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The International Space Station: a Platform for Research, Collaboration, and Discovery

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The International Space Station: a Platform for Research, Collaboration, and Discovery S. HRG. 112–834 THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: A PLATFORM FOR RESEARCH, COLLABORATION, AND DISCOVERY HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JULY 25, 2012 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 85–472 PDF WASHINGTON : 2013 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:26 Nov 13, 2013 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\85472.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia, Chairman DANIEL K. INOUYE, Hawaii KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, Texas, Ranking JOHN F. KERRY, Massachusetts OLYMPIA J. SNOWE, Maine BARBARA BOXER, California JIM DEMINT, South Carolina BILL NELSON, Florida JOHN THUNE, South Dakota MARIA CANTWELL, Washington ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey JOHNNY ISAKSON, Georgia MARK PRYOR, Arkansas ROY BLUNT, Missouri CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri JOHN BOOZMAN, Arkansas AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota PATRICK J. TOOMEY, Pennsylvania TOM UDALL, New Mexico MARCO RUBIO, Florida MARK WARNER, Virginia KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire MARK BEGICH, Alaska DEAN HELLER, Nevada ELLEN L. DONESKI, Staff Director JAMES REID, Deputy Staff Director JOHN WILLIAMS, General Counsel RICHARD M. RUSSELL, Republican Staff Director DAVID QUINALTY, Republican Deputy Staff Director REBECCA SEIDEL, Republican General Counsel and Chief Investigator (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:26 Nov 13, 2013 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\85472.TXT JACKIE C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on July 25, 2012 ............................................................................... 1 Statement of Senator Nelson .................................................................................. 1 Statement of Senator Hutchison ............................................................................ 2 Statement of Senator Boozman .............................................................................. 4 Statement of Senator Rubio .................................................................................... 40 WITNESSES Donald R. Pettit, Astronaut, National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 6 William H. Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator, Human Exploration and Operations, National Aeronautics and Space Administration ......................... 7 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 8 Thomas Reiter, Director, Human Spaceflight and Operations, European Space Agency ................................................................................................................... 13 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 15 James D. Royston, Interim Executive Director, Center for the Advancement of Science in Space ............................................................................................... 18 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 20 APPENDIX Hon. John D. Rockefeller IV, U.S. Senator from West Virginia, prepared statement .............................................................................................................. 53 Response to written question submitted by Hon. Bill Nelson to: Donald R. Pettit ................................................................................................ 53 William H. Gerstenmaier ................................................................................. 55 Thomas Reiter ................................................................................................... 55 James D. Royston ............................................................................................. 56 Response to written question submitted to William H. Gerstenmaier by: Hon. Amy Klobuchar ........................................................................................ 56 Hon. Mark Warner ........................................................................................... 57 Response to written question submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to James D. Royston ............................................................................................................. 58 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:26 Nov 13, 2013 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\85472.TXT JACKIE VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:26 Nov 13, 2013 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\85472.TXT JACKIE THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: A PLATFORM FOR RESEARCH, COLLABORATION, AND DISCOVERY WEDNESDAY, JULY 25, 2012 U.S. SENATE, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room SR– 253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Bill Nelson, presiding. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. BILL NELSON, U.S. SENATOR FROM FLORIDA Senator NELSON. Good morning, everybody. Thank you for coming. Senator Hutchison and I wanted, along with Senator Boozman, who is our Ranking Member of this subcommittee—John, come on over here closer. [Laughter.] Senator NELSON. The three of us wanted to have this hearing today so that the American people know what is going on in space. That there is this extraordinary contraption that is about 240 miles above the Earth that is as large as from the end of one end zone of a football field to the other. That is 120 yards. And as wide as a football field. And if you will just look at the NASA model there, you will see that that is certainly true. If you look at all the components there, you will see that part of it is Russian, of which the Soyuz docks there, which is the vehicle that comes and goes and most recently, since the Space Shuttle was retired a year ago, is the vehicle that we have delivering crew until we have the American rockets that are man-rated with all the redundancies and escape systems that are being developed as we speak. But in addition, we have a number of different payloads that are delivering cargo, the most recent of which was the successful flight and successful delivery of cargo by one of the American commercial ventures, SpaceX. And as we speak, we have already rendezvoused a Japanese space module that is delivering cargo, and it will be docking within a matter of days. There is also a crew on a Soyuz that has launched. And have they docked yet? Oh, it is the Progress module, which is a Russian module. It is in the vicinity of the Space Station, and they are working out the sequencing for the delivery of cargo from the Japa- nese module as well as the Russian Progress module. (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 12:26 Nov 13, 2013 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\GPO\DOCS\85472.TXT JACKIE 2 So there are a number of these payloads that are going up. In the case of SpaceX, it also had the delivery coming down of experi- ments that were loaded onto the spacecraft that returned success- fully to Earth. Now, I want to toot the horn of Senator Hutchison, but I want her to hear me tooting her horn. [Laughter.] Senator NELSON. Senator Hutchison is responsible for the Amer- ican laboratory module to be designated a National Laboratory. Our national labs are some of the great assets of this country. Los Alamos is just one, for example. The International Space Station, the American module, is des- ignated a National Laboratory. And part of what the three of us wanted today to do is to have this testimony from the people who best can tell us, including our American astronaut who just re- turned and who has spent in the course of three space flights over one year in orbit. And Dr. Pettit is going to share with us a number of these ex- periments and real-life things that are beginning to happen, such as the vaccines that we have already mentioned in the last hearing that we had on the progress of the overall space program. So, with that, I have other comments that I will make later on. Senator Hutchison, let me turn to you and then to Senator Boozman. STATEMENT OF HON. KAY BAILEY HUTCHISON, U.S. SENATOR FROM TEXAS Senator HUTCHISON. OK. I just wanted to open—I just wanted to open today’s hearing because we have lost a space pioneer. Sally Ride did so much to promote space, and even though she tried to get out of the spotlight, she just attracted so much attention be- cause she was interesting, she was committed to physics and science, and she was committed to getting girls to start taking the STEM courses. And when I wrote a book in 2004, I did chapters on the women pioneers in different fields. So I did education, politics, government, sports, and aviation. And then I interviewed women who were still breaking barriers in the same fields. So my aviation chapter was Amelia Earhart and Jackie Cochran. And my interview was Sally Ride. What could be more perfect than the first women to actually fly the long distances and prove women could be great pilots, and then the first woman in space? And in my interview, I asked different questions about what was the most important trait for her success, and she said it was the ability to work with other people, which she found very helpful as the first woman astronaut. And I said, ‘‘Oh gosh, that is
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