Annex 4: Findings Per District

Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Kigali, Rwanda

Evaluation of the LODA Programme to Finance Infrastructure at De-central Level

FINAL REPORT (draft) ANNEX 4: FINDINGS PER DISTRICT

March 2016

CDP Consultants for Development Programmes Utrecht, the Netherlands

CONTENTS

List of acronyms ...... iii

1 Gasabo District ...... 1 1.1 Evaluated projects ...... 1 1.1.1 Nduba Sector office ...... 1 1.1.2 Nduba health centre...... 7 1.1.3 Gishaka primary school ...... 12

2 Gicumbi District ...... 17 2.1 Gicumbi District profile ...... 17 2.2 Evaluated projects ...... 22 2.2.1 One cow per poor family programme ...... 23 2.2.2 Mukarange livestock market ...... 25 2.2.3 Construction of 9&12 YBE (103 Classrooms, 204 toilets) ...... 28 2.2.4 Construction of 2 bridges (Yaramba) ...... 38 2.2.5 Construction of bridge (Gisiza) ...... 43 2.2.6 Access to clean water in Zoko-Mutete ...... 48

3 Kamonyi District ...... 56 3.1 Kamonyi District profile ...... 56 3.2 Evaluated projects ...... 60 3.2.1 Construction of administrative building ...... 61 3.2.2 Construction of Karama health centre ...... 71 3.2.3 Construction of guest house ...... 81 3.2.4 Construction of fence and toilets in Runda playground ...... 91 3.2.5 Construction of Runda paved road ...... 96

4 Karongi District ...... 101 4.1 Karongi District profile ...... 101 4.2 Evaluated projects ...... 105 4.2.1 Construction of banana macro-propagator ...... 106 4.2.2 Public lights in Karongi Town ...... 107 Street lighting connection source One pole light lamp in not illuminating 4.2.3 Construction of Agakiriro phase III 109 4.2.4 Surveillance of Construction of Youth Peace Centre phase I ...... 118 4.2.5 School construction and rehabilitation project ...... 119 4.2.6 The Bwisyura market (also visited in 2013) ...... 124 4.2.7 Ruragwe Sector office (visited in 2013) ...... 131

5 Nyagatare District ...... 132 5.1 Nyagatare District profile ...... 132 5.2 Evaluated projects ...... 136 5.2.1 Construction of Rwempasha meeting hall ...... 137 5.2.2 Rehabilitation of Rwabiharamba and Bwera valley dams ...... 142 5.2.3 Supervision of Nyagatare modern market ...... 149 5.2.4 Study of construction of Nyagatare stadium ...... 157 5.2.5 Rehabilitation of Mirama-Rukomo road ...... 158

i 6 Nyamasheke District...... 163 6.1 Nyamasheke District profile ...... 163 6.2 Evaluated projects ...... 169 6.2.1 IDP model village project in Cyato Sector ...... 169 6.2.2 Electrification of Cyato, Rangiro, Karambi and Kanjongo Sectors ...... 174 6.2.3 Construction and supervision of agakiriro in Kagano sector ...... 182 6.2.4 Rehabilitation and extension of Kagarama-Ntendezi water pipeline ...... 190

7 Rwamagana District ...... 194 7.1 Rwamagana District Profile...... 194 7.2 Evaluated projects ...... 198 7.2.1 Construction of 4 Km of public light in Rwamagana Town ...... 199 7.2.2 Completion of construction works of Ntunga maternity ward in Mwurire Sector .. 202 7.2.3 Extension and rehabilitation of Rwamagana technical secondary school ...... 209 7.2.4 Construction of integrated craft production centre in Rwamagana Town ...... 218 7.2.5 Supply and supervision of water in Cyarukamba Cyimbazi and Nkomangwa Cells ...... 225 7.2.6 Cyiri market (also visited in 2013) ...... 231 7.2.7 Ntunga electricity project (also visited in 2013) ...... 235 7.2.8 Gahengiri health centre (also visited in 2013) ...... 236 7.2.9 Byimana water scheme (also visited in 2013) ...... 241

List of acronyms

AI Administrative Infrastructure AL Agriculture and Livestock CB Capacity Building CDF Common Development Fund CDP Consultants for Development Programmes DAC Development Assistance Committee DDP District Development Plans EDPRS Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy EI Energy Infrastructure EICV Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey EKN Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands EP Environmental Protection FDB Financial Development Budget FGD Focus Group Discussion GDP Gross Domestic Product GoR GoR HI Health Infrastructure HIMO Labour-intensive (Haute Intensité de Main-d'oeuvre) ICT Information and Communication Technology IGA Income Generating Activity LED Local Economic Development LG Local Government LODA Local Administrative Entities Development Agency M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MINALOC Ministry of Local Government MIECOFIN Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning MOI Market Oriented Infrastructure MTR Mid Term Review NCBS National Capacity Building Secretariat NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NISR National Institute of Statistics Rwanda O&M Operation and Maintenance OH Outcome Harvesting OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OSC One Stop Centre PA Participatory Assessment Prodocs Project documents PTA Parents Teachers Association RLDSF Rwanda Local Development Support Fund RWF Rwanda Franc (1 Euro is about RWF 840) SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative SCI Sports, Culture and Tourism Infrastructure SI School Infrastructure SMEs Small and Medium-size Enterprises TI Transport Infrastructure ToR Terms of Reference VUP Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme WS Water and Sanitation YBE Year Basic Education

iii 1 Gasabo District

For six visited districts, a district profile and detailed analyses of individual projects are presented in Section 2 to 7 of this annex. Gasabo was added as a seventh district for a try-out of the evaluation questions based on the OECD/DAC criteria. All projects visited in Gasabo District were also visited during the evaluation of 2013. Only one day was spent here and in this section the analyses of the visited projects are given.

1.1 Evaluated projects

1.1.1 Nduba Sector office

The Nduba Sector office was well maintained and fully operational. Like the Gasabo District office it has a One Stop Centre (OSC), where the sector engineers are pooled. There is room for receiving clients as well as for larger meetings. At the same time the building permits to store relevant documents in a retrievable manner. And last but not least it can accommodate the additional staff that GoR has assigned to the sectors. The new office has six rooms + store + meeting room + toilet. Customers can be received in privacy and discussion can be confidential. Besides an increase in number the capacity of sector staff has been increased by capacity building.

Nduba Sector staff was trained in:  Conflict resolution;  Public policy, how it works;  Project management;  Land management;  Social protection management;  Procurement process.

The health centre and the school were mentioned as the most important changes in the sector. Because of better services (health and education) there are less people without work so less profit from VUP. According to sector staff the link to LED and poverty alleviation/food security is, that because of availability of schools and medical services people from Kigali who had to move because of city plans, buy land and build houses. As a result, the land prices have gone up. Farmers sell part of their land and start a small business. Also more local boutiques and traders are visible as compared to three years ago.

A new SACCO office was built next to the sector office and from the statistics that the director made available (see Table 1.1) it can be seen that savings and number of members of the SACCO are increasing each year. Borrowing was reduced when in 2014 the interest rate was increased from 21% to 26%. The number of accounts in the SACCO continues to increase.

1 Table 1.1 Some key figures of Nduba SACCO, 2011-2015 Indicator 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of accounts 3,167 4,471 5,134 5,851 6,778 Men 1,526 2,085 2,440 2,796 3,313 Women 1,306 1,942 2,176 2,458 2,757 Groups 335 444 518 597 708 Total deposits (RWF mln) 133.8 155.4 218.1 327.8 395.8 Total equity (RWF mln) 15.1 50.3 87.6 124.7 174.9 Gross loan (RWF mln) 33.0 66.9 102.3 182.8 163.9 Agricultural 40.4 28.0 Business 97.8 62.7 Construction 23.5 33.8 Non-performance 0.0% 1.6% 1.0% 2.0% 6.7%

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement X Site lighting X Utilities X Preventive maintenance X Landscaping X STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator X Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

Site The review of the site and grounds includes site drainage, walkways, driveways and Retaining walls. These items are visually examined for proper function, excessive wear and general state of repair. Evidence of cracking was observed in some places like sidewalk but no immediate intervention is required. Regular repairs are conducted monthly. Generally, all components were found to be in satisfactory condition and clean.

Walkways and garden in good conditions Landscaping in good conditions

Foundation The structural elements of a building include foundation and all support framing and related components. Where visible and accessible, these items have been examined for proper function, excessive or unusual wear and general state of repair. During the inspection of foundation, there was no indications of cracks. The visible areas of the foundation plinth were rough casted plaster and were generally in satisfactory condition. No evidence of cracks found in the stone cellar

Recommendations/observations  The infrastructure management of this health centre is of good quality.  The best way to protect foundations and maintain masonry is by providing proper drainage so that water does not stand long time on horizontal surfaces in order to avoid the deterioration of the stones and mortar joints.  Carry out regularly preventive maintenance.  Regularly check for the foundations cracks in the stone and repair them quickly.

Exterior Examination of the building exterior includes finished surfaces, fascia, eaves, windows and doors. The exterior wall surfaces were generally in satisfactory conditions and no evidence of cracks on walls observed. A representative of exterior doors and windows were examined and operated and were generally in satisfactory condition. The floor surfaces were generally in good condition with individual exceptions observed such as cracks in some places.

Good conditions surface water drainage Walls and doors and in good conditions

Metallic glazed window in good condition Moisture observed on walls

Roof and roof structure A roof system consists of the roof deck, gutters/downspouts. The condition of the roof components includes the roof surface materials and they have been inspected for damage and deterioration. The roof was inspected from the ground and check if there is any evidence of leaks on the ceiling. At the time of inspection, eaves, soffits and fascia surfaces were generally in satisfactory condition. The areas of the eaves, soffit and fascia were monitored to see any evidence of water damage. The inspection of the roof reveals no leakages. The condition of the roof was generally in satisfactory condition as well the Roof drainage systems.

Rain water is collected properly Surface floor in good conditions

Recommendations  Perform regular seasonal inspection to check the conditions of gutters and downspouts: these ones need to be cleaned, and repaired regularly.  Protecting the gutters by painting them to avoid rusting due weather effect.  Check unsecured roof materials,  Immediately repair leaks and loose attachments, and replace missing elements to prevent any damage to surrounding features of the building.  Inspections should be at least twice a year and better after each season.

Electrical system The electrical system consists of the incoming service, main and branch circuit wiring, over current devices and individual branch circuits (switches, light fixtures, receptacles, and appliances). An examination of the electrical system includes the exposed and accessible conductors, branch circuitry, panels, over current protection devices, and a random sampling of accessible switches and receptacles. All the visible electrical systems inspected were in satisfactory conditions. Accessible switches, light fixtures were visually examined, tested and they generally in satisfactory conditions

No leaks stains observed on ceiling structure and all electric fixtures are fixed properly.

5 Recommendations and observations  Check for deteriorated paint, moisture damage, cracks, holes and unsound joints and fix the problem as early as possible.  Check where moisture is entering the building and stop these leaks as quickly as possible.

General comments The overall infrastructure management of the Gahengeri health centre is done correctly. The system of inspection used by the ministry of health is appropriate for the sustainability of the infrastructure. At the time of inspection, we have noted that the infrastructure managed by the ministry of health are in satisfactory condition in terms of cleanliness and maintenance in general.

Maintenance recommendations As a general observation after this inspection, there is lack of maintenance in all cases and all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.

Continue exercising buildings care to prevent it from becoming run down. This care is sometimes referred to as preventative or routine maintenance and has considerable following functions and advantages.  It prevents minor problems escalating into more substantial repairs or capital replacement work,  Saves market in their capital or property maintenance budgets.

6 1.1.2 Nduba health centre

This health centre is in excellent condition. It is well maintained and functioning. The ministry of health has a system which includes regular inspections that includes the functioning of the centre, but also the maintenance. The number of patients has been increasing. So has the number of patients that have a health insurance.

Technical inspection

Walkways and garden in good conditions 100% Cleanliness in high standard

No evidence of cracks found in the stone cellar

8 surfaces were generally in good condition with individual exceptions observed such as cracks in some places.

Good conditions surface water drainage Walls and doors and in good conditions

Metallic glazed window in good condition Moisture observed on walls

Rain water is collected properly Surface floor in good conditions

Recommendations  Perform regular seasonal inspection to check the conditions of gutters and downspouts: these ones need to be cleaned, and repaired regularly.  Protecting the gutters by painting them to avoid rusting due weather effect.  Check unsecured roof materials.  Immediately repair leaks and loose attachments, and replace missing elements to prevent any damage to surrounding features of the building.  Inspections should be at least twice a year and better after each season.

No leaks stains observed on ceiling structure and all electric fixtures are fixed properly.

Recommendations and Observations

 Check for deteriorated paint, moisture damage, cracks, holes and unsound joints and fix the problem as early as possible.  Check where moisture is entering the building and stop these leaks as quickly as possible.

General comments The overall infrastructure management of the Nduba Health Centre is done correctly. The system of inspection used by the ministry of health is appropriate for the sustainability of the infrastructure. At the time of inspection, we have noted that the infrastructure managed by the ministry of health are in satisfactory condition in terms of cleanliness and maintenance in general.

11 1.1.3 Gishaka primary school

The school building is well used. The number of students has grown by 190 over the past two years.

The room where previously there was a library is now in use as classroom. The library has moved to the teachers room. And the teachers room has moved to an old building that was renovated by the PTA. So the facilities are ever better made use of. Maintenance does still needs more attention. Severe erosion problems as a result of poor drainage were observed. But no action was taken. It appears that money is not the problem as parents are willing to contribute to maintenance. The mission believes therefore that inspection visits with proper reporting and follow up, like in the case of the health centres could mitigate these maintenance problems.

Note: at this moment the number of students per class is 42, meaning that soon an extension will be needed.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Repaint Doors and windows X Floor surfaces X Repair Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. The foundation is in good conditions and need preventive maintenance. Columns for balconies: metallic hollow tubes; protected and still in good conditions. Class rooms beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams and painted Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. It requires concrete repair Wall Structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar. Interior finishing: plastering and painting: fresh painting is recommended Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications Roof drainage: gutters and downspouts. Provide where there are no downspouts

12 concrete spalling observed on the floor structure, on coping which in turns need to be repaired.

Foundation The foundation of the school is made up of stone wall masonry jointed to the cement mortar and pointing as finishing aspect. The foundation is generally in good condition. Some places foundation is required to protected against runoff water from adjacent road by providing and interception ditch. We have observed in some other area of the school where a school infrastructure is not provided with downspouts from the gutter thus creating soil scouring around the foundation. It is recommended to protect the foundation by installing a downpipe so that will not erode the foundation structure.

The foundation type is a strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry jointed to cement mortar. At the time of inspection, there was no evidence of structural movements or cracks observed. This reveals that the foundation is in satisfactory condition.

The brownish colour stain shows the level of water hitting the wall surface from the adjacent road. To solve this issue, is to provide an interception ditch in order to cut off the runoff water and to convey to a designated collector.

Concrete base washed away due to falling water from the roof because there is downspouts on the gutter. It is recommended to provide downpipe to the gutter so that water does not cause erosion to the foundation structure.

Roofing Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes in good conditions Roof drainage system: steel gutters and downpipe to discharge water into water cistern

The examination of the roofing system includes metallic trusses construction and sizes, the laying of roofing covers, gutters and downspouts in general. At the time of inspection, the roofing system was generally in good quality. The gutters show the sign of rusting and it is recommended to use a protective paint to cover the gutters.

Gutters showing the rusting signs. It is recommended to paint with appropriate protective steel coat of paint.

Roof trusses are welded correctly Roof drainage system working perfectly

14 Recommendations and observations  Seasonal regular Inspection is recommended to check any effect on roof,  Managers of the school must be trained on how to carry preventive maintenance,  To repaint regularly the infrastructure,  Regularly clean the gutters and downspouts to avoid clogging problems.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt bricks jointed to cement mortar. Doors and windows: metallic glazed doors and windows Access: lateritic gravel road Entry walkways: lateritic gravel Surface drainage: open ground Retaining walls: none Fencing: none

The examination of the building exterior includes exterior walls, doors and windows, Surface drainage, floor and painting. The exterior burnt brick walls structure were correctly and was generally in satisfactory conditions. The exterior doors and windows were examined, operated and were properly fixed as per the specifications. All the window glasses are in good conditions. In general, the materials and workmanships where visible were in satisfactory conditions.

Good condition wall structure Metallic doors in good condition

Images

Electric fixtures working properly Broken electric receptacle to replace

Repainting is recommended Floor concrete spalling to repair

Recommendations and observations  Adopt preventive maintenance,  Repaint the classrooms,  Protect the foundation against soil scouring,  Seasonal regular inspection of wall cracking,  Cleaning is recommended in general,  Building the capacity of school teachers on management of infrastructures.

As a general observation, after this inspection, we have noted that, there is lack of maintenance in all cases at all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.

 District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of this building components;  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  End users of the infrastructure should be trained on how to carry the preventive maintenance on structures and understand the ownership of the infrastructure entirely.  District authorities should establish an inspection check list document to be distributed at low level where the infrastructure is located. This document should be filled by the managers of the infrastructure which should be collected and examined at the district level after each season.

16 2 Gicumbi District

2.1 Gicumbi District profile

Gicumbi district is one of the districts in the Northern Province. The total population of the district represents 29% of the total population in the Northern Province. Just like many other districts, the proportion of male population is smaller than that of female. For Gicumbi, male population is 47.9%. 81% of the total population is categorised as a young population under 40 years of age. Poverty rates in Gicumbi are relatively small compared to other districts. The incidence of poverty was reported as 55.3% in 2013/14 while severe poverty was 24.7% for the same year.

Gicumbi is one of the districts with a high employment rate (85.9%) compared to the national average (84%). The majority of employed population engage in farming (67%), followed by non-farm jobs that contribute to about 17%. Like other districts, people engaged in farming work on average 24 hours a week compared to those in other forms of employment who claim 36 hours. As regards income sources, 47% of the population reported earning their primary income from agricultural activities, followed by wage income (25%) and business income from either trade or other forms of businesses. 44% of households in Gicumbi District cultivate under 0.3 Ha and 0.5% of households cultivating land above or equal to 3 Ha. 35.7% of households have at least one saving account.

The literacy rate in Gicumbi District is 84.8% among the population aged fifteen and above. The national average literacy rate is 69.7%. The net attendance rate is 91.5% for primary and only 25.8% for secondary school. In 2013, the number of primary pupils registered in Gicumbi District was reported as 98,392 of which 47,656 were boys and 50,736 girls. In 2014, the number of primary students was reported as 95,848, where 46,439 were boys and 49,409 girls1. Although Gicumbi recorded high enrolment rates in primary school, the dropout rate was reported at 12.2%. Boys are more likely to drop out of school at 14.4%, compared to 10.8% for girls.

In the area of access to clean water and hygienic sanitation, Gicumbi ranks among the good performing districts. 89.4% of Gicumbi District households use an improved drinking water source. 39.5% of households in Gicumbi District are within fifteen minutes’ walking distance of an improved water source. Gicumbi District comes below the national average of 44.8%. Whereas the district has 76% of its households with access to improved sanitation facilities, which is above the national average (74.4%), there is more that needs to be done with the new EDPRS targets.

Gicumbi’s energy characteristics shows that only 8.9% of households use electricity as their main source of lighting. At national level, the urban area average for the proportion of households using electricity as the main source of lighting is 46.1%, while it is only 4.8% in rural areas and 10.8% at national level. Regarding owning of durable assets, statistics shows that only 38.3% of Gicumbi’s population has mobile telephones which ranks it below the national average.

GoR introduced social protection programmes in 2009. The social protection intends to fight poverty by providing cash transfers to the poor households identified in the first and second category of the poor household under the national social economic classification of all households, known as Ubudehe. The criteria for being classified as household beneficiary for direct support programme is that the head of household must be elderly,

1 MINEDUC, Rwanda Education Statistical Year Book, 2014

17 unable to work or physically disabled and classified under the first and second category of Ubudehe.

In 2010/11, the number of households benefiting from direct support programmes from Gicumbi District were only 172 from three sectors and the disbursed amount was RWF 31,069,729. In 2012/13, the number of beneficiaries increased more than five times totalling 955 households of which the biggest percentage went to female headed households (590). The total amount of disbursement in 2012/13 was, RWF 150,936,924, an increase of 20% of the total budget executed back in 2010.

Gicumbi District performance assessment

Figure 2.1 Gicumbi District own revenue

Gicumbi tax collection records for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Gicumbi District recorded a positive increase of its own revenues collected from taxes on registered businesses and fees charged on dedicated services rendered by the district administrative units. Gicumbi District recorded an increase of collected taxes of 1.1% between 2012/13 (RWF 611,212,123 and 2013/14 (RWF 688,130,055) from collected taxes. In 2015/16, the amount of taxes collected is so far RWF 344,022,549.

Gicumbi fees collection records 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The local government administrative units have continuously grown stronger since the inception and adaptation of national decentralisation policy of Rwanda that delegated responsibilities to local government to manage its social affairs. Gicumbi, like any other district, provides services to its community members that range from implementation of public programmes and handle authorisation of land titles and construction, health insurance fees, civil registration of marriages, birth and death certificates. Gicumbi District recorded an increase of 1.3% in the amount of money collected at district level as charged fees for its services from RWF 136,010,145 in 2013/14 to RWF 166,310,987 in 2014/15.

In the current fiscal year 2015/16 it has so far collected RWF 29,044,605. This implies that the district is on the right track since the current fiscal year is still ongoing. The important note to take is that Gicumbi District own revenues have continuously grown from just registered tax businesses and fees charged on certain defined services by the district and are close to the amount contributed by external stakeholders in funding the district budget.

Figure 2.2 Source of Gicumbi District budget fund

GoR support funding for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The district budget is funded by multiple stakeholders that include GoR, external donations and the district own revenues. GoR contributes the biggest percentage of the total budget in what is known as the LODA envelope to the district. Statistics shows that the trend has been positive across the study period especially from the government side. In the fiscal year of 2013/14, Gicumbi District received RWF 2,456 mln from GoR. The amount increased to RWF 2,639 mln in 2014/15, registering an increase of 1.1% compared to the former fiscal year. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has so far recorded a similar percentage increase of 1.1% to RWF 2,842 mln received from the GoR in support of LODA envelop dedicated to Gicumbi District support.

External support funding for 2014/15 and 2015/16 External stakeholders also contributed to the funding of the district LODA envelop. In 2013/14, external FDB was recorded as RWF 1,186 mln. The following fiscal year this was RWF 839 mln. The amount of funding increased to RWF 944 mln in 2015/16.

District own revenues for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Alluding from the previous figure, district owns revenues are a positive sign that districts contributes close to the same amount funded by external stakeholders to the district LODA envelop. Fiscal year 2015/16, is still ongoing and it would be interesting to see how much the district is able to accumulate from its own revenue compared to the external FDB allocations.

19 SACCO Economic Indicators

Figure 2.3 Sacco indicators

Gicumbi SACCO membership for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 SACCO is defined by the GoR as financial institutions under cooperative form. They operate in a financial system and are legally acceptable by the central bank of Rwanda that regulates financial institutional bodies in Rwanda. Gicumbi has several SACCOs in the district. The number of SACCO account holders increased from 43,005 in 2013/14 to 55,408 in 2014/15, recording an increase of 28.8%. By 2015/16, the number of SACCO members had increased to 62,642. The numbers already show a positive trend since the fiscal year has not yet completed.

Gicumbi SACCO savings for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The increase in the number of SACCO members between fiscal years impacted on the amount saved by the institution. In 2013/14, the amount saved in Gicumbi SACCO was RWF 1,973,054,687 and by 2014/15, the amount had increased to RWF 2,163,529,099, recoding an increase of 9.6%. This percentage increased to 30.9% between the former and the current fiscal year 2015/16. These numbers mean that the Gicumbi population earns enough to cater for their expenses and are able to save a portion of their incomes. This is a good economic indicator of wellbeing of the population.

Gicumbi SACCO loans for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Loans depend on the accumulated savings. The increase in savings determines how much SACCOs are able to give out as loans. The amount of loans disbursed by SACCOs to its members in Gicumbi District was reported as RWF 1,430,046,514 in 2013/14. By 2014/15, the amount reached RWF 1,526,205,854, showing a 6.7% increase. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has so far recorded an increase of 11.3% of loans given to SACCO members compared to the former fiscal year.

In summary, we can learn from the numbers that Gicumbi District has the capacity to collect own revenues that can significantly contribute to the support of district budget programme activities. District revenue is slightly lower than the amount contributed by external FDB to LODA envelope. Also, SACCOs play an important role in collecting money that can be distributed among the community members through loans since it recorded an increased number of its account holders and savings.

Gender approach in VUP direct support Gender policy exists at central level and has been translated to the needs of local government in Rwanda. At district level, gender equality is part of the development agenda and female participation is encouraged through all areas of work from political,

20 economic and social dimensions. VUP direct support programme is one of the three pillars of social protection in Rwanda. The selection criteria for a VUP direct support recipients follows household social economic classification known as “Ubudehe” conducted at sector level2. Direct support programme provide assistance to poor household units identified in the one and two “Ubudehe” categories. These are households with a head who does not have labour capacities such as the elderly, physically disabled, chronically sick, still in school or have no adults at all (child headed households).

VUP direct support programme was launched in 2009 as a pilot programme in a few selected districts and later rolled out to all sectors in the country. The accelerated rollout programme was achieved as a result of increased budget allocation to support VUP direct programme activities. The analysis of the programme trend considered 2011/12 as denominator for the consecutive fiscal years of 2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/15).

Male beneficiaries of VUP direct support programme in Gicumbi District The number of male beneficiaries of VUP direct support programme was reported as 151 in 2011/12. The number of beneficiaries increased to 432 beneficiaries in the fiscal year 2012/13, registering an increase of 2.8%. In 2013/14, the number increased to 642 male beneficiaries, giving an increase of 1.4% from the previous year. In 2014/15, the number of male beneficiaries was 1,054. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has shown a positive trend although still ongoing, the male beneficiaries recorded so far as 1,508 VUP direct support beneficiaries.

Female beneficiaries of VUP direct support programme in Gicumbi District Poverty statistics show that poor female headed households are more prone to poverty compared to their male counterparts. In Gicumbi District, the number of female headed household who received cash transfer was reported as 282 in 2011/12. The number grew to 472 in 2012/13 as a result of the upscaling of the VUP programme. By 2013/14, the number increased to 1,108 and 1,252 beneficiaries in 2015/16.

Figure 2.4 VUP direct support

Budget funding trend for Gicumbi District VUP direct support programme VUP programme is one of the priority themes of the GoR social security strategies. The government piloted the programme in 2008/09 and gradually expanded the programme. In Gicumbi District, the budget allocated for VUP direct programme in 2011/12 was RWF 53 mln. The amount increased to RWF 113 mln in 2012/13, an increase of 2.1%. The amount raised for VUP direct support for Gicumbi District in 2013/14 was RWF 242 mln. By 2014/15, the budget increased to RWF 347 mln and RWF 183 mln for fiscal year 2015/16.

2 UNICED, Vision2020 Umurenge Programme: Annual Report, 2009/10, Page 7

21 Gicumbi District capacity building programmes Statistics shows that Gicumbi District had a positive trend of the number of its staff in the last three years. The number of district staff based at the head quarter was reported as 43 between 2013/14 and increased to 76 in 2015/16. This trend should promise positive contribution of staff on the district programme effectiveness. However, sometimes it is not the case because the district faces challenges of continuous turnover of trained staff that may affect organisational performance and there is no induction process set at the district level to ensure stable performance levels in the absence of a key staff. Gicumbi District trained only twelve staff between 2013/14 and this number increased to 149 staff members including those of cell and sector level in 2014/15.

One of the issues reported as a challenge as far as capacity building is concerned is absence of thorough capacity needs assessment that could determine the type of training needed by district staff to perform better. The training reported mainly include leadership and managerial programmes. The training types should respond to other areas that include maintenance, better usage of IT systems, knowledge management, monitoring and evaluation, and quality assurance.

Gicumbi District maintenance procedures The assessment results show that maintenance is a new concept for districts including Gicumbi. The number of new infrastructures that received maintenance support was twelve between 2013/14 and remained the same through 2014/15. In the current fiscal year 2015/16 so far two projects were reported that received maintenance support. The number of contracts signed between the district and maintenance contractors was 31 in 2013/14 and increased to 37 in the current fiscal year. The number of projects maintained was 30 in 2013/14 and increased to 37 in 2015/16.

O&M policy manuals exist at the district under the support of LODA. The job aids/manuals exist but aren’t fully operational because of two reasons. Firstly, there is a misunderstanding of the difference between maintenance and repair. Maintenance by definition means performing routine actions which keep the product in acceptable or good working order. But this definition seems only to apply in many of the districts when there is need to restore or replace a damaged object. In other words, there is nothing like preventive maintenance, intervention only happens when there is need of repairs of infrastructure which is different from the concept of maintenance.

Secondly, there is scarcity of resources to support implementation of the maintenance activities in districts. Lastly but not least, districts do not conduct feasibility studies but rather do technical studies before implementation of the project. However, it is important to note that in project management, there is need to conduct feasibility studies to assess both social and economic needs of the project and define baseline values to allow evaluation of project impact and lesson learnt.

2.2 Evaluated projects

Project Type Budget One cow per poor family programme (Girinka, MINAGRI) AL 40,125,000 Mukarange livestock market IGA 9,475,000 Construction of 9&12 YBE (103 Classes,204 toilets) (MINEDUC) SI 375,058,065 Construction of 2 bridges (Yaramba, Gisiza) TI 49,812,900 People access to clean water completed in Zoko-Mutete WS 600,462,493

22 2.2.1 One cow per poor family programme

One cow per poor family (Girinka) (MINAGRI) Type: AL Date include in DDP: 2013 Project initiator: GICUMBI District Number of direct beneficiaries 149 Number of indirect beneficiaries 149 Estimated budget (RWF) 47,650,176 Actual budget (RWF) 38,167,500 Implemented by GICUMBI District (Rwimbogo enterprise ltd) Starting date planned /actual data of starting 2013 2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 2013 2014 Feasibility study N/A Supervision N/A

This programme, called one cow for one poor family, is the Rwandan variant of the Heifer International programme. The families who are to receive a cow, are chosen by the village community. They become a member of a livestock owners cooperative and are trained in keeping the animal. For 2015/16 some 1078 cows will be distributed. The programme has three sources for new cows: LODA (120), pass-on cows (898) and NGOs (50) The programme works according to the system that the first female calf is raised and passed on. So besides the new cows that are brought into the programme these pass-on cows represent an ever larger part of the number of cows that are provided to poor families every year.

In case the poor families lack some kind of resource the neighbours are helping out and in return receive milk or manure.

Effectiveness The programme is indeed lifting people out of poverty. Having a cow means access to milk and manure. Both are partly consumed by the family but also sold or traded for services and assistance, with family and neighbours.

This programme is clearly pro poor and very effective. The majority of the recipients is widow with children. However, the effectivity of the programme also depends on the availability of a milk market, so the eleven milk collection centres in Gicumbi are essential especially as some 70% of the families have cows, so the village market for milk is limited.

The families that were visited by the mission indicated that their situation has indeed improved, both through the availability of the milk but also through the higher agricultural yields on their small plots through the use of manure. Both families visited were female headed households. One lady has four children of her own, but also her widowed daughter with her four children is living with her. The daughter works as casual labour and the money she earned together with some meagre harvest was all the families lived on. Handouts from neighbours and friends helped them to stay alive as the VUP was not operating in this sector. With the milk and the improved harvest due to the use of manure they now have a better diet and enough to eat. The other family the mission visited was a blind mother with her daughter and a son. He daughter was sick so mother and daughter received direct support (VUP) two times RWF 7,700 per month. Now they do not need it, they sell milk and trade manure for fodder. The have improved the house and even got electricity. They also have a health insurance.

23 Efficiency The families that are chosen would now (since the VUP is now operational in all sectors) both have been on direct support and would receive RWF 15,500 per family per month. With a cow this support is no longer needed. As a cow costs some RWF 250,000 it means that the pay-back period of this project is less than two years. The milk yields are still very low. Some training could help.

Sustainability The programme works well. All the new livestock owners are member of one of the 20 cooperatives who all provide veterinary services. The fact that most of the cows distributed are now pass-on means that the programme can continue without much investment.

LED The economic development is very much focussed on the individual poor families making them become part of the productive society.

Recommendations Although this is a very effective programme to alleviate poverty, the question must be raised if this programme should be implemented under LODA infrastructure component. As there is a direct link to the VUP programme it would seem logical to bring it under the social component of LODA.

24 2.2.2 Mukarange livestock market

Mukarange livestock market Type: IGA Date include in DDP 2013 Project initiator GICUMBI District Number of direct beneficiaries 12,345 Number of indirect beneficiaries 53,456 Estimated budget (RWF) 10,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 9,475,000 Implemented by Gicumbi District /EGC Company Starting date planned /actual data of starting 27/2/2014 21/5/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 2013 2014 Feasibility study N/A Supervision: no information

Relevance. This market was requested by the local population to improve the informal market place they were using. This is a relatively simple structure to keep the animals from straying and to enable sellers to show the animals to potential buyers. At the old market some 20 to 30 animals were sold on a monthly basis, and an unknown number of cows were mostly sold to traders at the farm gate. Traders then would sell them on the next market. Now the majority of the animals is sold on the market. Traders come from afar and the market is held twice a month. The trade is such that a SACCO was built next to the market.

Effectiveness Every month some 90 to 100 animals are traded. The price of animals has increased from RWF 150,000 to over 200,000. As this brings many people to the village, six boutiques, two restaurants and four bars have opened since the market started operating. Before there was none.

Efficiency The market has been built at the centre of seven sectors who all bring their animals here. This relatively small investment of less than RWF 10 mln has had a big impact on the individual farmers and on the village of Kagerame. With a raise in cow prices of 50,000 and a sale of 100 cows per month it would mean that a pay-back period of two months.

Sustainability The market is managed by a committee consisting of the executive secretary of the sector and traders. Maintenance is done through community work once a month and repairs are done by the district. Buyers pay RWF 1,200 per animal bought. An inspection is done every month by a delegation of the chef de village.

LED See effectiveness

25 Recommendations If a cost–benefit analyses of this project was made as part of a feasibility study the profitability could have been foreseen and a different project model (PPP?) with investments from the private sector might have been proposed as an alternative.

For future similar projects it is recommended to make a cost-benefit analyses.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Landscaping X Driveway X STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Livestock stand foundation X Concrete floors X Metal grids X Paint X

Structure Foundation stand: It is made up of stone wall masonry jointed to cement mortar. Metal structure: metal grids railings. Surface slab: strong concrete

The livestock stand structure is composed of platform made up of stone wall masonry jointed to the cement mortar and external finishing is pointing. The structure itself is in satisfactory condition. The materials and workmanships are of good quality. The concrete floor is generally in good condition and no evidence of cracks on the surface. The railing is composed of combined hollow circular pipe and hollow tubes of different size. The construction was done correctly according to the specification. The structure is generally in good condition and of good quality.

Livestock stone masonry stand Concrete floor in good condition

Livestock stand and railing Protective paint is required on metal grids

Recommendations/observation  During the site inspection, various localised corrosions were observed on metallic structure but was not significant for these steelwork. It is strongly recommended to put a protective paint on these metallic structure for longer sustainability of the system. These corrosions are due to rainfall, condensation and other atmosphere pollution. The requirement for the application of paints or coating is necessary.  Regular inspection is recommended

27 2.2.3 Construction of 9&12 YBE (103 Classrooms, 204 toilets)

Construction of 9&12 YBE (103 Classes, 204 Type: SI toilets) (MINEDUC) Date include in DDP 2011 Project initiator Gicumbi District Number of direct beneficiaries 4,635 Number of indirect beneficiaries 397,364

Estimated budget (RWF) 244,032,349 Actual budget (RWF) 95,000,000 Implemented by Gicumbi District/EITEC and ECOMESOKI Starting date planned /actual data of starting 10/10/2013 4/10/2013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 2014 Feasibility study N/A Supervision N/A

Relevance This school had fifteen class rooms and with the six additional class rooms for 9-12 years, constructed in 2014 it now has a total of 21. The school is operating on double shifts.

Effectiveness The purpose of bringing down the number of students per class rooms is achieved. With the new classrooms the numbers of students per class was brought down to an average of about 50. With a total of close to 2,000 students and only 21 class rooms even double shifts cannot solve the problem completely. The school is looking for more classrooms

Efficiency The school are build according to a type plan.

Sustainability The older buildings of the school are reasonably maintained, but there is room for improvement.

Recommendations A very practical training is needed to have the school do regular inspections and effect preventive maintenance.

28 Technical inspection

Schools built though community works. GS Kagorogoro in Manyagiro Sector was taken as a sample.

General comments The story behind the school construction is that the district or LODA supplies the materials such as: doors and windows, roofing cover and metallic tubes to make trusses, cement, electrical cables and fixtures, black boards and so on. The local people contribute in giving free labour, technology as masons, carpenters and welders to build the school. Besides that, local community contribute also in giving raw materials such as sand, stones and bricks. As a general observation, the schools constructed in the community works are somehow substandard, so it is doubtful for their sustainability. It doesn’t mean all the schools built in this framework are bad quality but the majority of them are substandard. Though the idea is very good in the framework of increasing classrooms scattered all around which help in reducing the travel time for children to go to school, to give a satisfactory result in the construction of these school, a close supervision of expert is recommended in the construction of these schools.

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Renovation Structural system and floors X Renovation Exterior & interior walls X Renovation Paint X Renovation Doors and windows X Renovation Stairs (interior & exterior) X Renovation Balconies X Renovation Roof coverings X Renovation Roof drainage X Renovation MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Renovation Water distribution system X Renovation

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. The materials were good but the workmanship was very bad. Columns for balconies: metallic hollow tubes; sizes and dimensions are in conformity with the specifications and these are supplied by LODA. Class rooms beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar. Finishing: plastering and painting Ceiling structure: no ceiling provided in the class room. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications

Structure observation Generally, the building frames were constructed. Nothing is on plumb i.e. walls, floor, and doors and so on. The materials are good quality but the workmanship is very bad, where visible. Floor pavement is in bad quality. As an observation, people who constructed these schools lack skills in construction.

This picture illustrates how the workmanship is very poor and the low quality of finishing. Mortar joints in the stones cellar are missing which means the foundation will not achieve its principal role in transmitting load appropriately to the ground. Protection of foundation base against soil scouring is not properly done.

Roofing Roof covering: profiled steel roofing sheets not well laid. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes badly welded Roof drainage system: steel gutters and no downpipe to discharge water

The examination of the roofing system includes metallic trusses construction and sizes, the laying of roofing covers, gutters and downspouts in general. At the time of inspection, the roofing system was generally in low quality. The workmanship was very poor. We noted leakages in all the classrooms. The joints of metallic trusses not welded well thus partially satisfying its principal role.

The laying and cutting of roof covering were poorly done. The fascia board installed was not well painted. The soffit leaks at the outer face of the building which means the overlapping of the self- supporting sheet was not done correctly. No downspouts provided out of the gutter, thus free fall of rain water from roof is discharged to the ground, risk of scouring to happen and affect the foundation base.

No downspouts and fascia board not painted Joints are not fully welded

The roofing system needs to be renovated:  Renovation of the classrooms is recommended,  Train the headmasters on infrastructure management and preventive maintenance,  Preventive maintenance,  Provide downspouts and make sure the pipe is discharging water from roof at least 5 cm from the ground level.  Use rain water harvesting technology to collect rain water and reuse for cleaning purpose.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt bricks jointed to cement mortar. Doors and windows: metallic glazed doors and windows Access: lateritic gravel road Entry walkways: concrete Surface drainage: open ground Retaining walls: none Fencing: none

The examination of the building exterior includes exterior walls, doors and windows, surface drainage, floor and painting. The exterior burnt brick walls structure were done but the quality of finishing is very poor. The plain metallic doors were used but the workmanship is very poor. At the time of inspection, some doors were off the door frame due to poor workmanship. There are no locks on doors and windows. The floor was done but still the workmanship is very poor i.e. the quality of finishing is very low. No electric installation has been done at this school.

31 Images

Poor finishing quality No locks and poor workmanship

No walls are on plumb Voids in the roof and signs of leakages

Trusses joints not welded Poor finishing quality floor

Recommendations and observations As stated above, the workmanship was very poor and school requires to be renovated in general or to be upgraded to an acceptable standard.

32 Schools built by private contractor (gs. Mukarange)

General comments As representative sample the school built in Mukarange Sector in Gicumbi District has been taken.

School sector observation

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Repaint Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. The materials and workmanship were good. Columns for balconies: metallic hollow tubes; sizes and dimensions are in conformity with the specifications. Class rooms beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams and painted Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar. Interior finishing: plastering and painting. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications Roof drainage: gutters and downspouts.

The structural elements of the school include foundation, all supporting framing and related components, brick wall elevation, doors and windows, floors, roof structure system and roof coverings, surface drainage, water collection system and electrical installations. At the time of inspection, all the mentioned components were in satisfactory conditions. The materials and workmanships were good. Cleanliness is an issue. The building is required to receive another fresh paint.

Foundation The foundation of the school is made up of stone wall masonry jointed to the cement mortar and pointing as finishing aspect. The foundation plinth is protected by cement mortar plaster then painted. The foundation is generally in good condition.

The foundation type is not visible but the commonly used foundation is strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry jointed to cement mortar. At the time of inspection, there was no evidence of structural movements or cracks observed. This reveals that the foundation is in satisfactory condition.

Roofing Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes done as per the specifications Roof drainage system: steel gutters and downpipe to discharge water into water cistern

The laying and cutting of roof covering were correctly done. The metallic fascia board installed was protected correctly by receiving a coat of paint. The gutters are well maintained and fixed. The roof trusses were done as per the specifications. The trusses joints were fully welded. The roofing system was generally in satisfactory conditions.

Roof trusses are welded correctly Roof drainage system working perfectly

Recommendations and observations  Seasonal regular Inspection is recommended to check any effect on roof,  Managers of the school must be trained on how to carry preventive maintenance,  To repaint regularly the infrastructure,  Regularly clean the gutters and downspouts to avoid clogging problems.

The examination of the building exterior includes exterior walls, doors and windows, surface drainage, floor and painting. The exterior burnt brick walls structure were correctly and was generally in satisfactory conditions. The exterior doors and windows were examined, operated and were properly fixed as per the specifications. All the window glasses are in good conditions. In general, the materials and workmanships where visible were in satisfactory conditions.

Good finishing quality Metallic doors in good quality

Images

Floor finishes in good quality Metallic glazed window in good quality

Materials and workmanship in good quality Classrooms properly ventilated

Recommendations and observations  Adopt preventive maintenance,  Repaint the classrooms,  Protect the foundation against soil scouring.  Seasonal regular inspection of wall cracking,  Cleaning is recommended in general.  Building the capacity of school teachers on management of infrastructures.

As a general observation, after this inspection, we have noted that there is lack of maintenance in all cases at all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.

36  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  End users of the infrastructure should be trained on how to carry the preventive maintenance on structures and understand the ownership of the infrastructure entirely.  District authorities should establish an inspection check list document to be distributed at low level where the infrastructure is located. This document should be filled by the managers of the infrastructure which should be collected and examined at the district level after each season.

37 2.2.4 Construction of 2 bridges (Yaramba)

Construction of 2 bridges (Yaramba) Type: TI Date include in DDP 2013 Project initiator Gicumbi District Number of direct beneficiaries 1233 Number of indirect beneficiaries 56760

Estimated budget (RWF) 55,000,000 (Combined Gisiza and Yaramba bridges) Actual budget (RWF) 34213400 Implemented by EDEEREF Starting date planned /actual data of starting 05/10/2012 22/01/2013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 25/8/2012 20/12/2012

Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) 3,953,000 Actual budget (RWF) 3,953,000 Implemented by: ECGI Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 30/05/2012 30/09/2012 End date planned/ actual data of ending 16/06/2012 08/10/2013 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 3,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 2,470,920 Implemented by: FRAME CONSTRUCTION &COSULT LTD Starting date 28/12/2013 End date 22/04/2013

This bridge is opening up the market place of Yaramba. It replaces a weak wooden bridge. It allows now cars and trucks to bring goods to the Yaramba market and it allows buyers to buy in larger quantities.

Relevance The bridge was requested by the village as this road is the main connection to the district centre. It gives access to the district market and hospital.

Effectiveness The bridge has indeed helped the business in the village. Many new houses and business are built. The place was booming when the mission visited. (photos). The trade in the market has increased such that tax revenues have gone up 200%. Most of the traders in the fruit and vegetable section are women. Some of those are selling their own produce.

Efficiency It would appear that this bridge was indeed becoming the missing element needed to boost economic development.

The market has all segments of the trade, from vegetables to bicycles. Market traders usually buy their agricultural produce from local farmers. When talking to traders they informed the mission that their trade had increased considerably. This would mean that they are buying more from local farmers who in return have produced more now there is a

38 market. This could be derived from the fact that the use of fertiliser has increased since the revival of the market. Again here as in other markets the majority of the traders is female.

Sustainability The sustainability of this bridge under the present regime of maintenance looks doubtful. Erosion has started to attack the downstream end of the structure. One retaining wall has already partly collapsed and erosion is now seriously undermining the bridge. Urgent inspection should be undertaken and corrective action decided upon. The bridge is one component of the transport system. Also the roads leading to the district centre need to be well maintained.

LED The market is a clear motor for LED, favouring the smaller farmers and the women traders.

Recommendations Review the system of maintenance inspections.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action BRIDGE CONDITION Deck X Beams X Bridge drainage X Left Abutments X Gabions X Refill stones Right Abutments X repair

Bridge components Abutment: retaining walls supporting the end of bridge. Structurally, these retaining walls are well constructed and strong enough to support the deck and dynamic load over it but regular inspection should be done because at the time of the appraisal, the right abutment showed structural movement revealed by a 45-degree crack observed on the abutment. This distress is required to be quick addressed and repair.

These abutments are strong enough but if the crack is left without repair may lead to the failure of the structure with time.

39 Deck: the roadway portion of the bridge. It is composed of beams and slab on top of which cars and people are passing. At the time of inspection, the structures were in good condition. No cracks and no debris stuck on the bridge soffit.

Beam that support the deck slab in good condition.

Embankment protection by gabions

Gabions retaining structure Gabions cage in good condition

Gabions are soil retaining structures once properly constructed. These gabions walls were proposed to be constructed on the site in order to be the retaining solution for the embankment. Gabions must be laid on a levelled ground and properly placed thus to act together as gravity wall. These stones cages required additional protection against people removing the stones in the cage and where visible the stones need to be refilled.

General comments The bridge is generally in good condition with some cracks identified on the right abutment constructed in stone masonry. The abutments are constructed out of stone masonry structure acting at the same as gravity retaining wall. The walls are provided with weep holes to drain soil water. Some minor distresses were found on the right abutment which shows internal movement of the structure. These cracks are recommended to be repaired as quickly as possible before the structure fails. Corrosion staining were observed on the bridge railings thus painting is recommended on these structures. Mortar joint cracking should be monitored for crack progress. These should be chipped and repaired.

40 The abutment is cracked. Mortar joint cracking should be monitored for the progress. They should be chipped and repaired.

Maintenance recommendations The most effective way to prevent bridge deterioration and keep bridges serviceable is to perform regular, planned bridge maintenance, and maintain a bridge inventory.  Inspect bridges: inspect bridges after each season to track their performance and maintain a written file. Include pictures in the file.  Control vegetation and small animals: a plant’s root system can cause considerable damage to a bridge. Plants create and expand cracks. Remove small plants from the abutments and other members. To protect the structure and improve driver visibility, cut back brush and small trees on the approaches and the banks near abutments. Small animals can also pose a problem. Animals may burrow into the banks or close to the abutment, which may allow water to enter the fill. If possible, remove all small animals.  Remove Debris: debris often collects upstream, downstream, and against the bridge. Debris creates waterway restriction. This may result in eroded fill material from the streambed and banks, a faster current, as well as weaken abutments. Completely remove debris. Do not place it on riverbanks, where it may be picked up by high water.  Patch concrete decks: patch cracks to prevent moisture and chemicals from penetrating the reinforcing steel. This stops the steel from rusting. Rust causes expanding and spalling. Seal cracks with fresh concrete paste.

Images

Deck draining holes clogged Repainting the bridge railings

Strong deck and in good quality Strong abutment and well drained

42 2.2.5 Construction of bridge (Gisiza)

Construction of bridge (Gisiza) Type: I Date include in DDP 2013 Project initiator Gicumbi District Number of direct beneficiaries 25,043 Number of indirect beneficiaries 55,000,0000 (combined Gisiza and Yaramba bridges)

Estimated budget (RWF) 15,599,500 Actual budget (RWF) 15,599,500 Implemented by EDEEREF Starting date planned /actual data of starting 05/10/2012 22/01/2013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 25/8/2012 20/12/2012

Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) - Actual budget (RWF) 3,953,000 Implemented by: ECGI Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 30/05/2012 30/09/2012 End date planned/ actual data of ending 16/06/2012 08/10/2013 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 3,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 2,118,000 Implemented by: FRAME CONSTRUCTION &COSULT LTD Starting date 28/12/2013 End date 22/04/2013

Relevance The bridge was a priority of the local population. Before the bridge was constructed because the passage over this stream was difficult and dangerous. Trucks and cars like an ambulance could not pass. This new bridge provides the villages behind it access to markets along the main road. It also improves the access to a health centre and a secondary school. For the health centre the access to an ambulance is important. There are 6 deliveries every months and complications can only be treated in the district hospital. Patients have to be moved by ambulance.

Effectiveness. In an interview with the Gisiza villagers they indicated that besides the improved access for the ambulance they also value the increase in sales of agricultural produce. Where before farmers had to walk more than one hour to sell their product on a local market, now traders are coming with pick-ups and buy it at the farm for the same price. Though the price is the same they can now sell more produce. They have more money, can buy better food and feel healthier. They can now afford sometimes fish and meat. For the construction of buildings, the bridge is important as now cement can transported into the villages. Since the construction of the bridge some shops have come up and it has facilitated the construction of class rooms.

43 Efficiency It would seem that the bridge is of the right size to allow local trucks to pass.

Sustainability So far this bridge is well maintained. Some gabions have been placed to prevent erosion from damaging the structure. It goes without saying that the benefits that the bridge brings will only continue if the road connecting it to the main road remains well maintained.

As the health centre is close to the bridge it can be assumed that the district will be informed immediately if some damages occur to the bridge. It would however be better if the sector engineers get a training on how to do regular inspections and report on them to the district.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action BRIDGE CONDITION Deck X Beams X Bridge drainage X Left Abutments X Gabions X Right Abutments X

Bridge components Abutment: retaining walls supporting the end of bridge. Structurally, these retaining walls are well constructed and strong enough to support the deck and dynamic load over it but regular inspection and preventive maintenance should be done to remove shrubs growing around the structure which may affect the bearing capacity of the bridge components.

Shrubs growing around the structure Strong abutment and in good condition

These abutments are strong enough and they are in satisfactory condition.

Deck: the roadway portion of the bridge. It is composed of beams and slab on top of which cars and people are passing. At the time of inspection, the structures were in good condition. No cracks and no debris stuck on the bridge soffit.

Beam that support the deck slab in good condition.

Stones are removed from the cage Refill the stones in the gabion cage

General comments The bridge is generally in good. The abutments are constructed out of stone masonry structure acting at the same as gravity retaining wall. The walls are provided with weep holes to drain soil water. No distresses were found on the abutment. The deck is generally in good conditions and the slab draining holes are well operational and no sign of clogging.

The slab draining holes are working perfectly because there is no sign of water stagnation observed on the deck.

Maintenance recommendations The most effective way to prevent bridge deterioration and keep bridges serviceable is to perform regular, planned bridge maintenance, and maintain a bridge inventory.  Inspect bridges: inspect bridges after each season to track their performance and maintain a written file. Include pictures in the file.  Control vegetation and small animals: a plant’s root system can cause considerable damage to a bridge. Plants create and expand cracks. Remove small plants from the abutments and other members. To protect the structure and improve driver visibility, cut back brush and small trees on the approaches and the banks near abutments. Small animals can also pose a problem. Animals may burrow into the banks or close to the abutment, which may allow water to enter the fill. If possible, remove all small animals.  Remove debris: debris often collects upstream, downstream, and against the bridge. Debris creates waterway restriction. This may result in eroded fill material from the streambed and banks, a faster current, as well as weaken abutments. Completely remove debris. Do not place it on riverbanks, where it may be picked up by high water.  Patch concrete decks; patch cracks to prevent moisture and chemicals from penetrating the reinforcing steel. This stops the steel from rusting. Rust causes expanding and spalling. Seal cracks with fresh concrete paste.

46 Images

Deck draining holes working perfectly Corrosion of the bridge railings

Excess vegetation on abutment Strong abutment and well drained

47 2.2.6 Access to clean water in Zoko-Mutete

People access to clean water completed in Zoko-Mutete Type: WS Date include in DDP 2013 Project initiator GICUMBI Number of direct beneficiaries 4,500 Number of indirect beneficiaries 45,630

Estimated budget (RWF) 600,462,493 Actual budget (RWF) 600,462,493 Implemented by WASSAC Starting date planned /actual data of starting 02/01/2014 16/01/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 02/07/2014 Not yet finished Feasibility study N/A Supervision N/A

The main tank is in Rulindo District. The scheme has 15 stand posts of which the mission visited five. The first one in Muturo Village. Here the new stand post is at a distance of 300 meters from the traditional water source. As the water from the system costs RWF 30 per 20 litres, the poorer part of the population still prefers to collect water from the traditional water source.

The mission was informed that the stand post operator did still not have a contract with the operator of the scheme, WASAC, who has a contract with the district. It was also learned that the water user committee had not yet been selected. This has prohibited the selection of poor families that are allowed to have water free of charge.

At one of the stand posts no water was available due a pipe burst that resulted from high pressure. The stand post in Merezo Village serves well. Villagers had to walk two hours to get water. In another village the stand post operator informed that mission that there was no water as he had checked early morning. But when he was requested to open the one remaining tap (the other one had been stolen) water was flowing freely.

It was reported that the scheme was designed by EWASA, who have built many larger water schemes.

Relevance Water was a priority for the majority of the villages and since it is a large pump scheme also small centres that are along the way, but that have not necessarily requested, have been provided with a stand post

Effectivity For some of the villages, not for all, it is indeed an effective solution for an urgent problem. At the moment the poorer part of the population is not using the scheme because they cannot afford it. This is reportedly a result of the fact that there is no water user committee. This committee would, in discussion with village councils indicate the poor families that can get water for free.

48 The fact that the stand post operators are not committed to their job may be because they still have no contract with the scheme operator.

Efficiency The fact that the schemes was built without the support of a properly selected water user committee may have resulted in locations of stand posts that is less than optimal. As there is no water user committee there is no intermediate between the villages and the management.

Sustainability It is obvious that people in the villages do not feel any responsibility towards the scheme. Also the fact that within a month of operation there is a pipe burst makes one question the correctness of design and implementation.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Landscaping X Driveway X STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Building Conditions X Water Reservoir X Repair leaks Fountain X

Inspected water supply elements:  Water reservoir tanks  Fountains

Structure The inspected components the water supply Muteti includes, the water tank itself, the perimeter wall and the security house. Along the line, public fountains are inspected to get the physical condition of these public infrastructures.

Perimeter Wall The perimeter wall is composed of a strip foundation made up of stones masonry jointed to cement mortar. The overall condition of the perimeter wall is generally good. The materials and workmanships are of good quality. The fence is made up of hollow tubes holding the chicken wire net. The netting is in good quality. The gate is made up of metallic grids.

Perimeter wall in good quality Metallic grid gate in good quality

Security house Examination of the security building includes the exterior walls, doors and windows, floor structure, roof, electric fixtures. The commonly type of foundation used is strip foundation made up of stone masonry jointed to the cement mortar. The foundation plinth is protected by a plaster. The foundation is in good condition because no evidence of structural movement. The exterior walls are made up of burnt brick from Ruliba Clay Company jointed to the cement mortar and pointed. The walls are in satisfactory condition. The floor concrete is in good quality. Doors and windows are metallic structure and they are in satisfactory condition. The roof used is a self-supporting steel sheet tainted in blue.

Security house in good quality Metallic Glazed Door in good quality

Reinforced concrete water tank The visual observation was made on the water reservoir. The reservoir is a new structure handed over to WSAC six months ago from now. Visually the reservoir is of good quality so far. The exterior surface is cement mortar rough casted and it appears to be in good quality except some signs of leakages observed at the bottom of the reservoir. The reservoir needs a closer inspection at a regular interval. Pipes and connections are tight and constructed satisfactorily.

Signs of leakages on the reservoir Piping connections and no leaks

Site still under construction Cabling still on-going

No major defects were observed on tanks. All the projects owned by WSAC in general are in good condition and quality. Close inspection is required to check if there is no leakage on this reservoir.

Public fountains Water fountains are part of human life in the city. Water is distributed from water reservoir via piping systems providing fresh water to the fountains tap. The water fountains tap inspected were all operational. The structure itself is in good condition and quality. Moreover, the problems of taps vanes which are damaged by the user of the fountains, the water systems are in good and in satisfactory condition.

Public fountain visited by people Fountain tap’s vane damaged

Public fountain in good condition People getting water from a public fountain

Protected water meter

52 Description of Zoko water reservoir Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Landscaping X Driveway X STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Building Conditions X Water Reservoir X Quick repair Fountain X

Structure The inspected components the water supply Zoko includes, the water tank itself, the perimeter wall and the security house. Along the line, public fountains are inspected to identify the physical condition of these public infrastructures.

Perimeter wall The perimeter wall is composed of a strip foundation made up of stones masonry jointed to cement mortar. The overall condition of the perimeter wall is generally good. The materials and workmanships are of good quality. The fence is made up of hollow tubes holding the chicken wire net. The netting is in good quality. The gate is made up of metallic grids.

Perimeter wall in good quality Metallic grid gate in good quality

Security house in good quality Metallic glazed door in good quality

Reinforced concrete water tank The visual observation was made on the water reservoir. The reservoir is a new structure handed over to WSAC six months ago from now. Visually the reservoir is in a critical condition besides to be a new structure. The exterior surface is cement mortar rough casted and leakages were observed at the face of the reservoir. The reservoir needs a closer inspection at a regular interval. Pipes and connections are tight and constructed satisfactorily. The image shows stains on the reservoir. The stains is the results of leakage through the vertical wall to the reinforcement up to the outer face of the structure. Clear evidence of leaks through the structure.

Signs of leakages on the reservoir

General comments Major defects were observed to the tank and it requires immediate repair.

Recommendations/observations  Close and regular inspections of the structure systems should be done at the Zoko water reservoir in order to prevent the structural failure.  Closing temporary the Zoko water reservoir until the problem is solved.  Reviewing the warranty repair for maintenance of this structure.  To involve public end user of infrastructure in the managing and maintaining the structure.

54  To train people in the settlement on how to carry preventive maintenance for sustainability of the infrastructure.

As this water scheme costs RWF 600 mln it is advisable to have design and construction checked properly. At the same time a water user committee must be put in place and participate in project preparations.

55 3 Kamonyi District

3.1 Kamonyi District profile

Kamonyi District has a total population of 330,000 people of which 45% is male. The majority of its population (78%) is under 40 years of age and only 3.5% of the population is aged 65 and above. 27% of households in Kamonyi District are female headed. Like many other districts poverty incidence and severity rates are high. In 2014, Kamonyi reported poverty incidence at 25.9% and poverty severity rates at 6%.

Kamonyi has an employment rate of about 85%. 78% of the total population are independent farmers and 13.7% are engaged in off-farms jobs such as petty trade and wage related jobs. Employment by sex indicates that females are more occupied in small- scale farming (83%) than males and are less involved in other types of employment that provide high income, like independent non-farm (business) or waged non-farm.

72.3% of households have improved hygienic sanitation facilities, an achievement that surpassed the EDPRS national target 2012 by about seven percentage points. 65.9% of the population in Kamonyi District has access to clean drinking water which is below the EDPRS national target, which is to increase access to drinking water to 85% by 2012. On average, 37.6% of households in Kamonyi District are within fifteen minutes’ walking distance of an improved water source.

The literacy rate in Kamonyi District is 72.8% among the population aged 15 and above. The net attendance rate for primary schools is 95.7% and 20.7% for secondary schools. By 2014, the number of pupils enrolled in primary school in Kamonyi District had reached 81,665 with 40,700 boys and 40,965 girls3. Computer literacy in Kamonyi District is 2.4% of people aged six and above. Kamonyi District is ranked fifth, with 85.5% of individuals aged six and above who have ever attended school, and is among the top five with a high level of literacy (72.8%) among the population aged 15 and above. The mean walking distance to primary school in Kamonyi District (25.7 minutes) is below the national average.

Ownership of durable assets data shows that 62% of households in Kamonyi District own a radio, which is better than the rural area average and the national average. Kamonyi is among the districts that have a high percentage of cultivating households (85%) that cultivate less than 0.9 Ha of land. The percentage of agricultural households incurring expenditure on chemical fertilisers in Kamonyi District is about 21.2%. More than half (67.1%) of all households in Kamonyi District raise some type of livestock; this is slightly below the rural and national average. The study also reveals that 38.5% of households in Kamonyi District has at least one saving account, which is slightly below the national level of 39.4%.

Kamonyi is one of the districts where poverty rates among the population are highest in the country. In 2010/11, the number of direct support beneficiaries was 588 households identified in three sectors. The total budget executed as cash transfer to the beneficiaries was RWF 92,585,194. By 2012/2013, the number of beneficiaries increased to 1,782 and the executed budget increased to RWF 235,992,294.

3 MINEDUC, Rwanda Education Statistical Year Book, 2014

56 Kamonyi District performance assessment

Figure 3.1 Kamonyi District sources of budget fund

GoR support funding for2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The district budget is funded by multiple stakeholders that include the GoR, external donations and the district own revenues. GoR contributes the biggest percentage of the budget in what is known as LODA envelope to the district. Statistics shows that the trend has been positive across the study period especially from the government side. In the fiscal year of 2013/14, Kamonyi District received RWF 1,819 mln from GoR. The amount increased to 2,596.7 mln RWF in fiscal year 2014/15, recording an increase of 1.4%. In 2015/16, GoR allocated RWF 2,773.3 mln. The current fiscal year 2015/16 shows RWF 2,773.3 mln. The numbers show that the GoR has steadily increased the budget funding of Kamonyi District in support of LODA development activities.

External Donor Support funding for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 External stakeholders also participated actively in the funding of district LODA envelop. In 2013/14, external FDB was recorded at RWF 69.4 mln and RWF 58.5 mln in the following fiscal year. The amount of funding dedicated to LODA programme activities was RWF 772.5 mln in the fiscal year 2015/16.

57 SACCO Economic Indicators

Figure 3.2 SACCO indicators

Kamonyi SACCO membership for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 SACCO is defined by the GoR as financial institutions under cooperative form. They operate in a financial system and are legally acceptable by the central bank that regulates financial institutional bodies in Rwanda. Kamonyi has several SACCOs in the district. The number of SACCO account holders in 2013/14 was reported as 54,160. The number increased to 63,026 in 2014/15 recording an increase of 16.4%. In 2015/16, the number of SACCO account holders was 69,305 registering an increase of 10% from the previous year. Numbers show a steady and positive trend regarding the growth of SACCO membership and expansion of its services to the members.

Kamonyi SACCO savings for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The increase in the number of SACCO members between fiscal years 2013/14 and 2014/15 impacted positively on the increase in the amount of saving. In 2013/14, the amount of money saved by SACCO members was RWF 1,876.4 mln. The amount increased to RWF 2,418.0 mln in 2014/15 registering an increase of 28.9%. In 2015/16, the amount increased to RWF 3,008.2 mln recording an increase of 24.4% from the previous year. The steady increase in the amount of saving is an indication of better welfare of the community members.

Kamonyi SACCO loans for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Loans depend on the accumulated savings. The increase in savings determines how much SACCOs are able to give out as loans. The amount of loans disbursed by SACCOs in Kamonyi District amounted to RWF 1,109.4 mln in 2013/14. The amount increased to RWF 1,469.2 mln in 2014/15 recording an increase of 32.4% from the previous year. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has recorded so far RWF 1,596.1 mln.

Gender approach in VUP direct support programmes Gender policy exists at central level and has been translated to the needs of local government in Rwanda. At district level, gender equality is part of the development agenda and female participation is encouraged through all areas of work from political, economic and social dimensions. VUP direct support programme is one of the three pillars of social protection in Rwanda. The selection criteria for a VUP direct support recipient follows household social economic classification known as “Ubudehe” conducted at sector

58 level4. Direct support programme provides assistance to a poor household unit identified in the 1 and 2 “Ubudehe” categories. These are households with a household head who does not have labour capacities such as the elderly, physically disabled, chronically sick, still in school or have no adults at all (child headed households).

VUP direct support programme was launched in 2009 as a pilot programme in a few selected districts and later rolled out to all sectors in the country. The analysis of the programme trend considered 2011/12 as denominator for the consecutive fiscal years of 2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/15. Results show a positive trend of programme scale up for both beneficiary members and budget funding of VUP direct support programme.

Figure 3.3 VUP direct support

VUP direct support male beneficiary records The number of supported male headed households was 56 in 2009/10. The number increased to 186 in 2010/11 as a result of VUP direct support scale up programme. In 2011/12, the number of beneficiaries was 234 and 549 in 2012/13. In the fiscal year 2013/14, the number had increased to 920 and the following year 2014/15 was taking on 957 male headed households beneficiaries. Currently, the number of beneficiaries is reported as 76 in Kamonyi District.

VUP direct support female beneficiary records National poverty rates show that poor female headed households are more prone to poverty compared to their male counterparts. In Kamonyi District, the number of female headed household who received cash transfer was reported as 167 in 2009/10. The number of beneficiaries tripled to 501 in 2010/11. By end of fiscal year 2011/12, the number of beneficiaries had increased to 651 and 980 for 2012/13. By 2013/14, the number of VUP direct support to female households in Kamonyi District was 1,490 and 1,960 in 2014/15. The current fiscal year has so far reported 1,424 female beneficiaries of the programme.

Kamonyi Budget Funding of VUP direct support programme In 2009/10, the budget dedicated for VUP direct support programme was RWF 26.7 mln. The amount increased to RWF 100.7 mln in 2010/11 recording an increase of 4% between the two fiscal years. By 2011/12, the budget increased to RWF 113.0 mln. In 2013/14, the budget for VUP direct support programme in Kamonyi District was RWF

4 UNICED, Vision2020 Umurenge Programme: Annual Report, 2009/10, Page 7

59 305.8 mln and RWF 366.4 mln for 2014/15. The current fiscal year 2015/16 which is still ongoing presents a budget amount of RWF 252.7 mln for VUP direct support programme.

In conclusion, the VUP scale up programme affected the number of poor beneficiaries to be enrolled on the programme. The increased budget programme allocation also contributed much to the achievement of programme effectiveness as far as targeting and cash distribution is concerned.

Capacity building in Kamonyi District Kamonyi District has a capacity building programme for its staff. Data show that Kamonyi provided nine different training types for its staff in the year 2013/14 and trained about 46 staff members. It increased to ten for 2014/15 to the same number of trainees. For the current fiscal year, the district has so far provided six trainings to 53 district staff members. However, during the assessment, challenges were reported in the capacity building area that range from district capacity to conduct thorough district capacity needs and sometimes acquired training is not necessarily put to use. Also, identification of training types and selection of trainees doesn’t respond to needs. Types of trainings mainly focus on leadership learning and managerial issues and technical capacities are always neglected.

Kamonyi District maintenance procedures The assessment results show that maintenance is a new concept for districts including Kamonyi. The number of reported new infrastructures in 2013/14 was eleven projects. The number of new projects was reported as two in 2013/14 and other two contracts were signed in 2014/15 and one for 2015/16. The number of projects maintained was two in 2013/14 and three for 2014/15 and three projects for 2015/16. Kamonyi managed to provide training on maintenance through induction course for new staff. The budget allocated for project maintenance in 2013/14 was RWF 170.1 mln. The budget allocation for 2014/15 was RWF 184.4 mln and under the current fiscal year 2015/16, the district has already allocated RWF 140.1 mln for project maintenance.

3.2 Evaluated projects

Project Type Budget (RWF) Construction of administrative building AI 828,219,990 PW Construction of Karama health centre in Karama Sector HI 454,007,015 Construction of Guest house MOI 351,860,000 Construction of Fence and Toilets in Runda playground SCI 65,327,120 Runda paved road construction TI 351,032,661

60 3.2.1 Construction of administrative building

Construction of administrative building Type: AI Date include in DDP: 2013/2018 Project initiator: Kamonyi District Number of direct beneficiaries 80 Number of indirect beneficiaries 340,501 Estimated budget (RWF) 1,174,209,090 Actual budget (RWF) 828,219,990 Implemented by Good Supply Company Starting date planned /actual data of starting 3/12/2013 04/02/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 04/02/2015 11/04/2015 Feasibility study /Technical Study Estimated budget (RWF) 12,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 6,500,000 Implemented by: UCC Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 28,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 26,000,000 Implemented by: ECHE Starting date 04/02/2014 End date 11/04/2015

This new administrative building was built in the present location, centrally in the twelve sectors, because the old building in Rukuma Sector was too small and decentral located in the district. This is quite an impressive building. It houses 90 staff at the moment (from 45 in the old building). At present it houses also the OSC, a water harvest and re-use project and a fertiliser project. It is said to be designed big to avoid space problems in the near future.

Relevance All administrative buildings that have been visited sofa have indeed resulted in better services to the community. It can easily be assumed that this building although rather large will have the same result.

Effectiveness and efficiency The office space created can absorb an increase in staff that is foreseen in the future. The building houses many services, making it easier for the population to contact the administration.

Sustainability This building will be used for some time to come and maintenance is assured by the district.

61 Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement X Site lighting X Utilities X Landscaping X STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator X Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

Building shell Foundation: combined foundation: reinforced concrete pad footing + strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry. Columns: reinforced concrete columns. Beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams Floor structure: reinforced concrete slabs finished with tiles. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete and finished with tiles Wall structure: concrete bricks, plastered and painted. Ceiling structure: gypsum square. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets and blue painted

Structure The building is a three storied building with a perimeter fence wall constructed as wrought iron combined with burnt bricks columns and a strip foundation in stone wall masonry. External walls are constructed from concrete blocks jointed to the cement mortar, plastered and painted. Roof is covered with self-supporting profiled steel sheets. The compound is covered by concrete paving and garden. The construction of the building and workmanship is generally in good quality. The materials and workmanship where visible are good. The inspection did not discover evidence of substantial structural movement.

62 foundation composed of pad footing and strip foundation. At the time of inspection, the foundation was in good condition but need regular proper seasonal inspection to see if there is any evidence of cracks on wall to reveal distress in the foundation. No evidence of unstable movement in the structure. So far the foundations are in satisfactory condition and was built according to the standard.

Masonry foundation plastered Foundation plinth covered

Roofing Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets. Roof structure: metallic trusses (rafters and tie beam 60x40x1.5mm; members (40x40x1.5mm). Roof drainage system: metallic gutter + 110 diameter PVC down pipe discharging water in the plastic water cistern.

A roof system consists of the roof trusses, roof coverings, gutters and roof drainage system i.e. downspouts were generally in satisfactory condition. Downpipes appear to be in serviceable condition. No evidence of leaks to downspouts in general. The roof is hidden by a reinforced concrete parapet wall

Reinforced concrete parapet wall RC parapet wall hiding roof

63 Recommendations/observations  The roofing is in good condition: no evidence of active leaks thus no need of repair.  Do regularly seasonal inspection and preventive maintenance.  Clean downspouts.

Exterior Wall covering: concrete blocks, plastered and painted. Exterior doors: metallic doors Exterior windows: metallic windows Entry driveways: concrete paving Sidewalk surface materials: concrete covered with tiles Surface drainage: open ground Perimeter fence: stone wall foundation + burnt brick columns + metallic grids Retaining wall: stone wall masonry retaining structure

Examination of the building exterior includes finished surface, windows, doors, perimeter wall, and sidewalk surface materials. These items are visually examined for proper function and they are generally in satisfactory conditions.  The exterior wall surfaces were generally in good condition,  Exterior doors and windows were examined/operated and were in satisfactory condition.  The perimeter wall and gate were generally in satisfactory condition.  Exterior restrooms commonly called ventilated improved latrines are in good condition and well protected against soil scouring.  Rain water collecting system is well constructed and no evidence of leaks in the downpipes and the water tank is protected as well.  Sidewalks are well constructed and no evidence of minor cracks caused by shrinkage thus it was constructed according to the standards and specifications.  Surface water is discharged directly around the building, thus there is a risk of soil scouring around the building which might affect the building in the future.  The constructed latrines are in good.

Perimeter wall in burnt bricks Metallic doors of good quality

Double glazed metallic doors Metallic windows

Public latrines in good condition Public urinal

Driveway surface in concrete paving Retaining wall in stone masonry

Pointing deterioration on stones Minor cracks due to shrinkage

Recommendations/observations  Localised pointing of deteriorated mortar between the stones is advisable to prevent failure of the structure particularly.  Monitor the progress of the cracks on walls and repair is required.  For better sustainability of the building, proper maintenance strategies must be put in place and frequent follow up on how they are implemented.

Electrical Size of electrical service: 220 volt main service. Service entrance conductors: not observed. Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network. Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded. Switches: ordinary switches. Fixed lights and lamps. Electrical control room was constructed correctly.

The electrical system consists of the incoming service, main circuit wiring, over current devices and individual circuits (switches, light fixtures, receptacles, and appliances). An examination of the electrical system includes the exposed and accessible conductors, circuitry, panels, over current protection devices, and a random sampling of accessible switches and receptacles. Capacity, grounding and fusing are focal points. The inspection includes examination for evidence of adverse conditions such as improper installation of aluminium wiring, lack of proper grounding, exposed wiring. The hidden nature of the electrical wiring prevents inspection of every length of wire. The electrical system is in good order. Dedicated 220 volt circuits have been provided for all 220 volt appliances within the building.

The visually accessible service entrance cables, inside to main panel, were generally in satisfactory condition. The circuit breakers appeared to be generally in satisfactory.

EUCL Supply network Electric control cabin

Electric fixtures working properly Electric receptacle in good condition

Recommendations/observations  Preventive maintenance is required for better sustainability of the electric system.

Plumbing Water supply source: WSAC: public water supply system. Service pipe to building: galvanised. Interior supply pipe: PPR pipes. Waste system: septic tank and soak pit.

The overall condition of the plumbing system is generally good. The condition of the tiles is generally good. Some cracked tiles were noted but no need of immediate intervention. No evidence of tap which is leaking from tap bodies. Showers appear to be in good condition

Recommendations/observations By giving plumbing little regular inspection and maintenance can prolong the lifespan of the plumbing components (pipes, conduits, downspouts, valves, taps, etc.).  Perform regular inspections in the following components:  Drain pipes: check if they are not clogged,  If any leak in pipes is noticed, fix it quickly,  Septic tank pumped out every three to five years,  Look signs of leaks in exposed pipes and fix it quickly,

67  Check all plumbing appliances for leakages and repair: sinks, toilets.

Hand wash basin in good quality Good quality tiles and urinals

Hand wash basin with taps Wastes chamber not covered

WASC water meter Water flow inspection chambers

68 Interior Wall finishes: stucco and painting. Floor surfaces: tiles. Windows: metallic glazed window. Doors: solid wood.

On the whole, the interior finishes of the building are in good condition and clean. Internal doors and windows are in good quality. Floors of the building are covered by ceramic tiles and they are in satisfactory condition. They are relatively level and walls are relatively plumb. Stairways are covered by tiles and they are in good condition. Materials and workmanships are in satisfactory condition.

Recommendations/observations Prevention is key to maintenance:  Regular inspection must be performed to provide adequate period for intervention if any distress is determined on the structure.

Stairways surface covered by tiles Floor covered by tiles

Wall finishes in good quality Gypsum square ceiling type in good quality

Double wooden door in Libuyu Leakage noted on the ceiling

General recommendations As a general observation after this inspection, there is lack of maintenance in all cases and at all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.

 District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of this building components;  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard.  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  To set a checklist for maintenance personnel to follow when making routine maintenance inspections.  To gather information concerning recommended procedures for warranty repair work.

70 3.2.2 Construction of Karama health centre

PW Construction of Karama health centre in Type: HI Karama Sector Date include in DDP 2013/2018 Project initiator Kamonyi District Number of direct beneficiaries 21,240 Number of indirect beneficiaries 340,501

Estimated budget (RWF) 493,822,542 Actual budget (RWF) 449,587,500 Implemented by ECOME Starting date planned /actual data of starting 18/09/2014 18/12/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 18/07/2015 11/09/2015 Feasibility study /Technical Study Estimated budget (RWF) 10,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 6,200,000 Implemented by: GLECOS Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 13/10/2011 21/12/2011 End date planned/ actual data of ending 13/12/2011 21/02/2012 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 8,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 3,600,000 Implemented by: MJ TRUST Starting date 18/12/2014 End date 11/09/2015

This health centre is not yet in use. The construction is completed but furniture yet to arrive. The mission remarked that this health centre was of a different design than the health centres visited so far. It was considerably larger and seemed to be much more spacious. When asked for the reason the mission was informed that this centre also will serve two other sectors. But during the same discussion it became clear that for these sectors other health centres ware planned for the coming years.

Relevance The general policy is one health centre per sector. This one is for the sector Karama. Other sectors around Karama will receive their own health centre in the coming years. So the centre is relevant for Karama.

Effectiveness It can be assumed that this health centre will be run like the other the mission has visit and therefore will be effective.

Efficiency The general policy of the ministry is to provide one health centre per sector. The type plan for a health centre provided by the ministry of health is designed to cater for the needs of the average number of people in a sector. However, in this case of Karama the type plan was not followed but a private architect was hired to draw up the plans. Leaving

71 aside the temporary inflow of patients from adjacent sectors it can be doubted that this centre is the right size for a sector.

Sustainability As the ministry of health will operate and maintain this larger building sustainability is ensured.

Recommendations The question remains who decides when the type plan of the ministry is followed or when a private architect is called upon. LODA could take this up with the ministry of health. Furthermore, the spatial planning of these centres need more attention. Especially when centres are planned in adjacent sectors.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement X Site lighting X Utilities X Landscaping X STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior & interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator X Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

Building shell Foundation: combined foundation: reinforced concrete pad footing + strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry. Columns: reinforced concrete columns. Beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams. Floor structure: concrete finished with tiles in some areas like wet rooms. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar. Ceiling structure: plywood ceiling and painted. Surface drainage: concrete. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets and red painted.

72 Structure The building is a single storey building with a perimeter fence wall constructed in wrought iron combined with burnt bricks columns and a strip foundation in stone wall masonry. External walls are constructed from burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and pointing finishing. Roof is covered with self-supporting profiled steel sheets. The compound is covered by concrete paving and garden.

The construction of the building and workmanship is generally in good quality. The materials and workmanship where visible are good. The inspection did not discover evidence of substantial structural movement.

Foundation The building is constructed on a combination of two different types of foundation which are reinforced concrete pad footing and strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry.

Though the foundation was not visible, but where visible and accessible, these items have been examined for proper function. This structural component is inaccessible because it is buried below grade or behind finishes. The commonly used technology is a combined foundation composed of pad footing and strip foundation. At the time of inspection, the foundation was in good condition but need regular proper seasonal inspection to see if there is any evidence of cracks on wall to reveal distress in the foundation. No evidence of unstable movement in the structure. So far the foundations are in satisfactory condition and was built according to the standard.

Masonry foundation plastered Foundation plinth plastered

A roof system consists of the roof trusses, roof coverings, gutters and roof drainage system i.e. downspouts were generally in satisfactory condition. Downpipes appear to be in good conditions and good quality. No evidence of leaks to downspouts in general.

Self-support profiled steel sheets Roof drainage system: gutter/downspouts

General recommendations  Protecting and maintaining a roof requires cleaning the gutters and downspouts and replacing deteriorated flashing.  The roofing is in good condition: no evidence of active leaks  Do regularly seasonal inspection and preventive maintenance.  Clean downspouts.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and pointing. Exterior doors: metallic glazed doors. Exterior windows: metallic glazed Windows. Entry driveways: concrete paving. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete covered with tiles. Surface drainage: concrete. Perimeter fence: stone wall foundation + burnt brick columns+ wrought iron. Retaining wall: stone wall masonry retaining structure.

Examination of the building exterior includes finished surface, windows, doors, perimeter wall, and sidewalk surface materials. These items are visually examined for proper function and they are extremely in good conditions. The materials and workmanships are perfect.  The exterior wall surfaces were in good condition and high standard quality,  Exterior doors and windows were examined/operated and were in satisfactory condition.  The perimeter wall and gate were generally in satisfactory condition.  Exterior restrooms commonly called ventilated improved latrines are in good condition and well protected against soil scouring.  Rain water collecting system is well constructed and no evidence of leaks in the downpipes and the water tank is protected as well.  Sidewalks floor pavement are well constructed and no evidence of minor cracks caused by shrinkage thus it was constructed according to the standards and specifications.  Surface water is discharged directly into surface drainage in concrete built around the building.  The constructed latrines are in good quality and constructed well.

Perimeter wall in wrought iron Metallic doors of good quality

Surface water drainage in concrete Driveway in concrete paving

Workmanships and materials perfect Walkway are covered

Water cistern are well protected Retaining wall in stone masonry

Landscape and garden are perfect Metallic grids gate in good condition

Recommendations/observations  Localized pointing of deteriorated mortar between the stones is advisable to prevent failure of the structure particularly.  Monitor the progress of the cracks on walls and repair is required.  For better sustainability of the building, proper maintenance strategies must be put in place and frequent follow up on how they are implemented.

Electrical Size of electrical service: 220volt Main Service Service entrance conductors: Not observed Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded Switches: ordinary switches Fixed lights and lamps Electrical control room was constructed correctly.

76 switches and receptacles. Capacity, grounding and fusing are focal points. The inspection includes examination for evidence of adverse conditions such as improper installation of aluminium wiring, lack of proper grounding, exposed wiring. The hidden nature of the electrical wiring prevents inspection of every length of wire. The electrical system is in good order. Dedicated 220 volt circuits have been provided for all 220 volt appliances within the building.

The visually accessible service entrance cables, inside to main panel, were generally in satisfactory condition. The circuit breakers appeared to be generally in satisfactory.

EUCL supply network Electric control cabin

Electric fixtures working properly Electric receptacle in good condition

Recommendations/observations  Preventive maintenance is required for better sustainability of the electric system.

Plumbing Water supply source: WSAC: public water supply system Service pipe to building: galvanised Interior supply pipe: PPR pipes Waste system: septic tank and soak pit

77 The overall condition of the plumbing system is generally good. The condition of the tiles is generally good. No evidence of tap which is leaking from tap bodies. Showers appear to be in good condition

Hand wash basin in good quality Good quality tiles and urinal

Hand wash basin with taps Rest rooms with tiles in good quality

Public urinals in good quality Kitchen constructed in good quality

Interior Wall finishes: stucco and painting Floor surfaces: concrete and tiles in wet rooms Windows: metallic glazed window Doors: solid wood

On the whole, the interior finishes of the building are in good condition and clean. Internal doors and windows are in good quality Floors of the building are covered by ceramic tiles in some area and concrete and they are in satisfactory condition. They are relatively level and walls are relatively plumb. Materials and workmanships are in good condition

Recommendations/observations Prevention is key to maintenance:  Regular inspection must be performed to provide adequate period for intervention if any distress is determined on the structure.

internal wooden doors in good quality Painting is well done and walls are on plumb

Doors are working perfectly Tiles in wet rooms are well laid

Plumbing appliances were installed Stucco and painting not well applied

80 3.2.3 Construction of guest house

Construction of guest house Type: MOI Date include in DDP 2013/2018 Project initiator Kamonyi District Number of direct beneficiaries 150 Number of indirect beneficiaries 340,501

Estimated budget (RWF) 380,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 351,685,306 Implemented by ECOME Starting date planned /actual data of starting 18/09/2014 23/12/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 23/06/2014 30/06/2015 Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) 10,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 7,000,000 Implemented by: UBE Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 13/12/2013 13/12/2013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 13/03/2014 04/03/2014 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 15,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 3,956,540 Implemented by: TRUST DECO Starting date 23/12/2014 End date 30/06/2015

This guesthouse is built near the new district office. The idea for the guesthouse came from one private business man who discussed it with the district council and paid for the (technical) study. The assumption is that the guesthouse will attract private sector enterprises to invest in this part of Kamonyi. At the same time, it was considered important that the 90 persons working in the nearby district office would have a place to take lunch. It should be noted however that this is not a guesthouse, it has no rooms, but rather a restaurant with a bar, conference hall and sauna massage.

The feasibility study on which the concept was based was not made available. From the discussions with district staff it became clear that the district paid for the construction and that facilities are run by a private business man. The financial arrangement is not clear, at present the operator pays RWF 400,000 per month. The monthly interest on the construction sum of RWF 350 mln against the going SACCO rate of about 20% would be about RWF 5.8 mln per month. So it would seem that the district is heavily subsidizing the private sector. It was mentioned that in future this sum would increase but it was also indicated that the district will sell the premises to the private sector.

81 Relevance This is not a request from the villagers. And even though it may support district development it would seem that the establishment of such facilities are not the role of the district. As no proper feasibility study was available it is difficult to understand the justification of this project.

The fact that nearby, opposite the district office, shops are springing up indicates that the private sector is responding to the business opportunity the new district office with 90 workers brings to the area.

Effectivity and efficiency As it is unclear what exactly the objectives of the project are, it is not possible to judge if and how these have been achieved.

Sustainability No insight was given in the future arrangements regarding operation and maintenance.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement X Site lighting X Utilities X Landscaping X STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator X Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

Building shell Foundation: combined foundation: reinforced concrete pad footing + strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry. Columns: reinforced concrete columns. Beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams. Floor structure: concrete finished with tiles. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete covered by tiles. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and received rock paint coat. Ceiling structure: gypsum board in some areas and timber in some other places. Surface drainage: concrete.

82 Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets and red painted.

The building is a single storey building with a perimeter fence wall constructed in wrought iron combined with burnt bricks columns and a strip foundation in stone wall masonry. External walls are constructed from burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and coated with rock paint. Roof is covered with self-supporting profiled steel sheets. The compound is covered by concrete paving and garden.

Foundation The building is constructed on a combination of two different types of foundation which are reinforced concrete pad footing and strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry. Though the foundation was not visible, but where visible and accessible, these items have been examined for proper function. This structural component is inaccessible because it is buried below grade or behind finishes. The commonly used technology is a combined foundation composed of pad footing and strip foundation. At the time of inspection, the foundation was in good condition but need regular proper seasonal inspection to see if there is any evidence of cracks on wall to reveal distress in the foundation. No evidence of unstable movement in the structure. So far the foundations are in satisfactory condition and was built according to the standard.

Masonry foundation plastered Foundation stone masonry

Roofing Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets. Roof structure: metallic trusses (rafters and tie beam 60x40x1.5mm; members (40x40x1.5mm). Soffit, eaves and fascia: Roof drainage system: metallic gutter + 110 diameter PVC down pipe discharging water in the plastic water cistern.

A roof system consists of the roof trusses, roof coverings, gutters and roof drainage system i.e. downspouts were generally in satisfactory condition. Downpipes appear to be in good conditions and good quality. No evidence of leaks to downspouts in general.

Self-support profiled steel sheets Roof drainage system: gutter/downspouts

Recommendations/observations  Protecting and maintaining a roof requires cleaning the gutters and downspouts and replacing deteriorated flashing.  The roofing is in good condition: no evidence of active leaks.  Do regularly seasonal inspection and preventive maintenance.  Clean downspouts.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt ricks jointed to the cement mortar and painting. Exterior doors: metallic glazed doors. Exterior windows: metallic glazed windows. Entry driveways: concrete paving. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete covered with tiles. Surface drainage: concrete. Perimeter fence: stone wall foundation + burnt brick columns + wrought iron. Retaining wall: stone wall masonry retaining structure.

Examination of the building exterior includes finished surface, windows, doors, perimeter wall, and sidewalk surface materials. These items are visually examined for proper function and they are extremely in good conditions. The materials and workmanships are perfect.  The exterior wall surfaces were in good condition and high standard quality,  Exterior doors and windows were examined/operated and were in satisfactory condition.  The perimeter wall and gate were generally in satisfactory condition.  Exterior restrooms commonly called ventilated improved latrines are in good condition and well protected against soil scouring.  Rain water collecting system is well constructed and no evidence of leaks in the downpipes and the water tank is protected as well.  Sidewalks floor pavement are well constructed and no evidence of minor cracks caused by shrinkage thus it was constructed according to the standards and specifications.  Surface water is discharged directly into Surface drainage in concrete built around the building.  The constructed latrines are in good quality and constructed well.

Perimeter wall in wrought iron Metallic doors in good quality

Surface water drainage in concrete Driveway in concrete paving

Workmanships and materials perfect Metallic glazed window

Water cistern are well protected Retaining wall in stone masonry

Landscape and garden are perfect Garden bungalow in good quality

Recommendations/observations  For better sustainability of the building, proper maintenance strategies must be put in place and frequent follow up on how they are implemented.

Electrical Size of electrical service: 220volt main service. Service entrance supply: EUCL network. Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network. Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded. Switches: ordinary switches. Fixed lights and lamps. Electrical control room was constructed correctly.

86 The visually accessible service entrance cables, inside to main panel, were generally in satisfactory condition. The circuit breakers appeared to be generally in satisfactory. A representative sampling of permanently installed light fixtures were tested and generally in satisfactory condition. Accessible receptacles were visually examined and tested and they are generally in satisfactory condition.

EUCL supply network Lamps fixtures

Electric fixtures working properly Lightning protection ribbon

Recommendations/observations  Preventive maintenance is required for better sustainability of the electric system.

Plumbing Water supply source: WSAC: public water supply system. Service pipe to building: galvanised. Interior supply pipe: PPR pipes. Waste system: septic tank and soak pit.

The overall condition of the plumbing system is generally good. The condition of the tiles is generally good. No evidence of tap which is leaking from tap bodies. Showers appear to be in good condition.

Recommendations/observations By giving plumbing little regular inspection and maintenance can prolong the lifespan of the plumbing components (pipes, conduits, downspouts, valves, taps, etc.).

87  Perform regular inspections in the following components:  Drain pipes: check if they are not clogged,  If any leak in pipes is noticed, fix it quickly,  Septic tank pumped out every three to five years,  Look signs of leaks in exposed pipes and fix it quickly,  Check all plumbing appliances for leakages and repair: sinks, toilets.

Hand wash basin in good quality Good quality tiles and urinal

Hand wash basin with taps Rest rooms with tiles in good quality

Internal water supply pipes (PPR) Kitchen constructed in good quality

88 Interior Wall finishes: stucco and painting. Floor surfaces: concrete and tiles in wet rooms. Windows: metallic glazed window. Doors: solid wood.

On the whole, the interior finishes of the building are in good condition and clean. Internal doors and windows are in good quality. Floors of the building are covered by ceramic tiles in some area and concrete and they are in satisfactory condition. They are relatively level and walls are relatively plumb. Materials and workmanships are in good condition

Recommendations/observations Prevention is key to maintenance:  Regular inspection must be performed to provide adequate period for intervention if any distress is determined on the structure.

Stairways surface covered by tiles Floor covered by tiles Internal wooden doors in good quality Painting is well done and walls are on plumb

Interior finishing is good People with disabilities W.C.

Plumbing appliances were installed Fire extinguisher not installed.

90 3.2.4 Construction of fence and toilets in Runda playground

Construction of Fence and Toilets in Runda Type: SCI playground Date include in DDP 2013/2018 Project initiator Kamonyi District Number of direct beneficiaries 34,839 Number of indirect beneficiaries 50,000

Estimated budget (RWF) 60,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 65,327,120 Implemented by DECOS Starting date planned /actual data of starting 20/09/2014 12/01/2015 End date planned/ actual data of ending 12/04/2015 11/06/2015 Feasibility study: n/a Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 3,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 2,400,000 Implemented by: GLECOS Starting date 12/01/2015 End date 11/06/2015

It was reported that the fence around the playground was requested by the three school that use the playground. The reason for the project was reportedly that it would increase the safety of the students as it is bordered by roads. However, the present headmaster of one of the schools, who is new to the area, informed the mission that there was no such request made. The district officials informed the mission that all these requests like this have to be agreed upon and forwarded by the sector council before they can be included in the DDP. So it is assumed that the sector council acted on request of the schools.

Effectiveness/efficiency The reason for the fence was that school children could play safe on the playground without being disturbed by traffic. This is indeed the case.

Sustainability The schools were asked to take care of the wall but only once it was completed. No agreement was signed by either party. The present school director informed the mission that he did not know of any involvement in the preparations of the project. Such an involvement would have increased ownership of the construction and most likely have resulted in better maintenance so far.

The toilet block still has no water, but the mission was informed that EWASA was planning connections.

91 Recommendations A simple project like this would be an excellent opportunity to experiment with involving the end users, the schools who will be requested to maintain he wall, in the project preparation, design and may be even construction. This would certainly increase the sense of ownership.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) Balconies Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X

Fence & Toilets Foundation: strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry. Columns: burnt brick columns spaced at 3 m each. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and pointing finishing. Gate structure: metallic gate.

The structural elements of the fence include foundation, support framing: columns. Where visible and accessible, these items have been examined for proper function, excessive or unusual wear and general state of repair.

The visible areas of the foundation reveal that the foundation is made up of stone wall masonry jointed to cement mortar and pointing as finishing aspect. The foundation was generally in satisfactory condition with individual minor cracks observed. The interior facade of the foundation plinth was plastered in order to protect the wall against moisture. Fence walls are generally of good quality. The materials and workmanships were in satisfactory conditions. The fence is made up of burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and pointing as finishing aspect. The top part of the fence has received a coping in cement mortar to increase the stability of the wall and draining purpose.

The full plain metallic gates were used to close and open the playground. At the time of inspection, the gate was in satisfactory conditions.

Fence made up burnt brick Cement mortar coping in good quality

Foundation plinth in stone masonry Plain metallic gate of the playground

The foundation of the toilets is a strip foundation in stone wall masonry. External walls are constructed from burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar. Roof is covered with self-supporting profiled steel sheets. The floor structure is concrete screed. Electrical fittings were tested and they are working perfectly. The plumbing system is working and is in satisfactory condition except one broken hand wash basin found at the time of inspection.

Toilets walls in good conditions Entrance door in metallic grids

Toilets having metallic doors in good quality Installation urinals is well done.

Water closets are properly installed Plumbing appliances are properly done

Handwashing basin broken: poor management Turkish type toilet properly constructed.

94 General recommendations As a general observation after this inspection, there is lack of maintenance in all cases and at all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.  District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of this building components;  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.

95 3.2.5 Construction of Runda paved road

Runda paved road construction Type: TI Date include in DDP 2013/2018 Project initiator Kamonyi District Number of direct beneficiaries 34,839 Number of indirect beneficiaries 150,000 Estimated budget (RWF) 420,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 339,356,561 Implemented by EGETRACO Starting date planned /actual data of starting 19/07/2011 16/03/2012 End date planned/ actual data of ending 16/07/2012 05/06/2013 Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) 6,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 4,500,000 Implemented by: PELA FURNITURE Starting date Planned/ Actual data of 9/10/2010 02/03/2011 starting End date planned/ actual data of ending 02/06/2011 10/06/2011 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 15,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 12,000,600 Implemented by: UCC Starting date 16/03/2012 End date 16/09/2012

This is a cobble stone road that was selected as a priority by the district as it is part of the masterplan for Runda. Implementation is good. Maintenance so far is OK.

No comments on relevance, effectiveness and sustainability.

96 Technical inspection

Item Severity Density SURFACE DEFECTS Slight Moderate Severe Intermittent frequent Extensive Finishing x Bedding and laying x Finishing x SURFACE DEFORMATION Corrugations x Rutting x Flat or reverse x crown Distortion x SHOULDER DISTRESS MANIFESTATION Excessive height Ponding x Overgrowth x

Cobblestone Road Base course layer: 20 cm thick laterite and compacted to OPM 98%. Sub grade layer: levelling by grader and compaction of the existing soil after carrying all specified soil test. Wearing coarse: cobblestones laid on top of the sand bed layer. Drainage: longitudinal stone masonry ditch which convey water into constructed cross structures such as pipe and box culverts. Culverts: 100 mm diameter reinforced concrete culverts in good condition.

The examination of the road components consists of the wearing course, sidewalk and surface drainage structures. At the time of inspection, the road was in satisfactory condition. Actually no defects observed which affect the driving comfort and vehicle speed. The average speed at that road is 30 km/hr because it is road crossing the residential area of Runda. All the stones are filled between the cobblestones with sand and appears to be well compacted. No evidence of off stones in the pavement. The carriageway was good and no banks of loose stones observed over the whole road. The road surface has the necessary cross fall, even and firm. No distress observed because the driving quality was generally satisfactory. Based on the type of rock used, the lifespan of this road is relatively high if maintenance strategies are documented and applied. The road width is sufficient on safety because two large vehicles can easily pass each other safely at a low speed with full visibility (width = 6 m, sidewalk= 1 – 1.5 m).

Recommendations/observations  Regular inspection should be performed to check if the side drains are not clogged. Water is much destructive thus the road must have a functional drainage system.  Replace the stones that are off from the pavement to ensure same riding quality along the road.  Ditches are the most important part of the road. If there are no ditches, there is nowhere for water to go. This has adverse effect on the road structure because it reduces the road bearing capacity. Ditches must be kept clean and free from silt or blocked in all the cases.

Sand finishing layer between stones Practicable cobblestone road

Road sidewalk in good quality No off stones observed

Drainage Road drainages: masonry ditch and culverts

The road drainage structure consists of masonry ditches, masonry catch pits, culverts headwalls, passable slabs and pedestrians slabs. These items at the time of inspection were in satisfactory condition. The materials and workmanships were in good quality. Though they are in good condition, regular inspection is required to check the full function of these items. There a section of the road which require drainage system to drain water away from the road.

This section of the road requires a drainage system by constructing a drift channel because it a low level point.

Recommendations and Observations

98 Culverts have an important role in ensuring that the road is drained. At the time of inspection, all the culverts were in satisfactory conditions. Examination of the culverts especially include the inspection of inlets and outlets, if they are not silt up or blocked and the quality of materials and workmanships. During the inspection, all the culverts were operational and were in satisfactory conditions.

Reinforced concrete box culverts in satisfactory condition. The catch pit is well constructed. No sign of silt up the culverts. The downstream and upstream are well constructed and protected. Culvert headwall and wing wall are well done and the materials and workmanship are in good quality

Images

Passable slabs in good quality Masonry side drains

Protected inlet of box the culverts Proper drainage is required

99 General recommendations  District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of road drainage systems on the following items:  Maintenance of existing road drainage systems;  Improvement works which are required to bring the road drainage system up to an acceptable standard  Deficiencies in road drainage should be identified and ranked in order of priority as part of the normal maintenance programme. Where remedial treatments to road pavements are being carried out any deficiencies in road drainage must be addressed prior to or in conjunction with the pavement improvement works.  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for both drainage maintenance works, drainage improvement works and for the maintenance/repair of culverts and bridges.  District authorities should also aim to employ road inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.

100 4 Karongi District

4.1 Karongi District profile

Karongi District is one of the districts in the western province. It has a total population of 355,000 where male represent 46% of the district population. The average size of the household is about five persons per household (4.6), which is below the national average. According to national poverty ranking, Karongi District has the third-highest percentage of poor population and ranked the second poorest district after Nyamasheke in the Western Province. In 2014, Karongi District reported poverty incidence at 45.3% and poverty severity at 21.3%.

Like many other districts, the economy of Karongi District is founded on agricultural farming. 86% of the district population engage in farming as their major job followed by trade (4%). The amount of time allocated for farming is less compared to those in engaged in small businesses or those taking on more than just one job. Independent farmers work 24 hours per week compared to 36 hours a week for small business owners and 29 hours for wage farmers.

In Karongi District, 75% of households use improved drinking water source and 76.6% of households have access to improved sanitation facilities. 91.4% of households in Karongi District use beaten earth as their flooring material; only 6.4% of households have cement floors.

Concerning access and utilisation of electricity as a major source of lightening, Karongi District ranks third last in Western Province after Rutsiro (0.4%) and Ngororero (0.4%) districts with 2.8% of its population who use electricity. Data for use of ICT in the district show that only 31% households in Karongi district own a mobile phone and it is ranked last among all districts of Western Province. The mean walking distance to a health centre in Karongi District is 77.7 minutes and 34% of households walk under an hour on average to a health centre. Compared to the Western Province average, health centres in Karongi district are further from household dwellings by about ten minutes on average.

The literacy in Karongi District is 70% among the population aged fifteen years and above which is the same as the national literacy rate. The net attendance in primary school is 94% and 14% for secondary schools. In 2013, the number of students who enrolled in primary school in Karongi District was recorded as 85,505 of which 42,364 boys and 43,141 girls. In 2014, the numbers of enrolled pupils in primary school slightly fell to 85,0995. In terms of households owning a radio, Karongi is ranked second last among all districts of the country after Rubavu. Only 1.3% of the district population have used a computer before.

Social protection is one of the developmental strategies Rwanda has adopted since 2009. Karongi is one of the poorest districts in Rwanda that benefited from the programmes. In 2010/11, the number of beneficiaries who benefited from direct support were 811 from 3 sectors. The amount disbursed on the programme in that year was RWF 166,057,200. The amount increased to RWF 223,432,500 following an increase in the number of beneficiaries from 811 in 2010/11 to 1,693 poor households.

5 MINEDUC, Rwanda Education Statistical Year Book, 2014

101 Karongi District performance assessment

Figure 4.1 District own revenue.

Karongi tax collection records for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Karongi District recorded a positive increase of its own revenues collected from taxes on registered businesses and fees charged on dedicated services rendered by the district administrative units. In 2013/14, Karongi District collected RWF 91 mln from taxation of registered business and the amount increased to RWF 115 mln in the following fiscal year. The current fiscal year 2015/16 is still ongoing and the reported tax collection so far is reported as RWF 119 mln. The percentage increase is 1% so far from the previous fiscal year. Although the tax collection trend is positive, numbers shows that Karongi District has a small tax collection base.

Karongi fees collection records 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The local government administrative units have continuously grown stronger since the inception and adaptation of national decentralisation policy of Rwanda that delegated responsibilities to local government to manage its social affairs. Karongi, like any other district, provides services to its community members that range from implementation of public programmes and handle authorisation of land titles and construction, health insurance fees, civil registration of the marries, birth and death certificates.

The amount of money collected from district services was recorded as RWF 496.4 mln in 2013/14 and increased to RWF 542.4 mln the following year. In the current fiscal year so far RWF 621.4 mln was collected. Compared to the previous year, the district recorded an increase of 1.4%. This implies that the district is on the right track since the current fiscal year is still ongoing. An important note is that district’s own revenues have continuously grown from tax collection and fees. However, one would emphasise on the need to expand the tax base of Karongi District because the district service fees are higher than the tax collected.

102 Sources of Karongi District budget

Figure 4.2. District budget fund.

GoR for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The district budget is funded by multiple stakeholders that include the GoR, external donations and the district own revenues. The GoR contributes the biggest percentage of the total budget in what is known as LODA envelope to the district. Statistics show that the trend has been positive across the study period especially from the government side. In the fiscal year of 2013/14, Karongi District received RWF 2,780 mln from GoR. The amount decreased to RWF 2,382 mln in 2014/15. The current fiscal year the amount is RWF 2,301 mln from the domestically funded LODA envelop dedicated to Karongi district programme support.

External donors for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 External stakeholders also participated actively in the funding of district LODA envelop. In 2013/14, external FDB was recorded at RWF 615 mln and RWF 832 mln in the following fiscal year. The amount of funding picked up to RWF 1,635 mln for fiscal year 2014/15.

District own revenues for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Alluding from the figure on district own revenues, a positive trend has been recorded across years and the revenues have contributed significantly to the funding of district budget. Districts own revenues were reported to be close to the same amount funded by different stakeholders to the district LODA envelop.

In summary, LODA envelop is funded by different stakeholders but the biggest percentage of the budget is funded by the GoR. External stakeholders actively contribute to the funding of LODA envelop programme activities. It is important to note there isn’t much difference in the amount of funding from the external funding resources and the district own revenues. This simply means that districts are capable of achieving mobilizing their own resources and their activities will gradually be sustained.

103 Gender approach in VUP Direct Support Programme

Figure 4.3 VUP direct support.

Male beneficiaries of VUP direct support programme in Karongi District The analysis of the programme trend considered 2009/10 as denominator for the consecutive fiscal years of 2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/15. In 2009/10, the number of male headed poor households VUP direct support beneficiaries was 225 and 223 in the following fiscal year of 2010/11. In 2011/12, the number of beneficiaries in Karongi District was 219 and tripled in 2012/13 to 640 as a result of scale up programme that reached out to many poor households. By 2013/14, the number of beneficiaries had reached. Between 2014/15 and 2015/16, the number of beneficiaries has increased by 1.07% from 1,109 beneficiaries in 2014/15 to 1,194 in 2015/16.

Female beneficiaries of VUP direct support programme in Karongi District In Karongi district, the percentage of female headed household who received cash transfer increased from 296 in 2009/10 to 483 in 2010/11. In 2011/12, the number of beneficiaries had reached to 531 and almost doubled in the following fiscal year 2012/13 with about 1,054 beneficiaries. In 2013/14, the number of beneficiaries who received VUP direct support was 1,579. In the fiscal year 2014/15 female beneficiaries had reached a total of 1,989 and the current fiscal year the number so far is 2477 female beneficiaries of VUP programme.

Budget funding trend for Karongi District VUP direct support programme The budget to fund VUP direct support activities was recorded for the seven fiscal years under study. In summary, the budget has continuously grown to meet demands of programme activities in support VUP beneficiaries. From the figure above, budget allocations for VUP direct support activities was reported as RWF 83.4 mln in 2009/10. The budget increased to RWF 155 mln in 2010/11; the budget fell to RWF 106 mln. By 2012/13, the budget doubled to RWF 217.4 mln to meet the increased number of beneficiaries. In 2013/14, the budget was RWF 374.8 mln. By 2014/15 the budget funding for VUP direct support activities had been raised to RWF 460 mln. The current fiscal year reports only RWF 244 mln as VUP support budget, but the fiscal year is still ongoing.

104 4.2 Evaluated projects

Project Type Budget (RWF) Construction of banana macropropagator at Murundi, AL 30,000,000 Murambi, Gashari Sector Public lights in Karongi Town (Bwishyura: 10 Km) E 497,147,000 Construction of Agakiriro phase III MOI 186,674,905 Surveillance of Construction of Youth Peace Centre phase I SCI 3,500,000 School construction and rehabilitation project (supply of SI 41,730,000 construction materials)

105 4.2.1 Construction of banana macro-propagator me generation Construction of banana macro-propagator at Type: AL Murundi, Murambi, Gashari Sectors Date include in DDP: 2012-2013 Project initiator: Mubuga, Bwishyura, Murundi, Gashali, People Number of direct beneficiaries 1529 Population: Gashari:195, Mubuga: 216, Bwishyura:660, Murundi: 458 Number of indirect beneficiaries 331,808 population of Karongi District

Estimated budget (RWF) 30,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 30,000,000 Implemented by SUN COVER& GENERAL SUPPLY Starting date planned /actual data of starting 27/03/2015 End date planned/ actual data of ending 13/05/2015 Feasibility study N/A Supervision: was done by District Agronomist in collaboration with Sector Agronomists and SEDO

This is an expansion of the banana project visited in 2013. It aims at increasing the banana production by introducing new varieties that are immune for the diseases that attack the local variety. But also because the yield of these bananas is reportedly up to seven times more that the local variety (12 versus 80 kg). Even though the price is less than half of that of the traditional variety farmers have a higher income. Farmers who receive banana plants commit themselves to pass suckers on to the next beneficiary.

Relevance. The relevance for the banana growers is that they can increase their marketable yields and thus increase their income. Bananas production also benefits those with very small plots.

Effectiveness Farmers are glad to participate in the programme because they can increase their income.

Efficiency The programme needs no new importation of plants as the number of plants for pass on suffice to cover the present demand.

Sustainability and LED The new variety produces much more than the traditional banana, so even though the new variety yields less RWF per kilo, the total outcome is positive for the farmers. The danger lies in the fact that if more and more farmers are producing these bananas the present market will reach point of saturation. With this in mind the district is working on a real PPP to engage the private sector to set up a processing plant where banana juices and beer will be produced. This is a laudable initiative that will hopefully ensure the future marketability of these bananas.

106 4.2.2 Public lights in Karongi Town

Public lights in Karongi Town (Bwishyura : 10 Type: E Km) Date include in DDP 2012-2013 Project initiator Bwishyura Population Number of direct beneficiaries 31,960 population of Bwishyura, tourists and local private investors Number of indirect beneficiaries 331,808 Population of Karongi District

Estimated budget (RWF) 497,147,000 Actual budget (RWF) 497,147,000 Implemented by CBS Starting date planned /actual data of starting 18/01/2013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 18/08/2013 Feasibility study N/A Supervision: was done by District Engineers in collaboration with REG technicians

All electrification projects are owned by EUCL and apparently they are well managed and maintained. The only two elements mentioned above were inspected on the field because they are accessible; other elements such as control room are located in EUCL properties.

Technical Inspection

The majority of the light poles were installed on plumb, others that are not on plumb require to be adjusted to provide proper alignment to the roadway being lighted. Wires and conduits sizes were invisible could not be inspected but they are installed in accordance with the specifications furnished by EUCL. The transformer visually inspected was in good condition, good quality and no exhibition of corrosion. The supporting structure made up of burnt bricks also was in good condition.

Regarding the street lighting, all the elements were in good conditions and in good quality such as light poles, transmission cables.

107

Transformer mounted on masonry stand Light poles foundation

Recommendations/observations Regular investigation on these electrical utilities i.e. towers, poles, cables must be established in order to set maintenance programs thus to allow longevity of these utilities.

The electric poles and lattice works of galvanized steel require maintenance and repair if they exhibit any sort of corrosion. Depending on where they are situated, galvanized transmission towers/poles can function for 20 to 35 years before showing the first signs of corrosion. Unfortunately, once the corrosion of a galvanized transmission tower/pole does begin, it advances exponentially. A pole with less than 5 %t rust at age 30 can oxidize to the point of failure within ten years. More critically, as the corrosion of the tower/pole accelerates, so too can the cost of time, labour and materials to repair it. Therefore, these electric utilities require special treatment.

Images

Light poles installed on plum Light pole foundation in good condition

108

Street lighting connection source One pole light lamp in not illuminating

109 4.2.3 Construction of Agakiriro phase III

Construction of Agakiriro phase III Type: MOI Date include in DDP 2012 Project initiator Rubengera People Number of direct beneficiaries 400 artisans Number of indirect beneficiaries 331,808 Karongi Population

Estimated budget (RWF) 752,211,353 Actual budget (RWF) 513,386,147 Implemented by BES&Supply .Co. Ltd (Phase III) Starting date planned /actual data of 2012-2013 5/11/2014 starting End date planned/ actual data of ending 2016-2017 Feasibility study: was done by MINICOM for the whole country Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 6,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) Implemented by: Unity Ability Company Ltd Starting date 05/11/2014 End date 05/06/2015

The district started building these facilities and when the first phase was ready, two years ago, invited the private sector to come and use the buildings. The private sector is organised into cooperatives that are not strong and their representatives did not express any vision of what they could do with the facilities offered to serve their members. By now the buildings of this Agakiriro have been completed. The wall around the premises the landscaping and the drainage still remain to be done. This Agakiriro is close to the main road but there are no signs as yet directing potential customers to the area.

Relevance The representatives of the cooperatives and of the management committees informed the mission that they were very happy with the new premises because they were now well sheltered and could use each other’s services.

Sustainability The first hall of these facilities is in use since two years. The main activity taking place their seems to be the sawing of planks. The maintenance of this hall is non-existent. Walls are severely damaged, doors are not closing and nobody seems to care. The cooperatives have all been established recently and their role in the management and maintenance of the facilities is unclear.

Recommendations  This Agakiriro needs more attention from the district.

110  The participating cooperatives need strengthening and support in developing a vision as to what they want to achieve for their members.  The management structure must be clarified.  For LODA to design, or if it exists make it operational, a strategy to support and strengthen the cooperatives.

Technical Inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement provide Site lighting X Utilities X Landscaping STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows Stairs X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator Fire suppression systems Provide Security alarm systems Provide

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. Columns for stand halls: reinforced concrete; sizes and dimensions are in conformity with the specifications. Floor structure: concrete floor finishes to the cement mortar. Finishing on wall: painting. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets tainted in blue colour. Water collection system: collection of rain water from roof to the cistern. Retaining walls: gravity retaining structure are well constructed according to the standard. Firefighting system: smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, control boards not provided.

111

Foundation plinth in stone masonry Surface water drainage

Positive attributes Structurally, the workshops are strong, well-constructed according to the standards and have no failure so far. The buildings are well protected by provision of proper drainage around, so water does not stand on horizontal surfaces or accumulate in curved spaces, building up and eventually deteriorating the stones.

General comments The construction of the building is in good quality. The materials and workmanship, where visible, are good. The inspection did not discover evidence of substantial structural movement. The region where this infrastructure is located is in a high water table area, so proper water drainage studies should be done before the implementation of the project otherwise the infrastructure will not last long. At the time of inspection, there was no rain, but all the surface drainage was full of water flowing from the surrounding land properties.

Water coming up from ground level Surface drainage provided around the building

Recommendations/observations  To perform a periodic inspection of the foundation especially in the mortar joints, to see if there is any development of cracks or leakage around. One indicator of leaks is the accumulation of water in the cellar. Seasonal inspection.  Perform also preventive maintenance strategies by removing shrubs and other debris around the building foundation.  Identify the water sources and drain them appropriately.

112

Shrubs around the building Surface drainage clogged

Roofing Roof covering: blue self-supporting steel pan sheets done as per the specifications. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes done as per the specifications. Roof drainage system: steel gutters & downpipe in PVC diameter 110mm discharge in water tanks.

The construction of the roofing structure is of good quality. The materials and workmanship, where visible, are of good quality. The inspection did not discover evidence of leakage.

This quality of roof material has a typical lifespan of 20 years. Many factors influence the longevity of roofs including; weather, quality of shingle and installation method, proximity of tree limbs, degree of slope and amount of rooftop ventilation. At the time of inspection, the roofing structure was properly sloped and in excellent quality.

Blue self-supporting profiled sheet Metallic trusses roof structure

113

R.C.C. columns in good quality Structural columns in good conditions

Recommendations on maintenance of roofs and downpipes  Protecting and maintaining a roof requires cleaning the gutters and downspouts and replacing deteriorated flashing. Roof sheathing should be checked for proper venting to prevent damage from moisture, condensation, water penetration and insect infestation. Roof shingles should be checked for worn, loose or missing shingles.  Unsecured roofing materials can be damaged by moisture penetration and strong winds. Therefore, nails and clips should be checked for corrosion and replaced in- kind, if necessary.  If a roof is seriously damaged and requires temporary repair until something more permanent can be done, plywood or building paper should be installed over any exposed areas.  Immediately repair leaks and loose attachments, and replace missing elements in- kind, to prevent any damage to surrounding features of the building.  Inspections should be completed at least twice a year. It may also be a good idea to inspect your roof after any sustained high winds over 50 km per hour.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt brick, plastered and painted. Entry driveways: ordinary soil. Entry walkways: concrete. Surface drainage: concrete and covered.

The exterior of the building is generally in good condition. Walls are constructed on plumb. Materials and workmanships are of good quality. Floors are made out of concrete and they are generally in satisfactory condition.

114

Land slide materials around the building Plastered walls in good conditions

Recommendations/observations Even though the exterior walls are in good condition, there is much to do in order to increase its durability: to achieve that, periodic inspections and maintenance is recommended to be performed for inspectors to determine the conditions of the Building. Preferably, seasonal inspection is recommended i.e. behaviour of building materials in various weather conditions can be noted.  Perform periodic inspections, preferably after each season.  Preventive maintenance measures are required for better sustainability of the infrastructure.  Solve the problem of waters standing on horizontal surface around the buildings.  Regularly remove the falling soil materials due to land slide around the building.

Electrical Size of electrical service: 220volt main service. Service entrance conductors: not observed. Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network. Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded. Switches: ordinary switches. Fixed lights and lamps. Electrical control room was constructed correctly.

The visually accessible service entrance cables, inside to main panel, were generally in satisfactory condition. The circuit breakers appeared to be generally in satisfactory. A representative sampling of permanently installed light fixtures were tested and generally in satisfactory condition. Accessible receptacles were visually examined and tested and they are generally in satisfactory condition.

115

Electric control cabin Circuit breakers box fixed properly

Properly fixed electric outlet socket Light fixture properly fixed

Recommendations/observations  Preventive maintenance is required for better sustainability of the electric system.

Maintenance recommendations Building infrastructures need regular care to prevent it from becoming run down. This care is sometimes referred to as preventative or routine maintenance and has considerable following functions and advantages.  It prevents minor problems escalating into more substantial repairs or capital replacement work,  Saves market in their capital or property maintenance budgets. Maintenance works can be done by the market manager and it’s covered by the generated income money from the market. Other maintenance needs the services of a qualified person and this is paid for with PMG funding. Preventative maintenance to be considered.  Sweep out gutters to prevent blockages and damage to roofs.  Protect the building foundation against runoff water from the adjacent road.  Regularly replace washers to prevent tap replacement.  Flash drains and clean out sumps.  Check for cracked windows that may break.  Repair minor cracks.  Check movable building components such as windows, doors, and hardware (pins, hinges, bolts and all fastening mechanisms).

116 We are recommending the administrations to set maintenance strategies program and plan capacity building of the building users which will provide the regular visual inspection of the infrastructures and take possible measures in order to keep up the premises in good condition.

Images

Burnt brick wall painted Properly fixed downspouts

Front surface drainage covered Electric control cabin

Good quality concrete floor Properly welded metallic trusses

117 4.2.4 Surveillance of Construction of Youth Peace Centre phase I

Surveillance of Construction of Youth Type: SCI Peace Centre phase I Date include in DDP 2012-2013 Project initiator Youth of Karongi District Number of direct beneficiaries Number of indirect beneficiaries 331,808 population of Karongi District

Estimated budget (RWF) 10,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 2,352,000 Implemented by IMECE Ltd Starting date planned /actual data of 10/01/2013 starting End date planned/ actual data of ending 10/05/2013 10/05/2013 Feasibility study N/A Supervision N/A

The justification for construction of the youth centre is that the present building has become too small and dilapidated. The many services that are housed in the present building need more space to function properly. The youth centre provides training and information and tests on reproductive health, sexual transmitted diseases, family planning, and prenatal counselling. In addition, the building houses a conference hall for meetings and entertainment.

Relevance It would seem that this is a very relevant project. The mission visited the old premises and was aware of the fact that these were very crowded and that this building would need extensive repairs if it is to house other services. As noticed in other districts attention for youth is becoming an important issue. Society is changing and more youth look for jobs outside agriculture. Thus creating a location where a number of services are combined seems to be very relevant.

As the building is still under construction no comments can be given on the effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability.

118 4.2.5 School construction and rehabilitation project

School construction and rehabilitation project Type: SI (supply of construction materials) Date include in DDP 2012-2013 Project initiator Population of Karongi District Number of direct beneficiaries 2385 Students of 9 and 12 YBE and 1325 workers Number of indirect beneficiaries 331,808 population of Karongi District

Estimated budget (RWF) 50,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 41,730,000 Implemented by TRISA Ltd Starting date planned /actual data of starting 31/10/2013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 31/12/2013 31/12/2013 Feasibility study N/A Supervision: was done by REB Engineer in collaboration with District Engineer

The Gasenyi boarding school that received a solar power system

The solar system that was made available in 2008 has been replaced by line lower. The solar system was relocated to a health post.

The solar system has reportedly served its purpose of allowing students to study in the evening and using the library. However, the use of computers as part of the training has remained limited. At present only two computers are available for the 201 students. Over the last three years the number of students in the school has dropped from 545 to 201. This was said to be due to the construction of an externs secondary school at a distance of 2 Km. The reason why student change schools is that the externs school is free of charge while the boarding schools costs RWF 60,400 per student per trimester. The expansion of the nearby school fits in the government policy to bring education closer to the population. It is expected that more schools will be built at village level. This will discourage parents from sending their children to boarding schools.

The result is that at the moment this boarding school now has one teacher for eight students, while the next door school has one teacher has for 40 students. Similarly, the buildings of the boarding school are underutilised while those of the externs school are fully occupied to the extent that primary school has two sessions. These are both public schools. Even though this may not be a permanent situation it is suggested that a temporary exchange of teachers is realised.

Recommendations See what possibilities there are to have these two schools work together, exchange teachers and make use of each other facilities. Pay more attention to spatial planning of both, infrastructure and manpower personnel.

119 Technical inspection

Schools built by local citizens: the school built in Bwishyura (GS Ruraugwe) was taken as a sample

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Repaint Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) Floor Surfaces X Upgrade Roof coverings X Roof drainage X Provide Downpipe MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. The materials and workmanship were fairly good. Columns for balconies: metallic hollow tubes; sizes and dimensions are in conformity with the specifications. Class rooms beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams and painted Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar. Interior finishing: plastering and painting. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof drainage: gutters and downspouts.

The structural elements of the school include foundation, all supporting framing and related components, brick wall elevation, doors and windows, floors, roof structure system and roof coverings, surface drainage, water collection system and electrical installations. At the time of inspection, all the mentioned components were in satisfactory conditions. The materials and workmanships were good in some places like walls, roof systems. Cleanliness is an issue. The building is required to receive another fresh paint.

120 The foundation type is a commonly used foundation i.e strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry jointed to cement mortar. At the time of inspection, there was no evidence of structural movements or cracks observed. This reveals that the foundation is in satisfactory condition.

Roofing Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes done as per the specifications. Roof drainage system: steel gutters and downpipe to discharge water into water cistern.

The laying and cutting of roof covering were correctly done. The metallic fascia board installed was protected correctly by receiving a coat of paint. The gutters are not well maintained but properly fixed. The roof trusses were done as per the specifications. The trusses joints were fully welded. The roofing system was generally in satisfactory conditions.

Roof trusses are correctly welded Roof drainage system with no downspouts

121

Recommendations and observations  Seasonal regular Inspection is recommended to check any effect on roof.  Managers of the school must be trained on how to carry preventive maintenance.  To repaint regularly the infrastructure.  Provide downspout to roof gutters to convey rain water to a designated collector.  Regularly clean the gutters and downspouts to avoid clogging problems.  Close supervision is required for such community works constructions.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt bricks jointed to cement mortar. Doors and windows: metallic glazed doors and windows. Entry walkways: concrete. Surface drainage: open ground. Retaining walls: none. Fencing: none.

Poor finishing quality Poor painting finishing quality

Images

Cracks observed on floor surfaces Concrete spalling on foundation plinth

122

Doors and windows in good quality Electric fixtures poorly installed

Recommendations and observations  Adopt preventive maintenance.  Repaint the classrooms.  Protect the foundation against soil scouring.  Seasonal Regular inspection of wall cracking.  Cleaning is recommended in general.  Building the capacity of school teachers on management of infrastructures.  Redo the electric installation properly.  Replace loose receptacles.

123 4.2.6 The Bwisyura market (also visited in 2013)

This market is still in full use. All places are occupied and trade is said to have increased over the last three years. The market management committee is still operational. Their task is: to solve conflicts, ensure security, and hygiene and collect fees for these services. Small maintenance is also their domain. Repairs are undertaken by the district. When walking through the market it was noticed that in a number of locations the concrete floor was crushed. The management committee has reported the damage to the floors to the district but say no action is taken.

Relevance The mission was able to speak to the same traders it met three years ago. They confirmed that the trade volume in the market is still increasing and also the variety of products that can be found in the market. The most recent impulse for the trade volume is the new road between Rusizi and Karongi, which now allows easy transport between Karongi and Kamembe. The second phase of the market has been completed and also here all the places are occupied.

The market is also relevant for small farmers in the surroundings as agricultural produce is bought from them. Although the price paid to the farmers reportedly has not increased much over the last year the volume that is traded certainly did. So small farmers in the neighbourhood are also better off because of the market.

Effectiveness Markets are essential for stimulating local economy. They need to be combined with improved rural roads to allow traders to reach the farmers. The majority (99%) of the traders on this market originate from Karongi.

Sustainability Even though there is a management committee maintenance is very much lacking. This is not a question of money. Traders pay fees to the district. There is an annual fee of RWF 6,000/year + RWF 5,000 per month for a place in the fruit and vegetable market. And an additional RWF 200/day taxes. In addition, the use of toilets costs RWF 100. These funds can partly be used for maintenance and repairs but somehow the system is not working.

LED The impact of the market on LED is reported to reach even the small farmers in the surroundings. Again here the importance of roads is highlighted by the traders.

Recommendations Make better regulations regarding the inspections and maintenance for this market and enforce these.

124 Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Utilities X Preventive maintenance X STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Sidewalk floor X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. Columns: columns for the buildings are made of reinforced concrete in good conditions. Beam(s)/lintels: beams and lintels where visible are in reinforced concrete beams. Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Slaughter houses floor finishes are covered with tiles. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar. Ceiling structure: ceiling is made of plywood boards and painted to the white in the shops. Roof structure: metallic trusses rafters, purlins: size and dimensions done as per the specifications.

Reinforced concrete beams Metallic glazed doors and windows

The building structure frame is still in satisfactory conditions. The beams and columns were all in good conditions. No cracks due to internal structural movement were observed. But in general case maintenance is very poor which in future will affect these structural frame components.

Suggestions for improvement Always to perform preventive and routine maintenance. Repair of concrete spalling on structural frames such columns, beams and soil retaining structures.

125

Building structural frames are in satisfactory condition. No defects observed on these structures.

Recommendations and observations During the inspection, we have observed factors that can affect the strength of these buildings, and if nothing is done to remedy this situation, there is high risk of these buildings to collapse. Downspouts discharges water directly to the surface. Many cracks were observed at the floor surfaces and water enters the sub-structures through the open cracks and with time this will have a negative impact on structural frame particularly in foundation.

Water enters the substructure through cracks Water enters foundation structures

 Maintenance in general is required to these buildings by sealing or repairing all cracks,  Replace the broken downspouts and make sure water is discharged to the designated water collector and away from the building’s foundation,  Regular inspections of the structural frames on cracks development.  Building capacity of the market managers on infrastructure management.  Cleanliness is recommended.

Roofing Roof covering: profiled Steel roofing sheets still in good conditions. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes (80*40*2) are still in good conditions. Roof drainage system: steel gutters & downpipe still standing but not maintained.

126

Roof trusses still in good conditions Self-supporting profiled sheet in good condition

During the inspection, the roof coverings were still in good condition and no evidence of leaks observed on the roofing cover. Metallic gutters are still standing and they are in good condition. One major problem observed in metallic gutters, is that the function of gutter is blocked by shrubs growing all along the gutter and downspouts.

Shrubs blocking the function of a gutter. Replace the broken downpipes

Recommendations and observations  Sweep out gutters to prevent blockages and damage to roofs.  Regular season inspection on Roof covering for leakages,  Check for leaks and loose or clogged gutters or downspouts.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt bricks jointed to cement mortar, plastered and painting finishes. Soffits: plywood ceiling boards and painted in the boutiques. Fascia: metallic fascia board. Doors and windows: metallic glazed doors and windows. Access: concrete. Entry walkways: concrete. Surface drainage: concrete. Retaining walls: stone masonry retaining wall. Fencing: metal hollow tubular fencing poll with chicken wire netting.

127

Entry access in concrete Wrought iron fence

The examination of the building exterior’s components includes: floor surface, walls, doors and windows, painting, perimeter wall. At the time of inspection, all these components were in satisfactory conditions; doors and windows were in satisfactory conditions, fresh painting is recommended. When carrying this appraisal, we have noticed that maintenance to this market is a big issue. Spalling of concrete surface has been observed all around and left without repair (columns, stairs, floor surfaces, on walls etc.). Algae occupied the retaining wall cellar which in future stones will break away to the structure, thus failure will be near. There is also break away of retaining wall to concrete floor surface leaving wide cracks thus allowing water to penetrate the foundation structure. Manholes are left open and not cleaned because the manhole’s covers are damaged. Spalling of concrete was observed again on the floor surface of the staircases which in turn need to be repaired. The Interior finishing of the building is in satisfactory condition but requires periodic cleaning. The exterior plumbing components are required to be reinstalled by new ones. No vent pipes that are operating. The whole water collection system seems not to work properly.

Concrete spalling of stairs Break off stair with the floor structure

128

Water infiltrate through the wide cracks Concrete spalling on surface floor structure

Algae attacking the foundation cellar

Doors and windows still in good condition Break off retaining wall to the floor

Recommendations  Upgrade or bring to an acceptable standard the concrete surface floor by repairing all the cracks.  Brash off the algae on retaining walls.

129  Repair all the concrete spalling.

Electrical Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network. Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded in fair condition. Switches: ordinary switches in fair condition. Fixed lights and lamps.

During the 2013 inspection carried out at this market, all the electrical components were properly fixed and installed compared to the current conditions of these components. We have observed many loose receptacles, unprotected junction boxes and so on.

2013 image 2016 image

 District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of this building components;  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  To set a checklist for maintenance personnel to follow when making routine maintenance inspections.  To gather information concerning recommended procedures for warranty repair work.

130 4.2.7 Ruragwe Sector office (visited in 2013)

In the new administrative organisation of the district, this sector office now is a cell office. Building was well maintained and is good use. The staffing of the cell offices has doubled as the executive secretary has now assistant for economic affairs.

The administration in the cell office has improved. The data collection and availability at cell level and the communications to sector level thereof have improved significantly. When asked what LED has taken place the following indicators were mentioned.  Better housing.  More use of fertiliser, also for non-consolidated crops.  Health insurance.  Girinka project with pigs.

Regarding the latter, the mission was informed that even here, in a location that is rather difficult to reach, the influence of the new tarmac road Karongi - Kamembe was mentioned as an important factor for marketing. Many more pigs were sold and the price had gone up.

131 5 Nyagatare District

5.1 Nyagatare District profile

Nyagatare District has a total population of 424,000 residents representing 16% of the total population of Eastern Province and 4% of the total population of Rwanda. Males comprise 49.3% of the population in Nyagatare District. Rwanda has a young population and for Nyagatare District as many as 84.4% of the population is aged less than 40 years.

In 2014, poverty incidence in Nyagatare District was reported as 44.1% and poverty severity as 19.5%. These numbers rank Nyagatare as one of the districts with a bigger population living in poverty.

The employment rate in Nyagatare District is 85%, slightly above the national average employment of 84%. Agriculture is the major activity in the district that engages about 80% of the district population. The household income is driven by agriculture (45%), followed by wage income (25%). In Nyagatare District, 39.5% of households have at least one savings account, ranking the district third among Eastern Province districts.

Regarding education indicators, Nyagatare District’s literacy rate is 82.3% of individuals aged six and above. The net attendance rate in primary school in Nyagatare District is 87%, which is below the national average. The net attendance rate in secondary school is 18%. The number of primary pupils enrolled in 2013 was reported as 108,798 of which 53,428 boys and 55,370 girls. In 2014, the number increased to 113,937. Nyagatare is classified among four districts at national level with a high mean walking distance to a primary school. The mean walking distance to a primary school in Nyagatare District is 34.4 minutes. Statistics shows that 2.8% of the population aged six and above in Nyagatare District is identified as computer literate, ranking the district first among Eastern Province districts.

According to statistics, 42% of households of Nyagatare District use improved drinking water and 23% of households are within 15 minutes’ walking distance of an improved water source. Therefore, the district has not yet achieved the EDPRS national target for the water and sanitation sector, which is to increase access to drinking water to 85% by 2012. However, among all districts, Nyagatare is the leading district by percentage of households with access to improved sanitation facilities (92.8%). It has achieved and surpassed the EDPRS target on sanitation, which is to have nationally 65% of the total population with hygienic sanitation by 2012. Only 11% of households use electricity as their main source of lighting, which is slightly above the national average.

Social protection is a developmental agenda for Rwanda and the programmes have been implemented across all districts in the country since 2009. The number of direct support beneficiaries in Nyagatare is relatively small compared to other districts. In 2010/11 the number of beneficiaries of direct cash transfer was 532 households from three sectors. The amount of money disbursed was RWF 60,662,600. By 2012/2013, the number of household beneficiaries increased to 617 as a result of scaling up the programme at national level and the budget amount increased to RWF 91,656,100.

132 Nyagatare District performance assessment

Figure 5.1 Nyagatare District own revenue.

Nyagatare District tax collection records for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Nyagatare District recorded a positive increase of its own revenues collected from taxes on registered businesses and fees charged on dedicated services rendered by the district administrative units. Nyagatare District recorded collected taxes of RWF 183.5 mln in 2012/13 and RWF 139.4 mln in 2013/14 from collected taxes.

Nyagatare District fees collection records 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 In 2013/14, Nyagatare District recorded RWF 477.5 mln. The following fiscal year recorded RWF 575.6 mln. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has so far recorded RWF 224.6 mln. This implies that the district is on the right track since the current fiscal year is still ongoing. The important note to take here is that districts own revenues have continuously grown from only registered tax businesses and fees charged on certain defined services by the district.

Figure 5.2 Nyagatare budget.

133 GoR budget funding for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The district budget fund is funded by multiple stakeholders that include the GoR, external donations and the district own revenues. The GoR contributes the biggest percentage of the total budget in what is known as LODA envelope to the district. Statistics shows that the trend has been positive across the study period especially from the government side. In the fiscal year of 2013/14, Nyagatare District received RWF 2,606.1 mln from GoR. The amount increased to RWF 3,491.0 mln in 2014/15. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has recorded RWF 3,407.3 mln.

External donors budget funding for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 External stakeholders also participated actively in the funding of district LODA envelop. In 2013/14, external FDB Nyagatare District received RWF 1,295.0 mln. By 2014/15, the amount received as external funding to LODA envelope was reported as RWF 704.3 mln. The amount funded by external donors to LODA envelop in 2015/16 was reported as RWF 1,015.8 mln.

District own revenues for2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Alluding from the figure of district owns revenues, a positive trend on the growth of district own revenues has been achieved in Nyagatare district and more work should be done to maintain the trend. This signifies that districts will ensure financing of their own programme budget.

SACCO Economic Indicators

Figure 5.3 Nyagatare SACCO indicators

Nyagatare SACCO membership for 2013/14 and 2014/15 SACCO is defined by the GoR as financial institutions under cooperative form. They operate in a financial system and are legally acceptable by the central bank of Rwanda that regulates financial institutional bodies in Rwanda. Nyagatare has several SACCOs in the district. The number of SACCO account holders increased from 60,928 in 2013/14 to 62,425 in 2014/15 which shows increase of SACCO account holders. The number was reported as 63,099 in the fiscal year 2015/16. Numbers shows creditability of SACCOs among community members and the level of trust and appreciation of their services.

Nyagatare SACCO savings for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The increase in the number of SACCO members between fiscal years of 2013/14 and 2014/15 impacted positively on the increase in the amount of saving from RWF 1,279,960,537 in 2013/14 to RWF 1,365,049,477 in 2014/15. Increase in savings indicates wellbeing of members. They are able to meet their expenses and save some money in the bank.

134

Nyagatare SACCO loans for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Loans depend on the accumulated savings. The increase in savings determines how much SACCOs are able to give out as loans. The amount of loans disbursed by SACCOs in Nyagatare district amounted RWF 767,976,322 in 2013/14. In 2014/15, the amount of money given out as loans to SACCO members was reported as RWF 887,282,160. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has not come to the end but so far, Nyagatare has recorded a positive increase comparing with the former fiscal year 2014/15.

Nyagatare SACCO failure rate for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Results show that there has been a positive trend in the number of SACCO membership account holders. This is justified by the failure rate that is continuously decreasing over the study period 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The failure rate among SACCO members was decreased overtime. This means that members trust SACCO’s current working conditions that involve stability and safety of their incomes.

In summary, we can learn from the numbers that Nyagatare district has the capacity to collect own revenues that can significantly positively contribute to the support of district budget programme activities. District revenue is slightly lower than the amount contributed by external FDB to LODA envelope. Also, SACCOs play an important role in collecting liquid money that can be distributed among the community members through loans since it recorded an increased number of its account holders and savings.

Gender approach in VUP direct support programme Gender policy exists at both central level and has been translated to the needs of local government in Rwanda. At district level, gender equality is part of the development agenda and female participation is encouraged through all areas of work from political, economic and social dimensions. VUP direct support programme is one of the three pillars of social protection programme areas in Rwanda. The selection criteria for a VUP direct support recipient follows household social economic classification known as “Ubudehe” conducted at sector level6. Direct support programme provide assistance to a poor household unit identified in the 1 and 2 “Ubudehe” categories. These are households with a household head who does not have labour capacities such as the elderly, physically disabled, chronically sick, still in school or have no adults at all (child headed households).

National poverty rates show that poor female headed households are more prone to poverty compared to their male counterparts. In Nyagatare district, the number of female headed household who received cash transfer increased by from 36 in 2008/09 to 133 in 2009/10. The numbers recorded a further increase from 133 in 2009/10 to 216 in 2010/11. The trend continuously shows a positive trend.

In 2008/09, the budget was only RWF 5,678,000. The amount was increased to RWF 42,964,900 in the following fiscal year. The budget increased further in 2010/11 (RWF 6,4112,200) and to RWF 124,970,799 for 2011/2012.

6 UNICED, Vision2020 Umurenge Programme: Annual Report, 2009/10, Page 7

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Figure 5.4 VUP Direct support Nyagatare

Nyagatare District maintenance procedures The assessment results show that maintenance is a new concept for districts including Nyagatare. The number of reported new infrastructures was twelve in 2013/14 and increased to sixteen in the fiscal year 2014/15. The current fiscal year 2015/16 is still ongoing but fifteen new projects have been reported. The number of maintenance contracts signed between Nyagatare district and maintenance contractors was eight in 2013/14 and increased to eleven in 2014/15. The number of projects maintained was eight in 2013/14 and increased to eleven in 2014/15 and ongoing work in 2015/16 is reported as seven projects.

5.2 Evaluated projects

Project Type Budget (RWF) Construction of Rwempasha meeting hall AI 47,843,150 Rehabilitation of Rwabiharamba and Bwera valley dams AL 24,175,000 supervision of Nyagatare modern market IGA 32,450,000 Study of construction of Nyagatare stadium SCI 19,470,000 Rehabilitation of Mirama-Rukomo road TI 603,185,139

136 5.2.1 Construction of Rwempasha meeting hall ion Construction of Rwempasha meeting hall Type: AI Date include in DDP: 2013 Project initiator: Beneficiaries (population of Rwempasha model village) Number of direct beneficiaries 1829 Number of indirect beneficiaries 7976

Estimated budget (RWF) 50,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 46,955,480 Implemented by Entreprise Mugabe Thomas&Rwemuchat Starting date planned /actual data of starting 24/02/2014 14/05/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 23/05/2014 22/12/2015 Feasibility study: District one stop centre Supervision: District one stop centre

During the briefing at the district the mission was informed that Rwempasha was a model village for survivors of the genocide. And that a model village should have a meeting hall. The hall is meant for wedding parties and other large social gatherings. The visit to this rather large size meeting hall revived the discussion on the selection of village priorities as there are still villages that are awaiting access to drinking water.

Relevance To understand the importance of this hall for the village the mission had an opportunity to meet some 30 villagers (15 man and 15 women) who were attending a health meeting in the office of the Rwempasha cell office. From that discussion it emerged that the hall was indeed felt as a priority. It would prevent that weddings and other large festivities would have to be held in the open (or elsewhere). Thus it would support the local economy. The issue of the drinking water was attended to they said. Projects were either being implemented or planned. Also the mission was informed Rwempasha village is at the centre of the cell and that a number of villages that will be using the hall are located very close by. The hall would serve the needs of the whole cell. The cell executive secretary presented the mission the minutes of the meeting in which the selection of this hall was documented.

Efficiency The hall seems rather big. But it was stressed that the wedding parties in Rwanda are indeed big events.

Sustainability The hall is well build. The mission has not seen any maintenance contract, but presumably maintenance is done by community work

137 LED The mission spoke with some 30 villagers who indicated that they needed such a hall for weddings and others festivities. This could mean that now the money spend on these occasions is spend locally rather in a small town nearby.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) ceiling X Balconies Roof coverings X Roof drainage X Landscape X Finish it

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. Columns: reinforced concrete columns. Beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams. Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar, plastered and painted. Ceiling structure: varnished plywood ceiling. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets and blue painted.

Recommendations and observations Though the foundation was not visible, but where visible and accessible, these items have been examined for proper function. This structural component is inaccessible because it is buried below grade or behind finishes. The commonly used technology is a masonry stone foundation and plinth plastered. At the time of inspection, the foundation was in good condition but need regular proper seasonal inspection to see if there is any evidence of cracks on wall to reveal distress in the foundation. No evidence of unstable movement in the structure.

138

Masonry foundation plastered and painted Well protected foundation plinth

Roofing Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets. Roof Structure: metallic trusses (rafters and tie beam 60x40x1.5mm; members (40x40x1.5mm). Roof drainage system: metallic gutter + 110 diameter PVC down pipe discharging water in the plastic water cistern.

A roof system consists of the roof trusses, roof coverings, gutters and roof drainage system i.e. downspouts were generally in satisfactory condition as well as eaves, soffits and fascia boards. Metallic gutters and downpipes appear to be in serviceable condition. No evidence of leaks to down pipes and gutters in general.

Self-supporting profiled sheet Roof drainage system by gutter

Recommendations and observations  The roofing is in good condition: no evidence of active leaks thus no need of repair.  Do regularly seasonal inspection and preventive maintenance.  Clean the gutter to be free from dust and leaves that can block the flow of water.

139 Exterior Wall covering: burnt brick, plastered and painted. Eaves, soffits and fascia: metallic fascia board. Exterior doors: metallic doors. Exterior windows: metallic windows. Entry driveways: laterite. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete. Surface drainage: open ground. Perimeter fence: stone wall foundation + burnt brick columns+ metallic grids.

Painted vertical wall Perimeter wall in good quality

140

Well-constructed VIP latrines but no gutter Perimeter wall in good quality

Metallic glazed windows Entrance metallic gate

Recommendations and observations  The landscaping is half done and needs to be reinforced. Re-grassing and watering the compound is required.  Where there is no gutter, to be provided in order to avoid soil erosion which may occur in the period of rain season.  For better sustainability of the building, proper maintenance strategies must be put in place and frequent follow up on how they implement them.

Metallic windows and doors Roof drainage system

141 5.2.2 Rehabilitation of Rwabiharamba and Bwera valley dams

Rehabilitation of Rwabiharamba and Bwera Type: Agriculture valley dams Date include in DDP 2013 Project initiator Beneficiaries (Karangazi &Rwimiyaga population) Number of direct beneficiaries 6,335 Number of indirect beneficiaries 15,645,321

Estimated budget (RWF) 30,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 24,175,000 Implemented by OBC Ltd (Organised Business Company ) Starting date planned /actual data of starting 21/09/2013 24/10/2012 End date planned/ actual data of ending 20/11/2013 05/03/2014 Feasibility study District one stop centre Supervision District one stop centre

Both dams were visited by civil engineer. Only the Rwabiharamba dam was visited by the social and economic evaluators. This dam was built in 1975 to provide water for cattle. Reportedly the dam had no spillway and three years ago due to heavy rains it overflowed and started caving in. Cattle owners tried to dig a bypass but did not succeed so requested emergency help from the district. A rapid design was made and the remainder of the dam was saved.

Relevance and effectiveness In this area some 50% of the population (of 6,300) is cattle owner. A discussion with a some of them revealed that before the dams were built, every dry period cows would die because of lack of water. In bad years up to 50% of the animal population could die. With the construction of the dams the water problem was solved. Now when three years ago the dams started to collapse the population requested urgent action from the district. They reported that the dam was repaired upon their request.

Even though the main users are cattle owners who water their animals, water is also drawn for domestic use (first other source of water is reportedly at 20 km) as well as for construction purposes. Water sellers also come to collect water.

The benefits are clear for all. There is a dam committee in charge of the maintenance of the operation and maintenance of the dam.

Efficiency Repairing a dam is more efficient than building a new one. The reason for the damage reportedly was a faulty design (no spill way was included in the original design)

Sustainability Although there is dam committee in charge of the maintenance of the dam a quick inspection showed that erosion has started to damage the tail end of the newly constructed spill way. If not attended this may have severe consequences in a few years’ time. The management committee of the dam had not noticed this and did not see the

142 danger of the event. This led to a discussion on maintenance in general in which also the executive secretary of the Rwabiharamba cell took part. The role of the district in inspections was discussed but with the ever increasing number of infrastructures (often at great distances) the district will not be in a position to inspect all works regularly to implement preventive maintenance. Therefore, this will have to be made the responsibility of lower administrative levels. The mission was informed that in many cases there was an agreement with lower levels existed but that the terms of the agreement were not adhered to, especially if the responsible persons are not aware of what to look at.

The conclusion was that there is a need for training on how to do preventive maintenance e.g. when to do inspections, what are the weak points of a structure and when and what to report to the district.

LED In this case it is the prevention of the decline of the local economy to the situation that existed before the dams were built.

Recommendations For LODA to work out a system where inspections for maintenance and repairs are the responsibilities of the lower administrative levels but that is controlled and enforced by the districts.

Technical inspection The inspection itself includes all of the components of the dam: the crest, upstream and downstream slopes, the abutments, spillway channel(s), and the areas around the reservoir and below the dam. Any gates or control valves associated with the spillway, low level outlet are inspected to ensure that they are operational. This includes a close examination of all accessible moving parts.

The crest The crest is used as a crossing for vehicles and equipment and in most cases is well travelled by livestock. At the time of inspection, the crest was in satisfactory condition because of its practicability by the vehicles and livestock as well. No transversal/longitudinal cracks were observed. In addition to that no slop instability observed.

Care must be done on the following defects observed: Excessive vegetation growing at the edges of the dam can at a time if not cleared, obstruct or hinder the function of the crest, the crest was narrowed by soil erosion and this must be addressed as quickly as possible because it reduces the freeboard.

Narrowing of crest width from erosion. This issue reduces the freeboard i.e. height between top of the crest and water level thus a risk for overflow. Excessive vegetation

143

Recommendations/observations As maintenance found to be an issue at the all levels, one of the responsibilities of owning and operating a dam, is a commitment to maintaining it. A program of regular preventive maintenance will stop many problems developed for the first place.  Regularly inspect and maintain the crest.  Do spot re-gravelling to increase the freeboard and to fill the eroded area.  Check regularly cracks developed on crest and any sign of soil instability.

The cut spillway The stone masonry channel spillway was visually examined on materials and workmanships. At the time of inspection, the structure was in good condition. Vertical walls made up of stones masonry jointed to cement mortar and finished by pointing. The bottom part is also made up of stone masonry jointed to cement mortar and pointed to a strong cement mortar. There was no blockage by vegetation or debris. Only water pond stagnating in the channel. The outlet of the spillway not protected against erosion. Riprap stones should be used to protect the outlet of the spillway.

Stone masonry wall spillway constructed. The image shows how water flow is blocked by vegetation and debris. Water stagnation can cause problems. It weaken the stones cellar by increasing pore pressure thus reducing the material resistance. Once water penetrates and apply water pressure to the structure, as a result is a failure of the structure. Cleaning is required.

The bottom of the channel need to be sealed so that water cannot infiltrate the stone cellar otherwise the structure will be washed away by water. Excessive vegetation growing in the stone masonry spillway channel. Preventive maintenance will handle this issue. Repointing the stone slab with strong ratio cement mortar otherwise there is a risk of water to infiltrate the slab and take away the structure.

144 Images

Excessive vegetation growing in the channel Repoint the base slab is required

Vegetation narrowing the width of the crest Stagnation of water in the channel

Recommendations/observations  The spillway necessitates preventive maintenance by repointing the stone wall masonry and the base.  Protection of the side of the spillway against erosion.  Upgrade the channel.

Technical inspection of the rehabilitation of Bwera valley dam The inspection itself includes all of the components of the dam: the crest, upstream and downstream slopes, the abutments, spillway channel(s), and the areas around the reservoir and below the dam. Any gates or control valves associated with the spillway, low level outlet are inspected to ensure that they are operational. This includes a close examination of all accessible moving parts.

145 The crest The crest is used as a crossing for vehicles and equipment and in most cases is well travelled by livestock. At the time of inspection, the crest was in satisfactory condition because of its practicability by the vehicles and livestock as well. No transversal/longitudinal cracks were observed. In addition to that no slop instability observed.

Care must be done on the following defects observed: Excessive vegetation growing at the edges of the crest can at a time if not cleared, obstruct or hinder the function of the crest, the crest was narrowed by soil erosion and this must be addressed as quickly as possible because it reduces the freeboard.

Narrowing of crest width from erosion. This issue reduces the freeboard i.e. height between top of the crest and water level thus a risk for overflow. Excessive vegetation

The cut spillway The stone masonry channel spillway was visually examined on materials and workmanships. At the time of inspection, the structure was in good condition. Vertical walls made up of stones masonry jointed to cement mortar and finished by pointing. The bottom part is also made up of stone masonry jointed to cement mortar and pointed to a strong cement mortar. There was no blockage by vegetation or debris. No water pond stagnating observed in the channel. Materials and workmanships were in good quality. The structure requires attention because the water flow infiltrates the side vertical walls and finds its paths through the stone structure.

The soil mass retaining structures such as the vertical walls of the spillway are lacking the weep holes or are not sufficient to drain off soil water. These drains are very useful to take water away from the soil water to the channel. The bottom of the channel need to be sealed so that water cannot infiltrate the stone cellar otherwise the structure will be washed away by water.

146 Repointing the stone slab with strong ratio cement mortar otherwise there is a risk of water to infiltrate the slab and take away the structure.

Images

Excessive vegetation growing in channel

Vegetation narrowing the width of the crest Water infiltration into the side walls

147

General recommendations As a general observation after this inspection, there is lack of maintenance in all cases and all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.

 District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of existing infrastructures.  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard.  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  End users of the infrastructure should be trained on how to carry the preventive maintenance on structures and the ownership of the infrastructure entirely.  District authorities should establish an inspection check list document to be distributed at low level where the infrastructure is located. This document should be filled by the managers of the infrastructure which should be collected and examined at the district level after each season.

148 5.2.3 Supervision of Nyagatare modern market

Supervision of Nyagatare modern market Type: IGA Date include in DDP Project initiator Number of direct beneficiaries Number of indirect beneficiaries

Estimated budget (RWF) 1,500,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 1,439,581,865 Implemented by NOVAKI Starting date planned /actual data of starting 30/03/2012 30/05/2012 End date planned/ actual data of ending 30/12/2012 28/06/2014 Feasibility study n/a Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 40,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 32, 450,000 Implemented by: HICE Ltd Starting date 30/05/2012 End date 28/06/2014

The market was built to replace a smaller open air market. It has 122 shops and a three market halls with 40 places that are each occupied by two persons. So where there were 178 traders now there are some 500, including those who occupy places in the corridors and on the steps. As with other markets it attracts traders and customers. The place was very busy when the mission visited. This markets appears to be very well organised. It has a volunteer management committee, elected by the traders that resolves conflicts, reports on damages and collects money to keep the place clean. They also appoint and supervise the cleaners.

Relevance This market has become a very busy trading centre. Besides many clothes and shoes there is a lively trade in agricultural produce. The number of customers and of traders are increasing. Now that all the places in the halls are occupied traders spread their ware in the corridors and on the steps. This market has two important features, most of its traders are women and most of the agricultural products sold are come from small farmers from the area.

The mission noticed this when visiting a number of villagers. The small farmers indicated that for them the combination of road improvements and market was important as now traders come to buy their produce and sell it on the market. The larger farmers forego the local market and trade directly with Kigali.

149 Sustainability The importance of the market will guarantee a form of sustainability. The issue of maintenance and repairs has not come up yet but, like in other places will need attention here as well. Furthermore, as, mentioned above the impact of the market for the small farmers in the area depends much on the quality of the roads to the villages so road maintenance is partly responsible for the success of markets. The estimated maintenance budget is RWF 30 mln per year. The total of market fees add up to some RWF 50 mln per year so the budget for maintenance and repairs should not be a problem.

LED The market has a very positive affect on the local economy. In more than one sense. In the direct vicinity of the market building shops have opened, houses have been constructed and a PPP carpark has been opened. The prices of land have shot up.

But the LED is also reported further away from the market. The villages visited all indicate that because of the market (and the improved roads) more produce is sold at a higher price. Everywhere one sees improved or new houses. Farmers report they produce and sell more.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement X Site lighting X Utilities X Landscaping X STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X X Repaint Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. Columns: columns for the buildings are made of reinforced concrete, metallic hollow tubes size and dimensions executed as per the specifications. Beam(s)/lintels: beams and lintels where visible are in reinforced concrete beams. Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Slaughter houses floor finishes are covered with tiles. Wall structure: burnt bricks finished by cement mortar rough cast.

150 Ceiling structure: ceiling is made of plywood boards and painted to the white in the shops. Roof structure: metallic trusses rafters, purlins: size and dimensions done as per the specifications. Roof drainage system: gutter/ downspouts. Surface drainage: concrete. Sidewalk: concrete paving. Parking: concrete paving. Perimeter fencing: wrought iron

Layout of one bloc of the marker Ground concrete paving

The site and grounds include grading, drainage, walkways, driveways and Retaining walls. These items were properly examined and were found to be in satisfactory condition, but need regular maintenance as it is a public and frequently used space. The side drainage around the perimeter of the market was properly done and should be monitored and maintained to allow for adequate drainage of water away from the structure.

The walkways surfaces are concrete paved and were generally in satisfactory conditions. Perimeter fencing/wall materials: wrought iron and this was found to be in satisfactory condition with indication of some minor repair works on broken hollow metallic tubes. The buildings are generally in good conditions. The materials and workmanship, where visible, are good. The inspection did not discover evidence of substantial structural movement. General cleaning is recommended as it is a market used by many people.

Suggestions for Improvement

Side drainage around the perimeter Sidewalks in concrete paving

151

Wrought iron perimeter fence Good quality retaining wall

Recommendations/observations The structural elements of a building include foundation, footings and all support framing and related components. Where visible and accessible, these items have been examined for proper function, and were in satisfactory condition. Many structural components are inaccessible because they are buried below grade or behind finishes. Therefore, much of the structural inspection is performed by identifying resultant symptoms of movement, damage and deterioration.

No sign of the internal movement or unstable soils, concrete footings and foundations have been made as exhibited by their performance i.e. no cracks evidence.

Roofing Roof covering: profiled steel roofing sheets done as per the specifications. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes done as per the specifications (60*40*2). Roof drainage system: steel gutters & downpipe in PVC diameter 110mm. Method of inspection: viewed by far the condition of the roof.

Self-supporting profiled sheets No evidence of leakages

A roof system consists of the roof deck, trusses, gutters / downspouts and ventilation. The condition of the roof components including the surface materials, gutters / downspouts and ventilation has been inspected for damage and deterioration. Opinions stated herein concerning the roof are based on the general condition of the roof system as evidenced by our visual inspection. At the time of inspection, no defects were observed. The roof system was properly done and according to the rule.

152

Warren type roof trusses Side roof deck

Recommendations/observations  The roofing system is in satisfactory condition. We did not see evidence of active leaks nor need for immediate repair.  The metallic gutters and downspouts were in satisfactory conditions. No need for repainting the gutter and no leaks on downspouts observed at the time of inspection. The downspouts discharge water from the roof to the designated water cistern mainly for cleaning purpose and rest rooms.  Seasonal inspection is required to check for imperfection of the roof system.

Downspouts discharging water in cistern Plastic water cistern collecting water

Exterior Wall covering: burnt bricks jointed to cement mortar, plastered and painting finishes. Soffits: plywood ceiling boards and painted in the boutiques. Fascia: metallic fascia board. Doors and windows: metallic glazed doors and windows. Access: concrete paving. Entry walkways: concrete. Surface drainage: concrete. Retaining walls: stone masonry retaining wall. Perimeter fencing: wrought iron.

153

Plywood soffits Surface water drainage

Examination of the building exterior includes the finished surfaces, windows, doors, fascia, eaves, soffits and railing. They are visually examined for proper function and were in satisfactory condition at the time of inspection.

The exterior burnt brick walls were generally in good conditions. Walls are rough casted plastered and painted. The quality of materials and workmanship was good. Metallic doors and windows and frames were examined and operated; they are well fixed, painted and were found to be in good condition. In general, they are in good quality and in satisfactory conditions. The Interior finishing of the building is well finished by plaster and painting. The septic tank and soak pits are well installed and protected. The vent pipes for toiles are in good condition and quality.

Reinforced concrete columns and beams Metallic doors in good conditions

Recommendations/observations  Appropriate paints colour should be selected because the white paint is not congruent with the activities in the market. It is now dirty and need fresh painting.  The exterior doors should be sealed and door components maintained and/ or repaired as part of regular maintenance.  All exterior windows surfaces, frames should be maintained as part of regular maintenance.  All areas of eaves, soffits and fascia should be monitored for evidence of weathering and or water damage. Regular inspection after each season should be performed.  The Roof drainage system was not water tested to determine the efficiency. Regular maintenance and cleaning of the drainage system is recommended.

154 Electrical Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network. Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded. Switches: ordinary switches. Fixed lights and lamps. Electrical control room was constructed correctly.

The visually accessible service entrance cables, inside to main panel, were generally in satisfactory condition. The circuit breakers appeared to be generally in satisfactory condition with individual exception of low capacity because at the time of inspection, the users told us that they cannot use their appliances.

A representative sampling of permanently installed light fixtures were tested and generally in satisfactory condition.

Accessible receptacles were visually examined and tested and they are generally in satisfactory condition. Electrical outlet loose from mounting to building: it is recommended to secure in mounting box to prevent possible shock or moisture entry.

Circuit breakers box installed insufficient Light fixture

155

EUCL supply network Switches

156 5.2.4 Study of construction of Nyagatare stadium

Study of construction of Nyagatare stadium Type: SCI Date include in DDP Not yet Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) 20,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 19,470,000 Implemented by: HICE Ltd Starting date Planned/ Actual data of 15/01/2014 25/03/2014 starting End date planned/ actual data of ending 24/05/2014 25/06/2014 Supervision n/a

157 5.2.5 Rehabilitation of Mirama-Rukomo road

Rehabilitation of Mirama-Rukomo road Type: TI Date include in DDP 2013 Project initiator Beneficiaries (Population of Nyagatare) Number of direct beneficiaries 20,450 Number of indirect beneficiaries 135,780

Estimated budget (RWF) 605,266,205 Actual budget (RWF) 603,185,139 Implemented by E.R.E (Entreprise Rugema Emmanuel) Starting date planned /actual data of starting 03/03/2015 15/04/2015 End date planned/ actual data of ending 02/07/2015 03/12/2015 Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) 20,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 10,502,000 Implemented by: STEWART Ltd Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 10/07/2014 17/09/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending 09/09/2014 18/11/2014 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 10,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 7,840,000 Implemented by: STEWART Ltd Starting date 20/03/2015 End date 20/12/2015

Relevance This road is well build and very useful, it opens up a large agricultural area. In the village of Rukomo, at the end of the road, the mission had a group discussion with five women and seven men. They informed the mission that the combination of road and new market in Nyagatare has substantially increased their sales of farm products. Traders come with pick up to buy more and to pay higher prices than before. As they already have water supply, health and education facilities, the road was indeed their next priority. They also have electricity which enables them to charge their mobile phones, listen to the radio and watch TV.

Effectiveness The road has indeed opened up the villages along it for traders. Furthermore, public transport is now coming to the area.

Sustainability Maintenance is the big issue. The district is working on maintenance contracts with communities like those that were employed by HelpAge. But communities need training to effect proper maintenance and small repairs. Furthermore, the villagers informed the mission that they have assigned one person for development activities in the village. Every month after Umuganda he helps the village to decide on its next priority. This is put in writing and forwarded to the cell administration. Road maintenance can be such a priority. So there is a system here that signals problems to the district.

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LED The traders now come to the village to buy agricultural produce against prices that are higher than farmers could fetch at their local market. The price of manioc has gone up from RWF 120/kg to RWF 300/kg. Even if after some time the prices would go down a little because of higher production, farmers still believe the will have a better income because they sell large quantities.

Technical inspection

Item Severity Density SURFACE DEFECTS Slight Moderate Severe Intermittent frequent Extensive Loose Aggregate x Dust x Potholes x Breakup x SURFACE DEFORMATION Corrugations x Rutting x Flat or reverse x crown Distortion x SHOULDER DISTRESS MANIFESTATION Excessive height Ponding x Overgrowth x

Gravel road Sub grade layer: levelling by grader and compaction of the existing soil after carrying all specified soil test. Wearing course: laterite/gravelling road surface in satisfactory condition. Drainage: longitudinal stone masonry ditch and triangular earth channels which convey water into constructed cross structures such as pipe and box culverts. Culverts: 100 mm diameter reinforced concrete culverts in good condition

At the time of inspection, the road was in satisfactory condition. Actually no defects observed which affect the driving comfort and vehicle speed. While driving on the road, the speed was constant all along the road except in turns but the average speed was 70km/h. The carriageway was good and no banks of loose aggregate observed over the whole road. The road surface has the necessary cross fall and is even and firm except in some cases we encountered like two to three potholes which require patching potholes as quick as possible.

Recommendations/observations  Though the wearing course is satisfactory in good condition, regulator of speed is required to that road in order to reduce dust production due to loss of aggregates particle size. High speed on such road transforms large particles into small aggregates as a result corrugated surface is developed on the road.  Regular inspection should be performed to check if the side drains are not clogged. Water is much destructive thus the road must have a functional drainage system.

159  Remove banks developed along the edges of the road. This is created by displaced aggregate, dirt and clumps of grass growing at the edges of the road. Water is prevented from draining into the ditch, and runs along the road instead. As a result, potholes formation is starting developing on the road.  Ditches are the most important part of the road. If there are no ditches, there is nowhere for water to go. This has adverse effect on the road structure because it reduces the road bearing capacity. Ditches must be kept clean and free from silt or blocked in all the cases.

Masonry side ditch Practicable gravel road

Super elevation in curves Too much dust on the road

Drainage Road drainages: triangular earth channels, masonry ditch and culverts

The road drainage structure consists of masonry ditches, masonry catch pits, culverts headwalls, passable slabs and pedestrians slabs. These items at the time of inspection were in satisfactory condition. The materials and workmanships were in good quality. Though they are in good condition, regular inspection is required to check the full function of these items. In the Rukumo Village centre is where we have seen the side masonry ditch blocked by silt deposited along the channel at around 25m. See the figure below.

160 Side drainage blocked by silt along the road. This needs to be cleaned and allow the channel to be fully functional. Due to this problem, water will not go away of the road surface and too much water on the road is however destructive and reduces the road bearing capacity.

Recommendations/observations Culverts have an important role in ensuring that the road is drained. At the time of inspection, all the culverts were in satisfactory conditions. Examination of the culverts especially include the inspection of inlets and outlets, if they are not silt up or blocked and the quality of materials and workmanships. During the inspection, all the culverts were operational and were in satisfactory conditions.

1000mm diameter concrete culvert in satisfactory condition. The catch pit is well constructed. No sign of silt up the culverts. The downstream and upstream are well constructed and protected. Culvert Headwall and wing wall are well done and the materials and workmanship are in good quality

Images

Bridge connecting Mirama-Rukomo Masonry side drains

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Protected inlet of the culverts Protected outlet of the culverts

Rukomo centre Side earth channel

General recommendations  District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of road drainage systems on the following items:  Maintenance of existing road drainage systems;  Improvement works which are required to bring the road drainage system up to an acceptable standard  Deficiencies in road drainage should be identified and ranked in order of priority as part of the normal maintenance programme. Where remedial treatments to road pavements are being carried out any deficiencies in road drainage must be addressed prior to or in conjunction with the pavement improvement works.  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for both drainage maintenance works, drainage improvement works and for the maintenance/repair of culverts and bridges.  District authorities should also aim to employ road inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.

162 6 Nyamasheke District

6.1 Nyamasheke District profile

The total population of Nyamasheke District is 394,000. Men comprise 45% of the district total population. 35% of the district population is made up of youths and the majority of them (81.7%) are below the age of 40 years. Nyamasheke District is ranked the poorest district in Western Province and the second at national level with 63.4% of the district total population living in poverty. In 2014, poverty incidence in Nyamasheke District was reported as 62% and poverty severity 39.2%. The numbers keep Nyamasheke District the first from bottom with highest poverty rates in the country.

Regarding economic activities, 86.7% of the resident population aged 16 and above is employed which is above the national average employment rate. The remaining percentage is counted as inactive population. Agriculture is reported to be the major industry in the district that occupies majority of the population (73%) followed by trade (13%), government/public servants (4%) and construction (3.3%). Following the figures above, 44.3% of households in Nyamasheke generate their primary source of income from agricultural activities, followed by wage incomes (29%), private transfer incomes (9.1%) and the smallest contributor of the household income in the district is (0.7%) from public transfer income through social protection programmes. Land is one of scarcest resource in Rwanda, and yet the population has growing steadily. In Nyamasheke District, the mean size of land cultivated per household is 0.49 Ha which is below the national average of 0.59 Ha.

The literacy rate of Nyamasheke district is 82.7% which shows that at least a good number of population in this district have gone to school for some time. Another good indicator of education in the district is that 64.4 % of education users reported being satisfied with education skills acquired. In 2013, the number of pupils enrolled in primary school was 100,451 of which 49,019 boys and 51,432 girls. In 2014, the enrolled number of pupils in primary schools was reported 96,893 of which 47,665 boys and 49,228 girls.

Concerning water and sanitation, 72.6% of Nyamasheke population use improved drinking water sources. This is below the national average (74.2%). 89.5% of the total population use improved sanitation facilities such as latrines. Nyamasheke surpassed this target by 21 percent points since the current target is at least having 65% of the population accessing improved hygienic sanitation.

Social protection programmes are an important approach taken by the GoR to fight against poverty. In 2010/11, the number of poor households located in Nyamasheke District who received direct cash transfers were 796 in total from three. By 2012/13, the number increased to 2,169 households, made up of 1,409 female headed households and 760 male headed households. The total amount disbursed to the beneficiaries in 2010/11 in Nyamasheke district was RWF 143,249,378 mln. This amount increased in 2012/2013 to RWF 303,323,600 mln.

163 Nyamasheke District economic indicators

Figure 6.1 Nyamasheke District own revenue.

Nyamasheke District reported collecting revenues from tax collection and fees for the services provided by the district. The fees are much more than tax collected because the tax base for Nyamasheke District small. In 2012/14, the district collected RWF 181 mln from taxes and the amount collected in 2014/15 increased to RWF 200. Fees charged by district on services rendered to communities were reported as RWF 419 mln in 2013/14 and RWF 400 mln in 2015/16.

Sources of district budget fund

Figure 6.2 Nyamasheke sources of budget.

GoR for 2014/15 and 2015/16 The district budget fund is funded by multiple stakeholders that include the GoR, external donations and the district own revenues. The GoR contributes the biggest percentage of the total budget in what is known as LODA envelope to the district. Statistics show that the trend has been positive across the study period especially from the government side. In the fiscal year of 2014/15, Nyamasheke district received RWF 2,854 mln from GoR. The amount was reported as RWF 2,776 mln in 2015/16. The GoR funds district programme activities more than any other budget contributors.

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External donors for 2014/15 and 2015/16 External stakeholders participated actively in the funding of district LODA envelop and the budget sponsorship shows a positive trend across the study periods. In 2014/15, external FDB was recorded at RWF 467 mln. The amount was increased to RWF 1,019 mln in 2015/16. The amount allocated for the fiscal year 2015/16 was reported at RWF 950.9 mln compared to the former year 2014/15.

In summary, government remains the biggest contributor of district budget funding but the district has explored different channels of collecting its own revenues through taxes and fees on certain services. From the figure above, district own revenues were reported as higher that the amount funded by external stakeholders between the fiscal year 2014/15. This indicates that district own revenue can significantly contribute to the funding of district programme activities like many other budget funders. This indicator also progressively shows the capacity of districts to sustain their operations. The fiscal year 2015/16 there are no figures of district own revenues because the calendar year is still on going.

SACCO economic indicators

Figure 6.3 Nyamasheke SACCO membership.

SACCOs are financial institutions recognised by the central bank of Rwanda. They operate under cooperative categories in the area of finance. SACCO members are community nationals that save and acquire loans from the institutions. SACCOs has been introduced around the country to offer financial services closer to communities. SACCOs in Nyamasheke district registered 89,247 members in 2013/14. The number of members increased to 98,562 in 2014/. The current fiscal year 2015/16 so far has recorded 118,691 members and the calendar is still ongoing. The numbers show a positive trend in membership and this signifies the level of trust, appreciation of SACCO services and the social and economic benefits attributed from SACCO services.

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Figure 6.4 Nyamasheke SACCO saving and loans.

Nyamasheke SACCO saving records for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The increase in the number of SACCO members between fiscal years of 2013/14 and 2014/15 impacted positively on the increase in the amount of saving. In 2013/14, the amount of saving was reported as RWF 1,117 mln. By 2013/14 the amount of saving was reported as RWF 1,748 mln. The current fiscal year 2015/16 shows that SACCO has so far collected RWF 1,801 mln and yet the calendar year is still ongoing.

Nyamasheke SACCO loans for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The increase in savings determines how much SACCOs are able to give out as loans. In 2013/14, the amount of loans disbursed by SACCOs in Nyamasheke district was reported as RWF 315 mln. The following year 2014/15 registered RWF 421 mln loans to SACCO members from the previous year 2013/14. The figure above shows that SACCOs in Nyamasheke district has provided so far RWF 477 mln as loans to its members in the current fiscal year 2015/16. This presents a positive trend from the previous year registering increase of loans given out to members.

166 Gender approach in VUP direct support programmes

Figure 6.5 Nyamasheke VUP direct support

Male beneficiary records of VUP direct support programme from 2009/10-2015/16

VUP direct support programme started in Nyamasheke District in 2009/10. The number of beneficiaries of the programme was reported as follows over the years. In 2009/10, the number of male headed household beneficiaries was 225. In 2010/11, the number of male beneficiaries was 223. By 2011/12, the number had decreased to 219. In 2012/13, the number tripled to 640 male beneficiaries compared to the previous year. In 2013/14, Nyamasheke supported 928 male beneficiaries registering. By 2014/15, the number had grown to 1,109 beneficiaries as a result of scaling up the programme to all sectors in Nyamasheke district. The current fiscal year 2015/16 has reported 1,071 beneficiaries.

Female beneficiary records of VUP direct support programme from 2009/10-2015/16 Statistics show that female headed households are more vulnerable to poverty than their counterparts. Nyamasheke reported figures of VUP direct support beneficiaries prove the research findings. In Nyamasheke District, there are more female VUP programme beneficiaries than males. In 2009/10, female beneficiaries of VUP direct support Programme was 296. The number increased to 483 in 2010/11 registering an increase of 63%. In 2011/12, the number of female beneficiaries had reached 539 and 1,054 in 2012/13 registering an increase of 96%. By 2014/15, the number of beneficiaries had reached to 1,989 and 2,199 for the current fiscal year 2015/16.

167 Budget funding trends of VUP direct support programme in Nyamasheke District

Figure 6.6 Budget VUP Nyamasheke.

Nyamasheke District is ranked the first poorest district in the western province and the second at national level with 63.4% of the district total population living in poverty. The proportion of people living in poverty is 22.8% compared to 40.6% of those living in extreme poverty. The expansion of budgeting funding of VUP programme has been a priority of the government to help the poor through direct support. According to statistics, the budget funding for VUP direct support programme increased from RWF 83 mln in 2009/10 to RWF 155 mln in 2010/11.

The following fiscal year of 2011/12, recorded budget funding of RWF 106 mln registered a percentage decrease of -32% of budget funding. This also had impact on the fall in the number of beneficiaries supported in that fiscal year. By 2012/13, the budget allocation increased to RWF 217 mln registering an increase of 105% budget funding from the previous year. The following fiscal year 2013/14 reported funding of RWF 375 mln registering an increase of 72%. The following fiscal years 2014/15 reported RWF 460 mln budget funding of VUP direct support programme. In summary, the GoR has tremendously achieved success in scaling up the VUP direct support programme. This is explained by the reported figures in the number of beneficiaries and amount of budget allocated to support VUP direct support programme activities.

Nyamasheke capacity building programme The data collected on capacity building from Nyamasheke District show that in 2014/15, the district conducted six trainings and trained about fifteen district staff members. The reported training topics delivered mainly focus around leadership and management. There is need to expand knowledge base in the district ensuring technical support through trainings focus on areas of planning and execution of programmes and strengthen monitoring and oversight across the district responsibilities.

168 6.2 Evaluated projects

Project Type Budget (RWF) IDP model village project in Cyato Sector AI 90,243,688 Electrification of Cyato, Rangiro, Karambi and Kanjongo E 487,830,000 Sectors Study for Water Reinforcement for Bushenge hospital HI 10,000,000 Construction and supervision of Agakiriro in Kagano Sector IGA 125,707,346 Rehabilitation and extension of Kagarama-Ntendezi water WS 238,276,074 pipeline

6.2.1 IDP model village project in Cyato Sector generation Project: IDP Model village project in Cyato Sector Type: AI Date include in DDP: Project initiator: Nyamasheke district Number of direct beneficiaries Number of indirect beneficiaries Estimated budget (RWF) Actual budget (RWF) 48,556,334 Implemented by BETHOS Starting date planned /actual data of starting 26/05/2015 End date planned/ actual data of ending Feasibility study n/a Supervision n/a

The existing village of Yove is the main village in the area and was selected to become a model village some two years ago. The village had a small commercial centre and already some facilities although these were not very reliable. The village had 387 families. A layout was made to add 193 plots for new arrivals. Shops already existed in the commercial centre of the village so the basic goods are available. The road connecting the village with the district headquarters is generally in good conditions and relatively well maintained (HelpAge training of communities). However heavy trucks (with electricity poles) have damaged the road seriously in a few places and urgent repairs are needed to keep the road passable.

Services were improved. The water supply was rehabilitated. Electricity was brought to the village and the health and education services were expanded. The visit to this model village revealed that some 60 families have come to live here in the last year and a half. The mission spoke to four new families. They all had arrived over the last 12 months and explained that they are very glad with all the amenities they find here and were happy with

169 the fact that now they had neighbours (security). When asked why they had not come earlier the answer was that they needed time to collect money to be able to buy a plot in the village. The price of a plot was around RWF 200,000 in 2014-2015 but has risen to 400-500,000 in 2016. This in itself indicated that there is interest among the population in the surroundings to come and live here. The mission was informed that for those who cannot find the money to buy a plot here, there are other smaller villages also designated as centres where prices aren’t as high as here. It is not clear how these villages are selected. An interview with a shop owner who has lived in the village long before it became a model village indicated that the arrival of electricity in the village had changed a lot. Sawing machines and food mills are now available but most of all the security as improved. The number of burglaries has decreased since electricity is available. Shops can stay open later, people can work later at night and students can study.

Relevance The establishment of rural centres is a strategy to bring basic services to the otherwise scattered population. That it responds to a need can be noticed from the rise in plot prices. However so far only those who have assets or money can make use of it. For the poorer part of the population other solutions must be found.

Effectiveness It would seem that this is indeed an effective way to bring services to many people. The surrounding population is willing to move to the village. The fact that plot prices have gone up so much (like almost everywhere in Rwanda) may have slowed down the influx of people in this model village.

Efficiency The investments in creating a rural centre and make it possible for people to come here are small compared to bringing services to a scattered population.

Sustainability It can be assumed that the village will continue to exist. The fact that more families are concentrated in this village will make them more vocal to ensure the continuation of the services that are available.

Recommendations As more rural centres will be needed in future it is advised to use spatial planning for the selection of the location of these centres.

Technical inspection

A general physical infrastructure inspection has been undertaken in IDP Model Village in Cyato sector with the aim of identifying the current conditions of the infrastructures implemented in that village. The inspected infrastructures are electrification, water supply and manmade roads in the Cyato.

170 Water supply Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action GENERAL INSPECTION Cleanliness of water system X Water Quality Check X Water tank Conditions X Maintenance X Preventive Fountains X

Water reservoir The visual observation was made on the structural members of the reservoir in general. The examination of the water reservoir includes, the foundations, walling, top slab, draining materials, manhole covers, and ventilations. At the time of inspection, all these components were in satisfactory conditions. No evidence of leaks observed on walls and they are constructed on plumb. The manholes and ventilation were good installed and they are in good quality. The workmanships were in good quality. The access driveway to the tank is not provided. The property requires to be fenced so that it is not accessed by the people in vicinity. The piping is water tight and no evidence of leaks observed on the pipes and the size and dimensions are in conformity with the standards. The top slab is protected by drain material system made up of crushed stones and water channels to allow water to flow off the slab quickly.

Constructed water reservoir Draining materials at the top slab

Good quality pointing of stones joints Good installation of piping system

171 General Comments The previous inspection undertaken in 2013 revealed the whole system to be in satisfactory conditions. The current inspection identifies the failure in the water reservoir system due to lack of maintenance. The pump house requires a fresh paint and cleaning in general. The water reservoir requires rehabilitation as it distributes to a large number of people in Rwamagana District.

Fountains Drinking fountains provides clean drinking water in public from the water storage tank then by gravity water is conveyed in conduits to the draw off points. Majority of the fountains are functioning perfectly and fairly maintained. At the time of inspection, the fountains were found to be operational but not well managed. Fountain taps are broken and you can’t find them at the majority of installed fountains. It is recommended to teach the infrastructure management to the managers of the water schemes in the sector. The materials and workmanships were in satisfactory condition.

Water fountain in good condition Fountain with tap found

Recommendations As these fountains are managed by local cooperatives in the district, the representatives of the cooperative should be trained on how to manage and maintain these infrastructures.

Technical inspection of the man handmade roads in Cyato Sector The roads in the village is the handmade roads, they are wide enough in such way two adjacent vehicles can pass without any conflict. The alignment is sufficient as well as the visibility. The levelling was done on the existing subgrade and most of the roads are slippery road surface materials. As an observation, they are impracticable during rainy season. The roads need to be upgraded by laying a gravel material used as base foundation, levelled and compacted to mechanical means such as compactors. The side drainage is triangular earth channel dug by hand and along the road. The crossing slabs are made up of timber. At the time of inspection, these structures were not strong enough to allow us to cross and need replacement by stronger passable slabs

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Excess of vegetation narrowing the road Slippery road surface materials

Road to Cyato SACCO in good condition Triangular earth channel

General recommendations As a general observation, after this inspection, we have noted that, there is lack of maintenance in all cases at all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.  District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of this building components;  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  End users of the infrastructure should be trained on how to carry the preventive maintenance on structures and understand the ownership of the infrastructure entirely.  District authorities should establish an inspection check list document to be distributed at low level where the infrastructure is located. This document should be filled by the managers of the infrastructure which should be collected and examined at the district level after each season.

173 6.2.2 Electrification of Cyato, Rangiro, Karambi and Kanjongo Sectors

Electrification of Cyato, Rangiro, Karambi Type: Electricity and Kanjongo Sectors Date include in DDP, etc. No information

The electrification of the rural areas is one of the larger projects in Nyamasheke district. The importance of electricity in Yove model town was already highlighted. Along the road in Rangiro sector the mission was informed by a few shop owners that they had improved the services to their customers. Besides staying open longer, they mentioned photocopies, printing, and charging telephones. In the village there are now saw mills, welding machines, flower mills, barker shops and fridges. However only those who are close to the main line can afford a connection. It becomes too costly when the distance is more than 60 meters.

Relevance In view of the uses indicated it can be concluded that electricity is indeed relevant for the development of the area.

Effectiveness/efficiency Starting with a main line first seems to be an effective wat to introduce electricity in an area. There were complaints regarding the power. It appears that this is two-phase electricity, which seems to be too weak to run heavy machinery.

Sustainability Assuming that the power generation will stay in line with the expansion of the electricity net, it is assumed that the supply will remain reliably and can be maintained.

Technical Inspection of Cyato electrification The following elements were visually inspected:  Distribution Transformer  Transmission towers/poles  Transmission wires

All electrification projects are owned by EUCL (Energy, Utility, Corporation LTD.) and apparently they are well managed and maintained. The only three elements mentioned above were inspected on the field because they are accessible; other elements such as control room are located in EUCL properties.

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Electricity distributed in Cyato Transformer mounted on towers

General comments The electricity first goes to a transformer at the power plant that boosts the voltage up to High volts which the amount at the time of inspection was unknown. When electricity travels long distances it is better to have it at higher voltages. Another way of saying this is that electricity can be transferred more efficiently at high voltages. The transformer visually inspected was in good condition, good quality and no exhibition of corrosion. Distribution transformer was mounted on a transmission tower. All these components were in satisfactory conditions.

The power lines or long thick cables of transmissions made of aluminium go into substations near homes in Cyato Sector. Here transformers change the very high voltage electricity back into lower voltage electricity. From these substations (like in the photo shown above), electricity in different power levels is used to run factories, hair saloon and mass transit, light street lights and stop lights, and is sent to your neighbourhood where it is reduced to 220 volts and enters the home through meters.

Recommendations/observations Regarding the electrification, all the elements were in good conditions and in good quality such as transmission towers, transmission cables as well as the transformers. On timber poles, we have observed that many of them are not protected with a coat of bituminous materials, thus there is risk of termites attack on the timber poles. It is recommended to apply a coat of protective paint to the poles.

Suggestions for improvement Regular investigation on these electrical utilities i.e. towers, poles, cables must be established in order to set maintenance programs thus to allow longevity of these utilities.

The electric poles and lattice works of galvanized steel require maintenance and repair if they exhibit any sort of corrosion. Depending on where they are located, galvanized transmission towers/poles can function for 20 to 35 years before showing the first signs of corrosion. Unfortunately, once the corrosion of a galvanized transmission tower/pole does begin, it advances exponentially. A tower/pole with less than 5 %t rust at age 30 can oxidize to the point of failure within ten years. More critically, as the corrosion of the tower/pole accelerates, so too can the cost of time, labour and materials to repair it. Therefore, these electric utilities require special treatment.

175 Images

Unprotected timber poles Electrification Cyato

Electricity supplied to Cyato High voltage transmission lines

Transformer mounted on towers

176 Technical inspection of the Rangiro electrification

Electricity distributed in Rangiro Electricity distributed in houses

The power lines or long thick cables of transmissions made of aluminium go into substations near homes in the village of Rangiro. Here transformers change the very high voltage electricity back into lower voltage electricity. From these substations (like in the photo shown above), electricity in different power levels is used to run factories, hair saloon and mass transit, light street lights and stop lights, and is sent to your neighbourhood where it is reduced to 220 volts and enters the home through meters.

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Suggestions for Improvement Regular investigation on these electrical utilities i.e. towers, poles, cables must be established in order to set maintenance programs thus to allow longevity of these utilities.

Images

Unprotected timber poles Electrification Rangiro

Electricity supplied to houses in Rangiro High voltage transmission towers

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Transformer mounted on towers

Technical inspection of the Kanjongo electrification The electricity first goes to a transformer at the power plant that boosts the voltage up to High volts which the amount at the time of inspection was unknown. When electricity travels long distances it is better to have it at higher voltages. Another way of saying this is that electricity can be transferred more efficiently at high voltages. The transformer visually inspected was in good condition, good quality and no exhibition of corrosion. Distribution transformer was mounted on a transmission tower. All these components were in satisfactory conditions.

Electricity distributed in Rangiro High voltage transmission tower

179 The power lines or long thick cables of transmissions made of aluminium go into substations near homes in the village of Kanjongo. Here transformers change the very high voltage electricity back into lower voltage electricity. From these substations (like in the photo shown above), electricity in different power levels is used to run factories, hair saloon and mass transit, light street lights and stop lights, and is sent to your neighbourhood where it is reduced to 220 volts and enters the home through meters.

Recommendations/observations Regarding the electrification, all the elements were in good conditions and in good quality such as transmission towers, transmission cables as well as the transformers. On timber poles, we have observed that many of them are not protected with a coat of bituminous materials, thus there is a high risk of being attacked by termites. It is recommended to apply a coat of protective paint to the poles.

The electric poles and lattice works of galvanized steel require maintenance and repair if they exhibit any sort of corrosion. Depending on where they are located, galvanized transmission towers/poles can function for 20 to 35 years before showing the first signs of corrosion. Unfortunately, once the corrosion of a galvanized transmission tower/pole does begin, it advances exponentially. A tower/pole with less than 5% trust at age 30 can oxidize to the point of failure within ten years. More critically, as the corrosion of the tower/pole accelerates, so too can the cost of time, labour and materials to repair it. Therefore, these electric utilities require special treatment.

Images

Protected timber poles House connection from timber poles

180

Transformer mounted on towers Tower foundation buried below ground

Transformer mounted on towers

181 6.2.3 Construction and supervision of agakiriro in Kagano sector

Construction and supervision of agakiriro in Type: IGA Kagano sector Date include in DDP N/a Actual budget (RWF) 60,104,160 Implemented by SOCOBAT Starting date planned /actual data of 4 months 02/12/2014 starting End date planned/ actual data of ending 30/03/2015 01/06/2015 Feasibility study n/a Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) Actual budget (RWF) 1.450.000 Implemented by: VCO LTD Starting date 28/1/2013 End date

The set-up of this crafts centre is different from the ones visited in Karongi and Rwamagana Districts. It is located next to the new modern market that is still being constructed so it has an exposure that will allow it to draw clients. Furthermore, it would seem that the role of the district here different. Where the other two districts are still struggling with the issue of marketing, here the district has a clear view and strategy. The collective craftsmen will participate in tenders for school furniture that will come with the rapid increase of the number of schools in the district. A first assignment of tables was being produced. The situation about the functioning of the cooperatives is unclear. Although the district assumed that these are responsible for maintenance the electricity and water systems needed attention before serious repairs will be needed but no one seemed to realise.

Relevance For the individual craftsmen the reasons to come here are the same as in the other Agakiriro but here the district has brought in a new dimension of joint tendering. Bringing craftsmen together may work out very positive if large numbers of furniture are required. Additionally, the common use of machines may work out positive for the individual craftsman.

Effectiveness If the idea of joint tendering it may well have a very positive effect on the income of the individual craftsman. But also the mutual exchange of techniques and experience is easily done in a common workshop. In addition, the common use of machines and other equipment will be much facilitated.

Proper organisation of the management and maintenance with clear lines of responsibilities of these facilities is required. The cooperatives need to be trained and strengthened if they have to play their role in this enterprise.

182 Efficiency The efficiency of this Agakiriro like the others will depend on the way it will be used in the future.

Sustainability and LED This Agakiriro is only just starting up. But if the joint tendering can indeed be effected it is believed that this common workshop will continue to function well in the future. Furthermore, the new road from Kamembe to Karongi has made the district and its Lake Kivu coast more accessible and it may well become a tourist attraction which means that facilities need to be established create an interesting market for a central workshop like this.

Recommendations Regular inspections from the district of the management of this Agakiriro are required. The district must continue to support and train the cooperatives in organization and marketing. The quality of the products must be improvement and the training in the use of (hand) power tools need attention. Cooperatives also need to be trained in joint tendering.

Technical inspection Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. Columns for stand halls: steel hollow tubes; sizes and dimensions are in conformity with the specifications. Floor structure: concrete floor finishes to the cement mortar. Finishing on wall: painting. Ceiling structure: no ceiling provided in the selling halls. Roof Structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets tainted in blue colour. Water collection system: collection of rain water from roof to the cistern.

Foundation plinth plastered Concrete floor

General comments Structurally, the workshops are strong, well-constructed according to the standards and have no major failure so far. The workshops are not well protected against surface water because they didn’t provide drainage around, so there is a risk of water to stand on horizontal surfaces or accumulate in curved spaces, building up and eventually deteriorating the stones. The construction of the building is in good quality. The materials and workmanship, where visible, are good. The inspection discovered evidence of minor cracks due to electric piping along the wall. Quick repair is required where small demolitions has been

183 discovered on foundation plinth and on walls. Cleanliness is an issue which need to be addressed and inspected.

Spalling of plinth concrete No surface drain

Recommendations/observations  To perform a periodic inspection of the foundation especially in the mortar joints, to see if there is any development of cracks or leakage around. One indicator of leaks is the accumulation of water in the cellar. Seasonal inspection.  Perform also preventive maintenance strategies by removing shrubs and other debris around the building foundation.  Provide surface drain around the building  Cleaning is an issue which needs to be addressed.

Proper cleaning is required on structure Cleanliness is an issue

Roofing Roof covering: blue self-supporting steel pan sheets done as per the specifications Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes done as per the specifications Roof drainage system: steel gutters & downpipe in PVC diameter 110mm discharge in water tanks

The construction of the roofing structure is in good quality. The materials and workmanship, where visible, are of good quality. The inspection did not discover evidence of leakage. This quality of roof material has a typical lifespan of 20 years. Many factors influence the longevity of roofs including; weather, quality of shingle and installation method, proximity of tree limbs, degree of slope and amount of rooftop ventilation. At the time of inspection, the roofing structure was properly sloped and in excellent quality.

184

Blue self-supporting profiled sheet Metallic trusses roof structure

Metallic hollow tubes (100x60x2.5mm) Roof drainage system by downspouts

Exterior Wall covering: burnt brick jointed to the cement mortar. Entry driveways: laterite. Entry walkways: concrete. Surface drainage: no surface drain.

185 The exterior of the building is generally in good condition. Walls are constructed on plumb. Materials and workmanships are of good quality. Metallic glazed windows are fixed properly for the new constructed buildings as well the doors are well done. Floors are made out of concrete and they are generally in satisfactory condition. Cleanliness is recommended because it has been observed that infrastructures are all dirty due to muddy driveway.

Walls are dirty Cracks developed due to electric pipes

Electrical Size of electrical service: 220volt main service. Service entrance conductors: not observed. Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network. Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded. Switches: ordinary switches. Fixed lights and lamps. Electrical control room was constructed correctly.

The visually accessible service entrance cables, inside to main panel, were generally in satisfactory condition. The circuit breakers appeared to be generally in satisfactory conditions.

A representative sampling of permanently installed light fixtures were tested and generally in satisfactory condition. Accessible receptacles were visually examined and tested and they are generally in satisfactory condition. During the site inspection, we have noticed some loose electric receptacles and it is recommended to fix them

186

Electric fixtures working properly Circuit breakers box properly fixed

Electric fixtures working properly Loose electric receptacle

Recommendations/observations  Review the warranty period of maintenance for repair.  Preventive maintenance is required for better sustainability of the electric system.

Even though the exterior walls are in satisfactory condition, there is still much to do in order to increase its durability: periodic inspections and maintenance is recommended to be performed for inspectors to determine the conditions of the Building. Preferably, seasonal inspection is recommended i.e. behaviour of building materials in various weather conditions can be noted.  Perform periodic inspections, preferably after each season.  Preventive maintenance measures are required for better sustainability of the infrastructure.

187 Maintenance works can be done by the market manager and it’s covered by the generated income money from the market. Other maintenance needs the services of a qualified person and this is paid for with PMG funding. Preventative maintenance to be considered.  Sweep out gutters to prevent blockages and damage to roofs.  Protect the building foundation against runoff water from the adjacent road.  Regularly replace washers to prevent tap replacement.  Flash drains and clean out sumps.  Check for cracked windows that may break.  Repair minor cracks.  Check movable building components such as windows, doors, and hardware (pins, hinges, bolts and all fastening mechanisms).

We are recommending the administrations to set maintenance strategies program and plan capacity building of the building users which will provide the regular visual inspection of the infrastructures and take possible measures in order to keep up the premises in good condition.

Images

Burnt brick wall painted Metallic columns poles/gutters

Electric meters installed Walls ventilations

188

Electric fixtures Workshop roof trusses

189 6.2.4 Rehabilitation and extension of Kagarama-Ntendezi water pipeline

Rehabilitation and extension of Kagarama- Type: WS Ntendezi water pipeline Date include in DDP Project initiator Nyamasheke District Number of direct beneficiaries 13,306 Number of indirect beneficiaries 20,730 Estimated budget (RWF) 247,244,552 Actual budget (RWF) 238,276,074 Implemented by ECBRH LTD Starting date planned /actual data of starting 1/06/2015 1/06/2015 End date planned/ actual data of ending 5 months 6.5 months Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) Actual budget (RWF) 10,856,000 Implemented by: BETHOS Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 03/11/2014 End date planned/ actual data of ending IN 6WEEKS Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) Actual budget (RWF) 11,997,500 Implemented by: TECOM LTD Starting date 15/6/2015 End date 6.5months

This water supply has been rehabilitated and extended as part of the preparations for making Yove a model village. It has both public taps with operators and private house connections.

Some 80 % of the population use the public taps. The system is operated by a private contractor who is also in charge of the maintenance and repairs. There is no water user association and when the system breaks down it takes a long time to repair as the technician of the operator lives at eight km distance. Also vandalism was reported.

Relevance If a village wants to attract new inhabitants reliable water supply is one of basic conditions.

Effectiveness/efficiency Bringing water to a rural centre seems to be an effective and efficient way to provide the service. However, water supply must be reliable.

Sustainability It would seem that the maintenance of this scheme is not yet well organised. This could mean that in case of a serious breakdown the system will be out of order for a long time.

190 Recommendation Review the maintenance structure of this water supply.

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Landscaping X Driveway X Provide Access STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Water Reservoir X Fountain X

The inspected components the water supply Kagarama-Ntendezi includes, the water tank and the fountain. The rehabilitation was still on going. Along the line, public fountain was inspected to get the physical condition of these public infrastructures. At the time of inspection, the water supply line was under rehabilitation, underground water distribution was visible in trench excavated along the line. The materials and workmanships were in satisfactory condition. Evidence of leaks was noted in the pipe connection but was still under construction and it needs to be fixed. The water reservoir is made up of stones jointed to the mortar. During the inspection the materials and workmanships were in satisfactory conditions. No leaks observed. Piping was correctly done and no leakages observed.

Water pipes laid in trench excavated Pipes trench excavation to water tank

Reinforced concrete water tank The visual observation was made on the water reservoir. The reservoir is a new structure freshly constructed. Visually the reservoir is of good quality so far. The exterior surface is stone masonry jointed to cement mortar and appears to be in good quality and no sign of leaks observed to the tank. The reservoir was filled with water. The materials and workmanships were in satisfactory conditions.

191

The constructed water reservoir Stone wall masonry jointed to cement mortar

No leaks in pipes and well connected Very good quality of finishing and no leaks

General comments No defects were observed on tanks. All the projects owned by WSAC in general are in good condition and quality. Close inspection is required to check if there is no leakage on this reservoir.

Public fountains Water fountains are part of human life in the city. Water is distributed from water reservoir via piping systems providing fresh water to the fountains tap. The water fountain tap inspected was in satisfactory condition but was not operational due to rehabilitation. At the time of inspection there was nearby a fountain with a continuous flow of water without control which creates stand of water on horizontal surface. The inspected structure itself is in good condition and quality. Moreover, the problems of taps vanes which are damaged by the user of the fountains, the water systems are in good and in satisfactory condition.

192

Old fountain with water flow continuously New constructed fountain

Fountain under construction (no taps) Water stagnation around the structure

Recommendations/observations  Close and regular inspections of the structure systems in order to prevent the structural failure.  Reviewing the warranty repair for maintenance of this structure.  To involve public end users of infrastructure in the managing and maintaining the structure.  To train people in the settlement on how to carry out preventive maintenance for sustainability of the infrastructure.

193 7 Rwamagana District

7.1 Rwamagana District Profile

Rwamagana District has a total population of 424,000 residents representing 16% of the total population of Eastern Province and 4% of the total population of Rwanda. Males comprise 49.3% of the population in Rwamagana district. Rwanda has a young population and for Rwamagana as many as 84.4% of the population is aged less than 40 years. In 2014, poverty incidence in Rwamagana District was reported at 25.4% and poverty severity as 8%.

Rwanda is an agricultural based economy practicing subsistence farming for most of the population. The employment rate in Rwamagana District is 85%, slightly above the national average employment of 84%. Agriculture is the major activity in the district that engages about 80% of the district population. The household income is driven by agriculture (45%), followed by wage income (25%). In Rwamagana District, 39.5% of households have at least one savings account.

Regarding education indicators, the literacy rate in Rwamagana District is 82.3% of individuals aged six and above. The net attendance rate in primary school in Rwamagana District is 87%, which is below the national average. The net attendance rate in secondary school is 18%, lower than the national target (21%). In 2013, the number of enrolled pupils in primary schools was reported as 68,761 of which 33,857 boys and 34,904 girls. The number of enrolled pupils in primary school increased to 69,445 of which 34,206 boys and 35,239 girls. Rwamagana is classified among four districts with a high mean walking distance to a primary school. The mean walking distance to a primary school in Rwamagana district is 34.4 minutes. Statistics shows that 2.8% of the population aged six and above in Rwamagana District is identified as computer literate, ranking the district first among Eastern Province districts.

Access to clean drinking water and hygienic sanitation are important indicators that describe the wellbeing of the population. According to statistics, 42% of households of Rwamagana district use improved drinking water and 23% of households in Rwamagana district are within fifteen minutes’ walking distance of an improved water source. Therefore, the district has not yet achieved the EDPRS national target for the water and sanitation sector, which is to increase access to drinking water to 85% by 2012. However, among all districts, Rwamagana is leading by percentage of households with access to improved sanitation facilities (92.8%). It has achieved and surpassed the EDPRS target on sanitation, which is to have nationally 65% of the total population with hygienic sanitation by 2012. Only 11% of households use electricity as their main source of lighting, which is slightly above the national average.

Social protection is a developmental agenda for Rwanda and the programmes have been implemented across all districts in the country since 2009. Rwamagana has also benefited from the programme and below is the trend of progress achieved with reference to increase in the number of household beneficiaries and the amount of disbursement across the period of 2010-2013. The number of direct support beneficiaries is relatively small compared to other districts. In 2010/11, the number of beneficiaries of direct cash transfer was 532 households from three sectors. The amount of money disbursed was RWF 60,662,60. By 2012/2013, the number of household beneficiaries increased to 617 as a result of scaling up the programme at national level and the budget amount increased to RWF 91,656,100.

194 Rwamagana District performance assessment

Figure 7 Rwamagana District budget

GoR for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The district budget is funded by multiple stakeholders that include the GoR, external donations and the district own revenues. The GoR contributes the biggest percentage of the total budget in what is known as LODA envelope to the district. Statistics show that the trend has been positive across the study period especially from the government side. In the fiscal year of 2013/14, Rwamagana district received RWF 1,712.3 mln from the GoR. The amount increased to RWF 2,284.4 mln in 2014/15. The current fiscal year 2015/16 records RWF 2,417.5 mln.

External donors for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 External stakeholders participated actively in the funding of district LODA envelop and the budget sponsorship shows a positive trend across the study periods. In 2013/14, external FDB was recorded at RWF 626.2 mln. The amount increased to RWF 744.2 mln in 2014/15. The amount allocated for the fiscal year 2015/16 was reported at RWF 950.9 mln.

195 SACCO Economic Indicators

Figure 7.2 Rwamagana SACCO account holders

SACCOs in Rwamagana District registered an increase in the number of account holders between the year of 2013/14 (65,183) and 2014/15 (76,787). The increase in the number SACCO members signifies positive SACCO operation systems in provision of member services. More members also contribute to bank saving and allow transfer of loans to members.

Figure7.3 Rwamagana SACCO indicators.

The increase in the number of SACCO members between fiscal years of 2013/14 and 2014/15 impacted positively on the increase in the amount of saving from RWF 1,437 mln in 2013/14 to RWF 2,429 mln in 2014/15. Increase in savings indicates that SACCO members are able to meet their daily expenses and save the surplus for future income smoothing. This impact on the amount of loans disbursed as loans to other members for investment.

Rwamagana SACCO loans for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 The increase in savings determines how much SACCOs are able to give out as loans. The amount of loans disbursed by SACCOs in Rwamagana district amounted RWF 8,773 mln in 2013/14. The amount was registered as RWF 6,089 mln increase in loans between

196 the two study periods. Figures show that SACCO didn’t provide as much loans as they did in 2014/15 as compared to the previous fiscal year 2013/14.

Rwamagana SACCO failure rate for 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16 Results show that there has been a positive trend in the number of SACCO membership account holders. This is justified by the failure rate that is continuously decreasing over the study period 2013/14, 2014/15 and 2015/16. This means that members trust SACCO’s current working conditions that involve stability and safety of their incomes.

In summary, we can learn from the numbers that Rwamagana district has the capacity to collect own revenues that can significantly positively contribute to the support of district budget programme activities. District revenue is slightly lower than the amount contributed by external FDB to LODA envelope. Also, SACCOs play an important role in collecting liquid money that can be distributed among the community members through loans since it recorded an increased number of its account holders and savings.

Gender approach in VUP direct support programme VUP direct support programme was launched in 2009 as a pilot programme in a few selected districts and later rolled out to all sectors in the country. The accelerated rollout programme was achieved as a result of increased budget allocation to support VUP direct programme activities. Rwamagana District didn’t provide numbers of male and female headed household beneficiaries of VUP direct services. The amount of budget allocations for the VUP programme was recorded as follows in the study periods 2013-2016. In 2012/13, the amount of budget allocated for VUP was recorded as RWF 87 mln; the amount increased to RWF 108 mln between 2012/13 and 2013/14 fiscal years and to RWF 188 mln in 2014/15 and later increased to RWF 399 mln in the fiscal year 2015/16.

Figure 7.4 Rwamagana VUP direct support.

Rwamagana District maintenance procedures The assessment results show that maintenance is a new concept for districts including Rwamagana. The number of reported new infrastructures in Rwamagana District was six in 2013/14 and slightly decreased to five in the fiscal year 2014/15. The current fiscal year 2015/16 is still ongoing but the district has so far registered eight new infrastructure projects. The number of maintenance contracts signed between Rwamagana district and maintenance contractors was zero in 2013/14 and increased to one in 2014/15. The current fiscal year 2015/16 also registered one. The number of projects maintained was one in 2013/14 and increased to only two in 2014/15 and ongoing work in 2015/16 is reported as just one project. Rwamagana District recorded one induction course in 2013/14 and similarly one projects in 2014/15 and 2015/16. Private sector also received three trainings reported for the three study periods.

197

7.2 Evaluated projects

Project Type Budget (RWF) Construction of 4 Km of public light in Rwamagana Town E 116,937,200 Completion of construction works of Ntunga maternity unit HI 59,526,272 ward in Mwurire Sector Construction of integrated craft production centre in MOI 631,986,322 Rwamagana Town (Phase1) Extension and rehabilitation of Rwamagana technical SI 145,814,675 secondary school Supply and supervision of water in Cyarukamba Cyimbazi WS 263,281,371 and Nkomangwa Cells

198 7.2.1 Construction of 4 Km of public light in Rwamagana Town

Construction of 4km of public light in Type: Electricity Rwamagana Town Date include in DDP: 02/07/2013 Project initiator: Rwamagana District Number of direct beneficiaries At least 6,000 Number of indirect beneficiaries 32,000 Estimated budget (RWF) 89,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 116,937,200 Implemented by CBS Company LTD Starting date planned /actual data of 06/10/2014 18/11/2014 starting. End date planned/ actual data of ending 18/04/015 08/05/015 Feasibility study: Not done Supervision No consultant hired. District engineers supervised the project

The mission was informed that the reason for the project was to enhance security. Therefore, the mission visited the site during the evening and spoke to a shop owner who confirmed that before the lights were there it was a very dangerous area and hat many robberies and burglaries took place. To the extent that the police set up camp in the area. He said that now he stayed open and had customers till 20:00, while before the lighting he closed before 18:00. With the arrival of the lights these problems are no more.

It was confirmed by one of the team members who studied in the area that people would not pass the area in the evening so the stayed overnight in town even if they lived close by.

Relevance: great for workers and shop owners in the area.

Effectiveness: great.

Sustainability: in view of the impact of this project it can be expected that there will much pressure to have it well maintained.

Technical inspection All electrification projects are owned by EUCL and apparently they are well managed and maintained. The only two elements mentioned above were inspected on the field because they are accessible; other elements such as control room are located in EUCL properties.

199

Street lighting Rwamagana town Light poles foundation

The majority of the light poles are installed on plumb, others that are not on plumb require to be adjusted to provide proper alignment to the roadway being lighted. Wires and conduits sizes were invisible could not be inspected but hopefully they are in accordance with the specifications.

General comments Regarding the street lighting, all the elements were in good conditions and in good quality such as light poles, transmission cables.

The electric poles and lattice works of galvanized steel require maintenance and repair if they exhibit any sort of corrosion. Depending on where they are situated, galvanized transmission towers/poles can function for 20 to 35 years before showing the first signs of corrosion. Unfortunately, once the corrosion of a galvanized transmission tower/pole does begin, it advances exponentially. A pole with less than 5% trust at age 30 can oxidize to the point of failure within ten years. More critically, as the corrosion of the tower/pole accelerates, so too can the cost of time, labour and materials to repair it. Therefore, these electric utilities require special treatment.

200 Images

Light pole sample Light pole foundation in good condition

Street lighting connection source Light pole not installed on plumb

201 7.2.2 Completion of construction works of Ntunga maternity ward in Mwurire Sector

Completion of construction works of Ntunga Type: Health infrastructure Maternity unit ward in Mwurire sector Date include in DDP 02/07/2013(included in DDP as construction of Mwulire Health center. Project initiator Rwamagana District and Engalynx Number of direct beneficiaries. 633 Number of indirect beneficiaries 21,829 Estimated budget (RWF) 51,628,098 Actual budget (RWF) 59,526,272 Implemented by ECONTEC Ltd Starting date planned /actual data of 30/04/2013 15/05/2013 starting End date planned/ actual data of ending 15/12/2013 15/05/2014 Feasibility study No feasibility study done Supervision Supervision was done by district engineers together with ARUP team

Relevance This is a project that consisted of finalising work initiated by an NGO.

Although there were no pregnant mothers at the moment of the visit the mission was informed that this is a rather busy maternity ward with some 150 deliveries in the last half year. Patients waiting in the adjacent health post confirmed that the maternity ward has indeed improved their access to health services as before they had to go to Rwamagana town. This improvement in access was confirmed later on during the discussion with a number of women in a village of the Cyarukamba water supply. The nearby health post was constructed later than the maternity ward and was quit flooded with patient. But when asked which service was more needed, the maternity ward or the health post they unanimously called out “both”.

Effectiveness The objective to give pregnant mothers access to save delivery services. This objective has been reached. It has reportedly already reduced the number of home deliveries. Women from a nearby water schemes indicated they had already benefited from the use of the maternity ward.

Sustainability In view of the use of the maternity ward it may be assumed that the services will be available for some time to come. However, maintenance needs attention if the services need to remain up to standard. There was no tap water when the facility was visited and the rainwater harvesting system was seriously leaking.

202 Technical inspection

Foundation: not visible. As per the specification, the foundation is a reinforced concrete pad footing and we supposed it’s well done. Columns for the building: reinforced concrete columns done as per the specifications. Beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams. Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Wall structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar, finishing by pointing the bricks work. Ceiling structure: wooden timber. Roof structure: metallic rafters, trusses and purlins: size and dimensions done as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting steel sheet grey tainted.

Recommendations/observations As per the specification, the foundation type is pad footing. As it is a visual inspection, structural system concealed behind finished surfaces could not be inspected and it is in good condition because no diagonal or longitudinal cracks observed during the inspection.

203 Roofing Roof covering: self-supporting steel pan. Roof Structure: metallic trusses (rafters and tie beam 60x40x1.5mm; members (40x40x1.5mm). Roof drainage system: metallic gutter + 110 diameter PVC down pipe discharging water in the plastic water cistern.

The quality of roof materials which is the self-supporting profiled steel sheet is in good condition and they have a typical lifespan of 20 years. The slope of laying is sufficiently good.

Self-supporting profiled sheet Gutter and PVC downpipe

Recommendations/observations  The roofing is in good condition: no evidence of active leaks thus no need of repair.  Do regularly inspection and preventive maintenance.  Clean the gutter to be free from dust and leaves stacked in it.

Exterior Wall covering: brick + timber. Eaves, soffits and fascia: metallic fascia board. Exterior doors: wooden doors. Exterior Windows: metallic windows. Entry driveways: laterite. Entry walkways: concrete. Surface drainage: concrete.

The exterior of the building is generally in good condition.

204

Burnt brick wall Burnt brick and timber wall

Recommendations/observations Even though the exterior wall is in good condition, to increase its durability, periodic inspections and maintenance is required to be performed to determine the conditions of the Building. Preferably, seasonal inspection is recommended i.e. behaviour of building materials in various weather conditions can be noted.  Perform periodic inspections, preferably after each season.

Electrical Generally, the electrical system is in good order. 220 volt circuits have been provided for all appliances with the building. The size of the electricals appears to be sufficient for the current usage of the building. All electric outlets and lighting fittings work perfectly.

Appliances provided with 220 volts Electric lights fittings

205

Electric bulb Light fixtures tested

Plumbing Water supply source: WSAC, Kimbaza and Byimana water supply system. Service pipe to building: galvanised. Waste system: septic tank and soak pit.

The plumbing system is generally in good order. Besides the WSAC supply source, the maternity is supplied by two other water source systems namely Kimbazi and Byimana. It has a harvesting water system installed to collect water from roof’s building during rainy season and conveyed to plastic water tank by 110 diameter PVC pipes. This water is used mainly for cleaning.

Recommendations/observations By giving plumbing little regular inspection and maintenance can prolong the lifespan of the plumbing components (pipes, conduits, downspouts, valves, taps, etc.).  Perform regular inspections in the following components:  Drain pipes: check if they are not clogged.  If any leak in pipes is noticed, fix it quickly.  Septic tank pumped out every three to five years.  Replace damaged taps.  Look signs of leaks in exposed pipes and fix it quickly.  Check all plumbing appliances for leakages and repair: sinks, toilets.

Main supply valve Good quality surface drainage

206

Tiles in wet rooms Pipe connections not well finished

Rain water collection system Water flow inspection chambers

Interior Wall and ceiling materials: timber partitions and timber ceiling. Floor surfaces: epoxy floor paint. Window types: metallic glazed window. Doors: solid wood.

On the whole, the interior finishes are in good condition and clean. General condition of interior doors and windows is generally good. Floors are epoxy painted and still in good condition. They are relatively level and walls are relatively plumb.

Recommendations/observations Prevention is key to maintenance:  Regular inspection must be performed to provide adequate period for intervention if any distress is determined on the structure.

207

Wall tiles Solid wood double door

208 7.2.3 Extension and rehabilitation of Rwamagana technical secondary school

Extension and rehabilitation of Rwamagana Type: E technical secondary school Date include in DDP 02/07/2013 Project initiator Rwamagana District Number of direct beneficiaries 300 Number of indirect beneficiaries 10,000 Estimated budget (RWF) 136,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 145,814,675 Implemented by BES & supply co.ltd Starting date planned /actual data of starting 12/01/2015 26/01/2015

End date planned/ actual data of ending 26/06/2015 26/ 09/2015

Feasibility study No feasibility study done. Technical study was done by District engineers Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 5,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 4,950,000 Implemented by: RFC STRONG .CO. LTD Starting date 26/01/2015 End date 26/ 09/2015

This is an extension of a private secondary school of the Rwamagana Muslim Community The extension was conceived by the school and by parents. The reason is that for several reasons there are many students that do not finish secondary school or cannot enter university. Mostly the reason is lack of money to pay for the education. As a result, they have no certificate and cannot find a job. This facility will provide short certificate courses, three months and six months. This is doable in terms of school fees. For those who want to study but can-not afford the fees, the school will find sponsors.

Relevance In addition to the discussion with the head teacher the mission spoke with ten of the ICT students to learn the specific importance they attach to this short course school.

The mission was informed that nine out of ten students dropped out of secondary school because of lack of funds for paying school fees. They had one or two years without work staying at home but are glad they now can follow this short course to get a certificate. As it concerns a short course, total fees are relatively small. It looks like the project is very relevant the more so as GoR is supporting job creation outside agriculture. It is a relatively small investment to give many young people the chance to get a job or go into business.

209 Effectiveness Although no students have graduated so far, their enthusiasm would indicate that this is an effective way to help school leavers to get a certificate that will allow them to set up a business or to get a job.

Efficiency As this facility will become the responsibility of an existing (private) school it will not require a complete new administrative and management set up and will be run properly.

Sustainability As this is an extension of an existing school it will be part of an existing organisation that has proven to be able to manage a large school.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Repair Parking pavement X Site lighting X Utilities X Landscaping X Renovate STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) X Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator X Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

Foundation: combined foundation: reinforced concrete pad footing + strip foundation made up of stone wall masonry. Columns: reinforced concrete columns. Beam(s)/lintels: reinforced concrete lintels and beams. Floor structure: reinforced concrete slabs finished with floor paint. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete. Wall structure: concrete bricks, plastered and painted. Ceiling structure: gypsum square. Roof Structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets and blue painted.

The building is a two storied building without. External walls are constructed from burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar, plastered and painted. Roof is covered with self- supporting profiled steel sheets. The driveway is laterite while the landscape is covered by a garden fairly completed.

210 The construction of the building and workmanship is generally in poor quality. The materials and workmanship where visible are not finished properly. The inspection did not discover evidence of substantial structural movement.

Masonry foundation plastered Foundation plinth covered

A roof system consists of the roof trusses, roof coverings, gutters and roof drainage system i.e. downspouts. At the time of this appraisal, these components were all installed but not properly finished according to the standard but they are fairly in satisfactory conditions. Downpipes appear to be in serviceable condition. No evidence of leaks to downspouts in general. The painting is done but not well finished.

211

Downspouts discharging water to surface Very poor painting quality

Recommendations/observations  The roofing is in good condition: no evidence of active leaks thus no need of repair.  Do regularly seasonal inspection and preventive maintenance.  Clean downspouts.

Exterior Wall covering: burnt bricks, plastered and painted. Exterior doors: metallic doors. Exterior windows: metallic windows Entry driveways: concrete paving. Sidewalk surface materials: concrete. Surface drainage: open ground.

Examination of the building exterior includes finished surface, windows, doors, and sidewalk surface materials. These items are visually examined for proper function and they are generally in satisfactory conditions.  The exterior wall surfaces were generally in satisfactory condition, poor workmanships.  Exterior doors and windows were examined/operated and were in satisfactory condition. Windows and door locks are in poor quality  Exterior restrooms commonly called ventilated improved latrines are in good condition and well protected against soil scouring.  Rain water collecting system is missing because water is discharged directly to the surface thus risk of soil scouring.  Sidewalks are well constructed and no evidence of minor cracks caused by shrinkage.  Surface water is discharged directly around the building, thus there is a risk of soil scouring around the building which might affect the building in the future.  The constructed latrines are in good.

212

Metallic windows are installed properly Structural systems appears to be good

Poor quality materials Rain water is discharged to the surface

Recommendations/observations  Regular inspection of the building because the building is sub standardly constructed.  For better sustainability of the building, proper maintenance strategies must be put in place and frequent follow up on how they are implemented.  Rain water collecting system should be adopted.

Electrical Size of electrical service: 220volt main service. Service entrance conductors: not observed. Distribution wiring: aluminium cables from EUCL network. Wiring method: insulated cables and embedded. Switches: ordinary switches. Fixed lights and lamps. Electrical control room was constructed correctly.

213 switches and receptacles. Capacity, grounding and fusing are focal points. The inspection includes examination for evidence of adverse conditions such as improper installation of aluminium wiring, lack of proper grounding, exposed wiring. The hidden nature of the electrical wiring prevents inspection of every length of wire. The electrical system is in good order. Dedicated 220 volt circuits have been provided for all 220 volt appliances within the building.

Electric switches working properly Circuit breakers box properly fixed

Electric fixtures working properly Poor finishing quality

Recommendations/observations  Review the warranty period of maintenance for repair.  Preventive maintenance is required for better sustainability of the electric system.

Plumbing Water supply source: WSAC: public water supply system. Service pipe to building: galvanised. Interior supply pipe: PPR pipes. Waste system: septic tank and soak pit.

214

The overall condition of the plumbing system is fairly good. The condition of the tiles is fairly good. The quality of finishing is very poor.

Recommendations/observations By giving plumbing little regular inspection and maintenance can prolong the lifespan of the plumbing components (pipes, conduits, downspouts, valves, taps, etc.).  Perform regular inspections in the following components:  Drain pipes: check if they are not clogged.  If any leak in pipes is noticed, fix it quickly.  Septic tank pumped out every three to five years.  Look signs of leaks in exposed pipes and fix it quickly.  Check all plumbing appliances for leakages and repair: sinks, toilets.

Plumbing appliance not well fixed Concrete floor not levelled and not on plumb

Galvanized serviced pipe Poor quality concrete manholes

Interior Wall finishes: plastering and painting. Floor surfaces: concrete and floor paint. Windows: metallic glazed window. Doors: solid wood.

215 On the whole, the interior finishes of the building are in good condition but poor quality. Internal doors and windows are in good quality but the locks are of poor quality. The interior examination of the building includes the Interior finishing, painting, floors, ceiling, windows and doors. Generally, these items are in satisfactory condition but the workmanship was very poor.

Recommendations/observations Prevention is key to maintenance:  Regular inspection must be performed to provide adequate period for intervention if any distress is determined on the structure.

Concrete ramps in good condition Concrete floors in good quality

Wall plinth finishing in poor quality Metallic glazed doors in good conditions

As a general observation after this inspection, there is lack of maintenance in all cases and at all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.

 District authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of this building components.  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard.

216  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  To set a checklist for maintenance personnel to follow when making routine maintenance inspections.  To gather information concerning recommended procedures for warranty repair work.

217 7.2.4 Construction of integrated craft production centre in Rwamagana Town

Construction of integrated craft production Type: MOI centre in Rwamagana Town (Phase1) Date include in DDP 02/07/2013 Project initiator Rwamagana District Number of direct beneficiaries 500 Number of indirect beneficiaries 10,000

Estimated budget (RWF) 596,986,322 Actual budget (RWF) 631,986,322 Implemented by NOVAKI .CO. LTD Starting date planned /actual data of starting 17/12/2014 14/01/2015 End date planned/ actual data of ending 14/08/2015 14/10/2015 Technical study Estimated budget (RWF) 8,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 6,608,000 Implemented by: HICE CONSULT LTD Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 06/02/013 28/02/013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 28/06/2013 28/06/2013 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 7,080,000 Actual budget (RWF) 8,496,000 Implemented by: INTERTRADE COMMODITES

Relevance The concept is to bring all woodworkers, carpenters and welders that are now operating scattered throughout Rwamagana town, together under one roof.

The project has two phases: Phase 1. District builds halls and private sector, in the form of cooperatives with a total of 80 members comes to take up shop. Phase 2. Cooperatives finances additional halls for extension

The centre is managed by the carpenters and welders cooperatives. These cooperative exists three years. The mission interviewed the chairman of the carpenter cooperative, a woodworker and a furniture maker. From that discussion It appeared that it is unclear what exactly the role of the cooperative is or should be. It also was unclear what their role in the planning of the centre has been. According to the information the mission received they had no role in the beginning but were invited by the district to come to the buildings when they were ready. In fact, the district ordered all carpenters of the cooperative to move from their own workshops to this Agakiriro. Although reluctant at first, individual members of the cooperative are very happy with the new setting as they now had a roof and a concrete floor and were close to their colleges so they could ask them services when needed. Also the sales hall attendant appreciated the clean surroundings but so far only few customers have found this centre. Those who saw planks and timbers said they had customers, however the furniture makers said they were there for a month and had not sold a thing. They complained that there were still some colleges that had

218 remained in town who were doing good business. The welders seem to have the same problem.

The district executive secretary later informed the mission that bring all the workshops to one place was part of a new plan for Rwamagana town and that still some work needs to be done.

The mission was told that the small private shops that were build next to the halls were only temporarily. These shops provide tools, equipment and supplies for the workshops.

Challenges that are faced: the access road needs reshaping, if customers want to come. There is no advertisement in town, nor at the turn-off to the site and when asked how they want to attract customers the answer was that quality would make the difference.

It would seem that this project is not really started as a PPP, the district has taken too much the initiative and the role of the cooperative is unclear. The individual members of the cooperative are happy with the clean working conditions. Further discussions with the PS are needed to see that the second phase of the project is really a partnership.

Recommendations  Review the concept of PPP. Start with defining the role of each partner before the PPP is launched.  At present review the role of the cooperatives and provide training.  Address the case of competition in town, by e.g. having a joint sales point in town, until the location is well known.  Upgrade the access road.  Wait with expansion until customers have found the place.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement Site lighting X Utilities X Landscaping STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Exterior &interior walls X Paint X Doors and windows X Stairs (interior & exterior) Balconies X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X Generator Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

219 Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. As we are carrying the visual inspection approximately 90% of the Basement foundation is not visible Columns for stand halls: steel hollow tubes; sizes and dimensions are in conformity with the specifications. Floor structure: concrete floor finishes to the cement mortar. Finishing on wall: painting. Ceiling structure: no ceiling provided in the selling halls. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: self-supporting profiled steel sheets tainted in blue colour. Water collection system: collection of rain water from roof to the cistern. Retaining walls: gravity retaining structure are well constructed according to the standard. Firefighting system: smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, control boards well installed.

Manhole demolished by a car Growing shrubs around the building

220 Recommendations/observations  To perform a periodic inspection of the foundation especially in the mortar joints, to see if there is any development of cracks or leakage around. One indicator of leaks is the accumulation of water in the cellar. Seasonal inspection.  Perform also preventive maintenance strategies by removing shrubs and other debris around the building foundation.

Good quality gravity retaining wall Gravity retaining structure

The construction of the roofing structure is in good quality. The materials and workmanship, where visible, are of good quality. The inspection did not discover evidence of leakage.

Blue self-supporting profiled sheet Metallic trusses roof structure

221

Metallic hollow tubes (100x60x2.5mm) Roof drainage system by downspouts

Exterior Wall covering: burnt brick, plastered and painted. Entry driveways: laterite. Entry walkways: concrete. Surface drainage: concrete and covered.

The exterior of the building is generally in good condition. Walls are constructed on plumb. Materials and workmanships are of good quality. Metallic glazed windows are fixed properly for toilets premises as well the doors are well done. Floors are made out of concrete and they are generally in satisfactory condition.

222

Plastered and painted wall Toilets house in good condition

Preventative maintenance to be considered.  Sweep out gutters to prevent blockages and damage to roofs.  Protect the building foundation against runoff water from the adjacent road.  Regularly replace washers to prevent tap replacement.  Flash drains and clean out sumps.  Check for cracked windows that may break.  Repair minor cracks.  Check movable building components such as windows, doors, and hardware (pins, hinges, bolts and all fastening mechanisms).

223 Images

Burnt brick wall painted Metallic columns poles

Electric installation Electric control cabin

Firefighting control board Rest rooms (Turkish toilet type)

224 7.2.5 Supply and supervision of water in Cyarukamba Cyimbazi and Nkomangwa Cells

Supply and supervision of water in Type: WS Cyarukamba Cyimbazi and Nkomangwa Cells Date include in DDP 02/07/2013 Project initiator Rwamagana District Number of direct beneficiaries 8,900 Number of indirect beneficiaries. 8,000 Estimated budget (RWF) 243,701,00 Actual budget (RWF) 263,281,371 Implemented by S.R.D.D LTD Starting date planned /actual data of starting. 17/01/2013 25/02/2013 End date planned/ actual data of ending 25/06/2013 26/11/2013 Feasibility study Estimated budget (RWF) 9,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 11,000,000 Implemented by: PELA Fourniture LTD CO. Ltd Starting date Planned/ Actual data of starting 02/11/2012 20/11/2012 End date planned/ actual data of ending 15/03/013 15/03/013 Supervision Estimated budget (RWF) 4,000,000 Actual budget (RWF) 3,160,000 Implemented by: Rwanda Construct Ltd Starting date 20/11/2012 End date 15/03/013

The mission had two group discussions and was informed that before the project it would take one hour to fetch water. Unless one could pay for the water to be brought to the house. One out of five ladies could do so the others had to fetch the water themselves. When the mission remarked that one hour is not so much an old lady remarked that it was not only the time, but, she said “it breaks the day. Now I can get water in 10 minutes and get on with the things I need to do, go to the field”. All women the mission met were very content with the water supply.

The operation and maintenance of the systems is outsourced by the district to a private enterprise which in turn hires stand post operators. One jerry can cost RWF 20. The operator keeps RWF 5 and hands over RWF 15 to the enterprise, who in turn pays RWF 10 to the district.

The project was recently finished so no maintenance issues were observed. At the time of the visit the water supply was low because part of the water was given to a steel mill in the area that had problems with its own water supply.

Relevance This project is very relevant especially for the whole of the population

225 Effectiveness The project is very effective, it saves indeed time and energy, that people can now use for agriculture and animal husbandry.

Sustainability This will depend much on the operators. They have to report to the district on a monthly basis. Besides, the water user association can also report problems. If there is sufficient attention from the district the sustainability can be assured.

Technical inspection

Inspected water supply elements:  Intake.  Pump house.  Fountains.  Water reservoir tanks.

Intake structure The intake structure is located in Cyimbazi. The source was identified and extracted to help in safely withdrawing water from it and then discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit, through which it flows up to first collecting chamber. Apparently the system and the intake structures are in good conditions.

Collecting chamber from the intake Water reservoir/collecting chamber

Pumps and house At the time of this technical appraisal, the pumps were operating. The materials and the workmanship of the pump house are in good conditions. Foundations are built in stone masonry and jointed to the cement mortar. Walls are in burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and interior finishes are plastering and painting. Floor finishes is concrete pavement and tainted red screed. Roof structure made of metallic trusses, rafters and purlins done as per the specifications. Metallic glazed doors and windows are used.

226

Pump house Ripraps for foundation protection

Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. Columns: reinforced concrete columns finished to smooth cement mortar plaster. Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Finishing on wall: pointing. Ceiling structure: no ceiling provided. Roof Structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications. Roof covering: blue tainted galvanized iron sheet. Water collection system: no gutter and no down pipe.

General comments At the intake, all the infrastructures were in good conditions and well maintained. No major effects observed but the house requires protection from scouring and erosion which may result to the failure of the foundation. Maintenance strategies is an issue at all levels (district and sectors) thus sustainability of the infrastructure is doubtful.

227

Pump house control cabin Interior condition of the tank

Pumps in good condition Top slab of the reservoir in good condition

Top slab of the tank in good condition Fountains Drinking fountains provides clean drinking water in public from the water storage tank then by gravity water is conveyed in conduits to the draw off points. All the fountains are functioning perfectly and fairly maintained. At the time of inspection, there was no water.

228

Sample of public fountain

Suggestions for Improvement As these fountains are managed by local cooperatives in the district, the representatives of the cooperative should be trained on how to manage and maintain these infrastructures. Maintenance strategies must be addressed seriously in the district authorities’ levels.

Value assessment The project was carried out on the basis of an addendum contract between two parties such as Rwamagana District and S.R.D.D. LTD Company which the company selected building was responsible for the, supply of materials, construction and installation of civil works. The total project cost was estimated is RWF 43,200,624 mln.

Images

Defect manhole cover. Good condition of the reservoir

229

Cracks development along the side Fairly cleaned meter control chamber

Recommendations on O&M Operation: refers to the everyday running and handling of a water supply. This involves several activities such as:  To convey safe drinking water to the users, e.g. starting and stopping a motorized pump, the supply of power and the control valve.  The correct handling of facilities by users to ensure long component life, e.g. the proper use of taps at the fountain. The proper use of a supply system results in its optimum use and contributes to a reduction in breakdowns and maintenance needs.

Maintenance: activities required to sustain the water supply in a proper working condition.  Preventive maintenance: regular inspection and servicing to preserve assets and minimize breakdowns.  Corrective maintenance: minor repair and replacement of broken and worn out parts to sustain reliable facilities.  Crisis maintenance: unplanned responses to emergency breakdowns and user complaints to restore a failed supply.

Recommendation to the district: - To design a document which provides project staff and sector professionals’ information regarding trends and development in the operation and maintenance of water supply systems. - To review operation and Maintenance requirements, in terms of people organization, technical requirements, spare parts provision, hygienic operation and use, environmental protection and funding. - Developing and Managing Operation and Maintenance, starting with a clarification of what is meant by the partnership approach in a context where communities are being made responsible for operation and maintenance. - Supporting Operation and Maintenance. The transfer of responsibilities to communities does not mean that communities will take up all activities. Effective O&M will depend on a well-defined role for district support and private sector involvement

230 7.2.6 Cyiri market (also visited in 2013)

Sustainability and relevance Market is in full use. All places are hired. Since 2013 a water harvesting system has been put in place.

Electricity supply has been arranged through a cooperative formed by the traders. Around the market other shops (butcher, clothing) have been build and revitalised over the last three years. The market was visited on three occasion and every time it was bustling. Traders are still very content with their place in this market and turnover of traders is virtually non-existent.

The market looks good, major maintenance (repairs) was done in July 2015. Electricity has been organised by the traders themselves and a water harvesting tank has been installed. Traders pay RWF 5,000/month to the district as a market fee.

Technical inspection

Inspected in 2013 Inspected in 2016

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action SITE Storm drain system X Parking pavement X Site lighting X Utilities X Preventive maintenance X Landscaping X STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND BUILDING ENVELOPE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Water distribution system X

The Cyiri market was inspected three year ago, the physical condition of the market was very poor compared to now. At the time of 2016 inspection, the Cyiri market received maintenance and repair. They have undertaken works in order to restore the building

231 conditions so that every part of the infrastructure has been upgraded to an acceptable standard.

Building shell Foundation: stone masonry foundation jointed to the cement mortar, coping to the cement mortar. Components concealed behind finished surfaces could not be inspected. Columns for stand halls: steel hollow tubes; sizes and dimensions receives protective paint. Floor structure: floor finishes to the cement mortar. Stand structure: burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar and plastered but they had used burnt brick. Stand worktop: concrete slab. Ceiling structure: no ceiling provided in the selling halls. Roof structure: metallic rafters, purlins: size and dimensions as per the specifications.

2013 inspected: unprotected foundation Foundation is protected against scouring

The visual inspection carried out in 2013 identified many defects of the CYIRI Market especially on the following building components: the roof cover, foundation protection against soil scouring and erosion, roof system, etc. And those components were recommended to be repaired. During this year appraisal, the CYIRI Market has received maintenance on the following building components: the roof which was in poor conditions was replaced by a new structure and foundations were protected against soil scouring and erosion. The roofing drainage system is now working properly because it is provided with downspouts which are discharging water in the water cistern.

2013: Soil scouring effects Surface drainage protected against erosion

232

Roofing Roof covering: red profiled steel roofing sheets. Roof trusses: metal hollow tubes. Roof drainage system: steel gutters & downpipe in PVC diameter 110mm.

The examination of the roof system consists of roof deck, gutters and downspouts, the surface materials and the Roof trusses. All these components have been inspected for damage and deterioration. Three years ago, the overall roof system was in very bad conditions: the surface materials of the roof were of very poor quality, the downspouts were leaking and rain water was not collected to the water cistern for reuse in cleaning purpose. The 2016 inspection has identified that the overall roof system was replaced by new roof components and were upgraded to an acceptable standard.

Very poor quality roof covering (2013) Good quality replaced roof covering (2016)

233

Poor quality roof side deck (2013) Good quality roof side deck (2016)

No downspouts provided (2013) Provision of downspouts and water tank

General recommendations As a general observation, after this inspection, we have noted that, there is lack of maintenance in all cases at all levels. If a change or deterioration of the condition of a structure is noted in its early stages, repairs to remedy the situation can often be completed with minimal expense. If the problem is not detected or if it is ignored, repairs may become complex and very expensive. If it is left to deteriorate, failure could eventually result.  District Authorities should periodically review the adequacy of the infrastructure systems on the following items:  Maintenance of this building components.  Improvement works which are required to bring the infrastructure up to an acceptable standard.  District authorities should consider providing a specific budget on an annual basis for infrastructure works, improvement works and for the maintenance in general.  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  End users of the infrastructure should be trained on how to carry the preventive maintenance on structures and understand the ownership of the infrastructure entirely.  District authorities should establish an inspection check list document to be distributed at low level where the infrastructure is located. This document should be filled by the managers of the infrastructure which should be collected and examined at the district level after each season.

234

7.2.7 Ntunga electricity project (also visited in 2013)

Sustainability and Relevance Ntunga centre was still very busy when the mission visited despite the fact that it was an election day. Electricity was in good operating condition according to the business women around the centre The combination of electricity and large market in Ntunga have made this a trade centre with potential to grow. The number of shops and businesses that use power has increased. There are now more welding shops, a carpenter shop, milling services and an additional clothing manufacturing shop. The mission noticed shops that have arrived in the last year. One of them (Miss Mukayiratuga Laurence) informed the mission that she was born close to Ntunga and had a thriving shop in Kigali. However, cost in Kigali are very high even though she owned the shop. When she realised the trade potential in Ntunga she sold her shop moved here. She now combines, agriculture, livestock and trade. She is happy in her new shop but indicated to the mission that the Ntunga centre needs water supply urgently.

235 7.2.8 Gahengiri health centre (also visited in 2013)

Sustainability and relevance The health centre becomes ever more relevant for the population as ever more services are being provided. There now is a HIV clinic installed as well as a primary eye care centre. The maternity ward now has an incubator. The community health workers are equipped with mobile phones with rapid SMS software that allows them to inform the health centre immediately when there is a problem. Staff have increased with two nurses, a midwife, a data manager and an IT manager. Since 2013 all health indicators have gone up.

Computers are installed in the pharmacy with an electronic management information system for drug monitoring. The account department and the patients registration also have IT support by a data manager and an IT manager, while the cashier, now has level two. This centre was also visited in 2013. It could be observed that it was still in very good use and the facilities are very well maintained. Future needs: better water supply Capacity building is done by ministry of health.

Technical inspection

A general physical infrastructure inspection has been undertaken to this following sections with the aim of identifying the current conditions of the infrastructure three years after conducting another inspection. The purpose was to view if the infrastructure has received maintenance (preventive or routine maintenance) or rehabilitation.

236 Water distribution system X Generator X Fire suppression systems X Security alarm systems X

Site The review of the site and grounds includes drainage, walkways, driveways and retaining walls. These items are visually examined for proper function, excessive wear and general state of repair. The perimeter fencing was generally in satisfactory condition Evidence of cracking was observed in some places like sidewalk but no immediate intervention is required. The health centre manager informed us that minor regular repair is scheduled monthly. Generally, all components were found to be in satisfactory condition and clean.

Walkways and garden in good conditions 100% Cleanliness in high standard

No evidence of cracks found in the stone cellar

Recommendations/observations  The infrastructure management of this health centre is of good quality.

237  The best way to protect foundations and maintain masonry is by providing proper drainage so that water does not stand long time on horizontal surfaces in order to avoid the deterioration of the stones and mortar joints.  Carry out regularly preventive maintenance.  Regularly check for the foundations cracks in the stone and repair them quickly.

Plywood ceiling requires fresh paint Walls and doors and in good conditions

Minor cracks observed incinerator area Repair of concrete floor spalling

238 no leakages. The condition of the roof was generally in satisfactory condition as well the roof drainage systems.

Self-supporting steel sheet in good condition Metallic gutters in good conditions

Recommendations  Perform regular seasonal inspection to check the conditions of gutters and downspouts: these ones need to be cleaned, and repaired regularly.  Protecting the gutters by painting them to avoid rusting due weather effect.  Check unsecured roof materials.  Immediately repair leaks and loose attachments, and replace missing elements to prevent any damage to surrounding features of the building.  Inspections should be at least twice a year and better after each season.

Evidence of light fixtures working properly.

Recommendations and observations  Check for deteriorated paint, moisture damage, cracks, holes and unsound joints and fix the problem as early as possible.  Check where moisture is entering the building and stop these leaks as quickly as possible.

239 General comments The overall infrastructure management of the Gahengeri health centre is done correctly. The system of inspection used by the ministry of health is appropriate for the sustainability of the infrastructure. At the time of inspection, we have noted that the infrastructure managed by the ministry of health are in satisfactory condition in terms of cleanliness and maintenance in general.

240 7.2.9 Byimana water scheme (also visited in 2013)

Sustainability This large water scheme that was built before 2013 was out of order. The mission was informed that the generator was defect (since three days) but that repairs were under way. In the meantime, water users had to buy water or fetch it at long distances. The mission visited a number of stand posts and all showed some defect or other. The cement basins were extreme dirty and erosion has attacked most of them. There are no signs of preventive maintenance nor of small repairs. Water users indicated that the scheme was regularly out of order. The district informed the mission that the present management contract will be terminated and a new operator will be engaged.

Recommendations Contracts regarding the management of water schemes should include a clause that allows the district to terminate the contract when performance is not up to agreed-upon standards.

Technical inspection

Item Excellent Good Fair Poor Action GENERAL INSPECTION Cleanliness of water system X Intake surrounding area X Intake source protection X Water quality check X Water tank conditions X rehabilitation Maintenance X Preventive PUMP HOUSE Foundation X Structural system and floors X Roof coverings X Roof drainage X Provide MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL & PLUMBING Electrical X Pumps X Maintenance

Inspected water supply elements:  Intake.  Pump house.  Fountains.  Water reservoir tanks.

Intake structure The intake structure is located in Byimana. The source was identified and extracted to help in safely withdrawing water from it and then discharge this water into the withdrawal conduit, through which it flows up to first collecting chamber. In 2013 the system and the intake structures were in good conditions.

241 The inspection conducted in 2016 revealed many changes in terms of lack of maintenance. The intake is no longer protected because around the intake people cultivates their farms thus high risk of water contamination.

A man cultivating a farm around the intake. Water intake close to the farm

Recommendations/observations At the time of inspection, the water intake was not protected properly. The water intake separation distance with private property land such as farm, livestock yards is not satisfied. At least 30 m from the water intake is allowed. Environmental protection of the water intake is recommended.

Pumps At the time of this technical appraisal, the pumps were not operating due to the breakdown of the pump system. A technician to repair the pump was on the spot to replace the pump bearings and visually the pump was leaking.

The broken-down pump Leaking pump due to bearings

House At the time of inspection, the pump house envelope was still in good condition but required daily care to prevent to building to run down. During the site visit, the foundation was still in satisfactory conditions because no evidence of structural system movement and cracks. The exterior walls made up of burnt bricks jointed to the cement mortar was still in good condition. The roof system still in satisfactory condition but is lacking downspouts to discharge water to Surface drainage thus high risk of soil scouring. Evidence of cracks on the floor surface due to direct discharge of water to the floor.

242

Pump house Cracking surface due to water

Water reservoir The visual observation was made on the structural members and the reservoir in general. Jet of water leaking the reservoir was observed at many places around the tank which means voids and cracks are many within the reservoir of 120m3. The reservoir is in worse conditions and need immediate action to repair or to rehabilitate.

120 m3 water reservoir The reservoir full of water

Signs of leaks in the tank Green algae growing to tank due leaks

243 General comments The previous inspection undertaken in 2013 revealed the whole system to be in satisfactory conditions. The current inspection identifies the failure in the water reservoir system due to lack of maintenance. The pump house requires a fresh paint and cleaning in general. The water reservoir requires rehabilitation as it distributes to a large number of people in Rwamagana districts.

Recommendations/observations  Rehabilitation of the water reservoir is recommended,  Preventive maintenance should be done regularly,  Carry out regular inspection.

Poor infrastructure management

Suggestions for improvement As these fountains are managed by local cooperatives in the district, the representatives of the cooperative should be trained on how to manage and maintain these infrastructures.

244  District authorities should also aim to employ infrastructure inspectors who would monitor and report on required maintenance works.  End users of the infrastructure should be trained on how to carry the preventive maintenance on structures and understand the ownership of the infrastructure entirely.  District authorities should establish an inspection check list document to be distributed at low level where the infrastructure is located. This document should be filled by the managers of the infrastructure which should be collected and examined at the district level after each season.

245