International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Original Research Article

A Relationship between Flood Occurrences and the Maintenance Works of SMART , ,

Nuhu Isah, Maimunah Binti Ali

Department of Technology Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, University Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia.

Corresponding Author: Nuhu Isah

Received: 22/06/2015 Revised: 13/07/2015 Accepted: 14/07/2015

ABSTRACT

Managing environmental disaster requires the use of technology into how technology is used to minimize the casualties and loss incurred when disaster strikes. This research is based on the relationship between flood occurrences and the maintenance works of SMART tunnel. SMART is an acronym for “Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel”. This project is located in Kuala Lumpur the capital metropolitan city of Malaysia. The SMART Tunnel project was initiated by the Former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad under the Malaysian Development Plan. The project was undertaken as a joint venture projects between the government and the private sector corporation. This study therefore, makes an effort to investigate the relationship between flood occurrences and the maintenance works of SMART tunnel in the city Centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Nevertheless, the study adopted a mixed approach. However, thematic network analysis, narration, photographs, observations and correlations were used for data analysis. The study has discovered that there is a cordial relationship between maintenance works of SMART Tunnel and Flood occurrences in the city Centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.

Keywords: Tunnel, SMART, Flood, Maintenance, Malaysia.

INTRODUCTION are aqueducts to supply water for A tunnel is an underground or consumption or for hydroelectric stations or underwater passageway, dug through the are sewers. [3] Utility tunnels are used for surrounding soil, earth, and rock and routing steam, chilled water, electrical enclosed except for entrance and exit, power or telecommunication cables, as well commonly at each end. [1] A pipeline is not a as connecting buildings for convenient tunnel, though some recent tunnels have passage of people and equipment. Secret used immersed tube construction techniques tunnels are built for military purposes, or by rather than traditional tunnel boring civilians for smuggling of weapons, methods. A tunnel may be for foot or contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a as wildlife crossings, are built to allow canal. [2] The central portions of a rapid wildlife to cross human-made barriers transit network are usually in tunnel. Some safely. This paper focused on SMART International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 434 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. This stormwater sections on the SMART system tunnel is very unique because it is the type began operations at the end of January 2007. of tunnel in the world that combines the wet As of July 18, 2010 the SMART system has and dry system. The tunnel is used as a prevented seven potentially disastrous flash pathway to transport vehicle and also a floods in the city centre, having entered its channel for stormwater diversion from first mode 3 operation only weeks after the Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. The tunnel is been opening of the motorway. The first mode, maintained weekly and monthly for its under normal conditions where there is no optimum utilization in flood disaster storm, no flood water will be diverted into management in the city centre of Kuala the system. When the second mode is Lumpur Malaysia. The entire paper is about activated, flood water is diverted into the the tunnel maintenance work, flood bypass tunnel in the lower channel of the diversion as well as efficiency of the tunnel. motorway tunnel. The motorway section is still open to traffic at this stage. When the History of SMART Tunnel third mode is in operation, the motorway In 2001 the Malaysian Government sought will be closed to all traffic. After making proposals for a solution that would allow a sure all vehicles have exited the motorway, typical flood of three to six hours‟ duration automated water-tight gates will be opened to occur without flooding the city centre. A to allow flood waters to pass through. The tunnel that would allow floods to bypass the motorway will be reopened to traffic within centre was one way of achieving this, 48 hours of closure. providing it was coupled with temporary storage facilities to keep flows downstream SMART Tunnel and other Flood of Kuala Lumpur within the capacity of the Solutions river channel. A group led by Gamuda This section is to figure out the comparison engaged SSP, a large Malaysian consultant between SMART and other alternative engineering firm, and Mott MacDonald UK solution to flood disaster in the city centre of to develop proposals for a tunnel with Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The alternative holding ponds at upstream and downstream solutions to solve flooding in Kula Lumpur ends of the tunnel. Construction of the due to heavy stormwater according to are; [5] tunnel began in 25 November 2003. [4] (i) Widening existing , Gombak and Two Herrenknecht's Tunnel Boring Kerayong River that flows through Machines (TBM) from Germany were used, Kuala Lumpur including "Tuah" on north side and (ii) Using existing PUTRA LRT Tunnel as "Gemilang" on south side. Gusztáv Klados the stormwater diversion tunnel was the senior project manager of the (iii)Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project project. On 11 December 2003, the 13.2m (iv) Use concrete embankment to reduce the diameter Mix-shield TBM, Tuah, completed soil erosion that has been reducing the a 737m section after 24 weeks of river depth as silt is accumulating in the excavation. By the end of January 2004, river bed. Tuah would start a second drive covering a (v) Controlling the urban development along distance of 4.5 km to Kampung the river banks in order to save the Berembanglake. natural flow of the river. The motorway section on the (vi) Implementing Stormwater Management SMART system was officially opened at The above solutions are also been 3:00PM, 14 May 2007. Meanwhile, the undertaken together with the construction of International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 435 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

the SMART Tunnel. This tunnel is the part estimated around RM 530 million. This is of the “Storm water Management “process part of the Department of Irrigation and in order to solve the situation. There is an Drainage‟s effort to relieve the flooding in issue regarding the usage of the existing Kuala Lumpur. This is part of the mitigation PUTRA LRT Tunnel as stormwater channel, project for Gombak and Keroh River. but the project was scraped as the solution (i) Upgrading the present Gombak river will cause the existing usage of the tunnel as diversion where the diversion is to underground rail link to be interrupted. This channel more flood water from Gombak will cripple the rail link at the city centre as River to Batu Pond and from Keroh this rail link is very important for Kuala River to Jinjang Pond Lumpur. There was a basic study carried out (ii) Along this diversion the construction of by the Drainage and Irrigation Department new barrage, a diversion channel to Malaysia whether the tunnel project is divert any additional incoming flow and accepted by the society. [6] The results are enlargement of Batu Pond and Jinjang shown in below. Pond (To store the capacity of 4.5 million and 2.5 million cubic metres of stormwater).

SMART Tunnel Roles in Traffic Diversion One of the secondary functions of SMART Tunnel is to solve the problem of traffic congestion in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur at southern gateway and the solution to solve the cause of the traffic congestion. [8] In Kuala Lumpur city traffic congestion is one of the major factors that cause problems to the traffic and highways built each year. Even though there are Fig: 1 Survey Data on the acceptance of SMART Tunnel numbers of highway built to solve this Source: DID (2007) problem but there will be traffic congestion The above survey data are random especially during peak hours. One of the interviews conducted on the streets of Kuala solutions that the government came out is Lumpur by DID regarding the society‟s the SMART Tunnel Project. This project is view on the SMART Tunnel. [7] From the mainly as we knowto solve the stormwater chart above we can say that eighty percent problems and also the traffic congestion at of the community welcomes the project as the Southern Gateway. the best solution to solve the frequent flash Southern Gateway is one of the key floods in the city centre. The rest of the entry points to the city from the south of community are either against on the project Kuala Lumpur. This is one of the most because of the expenditure or have no basic congested part of the highway as the idea regarding the SMART Tunnel Project. highway interlinks the city with the The Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation residential areas in the south. There are Project is also one of the solution proposed approximately 1.04 million people resides in and been carried off. The project is this area. Most of the people are working in the city, and usually travel using their own International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 436 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

transport to work. The highways that are city are keen to use this part of the route as located in the southern gateway are the entry point to city. The route connects KLSeremban Highway, Besraya Highway direct to city centre as there is no detour and Sg. Besi Highway. This are the three involved in this route. This is one of the highways that are passing through this area major points high numbers of vehicles and most of the people heading towards the occupies this route daily. [9]

Fig: 2 Location of Southern Gateway Source: SMART Management Team (2010)

The location of the Southern population is still growing and making the Gateway is shown. The red line in the tunnel city overcrowded. The city is dense with alignment indicates the traffic congestion high population because of its educational areas in that particular route. The blue lines status, economic improvement and living indicate the tunnel alignment that passes standard. [11] through from the north to the south of the city.

Main causes of traffic Congestion in Southern Gateway The traffic congestion is one of the key problems in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. [10] This is because SMART Tunnel is actually built to cater and solve the traffic congestion in the Southern Gateway. This is one of the main principles of the tunnel other than to solve the flooding in Kuala Lumpur city centre. As we knew

Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Fig: 3 Traffic Congestion in Southern Gateway Malaysia. The population of Kuala Lumpur Source: DID (2007) is approximately 1.42 million people. The

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However, there are several causes that have traffic congestion in the Southern Gateway been identified as the main contributors to entry to city. the traffic congestion in Southern Gateway Several Intersections Causes (Ram Kumar, 2010) such as; The intersection is one of the causes of (i) Several Intersections joining to single traffic congestion in Southern Gateway. [10] highways The Southern Gateway is connected by two (ii) Numbers of cars have drastically intersections that are adjoining to the Sg. increased Besi Highway. This is the main road that (iii)High traffic from the South heading connects the Southern Gateway to the city towards the city using the same highway centre. These are the main causes identified throughout the investigation that leads to the

Sg. Besi Highway

Fig: 4 Road Network at Southern Gateway Source: LembagaLebuhraya Malaysia (2008)

As we can see above the SMART highways links to this road, the Sg. Besi Tunnel alignment are actually designed to highway could not cater the intense run with SgBesi Highway alignment in order increment of cars during peak hours. Most to divert the cars in to the tunnel to solve the of the people that live in the Southern traffic congestion in this particular area. In Gateway are working in Kuala Lumpur city. this are one of the main cause of the traffic This is the shortest and cheapest route for congestion is, there are two intersections them in order to get into the city. cutting through the Sg. Besi Highway. The When the Besraya and KL- two highways are; Highway were built there was no (i) Besraya Highway consideration that this location will be (ii) KL-Seremban Highway overcrowded in the future. So to overcome The intersection causes major traffic this problem the government came out with congestion because the two intersections of SMART Tunnel that has dual purpose. This

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tunnel is to cater and channel the stormwater congestion that is happening frequently in from the city centre to downstream of the Sg. Besi Highway. river and also to disperse the traffic

Interchange Connect to Sg. Besi Highway

Fig: 5 Intersection Links Source: SMART Management Team (2005)

The tunnel alignment was set to In this case the solution is quite difficult as follow this interchange. This is to reduce the there are more and more people buying cars numbers of cars taking in to the Sg. Besi in Malaysia. There are government efforts to route to the city by giving the road users reduce the numbers of cars entering the city alternative to use the tunnel as the by implementing different strategy plans passageway to get into the city by not using such as; the current highway. This directly reduces (i) Vehicle zoning the traffic in that particular highway and (ii) Increase the road tax eventually the traffic flow will be smooth (iii)Public transport projects with any interference in the near future. This (iv) Carpooling systems dual purpose tunnel will help the people of All this plans were developed after Southern Gateway to get into the city fast thorough study have been conducted to find and cheap. out the cause of significance increase of The population in Kuala Lumpur had vehicle in the city. The plans did not work increased significantly since the out as planned as there numbers of setbacks establishment of Kuala Lumpur as capital that had been identified (MHA, 2005) such city of Malaysia. The current population that as; resides in Kuala Lumpur is estimated at 1.4 (i) Protest from road users regarding the million people. [12] road tax increment It is estimated that the number of (ii) Implementation of vehicle zoning to cars have increased drastically since 1981 in allow vehicles with different color plates Kuala Lumpur. There were 61, 752 numbers to enter the city in different days. of cars in 1981 and increased to 247, 677 (iii)Unreliable and overcrowded condition numbers in 1990. In 2000 it was estimated cause people to use own vehicle that the number of cars reached 263 (iv) High cost imposed for public transport per.1000 people. Averagely it is 1 car for causes people to compare in usage of every 3.8 people that reside in the city own vehicle (Abdul AB. Rahman 2011).

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(v) Carpooling system failed because of lack one of the residential areas that have been of interest from government and society. occupied by the busy city people. The usual traffic congestion will occur during peak High Traffic Flow hours in weekdays, public holidays and also High traffic flow from the south commonly during rainy season. heading towards the city is one of the causes In order to overcome the traffic of the traffic congestion in the Southern congestion in this particular area, the Gateway. The traffic flow from south of government had proposed some solutions to Kuala Lumpur are mainly due to the overcome this issue. Some of the solutions residential areas that are located in this part are; of Kuala Lumpur. Most people that are (i) SMART Tunnel Project working in Kuala Lumpur are living in the (ii) Enlarging the current highway lanes southern part of the city. This increase in the (iii)Proposing alternative route to the city population in the city in recent years had centre caused the increase in vehicle ownership in (iv) Increase the efficiency of the public the city. Most people like to stay away from transport in this particular area. the city centre and travel to work every day (v) Sponsoring campaigns to reduce the with their own vehicle. Southern Gateway is numbers of vehicle by carpooling

STAR LRT

KTM Commuter

Fig: 6 Rail Transport System in Kuala Lumpur Source: DBKL, Rail Transportation (2005)

Some of the above solutions are road users alternative route to head to the already been undertaken. One of the city. It is estimated that 30,000 cars trips are efficient solutions is the SMART Tunnel. made daily in the SMART Tunnel. [13] This tunnel not only overcome the flooding Alternative routes such as the new Middle in the city centre but also to disperse the Ring Road are one of the solutions proposed traffic in Sg. Besi Highway and giving the in order to reduce the traffic flow into and

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out of the city during the peak hours. Rail Lumpur city centre through SMART Tunnel networks such as the KTMB Commuter and from 2007 to 2014. It was recorded that the STAR Light Rail Transit are the SMART Tunnel was able to provide routes outcome of the improvement of public for motorists 81,192,452 times between transport outside the city. This rail link 2007 to 2014 (SMART control centre, connects the people daily from the city to 2014). outer part of Kuala Lumpur such as Southern Gateway. METHODOLOGY Research approach Public Survey on the Traffic Congestion The research design shows how the research is carried out using the objectives and related variables linking them with the method to be adopted in order to achieve the stated objectives. The research used in this study is a qualitative and quantitative research approach. Qualitative research Qualitative research involves the use of interview survey, observation and document review. However, qualitative research should be specifically aligned with action research and critical hermeneutics Fig: 7 Public Survey on Traffic Congestion Source: MHA (2007) traditions and that qualitative researcher should form a community around this [14] In order to find out the main reason specific concern. Qualitative research of the traffic congestion in Sg. Besi enables you to conduct in-depth studies Highway, a public survey was conducted about a broad array of topics, including your 15 randomly by MHA in 2007 as shown above. favorites, in plain and everyday terms . However, according to the operators of the Which correlates with qualitative research SMART tunnel, the numbers of traffic using has become an acceptable, if not a the tunnel annually are shown in table 4.1 in mainstream form of research in many the following pages. different academic and professional fields. [15] Qualitative researchers aim to gather an Table 1: Result from Document Reviewed in-depth understanding of human behaviour Years No. of Traffic Diverted in and from Kuala Lumpur and the reasons that govern such behaviour. 2007 6,780,000 Qualitative research has the advantage of 2008 10,935,002 flexibility in data analysis such that data can 2009 10,876,236 [16] 2010 10,783,989 be analyzed manually or using computer. 2011 11,128,324 The merits of qualitative research 2012 10,237,621 [17] 2013 9,983,891 are: 2014 10,467,389 (i) Flexibility in data collection, analysis Total 81,192,452 and interpretation Source: (Review of Annual Report of SMART Tunnel, 2014) (ii) Ability to interact with the research The table above shows the number of subjects in their own language and their traffic diverted in and from the Kuala own terms.

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(iii)Provide a holistic view of the (i) It enable computation of mathematical phenomena under investigation models The demerits of qualitative method are: [15] (ii) It offers variety of computation (i) Inability to establish the necessary techniques research conditions (iii)It enables empirical correlations of result (ii) Unavailability of sufficient data series or (iv) Achieving high level of reliability of lack of coverage of sufficient variables gathering data due to controlled (iii)Inability to investigate causality between observation laboratory experiments, different research phenomena mass surveys, or other form of research (iv) Departing from the original objective of manipulations. the research in response to the changing Demerits of quantitative methods according nature of the context. to are: The researcher used qualitative (i) Failure to supply the researcher with the research tools for gathering information information on the context of the which include: Participant observation, situation where the situation semi-structured interview and analysis of phenomenon occurs. documents and materials. The summary of (ii) Inability to control the environment (data collection and data analysis) methods where the respondents provide the under the qualitative data analysis answer to the question in the survey. techniques illustrate the suitable research (iii)Not encouraging the evolving and instruments adopted to answer each research continuous investigation of a research objective. phenomenon. The nature of the research objectives are qualitative and quantitative in nature, the Mixed Method (Qualitative & study tries to find out the relationship Quantitative Research) between maintenance work of SMART The research approach adopted for Tunnel and flood occurrences in the city the study is qualitative and quantitative centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. approach (mixed method). Mixed method Therefore, interview, observation and research employs both approaches document review is more suitable in this iteratively or simultaneously to create a case. The interview is analyzed using research outcome stronger than either thematic network analysis to achieve method individually. [19] Solomon (1991) objective number one, while observation and argues that the issue is not quantitative document review serves as means of versus qualitative methods at all, but triangulation to the data obtained and used whether one is taking an analytic approach for finding out the relationship between to understanding a few controlled variables SMART tunnel maintenance work and flood or a systemic approach to understanding the occurrences. interaction of variables in a complex environment. Firestone (1987) suggest that Quantitative Research quantitative studies persuade the reader Quantitative research involves through de-emphasizing individual counting and measuring of events and judgment and stressing the use of performing the statistical analysis of a body established procedures, leading to results of numerical data. [18] Qualitative research that are generalizable to populations. has the following as its merits: However, qualitative research persuades through rich description and strategic International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 442 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

comparison across cases, thereby qualitative strands during the same phase of overcoming the abstraction inherent in research process, treating the methods quantitative studies and permitting equally, and keeps the strand independent generalization to theory. during analysis and then mixes the result during overall interpretation. [20] The Convergent Parallel Design framework developed is further developed Convergent parallel design is a in order to answer the research questions method where researchers use concurrent and objectives of this study are illustrated timing to implement the quantitative and below.

Quantitative Quantitative Data Collection Data Collection Interpretation Interpretation Compare Compare or Relate or Relate

Qualitative Qualitative data data collection collection

Deduce Research Aim/Objectives

Fig: 8 Convergent Parallel Designs (Adopted from: Creswell & Clark, 2011)

Fig: 9 Research Framework Development to Investigate the Relationship between flood occurrence and maintenance work of SMART tunnel in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Development of Research Framework framework is to investigate the relationship Based on Convergent Parallel Design between the maintenance work of SMART The research framework is tunnel and the flood occurrence in Kuala developed using Creswell and Clark (2011) Lumpur. Creswell and Clark convergent convergent parallel design. The research parallel design is further developed in to the International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 443 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

research framework employed in this study. predicts. Causal modeling and causal The figure below illustrates the steps networks are also part of this process. involved to achieve the objectives of this study. Thematic Network Analysis Thematic network analysis is a way Research Tool of organizing a thematic analysis of Research strategy is a general qualitative data. Thematic analysis seeks to approach to research determine by the kind unearth the themes salient in a text at of question that the research study hope to different levels, and thematic networks aim answer. This study adopted only one to facilitate the structuring and depiction of research strategy: i.e Case Study Approach these theme. It is not grounded in any particular theoretical and epistemological Qualitative Data Analysis framework and can therefore be applied Qualitative analysis can be across a wide range of qualitative research differentiated from quantitative analysis approaches. [18] Thematic analysis is a according to the level of variables being search for themes that emerge as being analyzed. [21] However, qualitative analyses important to the description of phenomenon. follow some series of strategies which start [17] The process involves the identification of by coding the data opined that coding is themes through careful reading and re- neither an automatic nor a prescriptive reading of the data. [22] It is a form of pattern process it requires a great deal of skill and recognition within the data, where emerging that skill can be developed only through themes become the categories for analysis. practice. There are three main direction for [15] In seeking to analyze data, thematic analyzing qualitative data, they are; analysis can either identify the themes Thematic analysis, meaning generation and pertaining to a particular research question confirmation, synthesis and illumination. [22] (deductive analysis) or it can identify themes The data analysis in this research is that are observed across the entire data range based on thematic analysis which uses (inductive analysis). [14] element of inductive approach (i.e about Inductive thematic analysis occurs reasoning to a probable conclusion when the researcher observes themes from technically from a logical standpoint), the data without having had a particular feedback and comparism (allows for preconception of the various themes that refinement or change of emergent themes) would emerge. Deductive thematic analysis and saturation technique (involve theoretical on the other hand, is guided by the and observational issues for convergence of researcher‟s particular thematic interest and notion). The thematic analysis provided the seeks to analyze a specific area of the data. avenue for carrying out analysis of the [21] qualitative data. However, [22] calls it research display which is divided into two Quantitative Data Analysis Technique basic displays i.e within-case display and Researchers can measure many cross-case display. Data analysis first step is behavioural variables, such as love, anxiety, exploring and describing of data, this is the memory and thought. Often, hundreds or process of organizing the data by creating thousands of measurement are made, and analytic text which is the result of the procedures were developed to organize, research in process then the data display summarize and make sense of these development then seek to explain, order and measures. These procedures are referred to International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 444 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

as descriptive statistics. [23] Therefore, means 25% of the variation is related (.5 descriptive statistics and mean score is used squared =.25). Similarly, an r value of .7 to answer research objective 2. The survey means 49% of the variance is related (.7 contains close-ended questions with options squared = .49). A correlation report can also to be selected by the respondents and Likert show a second result of each test - statistical scale is also used. The data is ordinal and significance. In this case, the significance nominal in nature therefore, Excel is the tool level will tell you how likely it is that the of analysis compatible with the questions correlations reported may be due to chance raised. The descriptive statistics using in the form of random sampling error. If you tables, bar graphs and pie chart was used to are working with small sample sizes, choose indicate variables with highest opinion of a report format that includes the significance the respondents. The information or data level. This format also reports the sample gathered through questionnaire was size. A key thing to remember when compiled and processed in relation to the working with correlations is never to assume objective and scope of the study. a correlation means that a change in one variable causes a change in another. The Correlation second caveat is that the Pearson correlation Correlation is a statistical technique technique works best with linear used to determine the relationship among the relationships: as one variable gets larger, the flood occurrences and SMART Tunnel other gets larger (or smaller) in direct maintenance to achieve the second objective proportion. It does not work well with of this study. It shows whether and how curvilinear relationships (Nor, 2009 and strongly pairs of variables are related. The Archambault, 2000). main result of a correlation is called the correlation coefficient (or "r") that Data Analysis ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. This study used All interviews that have been correlation to determine the relationship undertaking have been transcribed word for between: word, by using thematic network analysis as  Flood occurrence and maintenance of a means of analyzing data from the field as SMART Tunnel. it is shown below. The closer r is to +1 or -1, the more closely the two variables are related (strong Area of Investigation One: To examine relationship). If r is close to 0, it means there the effectiveness of SMART Tunnel in is weak or no relationship between the flood disaster management in the city variables. If r is positive, it means that as Centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia one variable gets larger the other gets larger. The interviews conducted at the If r is negative it means that as one gets Drainage and Irrigation Department, larger, the other gets smaller (otherwise Malaysian Highway Authority as well as known as an "inverse" correlation). While SMART tunnel control centres explored the correlation coefficients are normally effectiveness of SMART tunnel in flood reported as r = (a value between -1 and +1), disaster management in the city centre of squaring them makes then easier to Kuala Lumpur Malaysia which are examine understand. The square of the coefficient (or carefully and analyzed by thematic network r square) is equal to the percentage of the analysis for the area of investigation as variation in one variable that is related to the shown below. variation in the other. For instance, an r of .5 International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 445 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

3m cubic m

Weekly Flood Protected Capacity &Monthly 2007/2014 (87) Maintenance

Effectiveness of SMART Tunnel in flood Disaster Management in Kuala Lumpur

Usage in Flood Disaster Management

Over 80 Masjid Jamek, JalanTun times Perak, KampungBaruetc

Fig: 10 Effectiveness of SMART tunnel in Flood Disaster Management in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Source: Interview Survey (2014)

Theme 1: Capacity of SMART Tunnel against the flooding. Moreover, respondent Response from interviewee „A‟ from „E‟ from the Malaysian Highway Authority the Drainage and Irrigation Department says stated that SMART Tunnel keeps its that SMART Tunnel plays a very vital role promise in protecting the targeted areas in flood disaster management in the city against the negative impact of flooding since centre of Kuala Lumpur, he added that it was launched. Similarly, respondent „F‟ SMART has the capacity of accommodating said that the maintenance work of SMART 3m cubic metres of water from the Klang tunnel plays a very vital role and is on river. Similarly, respondent „B‟ reaffirmed weekly and monthly basis. Moreover, the statement of respondent „A‟ and also respondent „G‟ says that maintenance of added that SMART Tunnel was launched in SMART tunnel is very crucial and is being 2007 to divert flood water from the Klang carried-out weekly and monthly and said the river, whereas respondent „C‟ from the cleaning of the tunnel is weekly and very Drainage and Irrigation Department important for tunnel‟s performance. confirmed that since SMART Tunnel was Respondent „H‟ from the SMART launched in 2007 there has been no any tunnel control unit says that SMART is flood that hit its targeted area. being maintained weekly and the flood tight However, respondent „D‟ from gate receives more emphasis because the Malaysian Highway Authority confirmed primary function of the tunnel is to protect that since the inception of SMART Tunnel it the targeted area against the flooding. was used over several times to divert flood Respondent „I‟ reaffirm the statement of water from the and also plays a respondent „A‟ and added that automated very vital role in protecting the targeted area flood control gate is checked weekly.

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Moreover, respondent „J‟ from the same Respondent „H‟ says that software organization with respondent „I‟ says that and water tight gates checks plays very vital cleaning the tunnel weekly is very important roles in helping SMART tunnel to perform and also helps the tunnel to perform its task its task and also it is unfailingly carried out as expected. monthly, whereas respondent „I‟ reaffirm the statement of respondent „H‟ and also said Theme 2: Usage in Flood Disaster motorway tunnel is also being maintained Management monthly according to the SMART tunnel According to respondent „A‟ from operations manual. According to respondent the Drainage and Irrigation Department „J‟ software checks is crucial in tunnel‟s SMART Tunnel is used over 80 times to performance and the tunnel is required to be protect its targeted areas against the negative closed from 11pm to 6am for the impact of flooding, motorway checks is maintenance of the major system of the being carried-out monthly and thus plays a SMART tunnel that include software very vital role in SMART‟s function, checks. whereas respondent „B‟ from the same organization with „A‟ said that SMART was Area of Investigation Two: To find out used several times to accommodate flood the relationship between flood water from the Klang valley and the occurrences and monthly maintenance of monthly maintenance works that involve the SMART Tunnel in the city Centre of the whole major system of the SMART tunnel, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. including software checks plays a very vital Pearson correlation coefficient is role for SMART to function as it is significant at the 0.01and 0.05 levels (2- expected. Similarly, respondent „C‟ says that tailed). Values close to +1 or -1 reveal the water tight-doors are being checked monthly two variables are highly related while values and it‟s very important for tunnel‟s near 0 either + or – indicate weak performance in its targeted areas. relationship. The coefficient values of Respondent „D‟ reaffirm the monthly maintenance and flood occurrence statement of respondent „A‟ and respondent 1 and 0.590, respectively was significant at „E‟ from the Malaysian Highway Authority 0.01 and 0.05 levels (2 tailed). Value of says that software checks that is being monthly maintenance show strong positive carried-out monthly is very crucial for relationship and that of flood occurrences tunnel‟s performance and SMART was used show moderate positive relationship. over 80 times to solve the problem of Positive values indicate that the two flooding. Respondent „F‟ from the same variables are positively correlated, meaning organization says that SMART plays a very the two variables vary in the same direction. vital role thus, it was used 83 times to Negative values indicate that the two protect its targeted areas, he further said variables are negatively correlated, meaning motorway tunnel is being maintained the two variables vary in the contrary monthly and it is important for SMART direction. Values close to +1 or -1 reveal the tunnel in flood disaster management. two variables are highly related while values However, respondent „G‟ from the SMART near 0 either + or – indicate weak tunnel motorway control unit says that relationship. motorway tunnel is maintained the way it supposed to be and thus, it helps tremendously in SMART performance. International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 447 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

Table 2: Relationship between flood occurrences and monthly 5. Han, C. C., Kumar, R., Shea, R., Kohler, maintenance of SMART Tunnel in the city Centre of the Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. E., & Srivastava, M. (2005, June). A Monthly Flood dynamic operating system for sensor Maintenance Occurrence nodes. In Proceedings of the 3rd Monthly Pearson 1 -.226** Maintenance Correlation international conference on Mobile Sig. (2-tailed) .590 systems, applications, and services (pp. Flood Pearson -.226** 1 163-176). ACM. Occurrence Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) .590 6. Isah N, Ali MB. A Thematic analysis on Source: Interview Survey (2014) the roles and functions of smart tunnel in flood disaster and traffic flow CONCLUSION management in Kula Lumpur Malaysia. Encapsulation, SMART as an Int J Res Rev. 2015; 2(5):256-268. acronym for stormwater management and 7. Immanuel, C., Acharyulu, G. S., road tunnel has been noted to be effective in Kannapiran, M., Segaran, R., managing flood disaster as well as traffic &RaghupatiSarma, G. (1990). Acute phase proteins in tuberculous decongestion in the city centre of Kuala patients. Indian Journal of Chest Lumpur Malaysia. During the course of this Diseases and Allied Sciences, 32(1), 15- research, it was figured out that SMART 23. tunnel there is a cordial relationship between 8. Strömbäck, J., & Van Aelst, P. (2013). flood occurrences and maintenance works of Why political parties adapt to the media SMART in the Kuala Lumpur city Centre. Exploring the fourth dimension of mediatization. International REFERENCES Communication Gazette, 75(4), 341- 1. Hay, R. J., Robles, W., Midgley, G., & 358. Moore, M. K. (2001). Tineacapitis in 9. Keränen, A., Ott, J., &Kärkkäinen, T. Europe: new perspective on an old (2009, March). The ONE simulator for problem. Journal of the European DTN protocol evaluation. In Academy of Dermatology and Proceedings of the 2nd international Venereology, 15(3), 229-233. conference on simulation tools and 2. Lombroso, P. J., Scahill, L., King, R. A., techniques (p. 55). ICST (Institute for Lynch, K. A., Chappell, P. B., Peterson, Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics B. S., ... &Leckman, J. F. (1995). and Telecommunications Engineering). Risperidone treatment of children and 10. Mohamad, J., &Kiggundu, A. T. (2007). adolescents with chronic tic disorders: a The rise of the private car in Kuala preliminary report. Journal of the Lumpur, Malaysia: assessing the policy American Academy of Child & options. IATSS research, 31(1), 69-77. Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(9), 1147- 11. Gallup, J. L., Sachs, J. D., &Mellinger, 1152. A. D. (1999). Geography and economic 3. Lofman, D., Petersen, M., & Bower, A. development. International regional (2002). Water, energy and environment science review, 22(2), 179-232. nexus: The California experience. 12. Bunnell, T., & Das, D. (2010). Urban International Journal of Water pulse-a geography of serial seduction: Resources Development, 18(1), 73-85. urban policy transfer from Kuala 4. Ronchi, E., & Nilsson, D. (2013). Fire Lumpur to Hyderabad. Urban evacuation in high-rise buildings: a Geography, 31(3), 277-284. review of human behaviour and 13. Yusoff, M. S. B., Rahim, A. F. A., Aziz, modelling research. Fire science R. A., Pa, M. N. M., Mey, S. C., Ja'afar, reviews, 2(1), 1-21. R.&Esa, A. R. (2011). The validity and reliability of the USM Personality

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How to cite this article: Isah N, Ali MB. A relationship between flood occurrences and the maintenance works of SMART tunnel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Int J Res Rev. 2015; 2(7):434-449.

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International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 449 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015