresee or respond to a one-off or persistent attack on your work or integrity. We have tried to be exhaustive in this publication; however, this guidebook might not give you the solution to your problem, which may be unique and have several appropriate answers. Nevertheless, it has been written to be a tool that can drive you to the solution matching your need, as well as direct you to those who will be able to help you. And because the world changes quickly, we will carry out frequent updates to avoid this guidebook becoming outdated. The document and the updates will be available on the Cartooning for Peace Website: www.cartooningforpeace.org/resources/?lang=en We must state that this guidebook is focused on violations against the exercise of your work, which may be an attack relating to a particular cartoon or even personal persecution. However, if you find yourself ina situation not covered by this guidebook, there are organizations listed in the Appendix 1 which will be able to help you according to their area of work. This guidebook has been inspired by the practical experience of CFP and its partners, the reports and needs expressed by cartoonists, and manuals published by organizations specializing in assisting artists, journalists and human rights defenders. Certain sections might act as a gateway to the resources of other organizations and are interspersed with useful links. Some parts will appear familiar to experienced cartoonists but, for the sake of newcomers to the profession, we did not want to be frugal with this information. The guidebook has been structured to allow you easy reference to those sections that seem most pertinent. Section 1 focuses on the need to anticipate and prevent. It also presents metho- dology and conceptual tools. Section 2 offers practical steps in responding to a threat or attack supported by real-life cases. The Appendices provide a list of partner organizations and practical tools.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 7 8 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace We would like to thank: Cartoonists who, through their work, advice and experience, contri- buted to the creation of this guidebook. Without your enthusiasm to infuse life into your art despite the possible repercussions, all this would be for naught. And in particular Plantu, Patrick Chappatte, Willy Zekid, Pedro X. Molina and Damien Glez for their thorough revision and illuminating opinions, as well as the cartoonists who agreed to recount their experiences. Acknowledgments

The European Union for its support in the production of this guidebook which forms part of the CFP’s “Cartooning for Peace and Demo- cracy” program, as well as all listed or cited organizations which parti- cipated in preparing this guidebook. We also wish to acknowledge the work of all institutions and people that help us in our work. Particular thanks go to the representatives of the following organizations for agreeing to comment on the content and enriching it with their opinions and observations: • Terry Anderson, CRNI; • Christophe Deloire and Victoria Lavenue, RSF; • Anne Rimmer, Front Line Defenders; • Cathrine Helland, ICORN. Fatima Abdelkarim and Aurélia Rommel whose meticulous work of research was indispensable to this publication as well all the Cartooning for Peace team. Suzanne Grossmann for the graphic design and ITC France for the English translation. Finally, we could not end these acknowledgments without turning our thoughts to Kofi Annan who initiated the “Unlearning Intolerance” Previous page: conference in 2006. These seminars led to the creation of CFP of which Elena (Colombia) he was honorary president. He passed away in 2018.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 9 Cartooning for Peace in Support of Editorial

Cartoonists “Perhaps a colleague is in trouble and you can help them One of the CFP’s prior missions has always been to provide assis- in some way... do tance to editorial cartoonists. it! You never know Alone or in partnership, the association intends to contribute to when the next the recognition you deserve and also assist you practically when doing your job makes you a target of incomprehension, intolerance, person needing help obscurantism or violence. will be you. Because, Among other things, this involves promoting your work, exhibi- as we’ve seen in tions, editorial partnerships and meetings with the general public recent times, even and young, disadvantaged audiences. the best-known CFP is a place of openness and exchange but also a gateway for cartoonists are cartoonists who have suffered attacks as part of their work. CFP uses not exempt from campaigns, advocacy work, operational support, networking and other ways to help you find the support you deserve. being incriminated, threatened, fired, One of CFP’s major assets is its network of cartoonists and the solidarity it brings to life. CFP draws its strength from this network; persecuted or even it is therefore crucial that you enrich it through mutual support and killed.” (Pedro X. Molina, communication to CFP. In this way, we can give you the best possible Nicaragua, August 2019) help and, in turn, assist your colleagues from around the world.

Tjeerd Royaards (The Netherlands)

To contact or alert CFP: contact @cartooningforpeace.org Téléphone : +33 (0)1 4023 2403 www.cartooningforpeace.org

web

10 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace "Are we allowed to laugh about everything?" "No !", "Yes !" Willem (France)

Introduction

The threats made against the cartoonists of the Danish newspaper “Get informed on Jyllands-Posten following its publication of caricatures of Mohammad, your rights as a and the killings at Charlie Hebdo on January 7, 2015, had a global impact and marked a turning point in the history of editorial cartoons. human, a citizen and The Internet has allowed cartoons to be circulated worldwide and the a journalist... on the reactions to those drawings, more than ever, can be violent and even organizations that deadly. can help you in an The New York Times’ decision in June 2019 to cease publication of emergency. Build editorial cartoons in its international edition and dismiss Chappatte up a relation with and Heng Kim Song in response to the controversy surrounding a cartoon of Antonio, that was published without the author’s consent, them, volunteer in is also symptomatic of a dangerous change in the threat hanging over other cases relating the profession. 1 to freedom of the These globally publicized event must not take away from the fact that, press and the like if throughout the world, editorial cartoonists are obstructed from you can..” (Pedro X. Molina, performing their job or take a risk when putting pen to paper. Nicaragua, August 2019) There is either no longer any publication available or they are threatened, harassed or disparaged for what their work is or represents. According to the French academic Patrick Charaudeau, “editorial cartoons […] are unquestionably an act of humor, through their caricatures and bizarre settings, but, on the other hand, they are a commentary on current political and social events. In other words, they are both a source of laughter and a serious act of information.” 2

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 11 Hall (U.S.A)

Yet, the caricature, portrayal of incompetence, criticism or humor is not always to the taste of the person being made fun of. Virulent reactions of varying degrees ensue when it is not a deliberate, institutionalized desire to rub out any form of criticism or opposing view through harassment, censorship or even physical and psychological violence. Elena (Colombia) Although editorial cartoons are supposed to create a reaction, the actual reaction may not be the one expected and can take the author completely by surprise. It is no longer the topic of the cartoon or the failings highlighted that is attacked, instead it is the very existence of the cartoon, the caricature depicted or the reference used. Sometimes, and even often, a massive reaction targets the artist and not the drawing. With the development of the Internet and social media, this tendency has only increased. Nowadays, physical or institutional violence is accompanied by the moral verdict of public opinion which can harm the reputation or dignity of the illustrator.

12 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Many cartoonists have borne the consequences of their profession. Among the most recent, illustrative cases are that of Zunar (Malaysia) 3 who was charged with nine counts of sedition until 2018 for denouncing the corruption in his country; Musa Kart, imprisoned for the second time in Turkey from April to September 2019 4 ; Jamon y Queso from Equatorial Guinea, also imprisoned and released after a worldwide support campaign 5 ; Denis Lopatin, a Russian artist, forced into exile for a cartoon used in a protest 6 , just like Pedro X. Molina, who has had to flee Nicaragua 7 .

Cristina RISKS OF THE PROFESSION (Portugal)

At any given time in their career, a cartoonist could clash with the sensitivities of individuals or groups, or provoke the wrath of the powerful. This has the potential to create a risk for them or their close ones. According to Front Line Defenders, “There is no widely accepted definition of risk, but we can say that risk refers to possible events, however uncertain, that result in harm.” 8 . Supposing that “zero risk” is illusionary and dismissing the idea of self-censorship, the goal is to reduce the extent of “Is security an absence the risk. of risk? Or being able While every case is unique, even though the attack can be to manage risk? [...]” isolated or recurring, and the artist may or may not be taken (A human rights defender in by surprise, two questions common to all cases should allow Europe, quoted by Front Line you to reach this goal: 1) how can I anticipate a threat or attack, Defenders) 9 and 2) how will/can I respond to a threat when it occurs?

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 13 Action: Object of reaction: one or more Cartoon, its content (portrayals and symbols), aesthetics, cartoons published message; Your job and what it represents: inform, criticize through humor, satire, caricature

Reactions (exceptional Positive: can counteract the negative reactions or recurring) Neutral: the risk is nil Negative: can be a source of risk to me

Objective Anticipate negative reactions, reduce the risk of threats React to a threat or attack

Indirect factors:

1 2 The cultural, socio-political and Current circumstances working environment How are taboos and my environment What is taboo? What is the overall legal changing? Has a particular event and institutional framework? What is occurred at the time of the cartoon’s the working environment? etc. publication which can explain the reaction to the cartoon?

CONCEPTS OF THREATS, VULNERABILITIES AND CAPACITIES

Front Line Defenders states that risk is dependent on different factors that raise or reduce its severity; it is necessary to assess and, if possible, influence the threat or attack, the degree of vulnerability to those threats, and the capacities at hand. 10 Vulnerability is “the degree to which people are susceptible to loss, damage, suffering and death in the event of an attack.”. 11 This is a relative concept that can affect everyone in different ways. In terms of mobility, the place where you live can decrease or increase your vulnerability (for example, living next to an airport or far from the city center can make you more or less vulnerable), just like a lack of financial resources can

14 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace cause greater vulnerability when you need legal assistance. Vulnerability can also emanate from a psychological state; fear could push you to make decisions that put your security at greater risk. By preventing vulnerability factors, risk can be ,reduced., Threats, for their part, “represent the possibility that someone will harm somebody else’s physical or moral integrity or property through purposeful and often violent action. Making a threat assessment means analyzing the likelihood of a threat being put into action.” 12 . In other words, it is a statement or intention to inflict damage, punishment or injury. The objective is to reduce either the ,chances, of a threat or the impact of a threat acted upon.

Capacities are the strengths and resources that a group or individual can Damien Glez 13 rely on to gain a reasonable amount of security. (Burkina Faso)

Essentially, these are means to reduce risks and protect oneself. Therefore, it is indispensable to: ••Assess the threats and reduce their possibility; ••Reduce vulnerability factors; ••Increase capacities. One way to decrease your degree of vulnerability is through anticipation (section 1). This involves: • Working with full awareness of the immediate environment in order to identify threats, the means to prevent them or decrease their impact in the medium-to-long term; • Establishing prevention measures to reduce vulnerability. While essential, prevention and anticipation may prove inadequate. In which case, comes the time to respond to a threat or the harm (section 2).

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 15 SECTION 1 Risk

Prevention “This does not mean censoring yourself to avoid talking about certain topics or particular groups. It means that you need PREREQUISITE: KNOWING YOUR ENVIRONMENT to get ahead of those groups who may be By knowing your environment, you can anticipate the risks looking for a weak lurking within it. Analyzing it makes it possible to reduce vulnerabilities through preventive measures and develop ways of responding point to attack you, to a threat or attack. and covering those This involves, for example, knowing the cultural, institutional, weak points through socio-political, economic, legal and professional context along with strategies, forcing the resulting taboos. those groups to find Awareness of these undercurrents within the overall environment an advantage to attack can assist you to: you or give up.” (Pedro X. • identify the threats and resources in your environs; Molina, Nicaragua, August 2019) • make rational choices relating to your security and reduce your vulnerability as a result. A factor that can make all the difference when faced with a threat requiring a, sometimes urgent, response. Front Line Defenders has proposed three methods for analyzing your environment: Asking questions, the force field analysis and the stakeholder analysis 14 .

■■ASKING QUESTIONS (see work sheets 2 and 3 in the appendices) This simple method involves asking questions about your environment in order to understand and analyze it along with its underlying elements. This should point you in the direction of preventive measures. It can also be used in a deteriorating situation to assess the changes occurring and respond to them as best as possible. You can find some example questions below.

■■FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS

This technique helps you visualize the resisting forces and supporting forces at work in a given situation and affecting the achievement of a work objective. Resisting forces could be a source of danger, while the supporting forces would be useful in opposing those resisting forces.

16 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Force field analysis

Resisting forces

Work objective

Supporting forces Forces of unknown direction © Front Line Defenders

Forces can lay in people and organizations that, depending on their Suppose you have drawn involvement, could play an important role in a given situation in either public attention to the way. They will appear sometimes only when the problem surfaces: a endemic corruption in your politician seeking election but whose chances have been jeopardized country through one or more by your accusation could become a resisting force, a human rights cartoons, in the hope of association or international organization informed of your work might shedding light on the prac- not show their support until a specific moment further down the road. tice (work objective). Those This analysis facilitates the reduction or elimination of the risk who you criticize in your caused by resisting forces and the identification of supporting cartoons will show resis- forces. tance to your work in various ways (threats, harassment, ■■STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS jailing?). On the other hand, (see work sheet 4 in the appendices) non-governmental organizations fighting corruption and Front Line Defenders has specified that an “actor or stakeholder your newspaper will probably analysis is an important way of increasing the information you have be sources of support for you. available when making decisions about protection. It involves identifying and describing the different actors or stakeholders involved and their relationships, on the basis of their characteristics and inte- rests – all in relation to a given protection issue.” 15 . We can cite, among others: • Personal relationships: family, friends; • Professional relationships: colleagues, employer, media council; • State powers (incl. security forces, judges, lawmakers, etc.); • National and international organizations that defend the profession, freedom of expression or human rights; • Opinion leaders or the diplomatic corps (who, through their position or what they represent, are a real supporting force): international institutions (agencies of the United Nations or European Union, for example), diplomats of foreign governments, media, religious institutions, public opinion, etc.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 17 When the situation in Nicaragua deteriorated, Pedro X. Molina created an We suggest you inform yourself about the local, national, regional email distribution list (in and international actors and make a list of useful contacts with blind carbon copy) of many a short description, the relationships between them and how they actors likely to provide assis- could help. This list should be frequently revised. The directory in the tance. On one hand, it was appendices is a start but you should find local contacts. to inform them of the deterioration in the country and, The useful contact list can be supplemented by an email distribu- on the other hand, to inform tion list that can be used in the case of a problem. We will see later them of his personal situa- that it can be important to encrypt your messages to prevent cyber- tion. This allowed all actors crime. to receive the same infor- Stakeholder analysis goes hand in hand with assessing the environ- mation at the same time ment and forces present as it assists in identifying those actors as and strengthen coordination resistance or support. In certain contexts where the rule of law has as well as, for him, receive broken down, the government, security forces or legal institutions, advice from those actors at which are primarily to assist citizens (supporting force), can some- every step. times become a threat (resisting force). And requesting their help might become counter-productive. It is also essential to consider this task proactively and frequently update contact lists because the situations, forces, structures, people and contact details can change.

Many non-governmental organizations have the Hani Abbas mission to support those promoting human rights (Palestine/Syria) and freedom of expression. We suggest you get in contact of assistance they can offer, with with their branch in your due regard to their purview. country and make yourself It is important you consider known to them. However, this when first identifying you should keep in mind that actors. The majority, including organizations are bound by Cartooning for Peace, will have their mandate and the assis- you fill out a form specifying tance they can provide flows your situation and your reasons from it. They will be mindful of for applying for help if need be. your status (journalist, artist, Knowing their field of operations human rights defender, etc.), in relation to your status and the nature of your work and the needs will help you focus on the type of attack directed at you organizations to contact and to (an arrest for a cartoon and an which you can make a request arrest for protest activities could according to your needs. be treated by different entities). These issues will decide on their ability to assist you and the type

18 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace

Summary 33 Your work could lead to risks 33 Your environment can be a source of threats but also provide you with Cartoonist – a human rights defender? useful resources According to the OHCHR, “Many professional activities 33 One means to prevent or reduce risk do not involve human rights work all of the time but can is to learn about that environment, its have occasional links with human rights (...) journalists specific features, the forces involved have a broad mandate to gather information and dis- and whether they present support or seminate it to a public audience through print, radio or threats television media. In their general role, journalists are not 33 By doing so, you can be better human rights defenders. Nevertheless, many journalists informed, better positioned to do act as defenders, for example when they report on identify certain threats and set up human rights abuses and bear witness to acts that they ways of responding to those threats. have seen.” 16 You will also increase your capacities Due to your work and the targeting you are subject to and reduce your vulnerabilities because of it, your profession contributes to the promo- 33 Your environment contains many tion of human rights. Some cartoonists define themsel- different dimensions and its analysis ves as human rights defenders. In any case, you should can help prevent risks remember that active campaigning is not a prerequisite 33 By questioning yourself and for receiving assistance from a Human Rights dedicated conducting force field analysis and organization, your work contributing to that crucial mis- stakeholder analysis, you can gain sion. Again, there are a wide range of organizations and much greater knowledge about your options that can be provided. environment which will, in turn, reduce your vulnerabilities. In short, anticipate the risks to better prevent them

Cartoonists' networks and organizations The work of an editorial others (who may have For further cartoonist is often seen been attacked), and information as a solitary job. But, help develop a network • OHCHR, Who is a defender?, in good or bad times, that can aid you in time www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/SRHRDefenders/ being a member of any of need. Nonetheless, Pages/Defender.aspx type of group can help you have to distingui- Front Line Defenders, Workbook on a lot. You should join sh between the types • Security: Practical Steps for Human Rights professional networks of organizations, their Defenders at Risk, 2016, or associations and roles and mandates as www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/resource- participate in events they don’t all necessa- publication/workbook-security-practical- because this will keep rily provide the same steps-human-rights-defenders-risk you informed as well type of services. as act as a source of • Front Line Defenders, Protection sharing and learning Manuel for Human Rights Defenders, 2005, from the experiences of www.Frontlinedefenders.org/en/resource- publication/protection-handbook-human- rights-defenders

GUIDECartooning PRATIQUE for D’AIDE Peace PROTECTIONAUX DESSINATEURS·TRICES OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS DE PRESSE Cartooning • PRACTICAL for GUIDEpeace 19 Ann Telnaes (U.S.A)

KNOWING YOUR ENVIRONMENT: EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF AND TESTIMONIES

■■CULTURE AND SOCIETY

Every society is fixed to a particular cultural, political and religious foundation that determines societal taboos. Expe- rience has shown that religion and the issue of identity are influential and can lead to oft-times virulent reactions by the public to certain cartoons when the law does not simply forbid cartoons to depict such taboos. Taboos, which are often understood through culture and religion, can be established by history, socio-economic contexts, politics or even by people. As societies, cultures and systems change, so too can taboos. And with the development of the Internet, the reaction can come from the other side of the world and generate mass reactions. Recently, social networks have themselves erected new taboos and regulatory bodies that encourage the censorship of publications on their respective networks.

"Freedom of POSSIBLE QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF: expression!" ••What are the cultural taboos of the society in which I work? Are they local, "Forbidden" regional, national and international? Khalid Gueddar ••Are the issues I depict or the way I depict them of a particular sensitivity? (Morocco) ••Are breaking the taboos forbidden by the law?

20 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Avi Katz (Israel)

The cartoons of artist Avi Katz 17 (Israel) have not been published by The Jerusalem Report since 2018, because of an Internet backlash over a cartoon depic- ting Israeli politicians, including the prime minister, as pigs taking a selfie. The cartoon alluded to George Orwell’s “Animal Farm” but some people felt the depiction of Jews as pigs was anti-Se- mitic. Jiho (France)

Marco de Angelis (Italy) Page from the newspaper Courrier International, In February 2019, a cartoon by the Italian cartoonist, Marco de Angelis, th February 7 published in the Courrier International, was censored by the Lebanese autho- 2019 rities for the depiction of Ayatollah Khamenei (Islamic Republic of Iran). Journalists who excoriated this censorship were then attacked through the courts or on the Internet 18 .

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 21 Morin (U.S.A)

In Turkey, the political cartoonist Musa Kart of the opposition newspaper, Cumhuriyet, was convicted on appeal to one year and three months imprisonment and locked-up in April 2019. He had just completed a prison term of nine months for “par- ■■THE INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIO-POLITICAL ticipation in a terrorist group.” ENVIRONMENT: A SOURCE OF RISK OR PROTECTION? He was freed in September 2019. His only crime was having The political context is probably the largest cache of risk because drawn critical cartoons. it feeds the work of the editorial cartoonist and determines the governing rules of the public forum. A large number of editorial cartoonists of the CFP network who were surveyed at the start of 2019 stated that censorship and political oppression were the primary dangers in their job. Political leaders and the powerful, having lost any sense of humor, are often the ones who draw the line in the sand. Getting to grips with the political and legal environment of your country can help you anticipate possible attacks but also give you knowledge of the available defense tools (laws, state protection, etc.). Knowing one’s political environment is also about assessing the stimuli created by the political calendar. For example, periods before and after elections can become a risk factor, in the sense that they crystallize numerous tensions: political or religious sensitivities, reinforced ethnic identity, personal irascibility or concern or even a political strategy of belittling media or opposition voices. To find out more about this topic, please refer to theHandbook for Journa- Maarten Wolterink lists During Elections prepared by RSF (2015 edition). (The Netherlands)

22 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Zunar (Malaysia)

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF? Zunar (Malaysia) was accused of nine counts of sedi- ••Has the State in which I live elevated tion by the Najib Razak government. He faced 43 taboos to legal bans? years in prison and was banned from traveling. All ••Has the State established bodies and charges against him were dropped in August 2018 legislation that protect or curb my free- following a change of government 19 . dom of expression? “Call my cartoons whatever you want – provocative, ••Am I aware of my rights and duties as a humiliating, intimidating, blunt, hard-hitting – as long citizen? they can wake up the Malaysians’ minds, I am happy.” ••Is the rule of law respected and can I count on it to safeguard me?

■■THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

Just like political power, economic power can be a fount of threats. The risk could be its confluence with political powers, an economic crisis in the Tayo (Nigeria) media sector that drains publications of income, just as much as the concen- tration of media outlets in the hands of private groups, which has recently overwhelmed some cartoonists. Nume- rous editorial cartoonists of the CFP network have also mentioned the lack of work opportunities which has destabilized them financially. This is a growing and complex phenomenon. TheIFJ and its regional networks are probably the best source of advice on this issue. POSSIBLE QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF: ••How are the finances of my paper? Does it belong to a private or public group? ••Does my paper exercise political independence? ••What means are available to protect my rights as an employee or a contractual? ••Should I diversify my sources of income in case I get thrown a curve ball?

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 23 In June 2018, Rob Rogers 20 was fired from the Pittsburgh Gazette after 25 years of service. He had cri- ticized President Trump one too many times in his cartoons. Rob Rogers One year later, The New York Times ceased the publi- (U.S.A) cation of editorial cartoons in its international edition and would later fire two cartoonists, Patrick Chappatte and Heng Kim Song.

In Thailand, the cartoonist Stephff, who has had many contracts suspended for political or financial reasons, makes frequent comments on his Facebook page about the difficulty facing political cartoonists these days, given those financial constraints. Many in the world have seen their employment suspended for budgetary reasons.

■■THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT

You should learn about your rights along with the national laws and international treaties relating to freedom of expression and the protection of basic human rights. Another fundamental action for any global citizen is to find out about those bodies likely to provide assistance if you suffer an attack. Two texts serve as an example for freedom of expression: article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Their application by signatory States is monitored by the United Nations Human Rights Committee. In Europe, the European Convention on Human Rights places an obligation on signatories to respect some of the rights listed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including free- Zlatovsky (Russia) dom of opinion and expression. The European Court of Human Rights is charged with overseeing its application. In Africa, the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa, adopted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, serves as the standard for assessing the observance of those principles by States.

24 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace However, each country has its own legal instruments (constitutions, criminal legislation and decrees). All do not necessarily refer to freedom of expression. Some may be slowly incorporating the concept while others flatly contradict such international principles. You should find out as much as you can about the international texts on freedom of expression and the bodies that monitor its implementation; yet, you cannot ignore the legislation of your own country. United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights « Cassation » Forattini (Italy) Article 19 “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Article 19 1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. 2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. 3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; In Malaysia, just as in Pakistan and b) For the protection of national security or India, the “Sedition Act”, a colonial of public order, or of public health or morals. law put in place by the British autho- rity to quash seditious discourse, still forms part of the criminal legislation of those countries and is often relied on to suppress dissident voices.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 25 “The Office of the High Commissioner for Human it speaks out objectively on human rights vio- Rights (OHCHR) is the leading UN entity on lations.” human rights. The OHCHR provides assistance in The OHCHR website contains a vast wealth of the form of technical expertise and capacity-de- useful information, including a search tool on velopment in order to support the implementa- the state of human rights enforcement in a par- tion of international human rights standards on ticular country, the competent bodies and use- the ground. It assists governments, which bear ful contacts (refer to the tab “Human right by the primary responsibility for the protection of country” on the general webpage). human rights, to fulfill their obligations and sup- For further information: ports individuals to claim their rights. Moreover, www.ohchr.org/EN/pages/home.aspx

As laws can be revised, it is important to keep abreast of changes. As an example, anti-terrorism or security legislation and laws on cybercrime or to tackle hate speech have recently been enacted by many countries in response to tragic events for the first ones and technological advances for the latest; however, these laws can sometimes serve as a pretext to suppress any form of political opposition. Similarly, the legislation on freedom of expression in France have undergone many changes over 100 years and adapted to social and political developments. Looking up the laws and regulations can be tedious work but there are organizations that specialize in providing legal support or defending freedom of expression which can offer some necessary illumination. You can refer to the list in the appendices.

The OHCHR’s website contains a section on general comments issued by the Human Rights Treaty Bodies. For comments on the freedom of opinion and expression, select the Human Rights Committee: www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/ "A decree gives Pages/TBGeneralComments.aspx the ATT (Tunisian RSF publishes an annual ranking Telecommunication of press freedom which gives Technical Agency) the authorization a global, regional and national to monitor the overview of the positive and Internet" negative changes affecting the "It's to protect freedom of the press. The issue you from the evil frequently revolves around the terrorists..." laws of the analyzed countries Willis from Tunis 21 . (Tunisia) Freemuse, an organization that defends artistic freedom, has also reported examples of violations of rights in its annual report.

26 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Examples of cases: Charlie Hebdo has been the target of many lawsuits for various reasons; however, it has won the majority under freedom of expression 22 . The revised Rwandan criminal code, adopted on September 27, 2018, states that "Humiliating state officials or legislators in either spoken word, writing or cartoons is punishable for up to two years in prison or a fine of 490 euros, and the penalties are doubled if those targe- ted are “top-ranking"authorities.” 23 Similarly, articles 384, 385, 386 and 388 of the Lebanese criminal code “criminalize contempt, libel and defamation against the president, other public officials and judges. Possible penalties include up to one year in prison and/or a fine. Similar criminalization is found in Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Pakistan and Zimbabwe.” 24

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF: ••What do international treaties say about freedom of expression? How does my country enforce this right? Osama Hajjaj ••Is there a law defending my right to freedom of expression? What (Jordan) does it say? Or, are there laws curbing rights in my country? ••Which court handles cases involving freedom of expression?

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 27 ■■THE WORK ENVIRONMENT

Laws also govern work and employment relationships. Numerous editorial cartoonists, whether freelance or on staff, have been fired for a controversial editorial cartoon after their employer disavowed their work despite the prior editorial decision to publish it. While the reasons behind dismissal can vary and are debatable, the laws on firing or breaking a contract have to be observed. So, it is important to know those rules relating to an employee or freelance contract with a newspaper or, for some countries like the United States, with a syndicate. In September 2018, the Australian newspaper the An employer and a team, when choosing a cartoon Herald Sun published a cartoon by Mark Knight or taking on its publication, can act as a bulwark (Australia) featuring Serena Williams. The cartoon against threats if the artwork creates controversy was considered sexist and racist by many people or worse. In some countries, disputes relating to and drew a plethora of criticism. The Australian a cartoon have also been the subject of a review media council in February 2019, after reviewing the by media councils, as in Australia in the case of a issue, responded that it “does not consider that the cartoon by Mark Knight (see opposite). publication failed to take reasonable steps to avoid Finally, cartoonists who work on staff in a publica- causing substantial offense, distress or prejudice tion can find their physical environment become without sufficient justification in the public inte- a source of protection or vulnerability in the case rest.” 25 of an attack. Many international NGOs working in sensitive sectors or contexts advise their employees to assess their work environment in anticipation of attacks. Security measures can then be established to reduce risks. Mark Knight (Australia) POSSIBLE QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF: •• What does my contract say about my rights and obligations? ••Is the contract in line with legal texts? ••Does my contract protect me from unfair dismissal? ••Is there a media watchdog? What’s its role? ••Should I join a professional association or union? ••Is my work environment secure? ••Is my home or area secure against invasion?

We all know the tragic attack on the Charlie Hebdo publication that led to increased security among all paper outlets in France. In Nicaragua, the premises of El Confidencial, an independent newspaper at which Pedro X. Molina worked, was ransacked and cordoned off by police in December 2018 26 . As of September 2019, it was still under government control.

Locaux du journal Confidencial, saccagés par la police gouvernementale (Nicaragua) © Confidencial

28 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace ■■THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT - THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA

Cartoonists in ever growing numbers are publishing their drawings online, through a paper’s website or on social networks and sometimes in addition to their work for a newspaper. The publication of cartoons on social media, whether in addition to publications in a newspaper or not, constitutes a whole different reality in relation to the artist’s relationship with their employer, who is not necessarily involved in the decision to Kap (Spain) publish, and the wider audience that may see it. The Internet has become an indispensable work tool in many ways. It provides greater visibility and a platform for advocacy (e.g. online support campaigns for a cause or cartoonist). However, it can also be constricting when online criticism (did on purpose or not) leads to unexpected and sometimes violent reactions or when censorship occurs online 27 . One way to anticipate threats goes back to questioning your relationship to this online world and mastering its norms. Another complementary way is to understand the laws relating to online publications, including intellectual property and, more generally, freedom of expression. Indeed, well-known social networks and certain States have also used the Internet as a means to censor and even suppress freedom of expression as demonstrated by the inappropriate censorship of cartoons on the grounds of inci- ting hatred or use of nudity on the social networks or contravening laws on cybercrime (refer to the paragraphs on legal framework and the organizations mentioned in the appendices for further information). The Internet is also replete with personal information. This and your cartoons can be weaponized by your detractors to be used against you or others: piracy, data retrie- val, creation of attack websites, cartoon alteration and publication out of context, trolling, etc. Measures against cybercrime can also be implemented to your benefit (see the section on cybersecurity on page 31).

Kichka (Israel)

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 29 Pedro X. Molina (Nicaragua) gives the following In an interview published in the newspaper Le Vif/ advice: “If you work for an established publication, L’Express in January 2019, the cartoonist Nicolas let them do the heavy lifting of publicizing your Vadot explained why he had quit Facebook after work online and, when you promote your work on a discussion with a troll close to the yellow vest your own social media accounts, try to link it to the movement. 29 (in French) publication paying you for this. This helps reinforce An unusual example that also ties in with copyright the idea that your cartoons have the backing of a law is that of Zapiro (South Africa). One of his car- stable media, that you are not alone.” toons was doctored and went viral online, leading In an article from 2016, cartoonist Ann Telnaes him to assert his intellectual property rights 30 . (U.S.A.) recounted the vitriolic reactions that fol- Here again, every country has its own rules on the lowed the publication of her cartoon criticizing the matter. presidential candidate Ted Cruz. 28

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF: ••How well protected am I from online attacks? ••Am I aware of the consequence of publishing a cartoon online? ••What do my country’s laws say about online publication? Molina (Nicaragua)

30 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace For further information IFJ, Workers’ Rights, UN, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, • • www.ifj.org/what/workers-rights.html www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights Article 19, Defining defamation, EU, EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, • • www.article19.org/resources/defining-defamation- fra.europa.eu/en/charterpedia/article/11-freedom- principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and- expression-and-information protection-of-reputation COE, European Convention on Human Rights • CFP, Supporting Cartoonists, (freedom of expression), www.coe.int/en/web/ • www.cartooningforpeace.org/supporting- human-rights-convention/expression cartoonists/?lang=en • RSF, Handbook for Journalists During Elections, 2015, rsf.org/en/guidelines-and-advice (second handbook under consideration)

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Knowing your environment can help you foresee events, boost your abilities and also take steps in preventing attacks. Here are some measures that can be vital.

■■CYBERSECURITY

The private and professional use of the Internet and smartphones has exploded with the propagation of social networks. While being work tools and means of communication, they can also be a source of risk or attack when used by detractors seeking to do harm. Also, as reminded by RSF, the use of these tools in war zones or under a repressive regime can present significant risks to safety. Your location can be tracked and even data shared over a network could be intercepted. The following list of advice and recommendations from RSF is not exhaustive 31 and, at the end of this section, you will find links to organizations that offer training, guidelines and quality tutorials. Some of the following tips are universal and others apply to journalists travelling to conflict areas. However, they can also make sense if you operate in a sensitive context.

◆◆ Frequent Back-Ups A standard, yet very important, principle for anyone with a database of files (artwork, contacts, legal documents, etc.) is to frequently make a copy of the hard drive on an external hard drive or online platform. This is to avoid any loss of the data in the event of computer problems. It can also be done with a smartphone. However, you should be wary of how the platform secures data or how and where you store your external hard drive.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 31 ◆◆ Computer Protection Create a Blank Digital Profile It is a good idea to avoid leaving personal data on your computer and to clean up your data from time to time, especially on social networks. Consider photos and political or religious comments that could be taken out of context. To create a new blank identity on the computer, the first step is to save your files on an external hard drive that you will keep safe, then format the computer, deleting all data irretrievably or replace the hard drive with a new blank one. Once the formatting is done, you can then install an operating system (Windows, Mac OS, Irix, Symbian OS, GNU/Linux) and your previous activities will no longer be traceable. Note: as stated by RSF, just throwing computer files into the recycle bin and emptying it is not enough since the files can still be easily recovered from your computer. Lars Refn Installation of Cybersecurity Tools and Updating Anti-Virus Software (Denmark) Once you have wiped your hard drive, you can then install tools that will protect your computer. Firstly, it is important to make sure your anti-virus software is up to date. To make your computer even more secure, you can encrypt the entire hard drive. You should lock your session when leaving your computer and strengthen your passwords. Install a VPN (virtual private network) that will encrypt your Internet connections. This will make the connections unreadable by third parties, protect them (against hacking or interception) and allow you to access websites that are blocked or banned in your country. Note: avoid using public or unknown WiFi networks (e.g. in a café, etc.) without a VPN when handling confidential information. To prevent connections to such a network when your VPN is deactivated, consider turning off the “automatic WiFi search/ connect” function on your smartphone. Install encryption software and applications to encrypt emails, chats and texts messages. This will make them unreadable to anyone other than the sender and recei- ver. Their installation is straightforward and the majority of organizations use them in some form or another. Examples include Signal, Wire and Telegram. Note: your contacts will also have to use these encryption programs.

32 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Identify Risks and Compartmentalize Activities Cybersecurity experts agree that going too far to protect your equipment can prove counter-productive. For example, encryp- Pedro X. Molina has advised ting all your data could be seen as suspicious. RSF suggests arran- never giving out or sharing ging confidential spaces to carry out the most sensitive activities any personal information rela- in complete secrecy. This consists of prioritizing the protection of ting to your family, your home the data that you want to safeguard due to their sensitivity or the or work address on social risk they hold. networks, unless absolutely necessary, such as announcing It is thus possible to divide activities (business, personal, highly a talk you will give. sensitive) among several devices and mailboxes in order to limit possible mingling. This could involve using different phones, only encrypting communications with particular contacts, etc.

◆◆ Caution and Discretion It may seem obvious but you should avoid opening any emails from people you do not know or if the content looks suspicious. It could be a phishing email. Phishing can also occur through websites or messages. Beware of Prying Eyes in Public Another obvious step is not to leave your equipment unattended in public places, such as hotels. Remember the risk of connecting to WiFi networks without a VPN. Similarly, if you are working in an Internet café or on a shared computer, it is important you log out of your account and erase the history, cookies and on-screen form fields (or use “private browsing” mode). Do Not Trust Smartphones The smartphone is a treasure trove of information that could be used against you. We have seen the need to frequently clean up data on your devices according to the context and need (especially if you are feeling Chappatte vulnerable). As far as possible, it (Switzerland) may be best to use a basic cell phone with a pre-paid SIM card and holding minimum information and contacts. Smartphones are also constantly transmit- ting data which can be used to locate you. Furthermore, if it is seized, even for a few minutes at a checkpoint or customs, malware could be installed onto it. If you travel with your smartphone, deactivate the WiFi, Bluetooth and geo-location functions of the apps or simply activate flight mode to avoid the chances of being spied on.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 33 Ares (Cuba)

Summary

33Computers and smartphones contain a lot of data that should be protected. Several methods can reduce the risk of these data being accessed (cleaning, encryption, anti- virus software, passwords, etc.) 33Consider the ways you communicate, especially in public or insecure places

Means of Communications Depending on the situation, your patience or urgency to For further communicate can act as your guide. Be brief: any type of information connection or call can be used to track you. Pay attention • RSF, Safety Guide for Journalist, to where you are calling from, use earphones to be more rsf.org/sites/default/files/ discreet. Similarly, turn off your phone and remove the battery safety_guide_2017.pdf after use. As mentioned previously, you can consider encryp- • RSF, News, March 2018, ting your emails. One trick is to create a “dead-drop” email Seven Digital Security Habits That account with the password shared between you and your Journalists Should Adopt, rsf.org/en/ contact. You can then communicate through unsent draft news/seven-digital-security-habits- emails on the servers. Another possibility is to use an anony- journalists-should-adopt mous email service or disposable address. • Nothing2Hide, website Information Sharing Through Secure Platforms (recommended by RSF), Some classic online platforms for sharing information are nothing2hide.org/en not very secure. As such, you ought to use tools that provide • Front Line Defenders, greater security to your data if that is what you want. Do not Digital Protection, hesitate in asking specialized organizations to give you some www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/ recommendations. programme/digital-protection • OSCE, Cyber/ICT Security, www.osce.org/cyber-ict-security • CPJ, Technology Security, cpj.org/reports/2012/04/technology- security.phphttps://cpj.org/reports/ 2012/04/technology-security.php

34 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace “In my case, they tried targeting my home. We were able to stop it because a dog ■■SECURITY AT YOUR WORKPLACE alerted us to some guy The majority of cartoonists work for a publication that employs them hanging around in the and is obliged to ensure the safety of its employees. Accordingly, middle of the night. So, it is crucial you ask yourself what has your employer put in place to prevent risks. If you work from home, it can prove just as important to if you can, have a dog. consider the security measures that you can set up: alarm, emergency Two times in my life escape route, etc. they’ve saved me from Whatever your work situation, it is important to take note that orga- an attack.” (Pedro X. Molina, nizations like Front Line Defenders, the CPJ and IFJ offer practical Nicaragua) training in safety and protection. You can find a list below.

■■KEEPING YOUR AFFAIRS IN ORDER

It may seem trivial but if you have fallen behind on any legal, administrative or tax obligations, this could be used as a reason by authorities to come knocking on your door, discredit you or worse. It could be an innocuous police check, passing through customs or the border or even an investigation targeting you. Having a valid passport will be necessary if, by chance, you need to travel urgently or request assistance in relocating (see the section on temporary or emergency relocation on page 46).

Summary 33Along with analyzing your environment, taking proactive measures can help reduce your vulnerability 33Some examples are being cybersecure, checking workplace security, and performing administrative tasks and security training

For further information • Front Line Defenders, Risk analysis and protection training, www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/programme/risk-analysis-protection-training • CPJ: Journalists’ Safety Guide, Appendix B: Safety Training, cpj.org/reports/2012/04/security-training.php • IFJ, IFJ safety mission, www.ifj.org/what/safety.html

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 35 SECTION 2 When Comes the Time to React

Maya Neyestani (Iran)

REACTING TO THE DANGER – KEY STEPS AND ACTION PLAN

The work done in anticipating risks can prevent threats and help you be prepared for possible attacks. However, not everything can be foreseen and, even with the most effective preparation, you could still find yourself in a situation where you need to react to an actual attack.

■■BASIC PRINCIPLES

1. You alone control your destiny. Insofar as you are still capable of taking decisions, only you can decide on what you want to do. If you end up in a situation that incapa- citates you, it will then be critical to have chosen someone beforehand to represent you. It could be a member of your immediate family (partner, sibling, parent, etc.), a friend, colleague or lawyer; 2. Time. Experience has shown that the suddenness of a threat or attack can vary. Some editorial cartoonists have witnessed a progressive deterioration in their situation, giving them plenty of time to react or consider a medium- to long-term response;

36 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace whereas, others have had very little time to act. Assessing the situation and having knowledge of the environment will help in quickly determining the urgency of a given situation. You should notify your contacts of an emergency. However, be wary of acting too hastily; 3. Fear can lead to ill-timed action or paralysis. It can be a significant vulnerability at all stages. Even though it is not easy to control, it cannot be allowed to overwhelm you. Proper preparation beforehand will reduce its effects and allow you to enact measures (see below); 4. Similarly, you might not always see the warning signs of a threat. As such, you should listen to the advice of a trusted person or ask for it.

■■STEP 1: ANALYSIS OF THE THREAT OR ATTACK

It is important to take the time to analyze the situation when it occurs so as to assess whether it entails a risk or a degree of risk to your safety. In this section, a threat is a form of attack or danger with an uncertain likelihood of being performed but which can already impact your life. You will have to assess, among other things (see work sheets 5-7 in the appendices): • the probability of a threat being carried through; • the nature of the threat or attack; • the degree of risk involved considering various interconnected factors. For example, you ought to analyze your vulnerability and capacities, taking into account the environment and available resources (see section 1 and work sheets in the appendices).

■■STEP 2: PREPARE AN INFORMATION PACK

It is vital that you document precisely and in detail what is happening. All actors likely to assist you (lawyers, organizations in defense of journalists/cartoonists/artists, humanitarian or human rights organizations, etc.) will rely on full, concrete and verifiable information to give you the most suitable assistance or guidance. So, consider collecting as much documentary evidence as Protect Defenders, Together possible: emailed threats, photos, incriminated cartoons, screen with Human Rights Defenders capture of phone messages and add them to a file. Worldwide, www.protectdefenders.eu/en The collection of verifiable proof is essential! You will not ,obtain, any assistance if you do not convince agencies of the Front Line Defenders, extent of the danger you face. Encrypted Online Security Grant As an example, we have included in the appendix 2 a standard ques- Application Form, tionnaire and, opposite, are links to various assistance request forms frontlinedefenders.org/secure/ that specify the type of information required. grant.php?l=en

AR, Connect with us, artistsatriskconnection.org/ search?query=&occupation=& location=&service=&demographic =&emergency=&offset=0

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 37 ■■STEP 3: GET IN TOUCH WITH YOUR NETWORK

First, if you have not done it already, we advise using encrypted communications. However, you should check that your contacts use the same technology as you. Try asking specialist organizations for their recommendation on such a tool. We mentioned earlier the value of creating a network of people and organizations Bonil who could act as your supporting forces. We also referred to the need to keep this list (Ecuador) up-to-date, after all, some of those people could move to other organizations. This network can be an ally and act as a messenger on your situation. It is thus important to keep these people informed of what is happening when you think appropriate. Explain briefly and accurately what is happening to you and it is especially important to specify to them whether or not there is reason to act. Remember, you control your destiny and are the only person who can know what should or should not be done. Tell them whether you are just passing on information or, on the other hand, what you expect from them. There is a chance that the actions of your support network prove counter-productive due to a lack of information. For example, a media campaign raising awareness on your situation could affect any diplomatic efforts under way. In the event you foresee yourself being incommunicado, assign a person beforehand to act as your proxy (family member, lawyer, etc.). Creating an email distribution list has proven to be an effective and fast way to communicate on a grand scale. Social networks can be a quick, effective communication tool. However, be sure that you have taken into account the digital security measures recommended previously. Similarly, as advised by Freemuse, do not reveal the email addresses of your contacts in the distribution list, use the blank carbon copy line (bcc) for the addresses. 32

■■STEP 4: ADOPT AN ACTION PLAN

After the analysis, documentation and touching base with contacts, you are now suffi- ciently armed to make a rational response to an attack.

◆◆ Prior observations: • Not all situations will require a response and sometimes the lack of a reaction can be more apt. Facing court proceedings, the Russian cartoonist Denis Lopatin had to leave his country. Given the secrecy needed to go into exile, he requested that his case not be immediately publicized.

“I found it really important to keep several journalist and cartoonist organizations frequently informed about my situation when things began deteriorating(...) Their assessment was to take appropriate measures and that it was time to do something.” (Pedro X. Molina, Nicaragua, August 2019)

38 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace "What to answer?" Côté (Canada)

Zunar (Malaysia) explained that winning the Cartooning for Peace award led to him being banned from traveling outside his country because of the attention he gained from receiving the prize from Kofi Annan. The irony was that this prohibition shone a light on his situation and confir- • Public opinion can be an influential ally when in trouble and med the government’s actions to experience has shown that reputation is a powerful deterrent. the world. Building your reputation through exhibitions and entering inter- In Turkey, the legal entangle- national award contests does not need to wait until you are ments against the cartoonist faced with a problem. And once you are in a delicate situation, Musa Kart lasted over two years participation in public conferences and international events from the initial accusation to his can help spread the word about your situation. Organizations imprisonment in 2019. such as CFP and its partners will help you and may also draw

up support petitions or carry out press and online campaigns in Similarly, the newspaper El Heraldo de Mexico collaboration with the network’s cartoonists. Do not hesitate in is still figh- contacting them about this; 33 ting a lawsuit brought by a • The response to certain attacks will not always have an imme- Mexican foundation for a car- diate effect. Court proceedings, for example, can often take toon by Alarcón which was publi- years. So, patience is a virtue! shed on June, 8 2017.

◆◆ The Action Plan The establishment of a thought-out action plan, with due consideration of the circumstances and available resources, can assist in responding to an attack. CRNI defines such an action plan as a “step-by-step guideline that all individuals and organizations that wish to help you can follow to get you out of trouble.” 34 EXAMPLES OF ACTIONS: ••Formulate a communication plan or information campaign; ••Report your situation to a human rights organization; ••Press charges; ••Apply for legal assistance; ••Prepare a request for emergency relocation, etc.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 39 Karry (Peru)

For example: a cartoonist we were supporting first thought that the diplomatic route was the best way to respond to a conviction, since this could help him If you think it useful to have someone in the loop from the beginning avoid prison. However, once of the action plan’s preparation, it is best to use a limited number he was imprisoned, his family of contacts and choose one person to be your lead partner. This and partner organizations will reduce the chances of a cacophony of information and ensure began a media campaign to the action’s effectiveness. Your intuition and prior research will allow raise public awareness of his to choose but experience has shown that, in the majority of cases, plight thereby placing pres- a close family member, lawyer or organization specialized in human sure on the government. rights or assisting political cartoonists, journalists or artists can be the best advisers and help you centralize information or spread it. We agree with the suggestion by CRNI of formulating the action plan through an analysis of available resources and the nature of their usefulness. For this, rely on the prevention analysis and list of partners likely to offer assistance which you have prepared beforehand. The action plan depends on many factors, such as the type of danger, circumstances and environment. It may require adaptation over time if your situation changes. There- fore, it must have a degree of flexibility.

33Step 1: analyze the attack and risk (see work sheets in appendices) 33Step 2: prepare an information pack (see example of form in appendices) 33Step 3: make contact with your network (see Section 1 for setting Summary up a list of contacts and the appendices for a sample list) 33Step 4: adopt an action plan

For further information cartoonistsrights.org/are-you-in-danger • CRNI, A Safety Manual for Political Cartoonists in Trouble, 2016, • Front Line Defenders, Workbook on Security: Practical Steps for Human Rights Defenders at Risk, www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/resource-publication/workbook-security-practical-steps-human- rights-defenders-risk

40 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace ■■TYPES OF ATTACKS AND EXAMPLES OF ACTION PLANS

Each situation is unique and should be properly analyzed to find a specific response. However, experience has shown that there are common denominators in both the threat type and the relevant response. The following is a non-exhaustive list of tips and suggestions inspired by the cases of cartoonists.

◆◆ Oral or Written Attacks on the Cartoon and its Artist Personal attacks in the media and, more often than not, online are made by individuals or groups who, due to sensitivity, poor understanding, concern over creating a scandal or simply to harm, excoriate the cartoon’s illustrator. They sometimes call on the newspaper’s readers or the online community to do likewise. The comments can be trivial, limited to Joel Pett calling for a public apology but can also incite hatred against the cartoonist and (U.S.A) have personal and professional consequences for the artists (reputation, psychological impact of physical or mental violence, etc.). The daily experience of cartoonists and the educational actions of Cartooning for Peace point to one piece of simple advice: refocus the discussion on the cartoon. By explaining your intention or describing the cartoon, the bitterness of the reaction can be softened and turned away from you. Many opinions of cartoonists converge on the idea that an immediate reaction by you can be just as harmful since the author of the comment can then continue the harassment. The lack of response may also be a response or moral support from colleagues or the employer through public messages of support may be a solution. Inform them of the situation.

◆◆ Oral or Written Threats Once a cartoon has been published, it can lead to some vitriolic reactions and insults but "Do not engage with also threats against you or your family. The abusive trolls. Keep your threats might be from members of the public humor and be civilized as or even representatives of the political, economic or religious establishment. Threats made much as possible, when over social networks, the phone, by mail and you respond (if you must) to comments.” (Pedro X. Molina, Nicaragua, August 2019)

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 41 On the right: Kichka (Israel) In August 2011, the Syrian cartoonist and artist Ali Ferzat was attacked by armed, masked men who broke his two hands as a warning. They told him it was to stop him from drawing cartoons disho- noring the leaders of the Bashar al-Assad regime.. 35

especially death threats should never be unde- restimated, even if they seem trivial or all blus- ter. Try not to let fear take hold of you, instead assess the risk. In a country that abides by the rule of law, and especially where there are several avenues open to you, the response could be going to the authorities or a lawyer (e.g. press charges) as shown in the case of the French cartoonist Alex. 36 . If the rule of law does not exist in your country, we and RSF advise you go to an organization that defends the freedom of the "Insecurity / 37 Impunity" press or human rights and create a support network. . An immediate assessment DarÍo (Mexico) of your environment should let you understand the risks involved and act accordingly. ◆◆ Physical Threats, Intimidation and Assaults These types of action can come from an individual or the State. They pose a higher-level threat and risk to your person. They can come in numerous forms. As physicality is involved, the consequences are more difficult to analyze and it is best to follow the same advice as that for oral and written threats: avoid direct confron- tation and use the available legal resources (e.g. press charges). In the RSF Safety Guide for Journalists which is aimed at reporters in high-risk zones, the organization also offers useful advice to female journalists 38 . Likewise, do not try minimize the psychological impact of these types of attacks and speak to someone about what has happened (see below).

◆◆ Surveillance Surveillance can be seen as a type of harassment. It reveals a desire to intimidate or harm, but also one to obtain information. In its Workbook on Security, 39 Front Line Defenders has listed various forms of surveillance. The different forms require different responses. Essentially, you should keep an eye out for surveillance, ask your-

42 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace self why you would be watched and come up with a response to being under surveillance: warnings, change of routine, relocation, etc. Like Front Line Defenders, we recommend not to confront any person you think is keeping tabs on you and not to show you have noticed the surveillance (especially in the street). Section 1 of this guidebook has referred to online surveillance.

◆◆ Deprivation of Liberty Imprisonment, even if temporary, can be a form of physical intimidation, harassment Rayma or desire to silence you. However, the particular and troubling issue is that it is done (Venezuela) by the State. It can, in certain cases, be a pretext to further human indignities such as torture. In this type of situation, your preparatory work will prove useful because it will allow you to know what rights you have and have already identified someone to represent you and assist you. In the event of imprisonment, the action plan could be to bring legal proceedings, appeal to diplomatic channels or to organizations that defend human rights or freedom of the press so they can act as a go-between with the authorities or stoke up public opinion through media campaigns. Different actions can complement each other but require coordination between the actors and the prior designation of a single person to take point, as mentioned earlier. In the event of deprivation of liberty orchestrated by organizations such as mafias, terrorist groups, the use of police assistance will be the main response.

On the left: Victor Ndula (Kenya)

On the right: Firoozeh (Iran)

Jamon Y Queso was released from prison after a collective effort of a collective of organizations. 40

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 43 Bénédicte (Switzerland) Following the controversy unleashed by The New York Times’ publication of the cartoon by António (Portugal) and the apology issued on April 28 2019, the newspaper decided to cease publication of cartoons from the editorial cartoon syndicate CartoonArts International with which the paper had long collaborated. A little later, the newspaper announced that it would no longer publish editorial cartoons in its international ◆◆ Legal Proceedings edition from July 1, 2019. Whether it is an action brought by an individual or the government, Under different circums- the nature of the legal proceedings varies (libel, participation in a tances, Gado (Kenya) and terrorist organization, sedition or any other violation of the law) as do Ted Rall (U.S.A.) have sued the resulting consequences (damages, injunctions or imprisonment). their employers for unlaw- These direct consequences are often supplemented by indirect rami- ful termination 41 . These fications that cause, among other things, the loss of reputation and two cases are still before the psychological trauma. If legal proceedings are brought against you, courts (2019). the response will also be legal. Both a lawyer and organizations defending human rights or press freedom will be huge support. Some specialist organizations can provide legal assistance. Again in this case, the prior analysis of your environment will give you knowledge of your rights, advocacy organizations and other resources available to you. We have referred to the cases of Musa Kart and Charlie Hebdo but we can also add Denis Lopatin and Zunar. All have benefited from the services of a lawyer who oriented them through the long and painstaking procedures involved. Media Legal Defense Initiative, a U.K. Organization, has made this type of assistance its primary work. We should not forget either the need to be up-to-date with administrative or tax obligations as such oversight can be used to your detriment.

◆◆ Dismissal Besides dismissal for budgetary reasons, many cases have appeared where the cartoonist has been censored by being fired. In various cases, a cartoon, approved for publication by an editor-in-chief, has received a backlash that leads to the paper disowning its employee and firing them or terminating the collaboration with a freelance illustrator. With the advent of the Internet and social networks, this phenomenon has been on the rise. It has been the case with Dieter Hanitsch in Germany, Rob Rogers in the United States and Avi Katz in Israel (please visit the Cartooning for Peace webpage, “Support to cartoonists” section). Depending on the particular case, a dismissal can leave open a legal response but it is still essential to know beforehand your rights

44 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Achou, alias Adjim Danngar (Chad)

and obligations. The support of professional unions can be of great assistance to you. We recommend looking for information from the IFJ and its regional branches or, for those in the United States for example, from the cartoonist syndicates.

◆◆ Booby Traps, Abductions, Bombings and Ambushes The killings at Charlie Hebdo represent a prime example of a physical attack against a publication. Yet, other types of attacks targeting illustrators or newspapers had already taken place. This sort of attack, which is commonly assumed to affect only journalists in war zones, can happen to anyone. Due to the unpredictability of the situation, it requires instinct rather than the preparation of a plan. As journalism has evolved and attacks increase against publications, it is important to anticipate it and respond accordingly, especially in cases of political instability. As previously mentioned, some organizations offer particular training to prepare for such an even- tuality and, in its Safety Guide for Journalists, RSF has also formulated relevant recommendations.

Summary 33No two situations are alike but there are some constants 33The plan you develop must be personal, but do ask for advice and guidance 33Your preparation will help you reduce your vulnerability and fear and will lay the groundwork for you to respond as best as possible to an attack

For further information • Freemuse, Advocacy Campaign Guide, freemuse.org/advocacy/advocacy-campaign-guide • PEN America, Online Harassment Field Manual, onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org • IFJ, Fighting Online Harassment, samsn.ifj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ByteBack_CombatingOnlineHarassment.pdf • IFJ, Workers’ Rights, www.ifj.org/what/workers-rights.html • RSF, Safety Guide for Journalists, 2017, p.63-66, rsf.org/sites/default/files/safety_guide_2017.pdf In addition to the manuals used to prepare this guidebook, we recommend looking into the CPJ website. It has plenty of information and other links:cpj.org/reports/2012/04/journalist-security-guide.php . You will find links to many other organizations and extra handbooks.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 45 ■■EMERGENCY, SHORT TERM OR LONG-TERM RELOCATION

◆◆ A Word of Warning You may have to consider relocation as a response strategy for a danger you are faced with. Fleeing the danger or trouble is tempting and is sometimes the only recourse open. However, experience has shown that relocation, even if temporary, is far from easy. We recommend that you only use this option as a last resort. The consequences and difficulties can be numerous regardless whether the relocation is within your own country or in another. For example, forcing you into exile could be the strategic objective of your detractors. Certain governments use this strategy to silence any form of opposition or criticism Furthermore, just as in legal proceedings, fleeing may be seen as an admission of guilt. A hasty departure without official documents can also simply prove illegal and only increase the dangers you face. Finding asylum, even temporarily in a host country, is difficult, in terms of bureaucratic procedures and its personal toll. In the majority of cases, you will be required to clearly justify the reason for your departure because you will be regarded with suspicion. To gain a legal status allowing you to stay, you will have to undergo cumbersome procedures without any guarantee on the result. Moreover, the public may not view refugees or migrants as favorably as you would expect and the welcome could surprise or even disappoint you. It

Cristina (Portugal)

46 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace "Welcome" also requires adapting to a new culture, language and, in particular, supporting Bado your needs and those of your family. Being granted asylum does not unfortuna- (Canada) tely open every door and some editorial cartoonists whom CFP have assisted in their cases today have difficulty in finding employment as a cartoonist. To ensure you make an informed decision, ICORN emphasizes the need to assess in detail your situation and the consequences of the decision. Among the factors to analyze are: • the level of persecution; • the level of security; • the documents required (passport/ID/visa/work documents such as certificates, etc.); • the financial resources at hand and required; • the possibility of returning to your country; • the family and friend situation; and • the sacrifice made in leaving. The analysis of these factors will enable you to answer another question that will decide 1) whether or not you leave and 2) the type of relocation required: “do I only need a bit of R&R or does my situation require a lengthy departure?”

◆◆ Once the Decision Taken If leaving turns out to be necessary, it is important to look into it in detail, ask for the opinion of professionals and of colleagues or associates who have been forced into exile. Visit the websites of the organizations listed in the appendices to find out the options open to you, the criteria and methods, and contact them if necessary. CFP will also be available to guide you or answer any questions you may have. Indeed, there are different options and a myriad of factors involved, including your home, selected destination and professional status, which will determine the option chosen.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 47 If available, the choice of destination is an important factor and you should consider which country would be most likely to accept you, taking into account your status, nationality or practical considerations (e.g. language of the host country which could expedite procedures and exchanges). Later on, we will look at other criteria that will influence the choice of destination. The available options also require contacting different types of actors. Remember, organizations are limited to their mandate. Furthermore, your professional status will be an aspect that determines the organization to contact. Being a human rights defender, for example, opens up more relocation options than being an artist, journalist or academic. And whether you are a journalist or an artist, you will be entitled to one or the other type of residency. The main options are: Short- or long-term residencies for cartoonists, journalists, artists and academics These residencies, which can be for variable periods, can let you continue your work in a foreign country. They can be found directly or facilitated through organizations such as ICORN or the ARC network. You can contact those organizations directly or through other cartoonist support bodies like CFP and CRNI, with which they work closely. Relocations set up by human rights organizations and networks Recourse is also available among organizations that will support a temporary to long- term relocation via host institutes in partnering countries. We recommend the ARC network of which CFP is a member, the ICORN network with which CRNI closely collaborates, the Protect Defenders alliance supported by the European Union. You can contact them directly or through cartoonist support organizations like CFP and CRNI.

Eaten Fish The Iranian cartoonist and political activist Ali Dorani (Eaten Fish) gained worldwide recognition for his cartoons during his four years in an Australian immigration center on Manus Island. Dorani adopted Tjeerd Royaards the pen name “Eaten Fish” after his boat sank in the (The Netherlands) Indian Ocean during an attempt to seek asylum in Australia. Dorani was saved but placed in a detention center for asylum seekers, first on Christmas Island then on Manus Island. He now lives in Norway. His experience depicts the difficulties in seeking a safe place to live. We recommend reading articles about his experiences. 42

48 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Requesting asylum This option, separate from the above two, is far more complicated and requires going through diplomatic channels. If this option proves necessary, we and Free- muse advise visiting foreign diplomatic mission in your country to find out about immediate emergency visas and/or temporary shelter. You will find their contact details on their respective websites and, depending on the case, online forms. However, making Boligán direct contact with a representative is more useful 43 . If the time ever comes, contacts (Mexico) you have established in advance may turn out to be an advantage. If the choice is open to you, it is absolutely crucial you check whether the country in which you envision seeking asylum is a signatory to the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. 44 Asylum procedures vary from one country to another and can change over time. So, you should keep yourself up to date on the matter. To this end, the UN Refugee Agency provides updates on asylum rules and has offices in many countries. At the end of this section you will find a list of manuals and procedures with regard to seeking asylum, which should give you an overview of In case of emergency what is involved. The appendices contain the details of other organi- The purpose of this guide is zations. to help you prepare yourself at best to prevent or to res- Emergency financial aid pond to threats, but despite In addition to support for short- to medium-term relocation, some all your efforts to prepara- organizations offer emergency funding to help relocate journa- tion, you could need emer- lists, artists and human right defenders. Cartooning for Peace offers gency assistance. supplemental aid but there are also RSF, IFJ and IMS. The majority To do this, we invite you to of emergency financial aid is earmarked primarily for temporary relo- take note of contact infor- cations. Such temporary assistance be useful when the situation is mation of organizations urgent or was unforeseeable thereby not allowing you to apply for likely to to bring you emer- long-term relocation or residency, since these latter options can entail gency assistance as soon as long processes (sometimes a six-month waiting period). Do not be possible. Please refer to the reluctant in combining a request for this assistance with a request for directory in appendices (page longer-term assistance. 57). Consulting the organizations' websites will be of great importance usefulness.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 49 Below are some recommendations and observations that will help you make some of the choices required: • The procedures for obtaining residency or relocation can sometimes be long. In any case, you will be required to complete in detail an assistance application file. This file, which will be made at the time you go to an organization, will form the basis of your request. If you find the processes difficult, ask for assistance from the particular organization. If the situation requires urgent action, make a request for emergency assistance that will act as bridging support to the long-term residency or relocation; • Make sure your identity documents are up to date. For example, a visa application often requires that your passport will not expire within at least the next 6 months; • If necessary, find out whether the conditions proposed by the organizations also apply to your family (some only assist the applicant and not their family). Reflect on what you are leaving behind (a family, possessions, etc.); Remember that once your departure is guaranteed, the journey is far from over. The process for obtaining a legal status and providing for yourself and close ones will then begin. The host organization will provide assistance in relocations but it will still require a large investment of time and effort on your part. In the case of political asylum, temporary support will be provided by the host country but will end after a certain period.

Summary For further information 33Consider well the need and consequences of leaving before entering into this process. • UNHCR, Where we work, Ask for advice from those close to you www.unhcr.org/where-we-work.html or specialist organizations. Check out all • Freemuse, section on asylum and refuge, intermediate options. Leaving your country freemuse.org/advocacy/advocacy-campaign-guide should only be a last resort • RSF, Support for Exiled Journalists, 33There are several options, each defined by rsf.org/en/support-exile-journalists duration and method • Protect Defenders, Emergency Relocation Grant, 33The organizations that could help you www.protectdefenders.eu/en/index.html might offer several options. We recommend ICORN, Residency Application Guide, to contact those listed above and in the • www.icorn.org/application-guide-writers-and- appendices artists-risk 3Emergency financial aid can support you 3 ARC, Find Help, artistsatriskconnection.org/ as you apply for long-term relocation or • search?query=&occupation=&location=&service= residence &demographic=&emergency=&offset=0 3Analyze beforehand the options open to you 3 CPJ, Post-Incident Assistance, emergency response, by asking yourself practical questions • cpj.org/emergency-response/post-incident- 33Find out as much as possible in advance assistance.php#emergency-relocation.php about how to apply for political asylum in a CFP, “the cartoonists in exile in France” particular country if this is what you want • in Cartooning for Peace’s Report on the or need Situation of Cartoonists Worldwide 2016-2017, 33Have your papers in order www.cartooningforpeace.org/wp-content/ uploads/2017/05/Cartooning_for_Peace_report_ situation_cartoonists_20162017.pdf, pp. 26-28

50 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace ■■STRESS AND TRAUMA

Although it is never easy talking about it or recognizing it, the psychological impact of a mental or physical attack should not be ignored. From threats and harassment Uri Fink (Israel) to the trauma of physical violence or exile, all these can have repercussions on your short-, medium- and long-term behavior even without you realizing it. The uncertainty of legal proceedings, which sometimes take years to conclude, can cause exhaustion and stress that will not manifest how you might expect. It can affect your life and your loved ones, sometimes years later, as well as your ability to reason Summary and decide when most needed, such as when you must decide on your response strategy to 33Do not minimize the psychological effects a danger. of attacks It is important to take care of yourself and listen 33Mind yourself, listen to others and, most to those around you because it could end up importantly, talk about it! You are not alone being a trivial event that triggers the stress or anxiety. If this is the case, it is essential you open up about it quickly and not let yourself fall into a spiral of anguish, fear or anger. It is possible to For further establish a routine to help manage the stress (a information hobby for example) and, in some cases, talking to a specialist could be an enormous benefit. • Front Line Defenders, Wellbeing and stress management, www.Front linedefenders.org/en/ If you do not know any specialists, many aid resources-wellbeing-stress-management organizations, including some in the appendices, can recommend one. • RSF, Safety Guide for Journalists, op. cit., p. 95

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 51 For Our Female Colleagues

No-Rio (Japan)

This guidebook has been written with everyone in mind, regardless of gender. However, the situation for female cartoonists across the world entails extra risks and complications. Associations defending human rights and freedom of expression provide handbooks specifically for female journalists. Some books are also addressed to all people involved in the media who, through their artwork, actions and words, have a role to play in preventing discrimination. In the appendices, you can also find associa- The IFJ has numerous relevant guidebooks, some tions that offer support to female journalists. of which we have listed opposite. IFJ, Gender equality, www.ifj.org/what/gender-equality.html IWMF, Webinars and Training, www.iwmf.org/webinars IWMF, HEFAT training, www.iwmf.org/programs/hefat-training COE, Gender equality and media, www.coe.int/en/web/freedom-expression/ gender-and-media

52 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Conclusion

Cartoonists can be the victims of attacks which depend on a slew of factors yet are all unique in their own way. However, this guidebook may have shown you that an attack you have undergone has some similarities with one a colleague has suffered and that a pertinent response can be found through the vast range of bodies and organizations. Likewise, this guidebook has attempted to show that reducing risks comes partly from anticipation and partly from the collective reaction to an attack. This idea of collectivity is crucial. You have perhaps noted throughout this work that, while each person is the master of their own destiny, a person cannot act alone against a threat or danger. Solidarity is what drives us to make a difference. Collectivity also relates to the notion of a network, one like Cartooning for Peace has built around its members and partners and which elicits four pieces of advice: The • Do not hesitate to talk with colleagues or specialist organizations, representatives they could have a possible solution. We will try to enable such interac- of the "Cartooning tions through gatherings of cartoonists. in Africa " • Share this guidebook with your colleagues. It will be available on the delegation ask Cartooning for Peace website; for the release of Musa Kart • Do not shy away from contacting us about threats or attacks direc- during the World ted against you or a colleague; Press Freedom • Finally, send us your comments and recommendations about this Day 2019 at the African Union guidebook so we can update it frequently. headquarters. And above all, we salute your courage! Keep commenting, informing, denouncing and above all, making us laugh! To wrap up and to remind ourselves how wonderful the fight can be, let’s remember Zunar who after suffering oppression from the Malaysian government for many years, opened an exhibition of his works in his home country in May 2019. © penangstateartgallery

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 53 Abstract

SECTION 1: RISK PREVENTION

PREREQUISITE: KNOWING YOUR ENVIRONMENT ✦✦ Your work could lead to risks; ✦✦ Your environment can be a source of threats but also provide you with useful resources; ✦✦ One means to prevent or reduce risk is to learn about that environment, its specific features, the forces involved and whether they present support or threats; ✦✦ By doing so, you can be better informed, better positioned to identify certain threats and set up ways of responding to those threats. You will also increase your capacities and reduce your vulnerabilities; ✦✦ Your environment contains many different dimensions and its analysis can help prevent risks; ✦✦ By questioning yourself and conducting force field analysis and stakeholder analysis, you can gain much greater knowledge about your environment which will, in turn, reduce your vulnerabilities. In short, anticipate the risks to better prevent them.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES ✦✦ Along with analyzing your environment, taking proactive measures can help reduce your vulnerability; ✦✦ Some examples are being cybersecure, checking workplace security, and performing administrative tasks and security training.

SECTION 2: WHEN COMES THE TIME TO REACT

REACTING TO THE DANGER - KEY STEPS AND ACTION PLAN ✦✦ Step 1: analyze the attack and risk (see work sheets in appendices); ✦✦ Step 2: prepare an information pack (see example of form in appendices); ✦✦ Step 3: make contact with your network (see Section 1 for setting up a list of contacts and the appendices for a sample list); ✦✦ Step 4: adopt an action plan.

54 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace TYPES OF ATTACKS AND EXAMPLES OF ACTION PLANS ✦✦ No two situations are alike but there are some constants; ✦✦ The plan you develop must be personal, but do ask for advice and guidance; ✦✦ Your preparation will help you reduce your vulnerability and fear and will lay the groundwork for you to respond as best as possible to an attack.

EMERGENCY, SHORT TERM OR LONG-TERM RELOCATION ✦✦ Consider well the need and consequences of leaving before entering into this process. Ask for advice from those close to you or specialist organizations. Check out all intermediate options. Leaving your country should only be a last resort; ✦✦ There are several options, each defined by duration and method; ✦✦ The organizations that could help you might offer several options. We recommend to contact those listed above and in the appendices; ✦✦ Emergency financial aid can support you as you apply for long-term relocation or residence; ✦✦ Analyze beforehand the options open to you by asking yourself practical questions; ✦✦ Find out as much as possible in advance about how to apply for political asylum in a particular country if this is what you want or need; ✦✦ Have your papers in order.

STRESS AND TRAUMA ✦✦ Do not minimize the psychological effects of attacks; ✦✦ Mind yourself, listen to others and, most importantly, talk about it! You are not alone.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 55 Appendices

Appendix 1 – Useful contacts ...... 57 Appendix 2 – Contact Form ...... 63 Appendix 3 – Work Sheets ...... 66

56 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace APPENDIX 1 Useful contacts

CARTOONIST CARTOONIST RIGHTS THE ASSOCIATION OF NETWORK INTERNATIONAL AMERICAN EDITORIAL ASSOCIATIONS (CRNI – UNITED STATES) CARTOONISTS Region: worldwide (AAEC - UNITED STATES) CARTOONING FOR PEACE Cartoonists Rights Network Interna- Region: North America (FRANCE) tional is an organization that defends A professional organization Region: worldwide creative freedom and the human committed to the promotion and Purview: advocacy, emergency aid, rights of threatened cartoonists. defense of editorial cartoonists and advice, networking Purview: advocacy, emergency aid, press freedom, which are essential Website: www.cartooningforpeace.org advice, networking to freedom in the United States and Telephone: + 33 (0)1 4023 2403 Website: cartoonistsrights.org across the world. Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Purview: networking, promotion Website: SWISS FOUNDATION CARTOON MOVEMENT www.editorialcartoonists.com CARTOONING FOR PEACE (NETHERLANDS) Email: [email protected] (SWITZERLAND) Region: worldwide Region: worldwide Cartoon Movement is a global plat- The Swiss foundation was founded form where editorial cartoonists and INTERNATIONAL on June 17, 2009 by the cartoonists cartoon journalists can collaborate. ORGANIZATIONS Jean Plantu and Patrick Chappatte This organization is part of the Video along with Marie Heuzé, the then Journalism Movement (VJ Move- These organizations defend UN spokesperson in Geneva, with ment) which promotes video journa- the support of the Swiss Depart- lism and freedom of the press. fundamental rights and the free- ment for Foreign Affairs. The foun- Purview: cartoonist network, dom of expression. They have dation supports editorial cartoonists advocacy, cartoon marketing branches across many countries through two significant tools: firstly, in Website: www.cartoonmovement.com and can provide your work with partnership with the City of Geneva, Email: [email protected] visibility, advocate on your behalf it awards the prestigious Internatio- and offer support. They are often nal Press Cartoon Prize every two FRANCE-CARTOONS (FRANCE) under the aegis of a human years on World Press Freedom Day; Region: worldwide rights body and can give prac- France-Cartoons seeks to establish secondly, it provides support funding tical assistance. Moreover, they exchanges among its members and to cartoonists in danger. The Nobel also issue resolutions and publish other political cartoonists around Peace Prize laureate Kofi Annan was handbooks among other activi- its honorary president. the world in order to promote and ties. Keeping up to date on their Purview: International Press foster, through humor, good will and actions can prove useful. Cartoon Prize, support fund for friendship among all people. The association is open to all profes- threatened cartoonists, advocacy UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE Website: www.cartooningforpeace. sionals or newcomers to the world Region: worldwide org/the-foundation-geneva/ of art (editorial, illustration, humor, A body of experts that defends presentation/?lang=en cartoons, etc.). Primarily in French. freedom of expression. They gather Email: [email protected] Purview: cartoonist network, solidarity, promotion complaints from civil society orga- Website: www.france-cartoons.com nizations, governments and other parties about violations of journa-

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 57 listic and media freedom, which are such as the UN Plan of Action on the which it lends financial and technical relayed through a special rapporteur. safety of journalists and the issue of assistance. Website: www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/ impunity. Purview: emergency aid for CCPR/Pages/CCPRIndex.aspx Website: en.unesco.org/themes/ relocation or legal assistance, fostering-freedom-expression advocacy COUNCIL OF EUROPE Website:www.aedh.org/en/home/ Region: member states: EUROPEAN UNION what-we-do/emergency-fund-for- www.coe.int/en/web/portal/47- Region: Europe human-rights-defenders members-states The European Union (EU) is a volun- Email: [email protected] The Council of Europe’s primary tary association of European States, Telephone: +33 (0)4 3737 1011 mission is to strengthen democratic in the economic and political fields, in values, human rights and the rule order to maintain peace in Europe and AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL of law among all its member states. promote economic and social progress. (UNITED KINGDOM) Among its powers, the freedom of The European Union is taking hold Region: worldwide ex-pressure and information. of freedom of expression or artistic Amnesty International is a global Among other things, the Council of freedom or the defence of human movement that campaigns for Europe hosts a platform to stren- rights in the world through its various a world where human rights are gthen the protection of journalism institutions. Among the interes- enjoyed by all. and the safety of journalists. ting tools, the Directorate-Gene- Purview: advocacy Website: www.coe.int/en ral for Development Cooperation Website: www.amnesty.org Platform: (DG DEVCO) established a platform Regional email addresses: www.coe.int/en/web/media-freedom to assist human rights defenders, www.amnesty.org/en/about-us/contact Protect Defenders (see below). ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY Website: ARTICLE 19 (UNITED KINGDOM) AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE europa.eu/european-union/index_en Region: present in about twenty (OSCE) - REPRESENTATIVE FOR countries (see https://www. FREEDOM OF THE MEDIA article19.org/where-we-work) Region: member states: www. ORGANIZATIONS An association in defense of journalists osce.org/participating-states and human rights defenders. It also The OSCE Representative for Free- IN DEFENSE OF provides legal and professional training. dom of the Media monitors violations HUMAN RIGHTS Purview: advocacy, training of freedom of expression and media Website: www.article19.org freedom and gives early warnings of These non-governmental orga- Contact: [email protected] such violations. The representative nizations have a diverse range of promotes respect for commitments actions and often have a world- INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE relating to media freedom. This wide presence. They are involved OF THE RED CROSS - ASSISTANCE TO JOURNALISTS includes efforts to ensure the safety in the promotion of human rights (ICRC – SWITZERLAND) of journalists and other media actors, and protection of defenders press freedom, media pluralism, Region: worldwide without distinction and through decriminalization of defamation, and The ICRC has established a hotline various methods. fighting hate speech while preserving to report journalists who have disap- freedom of expression. The represen- peared, been captured, arrested or AGIR ENSEMBLE POUR tative also offers expert opinions on imprisoned. It can be used by the LES DROITS DE L’HOMME media regulation and legislation. journalist’s family, publication or inter- (AEDH – FRANCE) Website: www.osce.org national, national press association, Region: worldwide Email: [email protected] or unrelated regional or international AEDH supports concrete activity press associations (https://shop.icrc. for the defense and promotion of UNESCO org/catalogsearch/result/?q=hotline) Human Rights. To do so, it relies Region: worldwide Purview: assistance in cases of on local associations and groups to UNESCO is the UN body with a speci- danger fic mandate to promote the “free Website: www.icrc.org/en/ flow of ideas by word and image.” publication/0394-hotline-assistance- It plays a primary role in promoting journalists-dangerous-assignments journalist safety through awareness Hotline: +41 79 217 32 85 campaigns, the development of Email: [email protected] capacities and a series of actions,

58 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace INTERNATIONAL FREEDOM FRONT LINE DEFENDERS WORLD ORGANISATION OF EXPRESSION EXCHANGE (IRELAND) AGAINST TORTURE (IFEX – CANADA) Region: worldwide (OMCT – SWITZERLAND) Region: worldwide The specific goal of Front Line Region: worldwide A global network that condemns viola- Defenders is to protect human rights The World Organisation Against tions of freedom of expression and defenders who are in danger. Torture (OMCT) works for, with and attacks against journalists, authors and Purview: support grant, advocacy, through an international coalition of other defenders of that freedom. development in security capacity, over 200 non-governmental organiza- Purview: advice, financial or including digital security. tions, called the SOS-Torture Network. technical support, advocacy Website: www.frontlinedefenders.org/en It fights against torture, summary Website: ifex.org To apply for financial aid: executions, forced disappearances, Email: ifex.org/contact www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/ arbitrary detention and all other cruel, Tel: +1 416 515 9622 programme/protection-grants inhuman or degrading treatment. The Emergency contact (Arabic, English, OMCT also has a holistic support and INTERNATIONAL French, Russian, Spanish): www.front protection system for human rights FEDERATION FOR HUMAN linedefenders.org/emergency-contact defenders which operates with the RIGHTS (FIDH – FRANCE) Telephone: +353-1-210-0489 Observatory for the Protection of Region: worldwide Appendix 17 of its Workbook on Human Rights Defenders and Protect An international NGO speciali- Security Practical Steps for Human Defenders EU. zing in defending and promoting Rights Defenders at Risk also Purview: advocacy, financial human rights and improving physical contains a list of organizations: support and digital security. It has regional www.front linedefenders.org/fr/ To apply for a financial grant: complete bureaus in Pretoria and Tunis, along resource-publication/workbook- the application form that is available in with joint offices (FIDH and member security-practical-steps-human-rights- English, French and Spanish organizations) in Guinea-Conakry, defenders-risk Telephone: +41 22 809 49 39 Côte d’Ivoire and Mali. Email: [email protected] Purview: legal, medical and HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH psychological aid, humanitarian (UNITED STATES) aid, emergency relocation, Region: worldwide JOURNALIST AND support fund, advocacy Human Rights Watch is the amalga- Website: www.fidh.org/en mation of several regional structures. It PRESS SUPPORT Telephone: + 33 143552078 investigates rights abuses committed ORGANIZATIONS +33 143555505 across the world and performs targe- For emergency aid: ted advocacy campaigns. While these organizations can Online form (English, French, Spanish) Purview: advocacy offer diverse assistance, they or send to: [email protected] Website: www.hrw.org focus their attention on protec- Form download: www.fidh.org/en/ Contact details for offices: ting journalism and the press. issues/human-rights-defenders/ www.hrw.org/contact-us financial-support/grant-application- COMMITTEE TO PROTECT for-human-rights-defenders-at-risk INDEX ON CENSORSHIP JOURNALISTS (CPJ – UNITED (UNITED KINGDOM) STATES) FREEDOM HOUSE Region: worldwide Region: worldwide (UNITED STATES) Index on Censorship is a nonprofit This NGO promotes press freedom Region: worldwide that campaigns for and defends free and defends the right of journalists Freedom House analyzes the challen- expression worldwide. It publishes to perform their work without fear of ges faced by media as well as online work by censored writers and artists, reprisals. It also reports on violations freedom in annual reports: Freedom promotes debate, and monitors committed. It can offer emergency of the Press and Freedom on the threats to free speech. assistance (cpj.org/emergency-res- Net. It supports the emergence of Purview: advocacy ponse/what-we-do.php) as well as alternative media in countries where Website: www.indexoncensorship.org useful advice (cpj.org/emergen- traditional media is limited and jour- cy-response/resource-center.php) nalists are in peril. on physical, digital and psycholo- Purview: advocacy gical security. Such information is Website: freedomhouse.org/our-work contained in guidebooks prepared Email: [email protected]

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 59 by the CPJ and other organizations ting press freedom, good journalism ARTISTIC FREEDOM INITIATIVE defending freedom of the press. and safety for journalists. (UNITED STATES) Purview: advocacy, financial aid Purview: advocacy, support funds Region: worldwide (Gene Roberts emergency fund), Website: www.mediasupport.org This organization assists a growing advice Email: [email protected] network of talented, engaged, dyna- Email: [email protected] mic artists from around the world. Regional email addresses: INTERNATIONAL WOMEN’S Artistic Freedom Initiative provides cpj.org/emergency-response/how-to- MEDIA FOUNDATION legal representation and relocation get-help.php (UNITED STATES) to the United States for artists. Region: worldwide Purview: artist network, legal aid, EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF The IWMF works to unleash the advice JOURNALISTS (EFJ – BELGIUM) power of female journalists to trans- Website: www.artisticfreedominitiative. Region: Europe form the global news media. org/afi-artists The European Federation of Jour- Purview: medical and To apply for protection: nalists (EFJ) is the largest journalist psychological aid, temporary www.artisticfreedominitiative.org/ organization in Europe. It is an affi- relocation, work security. apply-for-protection liation of professional unions and Website: www.iwmf.org associations, and works with different To apply for a support grant, create ARTISTS AT RISK CONNECTION partners, like RSF, in the defense of an account and answer a preliminary (ARC - UNITED STATES) journalist rights. questionnaire: www.iwmf.org/ Region: worldwide Purview: union, advocacy programs/emergency-fund Artists at Risk is a collaborative Website: europeanjournalists.org or: iwmf.submittable.com/ project led by PEN America which Telephone: +32 2 235 22 00 submit/37c7eafa-8de1-493c-bbb6- acts as a hub for freedom of expres- Email: [email protected] 29592ea8be13/emergency-fund- sion and organizations that defend intake-form artistic freedom. At-risk artists receive INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION support through this network. OF JOURNALISTS (IFJ – BELGIUM) REPORTERS WITHOUT BORDERS Purview: organization network, Region: worldwide (RSF – FRANCE) advocacy, support The IFJ is the largest journalist orga- Region: worldwide Website: artistsatriskconnection.org/ nization in the world. It represents This organization promotes and For a list of member media professionals from 187 unions defends freedom of expression and organizations of the ARC network: and associations in over 140 coun- information, while providing support artistsatriskconnection.org/ tries (www.ifj.org/who/members. to journalists. search?query=&occupation=& html). The IFJ supports journalists Purview: legal aid, medical aid, location=&service=&demographic and their trade unions in asserting support in case of exile, training, =&emergency=&offset=0 their union and professional rights. It financial support (case-by-case has created an international security basis) ARTISTS AT RISK (AR - FINLAND) fund that provides humanitarian aid Website: rsf.org/en Region: Europe to journalists in need. The federation Email: [email protected] and Perpetuum Mobile (PM) launched also provides an international press [email protected] Artists at Risk (AR) as a platform and card (www.ifj.org/press-card.html). Telephone: +33 144 836 056 network that could support artists in Purview: advocacy, emergency times of need. AR maps the field of fund, union persecuted visual art practitioners, Website: www.ifj.org ARTIST DEFENSE facilitating their safe passage from Telephone: +32 (0)2 235 22 00 ORGANIZATIONS their countries of origin, hosting Email: [email protected] them at “AR-Residencies” and cura- ting related projects. The following organizations have INTERNATIONAL MEDIA Purview: advocacy, organization of made the defense of artistic free- SUPPORT (IMS – DENMARK) safe havens Region: worldwide dom their mission. The services Website: artistsatrisk.org/?lang=en IMS is the biggest media develop- they offer can be varied and, in To apply for support: artistsatrisk.org/ ment organization in the Nordic some cases, similar to the organi- apply/?lang=en region. It works in more than 30 coun- zations listed above. tries across four continents promo-

60 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace FREEMUSE (DENMARK) INTERNATIONAL CITIES system. It also promotes the right to Region: worldwide OF REFUGE NETWORK a fair trial and competent defense. Freemuse is an independent inter- (ICORN – NORWAY) Purview: advocacy, advice national organization advocating for Region: More than 70 cities in Websites: avocatssansfrontieres- and defending freedom of artistic Europe, United States, Canada france.org/web/en/ and www.asf.be expression. It monitors and docu- and Latin America: Telephone: +33 (0)5 3431 1783 (Fr) and ments violations of artistic free- www.icorn.org/icorn-cities-refuge +32 (0)2 223 36 54 (Bel) dom, exposes laws and policies that This independent organization of enable and sustain these violations, cities and regions offers refuge to MEDIA LEGAL DEFENCE and leverages evidence-based advo- writers and artists confronted by INITIATIVE (UNITED KINGDOM) cacy for systemic structural changes threats or persecution because of Region: worldwide at international, regional and natio- their work. ICORN works with PEN Media Legal Defence Initiative is a nal levels. It works with partners, International and other artist and non-governmental organization that artists and activists. human rights organizations, such defends the rights of journalists and Purview: advocacy as RSF, Scholars at Risk, Frontline independent media by paying for Website: freemuse.org Defenders, CPJ, CRNI, Freemuse, legal fees if no other support is avai- Email: [email protected] Article 19, On the Move, etc. lable. It can also recommend lawyers Purview: relocation assistance who may be able to help you. PEN INTERNATIONAL Website: www.icorn.org/ Purview: advocacy, financial (UNITED STATES) To apply for an ICORN residency, fill support, advice Region: worldwide in and send the application form to Website: This network at the intersection of [email protected]: www.icorn.org/ www.mediadefence.org/get-help literature and human rights seeks to application-guide-writers-and-artists-risk Email: [email protected] protect freedom of expression. There Telephone: +44 (0)203 752 5550 are over 140 PEN centers in over 100 UNHCR countries. Its main office is in New Region: worldwide York. The website and its tools are The UNHCR, the United Nations EMERGENCY FINANCIAL primarily in English. Refugee Agency, is an international SUPPORT Purview: advocacy, financial organization dedicated to saving lives support and protecting the rights of refugees As you may have noted, some of Website: pen-international.org and constructing a better future for the organizations listed above To apply, as an artist at risk, refugees, displaced communities for emergency funding: and stateless people. offer emergency grants. Here are penemergencyfund.com/en/aim Purview: advocacy, coordination some others. and humanitarian assistance Website: www.unhcr.org EURO-MEDITERRANEAN RELOCATION AND FOUNDATION OF SUPPORT TO HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS REFUGE ASSISTANCE LEGAL AID (EMHRF) ORGANIZATIONS Region: South Mediterranean (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Legal aid or assistance can Egypt, Israel, Occupied Palestinian Some organizations listed above probably be found in your Territories, Jordan, Lebanon and offer relocation assistance but country. However, there are some the two mentioned below make Syria) organizations that can answer Born from a EuroMed initiative, the this their primary mission. ICORN any inquiries you may have. You EMHRF is an independent regio- collaborates with a number of should also ask for the opinions nal foundation acting on behalf of organizations listed above. of colleagues. human rights defenders. Purview: financial support, AVOCATS SANS FRONTIÈRES advocacy (FRANCE AND BELGIUM) Online form and email (in Arabic, Region: worldwide English, French): Avocats Sans Frontières France has emhrf.org/urgent-grants the goals of effective implementation of human rights, the reinforcement of the rule of law and the judiciary

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 61 ASIAN FORUM FOR HUMAN The website also contains links to RIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT international texts. The consortium Region: Asia (South Asia, South- is made up of Front Line Defen- East Asia and North-East Asia ders, Reporters Without Borders, – Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, the OMCT, FIDH, ESCR-NET, ILGA, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mongolia, Urgent Action Fund, Protect interna- Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, tional, Peace Brigades International, Philippines, Singapore, South EMHRF, Forum Asia and EHAHRDP. Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand Purview: partnership, emergency and Timor-Leste). aid, relocation, study grants This forum has an assistance program, Website: www.protectdefenders.eu/fr/ including temporary relocation, for index.html human rights defenders who are in Emergency contact: emergency situations. All applica- 24/7 hotline: +353 (0) 1 21 00 489 tions must be sent to it in English and Encrypted forms for aid and asylum be from human rights defenders who applications: www.protectdefenders. are not already in receipt of funding eu/en/supporting-defenders.html for the same purpose. Purview: financial support, URGENT ACTION FUND FOR advocacy WOMEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS Website: www.forum-asia.org/?p=7302 (UNITED STATES) Email: [email protected] Region: Regional branches International organization that offers PROTECTION PROGRAM OF THE financial assistance to human rights EAST AND HORN OF AFRICA defenders. HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS Purview: financial support, PROJECT (EHAHRDP) advocacy Region: Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Website: urgentactionfund.org Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia To obtain a grant: online form (including Somaliland), South (encrypted, sent via hushmail.com or Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and protonmail.com) or form to be sent by Uganda mail The EHAHRDP program contains - Middle East, Europe, South Caucasus, an emergency protection mecha- North America, Russia and Turkey: nism. It also has a 24/7 hotline that [email protected] is anonymous, confidential and free - Africa: proposals@urgentactionfund- for defenders seeking assistance, africa.or.ke support and information in East - Latin America: and Horn of Africa. It is available in [email protected] Arabic, English, French and Swahili. - Asia and Pacific: [email protected] Purview: financial support, Telephone: +1 415-523-0360 advocacy Website: www.defenddefenders.org/ our-work/protection-and-security- management

PROTECT DEFENDERS EU (BELGIUM) Region: worldwide Protect Defenders EU is a consortium of 12 NGOs, which offers protection to human rights defenders in danger. In the event of a threat, it offers assistance through temporary relocation or emergency financial support.

62 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace APPENDIX 2 Contact Form

Any information you give will not be published. The answers provided are a prerequisite to determining the assistance we may provide, subject to the verification and assessment processes that follow. Please answer all questions below. Note: combines different forms developed by CFP and partner organizations.

■■IDENTIFICATION Full name: Current address (city and country): ...... Date of birth: If not currently in your home country, specify since ...... when and current immigration status: Gender: ❏ male ❏ female ...... Family situation (single, married, children): ...... Nationality: Telephone: ...... Citizenship (if more than one, please list): Email: ...... Suggested means of communication (for security ...... reasons): Official address: ......

■■LANGUAGES Mother tongue: Other languages spoken: ......

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 63 ■■PROFESSION What type of media do you work for (national Please provide links to work: press, private, freelance, online, etc.)? ...... In what city? ...... Who is your current employer? ...... Briefly describe your work: ......

■■ATTACK Clear, precise description of the threat or attack Incriminated cartoon(s) in good quality and their suffered (anonymous phone calls, fatwa, death publication date, with context of their publica- threats, physical threats, court actions, etc.): tion:

...... Have family members or close friends been ...... threatened or attacked? If yes, who, when and how? Date of occurrence: ...... Place of occurrence: ...... Source of the attack (if known): What is your assessment of the risk? ...... Reason given or your idea of the reason for the ...... attack (especially if a court action - crime against What actions have you taken in response to the the State / insult of government official, public attack (requested police protection, humanita- order offense, sedition): rian aid, etc.)? What was the result of the actions?

......

64 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace ■■PREPARATION OF ASSISTANCE What is your current situation? For example, can ...... you return to your home country? What types of ...... travel/residence restrictions have been imposed ...... on you? If you return to your home country, will you or your family members face detention or List of people you have informed about your danger? situation or whom we can contact for further information: ...... List the local and international organizations that Person to contact if unable to contact you directly: you are a member of: ...... What type of assistance are you applying for? List the organizations in your region/country ...... that defend journalists, freedom of expression, ...... cartoonists or artists: ...... Other useful documentation (proof, testimony, ...... original artwork, screen captures, photos in the case of physical threats, press reviews and ...... articles): ...... Have you already received aid or been in contact ...... with other bodies regarding aid? ...... Additional comments: (If relevant) have you contacted foreign diploma- ...... tic missions or organizations regarding refuge...... If yes, list them below along with any additional ...... remarks. We will be able to work more effectively ...... on your case if we know what other groups are ...... involved......

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 65 APPENDIX 3 Work Sheets

Note: These work sheets are based on models developed by Front Line Defenders.

WORK SHEET 1: RISK, VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY ANALYSIS

Make a list of every risk you are exposed to and take into account your vulnerabilities for each one, and the capacities you have or could reasonably acquire to increase your means of protection.

Risks Vulnerabilities Current Capacities Acquirable Capacities

Legal proceedings • Rule of law is shaky • I know my rights as an • A lawyer for a cartoon of a high- and the risk could be editorial cartoonist level politician (may high that this occurs • Diplomatic support be a threat of such • I know an organization proceedings or already • I have no way to pay that can offer legal initiated) for a lawyer services; • I belong to a network of editorial cartoonists

Death threat • Everyone knows my • The police take this • Legal recourse open home address type of threat very to me that could make seriously and are likely certain people think to offer protection again

• I am very well known in the country

This exercise can be extended via a second one which groups the different types of risks. It can show you that the majority of vulnerabilities are common to various risks. We will see later how this applies to real cases.

66 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace Group of Risks Risks Vulnerabilities Current Capacities Acquirable Capacities

Group 1 Abduction Live alone

Assault Travel alone Own vehicle Change routes and times of travel

Group 2 Arrest Lack of legal Lawyer friend Knowledge of my knowledge rights

Libel Detractor’s ability My reputation Public opinion to prejudice considers my me through his actions are in networks good faith

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 67 WORK SHEET 2: QUESTIONING MY ENVIRONMENT

To determine the threats and resources of my environment, I ask myself these questions.

What is the cultural environment in which I’ve grown up and what are its taboos? ...... What is the institutional, socio-political and economic environment in which I live? Is there a source of protection or source of the threat?

...... What is the legal environment like? Which rules are a source of risk or which can reduce my vulnerability? ...... What is the professional environment like? What is the status of my profession, my rights and obligations as an editorial cartoonist?

...... Etc. (add extra relevant questions) ......

68 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace WORK SHEET 3: QUESTIONING MY OVERALL FEELINGS

Can I carry out my work securely? Yes/no ...... Why? ...... What makes me feel secure? ...... Or insecure? ......

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 69 WORK SHEET 4: MY CONTACTS

Who are useful contacts?

Personal relationships: National, regional or international organizations: Name ...... Name ...... Contact details ...... Contact details ...... Resources ...... Resources ...... Name ...... Name ...... Contact details ...... Contact details ...... Resources ...... Resources ...... Work relationships: Others: Name ...... Name ...... Contact details ...... Contact details ...... Resources ...... Resources ...... Name ...... Name ...... Contact details ...... Contact details ...... Resources ...... Resources ...... Name ...... (add as many lines as necessary) Contact details ...... Resources ......

70 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace WORK SHEET 5: ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT/PROBABILITY OF THREATS AND ATTACKS

A risk assessment involves creating a matrix of threats and attacks.

IMPACT

Very high Bombing

High Death threat

Medium

Insult on social Low media

Very low

Very low Low Medium High Very high

PROBABILITY

The higher the probability and impact (darker shaded cells), the more necessary it is to establish preventive measures to reduce the probability of an attack occurring or have an action plan ready to reduce the impact of the attack. Example: The receipt of a death threat tends to occur less than an insult on social media; however, its impact is far greater. We can reasonably consider, while remaining vigilant, an online insult will not necessarily require any measures (the absence of a reaction is normally the best plan of action). This is in contrast to a death threat, especially in a country where the rule of law has broken down.

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 71 WORK SHEET 6: EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF IN CASE OF A THREAT

What are the exact facts relating to the threat? ...... Has there been a pattern of threats over time? ...... What is the goal of the threat? ...... What is the origin of the threat? ...... What likelihood is there that it would be carried out? ...... What is the risk involved? ...... What would be its effect on me, my family, etc.? ...... Considering my vulnerabilities and capacities, should I take steps against it? If so, what steps? ......

72 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace WORK SHEET 7: EXAMPLES OF QUESTIONS TO ASK YOURSELF IN CASE OF AN ATTACK

What type of attack was it? ...... How would I assess the attacks level of intensity? ...... What resources do I have at my disposal? ...... Who are the people I should contact first? Personal, professional, organizational support groups (see already established list of contacts/networks)

...... Does this attack require a response? If yes, what is my action/emergency plan (see below)? ......

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 73 Endnotes

1 6 18 Cartooning for Peace, Freemuse, Russia: artist exiled, Courrier international, “Liban: “Cartooning for Peace deplores freemuse.org/news/russia-artist- les autorités censurent une the disappearance of the press exiled-due-to-caricature-of- caricature de Khamenei cartoon in the NY Times,” government-official-freemuse dans Courrier international” 06/17/19 [Lebanon: Authorities Censor 7 Cartooning for Peace, “Support www.cartooningforpeace.org/ Khamenei Cartoon in Courrier to the press cartoonist Pedro X. soutiens/cartooning-for-peace- International], 2019, Molina”, 2018, deplores-the-disappearance- www.courrierinternational. www.cartooningforpeace.org/ of-the-press-cartoon-in-the- com/article/liban-les-autorites- soutiens/support-to-the-press- ny-times/?lang=en; “Dismissal censurent-une-caricature- cartoonist-pedro-x-molina- of cartoonists: towards a new de-khamenei-dans-courrier- nicaragua/?lang=en form of censorship?,” 07/12/19, international 8 www.cartooningforpeace. Front Line Defenders, 19 op. cit. org/soutiens/dismissal-of- Protection Manuel for Human 20 cartoonists-towards-a-new- Rights Defenders, 2005, p.17 op. cit. PEN America, “The Role form-of-censorship/?lang=en 9 Front Line Defenders, of Political Cartooning: An 2 Patrick Charaudeau, “Les Workbook on Security: Practical Interview with Rob Rogers”, ambiguïtés du dessin de Steps for Human Rights www.youtube.com/watch?v=- presse, une liberté à défendre” Defenders at Risk, 2011, p. 2 olQ6vlSp2k [The Ambiguity of Editorial 10 ibid 21 Cartoons: a Freedom to be Reporters Without Borders, 11 p.19 Defended], 06/2019, p. 1 op. cit. World Press Freedom Index, 12 3 op. cit. p.18 https://rsf.org/en/ranking Cartooning for Peace, 13 22 “Malaysian cartoonist Zunar ibid Charlie Hebdo, The Trials: arrested twice, having his books https://charliehebdo.fr/proces 14 op. cit. pp.9-16 and cartoons confiscated,” 23 15 Reporters Without Borders, www.cartooningforpeace.org/ ibid “Rwanda’s new penal code 16 soutiens/malaysian-cartoonist- UNHCR, Who are the is still tough on journalists”, zunar-forced-to-cancel- Human Rights Defenders, 10/10/2018; https://rsf.org/en/ exhibition-following-violent- www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/ news/rwandas-new-penal-code- protests/?lang=en SRHRDefenders/Pages/ still-tough-journalists 4 Defender.aspx 24 Cartooning for Peace, “Turkey: Freemuse, The state of 17 Cumhuriyet’s journalists on trial, Cartooning for Peace, artistic freedom 2018, p.46, including cartoonist Musa Kart,” “The Israeli cartoonist Avi URL: https://freemuse.org/ www.cartooningforpeace.org/ Katz, dismissed from the wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ soutiens/turkey-cumhuriyets- ‘Jerusalem Report’” 2019, Freemuse-The-state-of-artistic- journalists-on-trial-including- www.cartooningforpeace.org/ freedom-2018-online-version.pdf cartoonist-musa-kart/?lang=en soutiens/the-israeli-cartoonist- 25 ABC News, “Controversial 5 avi-katz-dismissed-from-the- Cartooning for Peace, “Soutien Serena Williams cartoon did not jerusalem-report/?lang=en au dessinateur Ramon, détenu breach media standards, Press en Guinée équatoriale”, 2018, Council finds” www.cartooningforpeace.org/ www.abc.net.au/news/2019- soutiens/soutien-audessinateur- 02-25/serena-williams-cartoon- ramon-detenu-enguinee- by-mark-knight-not-breach-of- equatoriale standards/10844900

74 PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE Cartooning for Peace 26 35 Op. cit. Cartooning for Peace, “Ali Ferzat - Syria,” 2011, 27 Op. cit. www.cartooningforpeace. 28 Columbia Journalist Review, org/soutiens/ali-ferzat- “How social media has changed syria/?lang=en the landscape for editorial 36 CRNI, “French cartoonists cartooning”, 2016, www.cjr.org/ told ‘you’re lucky you’re not first_person/cartoon_ted_cruz_ executed’,” 2019 twitter_washington_post.php cartoonistsrights.org/category/ 29 Le Vif, “Nicolas Vadot: pourquoi latest-news/page/4 je quitte facebook” [Nicolas 37 op. cit. p.50-51 Vadot: Why I Quit Facebook], 38 www.levif.be/actualite/ op. cit. p.62-65 belgique/nicolas-vadot- 39 op. cit. pp 35-39 pourquoi-je-quitte-facebook/ 40 article-normal-1082889.html op. cit. 30 41 SA People News, “That Zapiro CRNI, “Updates: cartoonists, Cartoon That’s Gone Viral Gado and Ted Rall suing Is Not An Original (But It Is newspapers that fired them,” Funny),” 2019, www.sapeople. cartoonistsrights.org/?s= com/2019/03/18/that-zapiro- Gado+and+Ted+Rall+suing+; cartoon-thats-gone-viral-is-not- CPJ, “Gado blames an-original-but-it-is-funny government pressure as cartoonist’s contract at 31 Reporters Without Kenya’s Nation ends,” cpj.org/ Borders, Safety Guide for blog/2016/03/gado-blames- Journalists, and other links, government-pressure-as- rsf.org/sites/default/files/ cartoonists-con.php safety_guide_2017.pdf; rsf.org/ 42 en/news/seven-digital-security- Artists at Risk Connection, habits-journalists-should-adopt Profile: Ali Dorani, https:// artistsatriskconnection.org/ 32 Freemuse, Advocacy and story/ali-dorani; ICORN, campaign guide, freemuse.org/ “Manus Island cartoonist advocacy/advocacy-campaign- Eaten Fish ICORN resident, guide 17/12/2017, www.icorn.org/ 33 ibid article/manus-island-cartoonist- eaten-fish-icorn-resident- 34 Cartoonists Rights Network stavanger-norway International, A Safety Manual 43 for Political Cartoonists op. cit. in Trouble, 2016, p.7, 44 ibid. cartoonistsrights.org/category/ resources

Cartooning for Peace PROTECTION OF EDITORIAL CARTOONISTS • PRACTICAL GUIDE 75

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