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Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan

The Government of Rwanda, Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources Ebony Enterprises Ltd The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan

The Government of Rwanda,

Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources Ebony Enterprises Limited The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

i

Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan

The Government of Rwanda,

Ministry of Agriculture & Animal Resources Ebony Enterprises Limited The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Coordinators of IMP Study:

NGABONZIZA Prime MAIMBO Mabanga Malesu

Supervisor of IMP study:

DVOSKIN Dan

Authors:

MAIMBO Mabanga Malesu ODUOR Alex Raymonds KIPRUTO Cherogony NYOLEI Douglas GACHENE Charles BIAMAH Elijah Kipngetich O’NEIL Mick MIYUKI Ilyama JEPHINE Mogoi

Steering Committee Members:

SENDEGE Norbert NGABONZIZA Prime NZEYIMANA Innocent MUSABYIMANA Innocent MUSABYIMANA J. Claude AZENE BEKELE Tesemma KAGABO Desire HARINDINTWALI Reverien BAYOULI Amor MOULAYE Abdou

E n t e r p r i s e s L t d .

�

Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, MINAGRI

ii

Acknowledgement

The World Agroforestry Centre greatly appreciates the opportunity accorded by the Managing Director of Ebony Enterprises Limited, Brigadier General (Rtd) Danny Kassif, to participate in the Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan through a sub-contractual agreement signed in March 2009. Upon inception of Phase I study, a number of Ebony personnel provided administrative and logistical support which cannot go unrecognized. These include Pini Moria, Ram Lustgarten, Arik Almog, Adina Avisar and Avi Evron.

Cognizance is also extended to the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources for providing technical backstopping and logistical support while carrying out the study

in Rwanda. The following Officers are highly appreciated for their contributions

to ensuring that Phase I of the study was a success: The Permanent Secretary – MINAGRI, Mr. RUZINDAZA Ernest - for providing guidance in policy matters; Mr. NGABONZIZA Prime as the IMP Coordinator - for ensuring that ICRAF got everything that they needed for the study; HARINDINTWALI Reverien for data collection, guidance during ground-truthing and validation of selected potential irrigation sites.

Other institutions acknowledged for the technical support they provided to ICRAF include;Ministryof Infrastructure(MININFRA), Ministryof EnvironmentandLands (MINELA), Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and COCA Sarl.

Finally, the authors appreciate the support accorded to them by Dr. Jeremiahs Mowo - The Regional Coordinator of World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), East Africa

region. Others from the ICRAF – E.A. office include Meshack Nyabenge, Rose

Onyango, Susan Yiapan and Nancy Oseko.

iii

Published by:

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri. P. O. Box 30677– 00100. Nairobi, Kenya. 2010. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Water Management Unit, Ebony Enterprises Ltd (Israel), Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), Rwanda

© World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), 2010.

Edited by:

Eric McGaw

Photo credits:

Malesu M. Maimbo - ICRAF (cover & inner pages) Alex Raymonds Oduor - ICRAF (inner pages) Isaiah Sijali - KARI (inner pages) IRRICO International (inner pages)

Computer graphics:

Peter Mungai - Logitech Ltd Evans Oduor - Pixiniti Studios

GIS Analysis and products:

Meshack Nyabenge and Douglas Nyolei World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Design and Layout :

Peter Mungai - Logitech Ltd

Administrative and Logistical Support:

Susan N. Yiapan World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Cataloguing-in-publication data:

Malesu M. M., Oduor A.R., Chrogony K., Nyolei D., Gachene C.K.K., Biamah E. K., O’Neil M., Ilyama M. and Mogoi J. 2010. Rwanda Irrigation Master Plan. The Government of Rwanda, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Ebony Company Limited and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Nairobi, Kenya. 240p +xii p; includes bibliography.

ISBN: 978 92 9059 278 5

Disclaimour :

The contents of this book may reproduced with permission from the Government of Rwanda, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI). Views expressed in this publication are

those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of MINAGRI.

Printed by:

Colour Print Ltd P.O. Box 44466 Nairobi, Kenya.

iv

Table of contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................1
1.1. Overview .....................................................................................1 1.2. Economy ......................................................................................2 1.3. History of irrigation and drainage in Rwanda................................4 1.4. Water resources for irrigation........................................................5 1.5. Rationale for an IMP for Rwanda..................................................6 1.6. Aim and objectives of an IMP.......................................................7 1.7. Methodology................................................................................8 1.8. Development of GIS for site localisation and visualisation..........11 1.9. The GIS methodology.................................................................13 1.10. Rationale for an IMP development matrix...................................13 1.11. Policy issues ...............................................................................14

2. Biophysical profile ................................................................................15
2.1. Introduction................................................................................15 2.2. The GIS database of biophysical profiles.....................................16 2.3. Administrative and infrastructural data........................................17 2.4. Land and soils data.....................................................................18 2.5. Climate data...............................................................................28 2.6. Agroclimatic zones.....................................................................31

3. Identification of Potential Irrigation Areas..............................................37
3.1. Development of a Potential Irrigation Area (PIA) decision support tool..................................................................37
3.2. Criteria used in the determination of PIAs...................................41 3.3. Multi-criteria analysis to identify PIAs.........................................34

4. Water resource availability ....................................................................47
4.1. General background...................................................................47 4.2. Water resources data ..................................................................48 4.3. Hydrography ..............................................................................50 4.4. Hydrogeological potential ..........................................................60 4.5. Water quality..............................................................................61 4.6. National water balance ..............................................................62 4.7. Water usage ...............................................................................62

5. Irrigation domains .................................................................................67
5.1. Runoff for dams..........................................................................68 5.2. River and flood water domain.....................................................70 5.3. Lake water resources domain .....................................................71 5.4. Groundwater resources domain..................................................73 5.5. Runoff for small reservoirs domain .............................................75

v

5.6. Marshland resource domain .......................................................77 5.7. Summary of potential irrigable areas...........................................78

6. Criteria for crop selection and estimated crop water requirements.........81
6.1. Crop selection support tool criteria.............................................81 6.2. Crop choice summary ................................................................97 6.3. Crop water requirements ............................................................98

7. Water supply and irrigation systems for Rwanda..................................109
7.1. Water supply............................................................................109 7.2. Estimated cost for a sample irrigation project............................122

8. IMP alternatives: organization and control of irrigation supply management .............................................................125
8.1. Introduction..............................................................................125 8.2. Organizational objectives for water management .....................126 8.3. Activities undertaken by a water organization...........................127 8.4. IMP organizational structure alternatives ..................................128 8.5. An IMP analysis and the development of a decision support tool....................................................................130
8.6. Initializing, planning and implementing irrigation projects .......133 8.7. Summary..................................................................................134

9. Transition to modern irrigated agriculture............................................135
9.1. Need for modern irrigated agriculture.......................................135 9.2. National strategic irrigation planning........................................136 9.3. Capacity building, training and technical assistance.................139 9.4. Institutional requirements .........................................................139 9.5. Policy and legislative framework...............................................140 9.6. Strategies for intensification of production systems ...................144 9.7. Sustainability of irrigated agriculture in Rwanda.......................147 9.8. Social dimensions of irrigated agriculture in Rwanda................152 9.9. Desirable elements of modern irrigated agriculture...................158

10. References...........................................................................................159

vi

List of tables

Table 1: Analysis of GIS data layers.......................................................................12 Table 2: Geomorphologic types used in GIS layer.................................................21 Table 3: Major kinds of land use and cover types..................................................24 Table 4: Characterisation of ACZs .........................................................................35 Table 5: Scoring of slope classes ...........................................................................42 Table 6: Scoring of soil classes..............................................................................42 Table 7: Hydrometric gauges on rivers ..................................................................53 Table 8: Estimated minimum flow rates and yearly volumes per watershed ...........54 Table 9: Hydrometric gauges discharge (m3s-1) grouped by ACZ..........................55 Table 10: Watershed areas in km2 ..........................................................................57 Table 11: Estimated lake volumes............................................................................58 Table 12: Water supply data....................................................................................63 Table 13: Borehole distribution and yields per district.............................................74 Table 14: Potential irrigable areas per district..........................................................79 Table 15: Potential irrigable areas with slope categories per district ........................80 Table 16: Crop choice criteria.................................................................................82 Table 17: Suggestions for food security, import, high-value, substitution and cash generating crops......................................................................................83

Table 18: Example of crop allocation to PIAs within ACZs ......................................85 Table 19: Choice of regional crops in ACZs ............................................................85 Table 20: Current, expected and potential crop yields (t ha-1) under rainfed and irrigated condition...................................................................................86

Table 21: Projected profitability for sweet potato production under irrigation..........88 Table 22: SWOT analysis for premium coffee..........................................................92 Table 23: SWOT analysis for fresh green beans for export.......................................93 Table 24: SWOT analysis for cut roses ....................................................................94 Table 25: SWOT analysis for processed fruits (dried fruit and fruit juices)................95 Table 26: General grading specifications for four sample crops...............................98 Table 27: Areas in Rwanda with total number of months having P/PET ratio > 1 ...100 Table 28: Areas in Rwanda with consecutive months having P/PET ≥ 1.................101 Table 29: Thirty-year mean monthly precipitation, PET, P/PET, maximum and minimum temperatures and mean daily PET for Gashora.......................103

Table 30: Thirty-year mean monthly P, PET, P/PET, maximum and minimum temperature and mean daily PET for Gitarama.......................................103

Table 31: Thirty-year mean monthly P, PET, P/PET, maximum and minimum temperature and mean daily PET for Nyagatare .....................................104

Table 32: Thirty-year mean Kc, ETc, Peff and IrrReq for Gashora, Gitarama and
Nyagatare starting at the end of the long rainy season for mango crop...106

Table 33: Cost breakdown for sample furrow irrigation project on a
100-ha site (USD)..................................................................................123

Table 34: Cost estimates for irrigation equipment (USD ha-1) ...............................123 Table 35: Multi criteria analysis of domain for prioritization .................................137 Table 36: Ranking of domains from MCA scores ...................................................138

vii

Table 37: Indicators of an environmentally sustainable irrigation project...............148 Table 38: Budget 2010–2020................................................................................150 Table 39: Cost-benefit analysis..............................................................................150 Table 40: Water quality standards for irrigated agriculture.....................................152 Table 41: List of irrigation water quality parameters ..............................................152

viii

List of figures

Figure 1: IMP development matrix .........................................................................11 Figure 2: DEM for Rwanda.....................................................................................19 Figure 3: Slope classes ...........................................................................................20 Figure 4: Soil map (FAO-UNESCO classification) (source MINAGRI)......................23 Figure 5: Generalized land use / land cover map....................................................28 Figure 6: Temperature map (source: MINAGRI) ......................................................30 Figure 7: Precipitation (source: MINAGRI)..............................................................31 Figure 8: Agroclimatic zones..................................................................................32 Figure 9: IMP Flow Chart .......................................................................................40 Figure 10: Soil suitability for irrigation......................................................................43 Figure 11: Runoff potential volumes per watershed ..................................................50 Figure 12: Hydrography (lakes, rivers, and marshlands)(Data source: PGNRE)..........51 Figure 13: Hydrometric stations (data source: PGNRE).............................................52 Figure 14: Main basins, Congo and Nile ..................................................................56 Figure 15: National water balance for Rwanda.........................................................62 Figure 16: Irrigation water sources domains .............................................................68 Figure 17: Districts with potential for irrigation using dams......................................69 Figure 18: Districts with potential for irrigation with river water ...............................71 Figure 19: Districts with potential for irrigation with lake water................................72 Figure 20: Location of boreholes in relation to water bodies (marshlands and lakes):75 Figure 21: Ex-situ rainwater harvesting system for supplementary irrigation..............76 Figure 22: Selected suitable crops according to agricultural zones ...........................84 Figure 23: Crop yield response.................................................................................87 Figure 24: Sweet potato crop yield response ............................................................88 Figure 25: Thirty-year normalised P/PET ratios indicating distribution across Rwanda for total number of months when P/PET ≥ 1.............................................99

Figure 26: Thirty-year normalised P/PET ratios indicating distribution across Rwanda for total number of months when the P/PET ≥ 1 and a chart of Nyagatare with the mean monthly values for P/PET..................................................99

Figure 27: Thirty-year normalised P/PET ratios indicating the distribution across
Rwanda for consecutive number of months when P/PET ≥ 1..................102

Figure 28: Thirty-year mean irrigation requirements by decade for mango derived from CROPWAT version 8.0 for Gacharo, Gitarama and Nyagatare.......107

Figure 29: Flow chart of a typical irrigation project ................................................112 Figure 30: Map of water supply from Akagera River (scale 1:20,000)......................113 Figure 31: Map of water supply from reservoirs (scale 1:50,000) ............................114 Figure 32: Sample map of irrigation site from Tanzania ..........................................121 Figure 33: Pumping and fertigation house (general layout) .....................................122 Figure 34: IMP organization...................................................................................126 Figure 35: Hierarchical structure of irrigation management ....................................132 Figure 36: Organization of regional irrigation authority..........................................133 Figure 37: MCA ranking of Rwanda irrigation domains...........................................138

ix

Appendices

Appendix 1: Administrative and infrastructural maps .............................................161 Appendix 2: DEM geoscience maps ......................................................................166 Appendix 3: Main lakes contribution area .............................................................172 Appendix 4: Map layers and legends .....................................................................173 Appendix 5: Potential suitability of different soils for irrigation based on texture and depth ...............................................................175

Appendix 6: Major soil groups for Rwanda............................................................178

Appendix 7: Hydrogeological map of Umutara......................................................181

Annexes

Annex 1: Marshlands / hillside development ..........................................................183 Annex 2: District Plan Maps ...................................................................................189 Annex 3: Potential command areas linked to water sources....................................220 Annex 4: Potential dam points................................................................................227 Annex 5: A comparative analysis for the selection of an organizational structure for irrigation management ...............................230

x

Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACZ AEZ
Agroclimatic zone Agro-ecological zone
ADF APSP ASTC BCR
African Development Fund Agricultural Processing Strategy Plan Agricultural Services and Training Centre Benefit cost ratio

  • BS
  • Base saturation

  • CEC
  • Cation Exchange Capacity

CEPGL CIDA COMESA DEM EC
Big Lakes Economic Community Canadian International Development Agency Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Digital elevation model Electrical conductivity
EDPRS ESMF ETc
Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy Environment and Social Management Framework Crop evapotranspiration
FAO GDP GIS
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Gross domestic product Geographic information systems International Center for Research in Agroforestry International Development Association International Fund for Agricultural Development International Monetary Fund
ICRAF IDA IFAD IMF

  • IMP
  • Irrigation Master Plan

  • IMT
  • Irrigation management transfer

Indigenous people’s planning framework Internal rate of return
IPPF IRR IrrReq ISIA
Irrigation requirement Initial social impact analysis

  • JICA
  • Japan International Cooperation Agency

  • Crop coefficient
  • Kc

M&E MCA MDG MINAGRI
Monitoring and evaluation Multi-criteria analysis Millennium Development Goals Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
MINECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MINICOM Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Investment Promotion, Tourism and
Cooperatives

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    The Application of Rainwater Harvesting Technology a Water Resource Management Method, for Pertinently Attaining an Eminence of Water and Ecological Conservancy

    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 08 Issue: 02 | Feb 2021 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 The application of Rainwater harvesting technology a water resource management method, for pertinently attaining an eminence of water and ecological conservancy. James NTAYOMBA1, Li Xiao Ying 1, BWIMBA MUGANGA Godfrey 1, Etienne GASASIRA2 1 College of Water resources and Hydropower, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China 2 School of Electrical and Electronics, Rwanda Polytechnic (RP), Kigali, 6579, Rwanda Abstract— Due to water scarcity and demand, the provision of frozen glaciers or unobtainable[3]. Nearly 2.7 billion people live water of good quality is essential to utilities both for rural and with limited water access at least one month out of the year as a urban areas of any country. Water scarcity affects 1.2 billion result [3]. current water consumption rates, is expected to raise people on a global scale, representing nearly one fifth of the human where two-thirds of the world population might face water shortages population. In some regions, current water sources are being by 2025 [3]. Water shortages are often due to lack of humidity in the depleted faster than they are renewed and the majority of this air (causing little rainfall) or human activity that disrupts the water depletion is being used for irrigation and agricultural purposes yet cycle. Fig 1 depicts regions experiencing varying levels of water Water is a vital resource for life and for the economy. At any given stress. Some regions, which are experiencing high water stress, are time, the atmosphere contains 3400 trillion gallons of water vapor, depleting current water sources faster than they are renewed, and the which would be enough to cover the entire Earth in 1 inch of water majority of this depletion is being used for agriculture.
  • Master Plan for Fisheries and Fish Farming in Rwanda

    Master Plan for Fisheries and Fish Farming in Rwanda

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