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Use of Agroforestry Practices in Soil and Water Conservation

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Use of Agroforestry Practices in Soil and Water Conservation USE OF AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION A CASE STUDY OF KAGEYO SECTOR, GICUMBI DISTRICT, RWANDA BY MUTONI JOAN BEMJ10006/$1/DU A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT OF KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY May, 2011 DECLARATION I Mutoni Joan, declare that all that is included in this work is my own effort and has not been presented by any other student for the award of a degree or its equivalent in this institution or any other. Where other individuals, groups, authors, organizations, reports and others have been used has clearly been indicated. STIJDENT: MUTONI JOAN (BEMJI0006/8l/DTJ) SIGNITURE DATE: APPROVAL This research report entitled Use of agroforestry practices in soil and water conservation; A Case Study of Kageyo sector, Gicumbi District, Rwanda”, is submitted to Kampala International University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences with my approval as the Supervisor. SUPERVISOR: MR.ORJSHABA R. AMMON SIGNITURE DATE’ ii DEDICATION I dedicate this piece of work to my father Kabanda P.Claver and my mother Kabanda Annah whose heartfelt courage, kindness and love enabled me reach this far. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks to Almighty for the gift of life, wisdom and understanding He has given to me throughout my education. On the same note my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, Kabanda P.Claver and Kabanda Annah whose financial, material and emotional support enabled me go through my learning time, with their all seasons combined efforts to make my carrier a success. I am most gratefUl to Mr.Orishaba R.Ammon, who has been my supervisor, for his willingness to offer support, guidance and his deep understanding, without forgetting all my lecturers of the department of environment especially Mr.Omuna Daniel for your understanding, unreserved commitment, time and assistance towards the whole of my studies. And my dearest sisters; Jacinta, Jeninah, Josephine, Sherry and my only brother Shema Justin, all I have to say thanks for your encouragement and prayers. I also thank all my colleagues and course mates of KJU, and I extend my thanks and gratitude to; R.Emmanuel, Immy, Donna, Emma, and Mugabe all I have to say may God bless you all for all your efforts intended towards this achievement. Finally, to all my friends who helped in which ever kind of way. May God reward your efforts. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION APPROVAL DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OFTABLES ix LIST OF PLATES LIST OF APPENDIX ABSTRACT CHAPTERONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.0 Background of the study 1 1.1. Statement of the problem 3 1.2 Objectives of the study 4 1.2.1 General objective 4 1.2.2 Specific objectives 4 1.3 Research questions 4 1.4 Scope of the study 4 1.4.1 Geographical Scope 1.4.2 Content Scope 4 1.4.3 Time Scope 1.5 Justification of the study 5 v CHAPTER TWO .6 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 2.0. Introduction 6 2.1 Introduction/definition of the concept 6 2.2 Historical back ground to agro forestry practices in Rwanda 7 2.3 Agro forestry systems and practices 8 2.3.1 Classification of agro forestry systems and practices 8 2.3.2 Agro forestry practices common in the tropics 14 2.4. Adoption of agro forestry practices 15 2.5. Soil degradation 15 2.5.1. Soil erosion 15 2.5.2. Loss of soil fertility 16 2.5.3. Soil conservation 16 2.6. Roles of Agroforestry in soil and water conservation 16 CHAPTERTHREE 23 RESEARCH METHODOLOGy 23 3.0 Introduction 23 3.1 Sample selection and samp!e size 23 3.2 study area 23 3.2.1 Location of the study area 23 3.2.2 Climate and relief of Kageyo sector 24 3.2.2.1 Economic activities 24 3.3 Research design 25 3.4 Data collection methods 25 3.4.1 Questionnaire 25 3.4.2lnterview schedule 26 3.4.3 Observation and photography 26 3.5 Data collection 26 3.6 Data analysis 26 vi CHAPTER FOUR .27 PRESENTATION OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS 27 4.0 Introduction 27 4.1 Household characteristics 27 4.1.1 Age categories of the household heads 27 4.1.2 Education status of the household heads 28 4.2 Family income 28 4.3 Land size and its utilization 29 4.3.1 Means of land acquisition 29 4.3.2 Land utilization 30 4.3.3 Land location with respect to the hill 30 4.3.5 Motivation for growing trees and constraints 33 4.3.6 Soil erosion problems and solutions as cited by the respondents 34 4.3.7 Means of maintaining soil fertility 35 4.3.8 Suggestions to ensure promotion of agroforestry 36 CHAPTER FIVE 37 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 37 5.0 Introduction 37 5.1 Conclusions 37 5.2 Challenges faced 37 5.3 Recommendations 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY Appendix 1:A map of Rwanda showing administrative boundaries 41 APPENDIX 2: Questionnaire 42 VII ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AF : Agro forestry FAO Food Agriculture Organization ICRAF : International Centre for Research in Agro forestry ISAR : Institut des Sciences Agronomiques au Rwanda MU : Kampala International University MINECOFINE : Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MPTs : Multipurpose Trees Species ORTPN : Rwanda Office of Tourism and National Parks RADA ; Rwanda Agricultural Development Authority REMA Rwanda Environment Management Authority VI : is a Swedish word meaning “we” VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Agro forestry practices common in the tropics as listed by Nair (1989) 14 Table 2: Nutrient additions from trees 18 Table 3: Number of sampled households in the sector 24 Table 4: Age distribution of the respondents 27 TableS: Education level of the household heads 28 Table 6: Distribution of respondents according to the main source of household income 28 Table 7: Land sizes owned by the respondents 29 Table 8: Mode of land acquisition 29 Table 9: Utilization of the land 30 Table 10: Distribution of the respondents according to land location with respect to hills 30 Table 11: Distribution of farmers according to the possession of agroforestry species on their farms 31 Table 12: Distribution of agroforestry on surveyed farms 32 Table 13: Reasons cited by farmers for growing tress on their farm Figure 32 Table 14: Partners in tree planting 33 Table 15: Problems related to tree growing on farms 34 Table 16: Soil erosion problems 34 Table 17: Methods used for soil erosion control 35 Table 18: Means for maintaining fertility 35 Table 19: Suggestions to ensure promotion of agroforestry 36 ix LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Location of land with respect to the hill 31 Plate 2: Vegetation cover 33 x LIST OF APPENDIX Appendix 1 Map of Rwanda showing the administrative boundaries 41 Appendix 2 Questionnaire 42 xi ABSTRACT A study on use of agroforestry practices in soil and water conservation was concentrated in Kageyo sector and the researcher visited all the 5 cells of; Gihembe, Horezo, Kabuga, Muhondo and Nyamiyaga. The objectives that guided the study included; to determine how farmers are using agro forestry practices; to identify the factors prohibiting agro forestry practices and to find out the suggestions and reconmiendations on how to promote agro forestry practices in soil and water conservation in the study area. The methods used for data collection were questioimaires, oral interviews, observation and photography. To analyze data, the researcher used tables, pie charts, figures, as well as computer applications for data input and analysis. The researcher used a simple random sampling technique, where she was very careful not to repeat or replace any representative sample or respondents and the total of about 40 respondents were interviewed. The study found out that the major benefits of agroforestry are; improving soil and water quality, restoring degraded forests, attenuate flooding effect, mitigation of climate change and reducing deforestation of natural forest among others. Small land sizes, lack of technical support and capital, lack of information by farmers on agroforesty strategies, lack of tree seed supply and market are the main constraints of practicing agroforestry .Rwandan environment has been impacted negatively by agricultural activities, but majority of the farmers in Kageyo Sector were young (below 50 years).This may have had a positive influence on adoption of agroforestry practices. And since recommendations have been put forward, the government, Non Govermnental Organizations and the local community are looked upon to come together and find out the best means to practice agroforestry CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background of the study. Rwanda fondly known as the land of a thousand hills is located in the Eastern part of Africa. It is bordered by the Democratic Republic of Congo to the west, Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east and Burundi to the south. Agrofrorestry has been practiced since ancient times to protect natural resources and increase food production. There are many definitions of agroforestry, it can be defined as sustainable land management system which increases the yields from land, combines the production of crop which includes the trees, crops and animals sequentially on the same piece of land. Development in the field of agroforcstry has been rapid since the early l980s (Bjom Lundgren, 1989). Today, there is little need to promote agroforestry to a doubtful Scientific and development community. The rapidly expanding interest in agroforestry in recent years, witnessed by a myriad of research and development activities, leaves no doubt that agroforcstry as an approach to land development is now accepted by most, if not all, disciplinary scientists and development specialists.
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