International Journal of Research and Review www.gkpublication.in E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Original Research Article

A Relationship between Flood Occurrences and the Maintenance Works of SMART , ,

Nuhu Isah, Maimunah Binti Ali

Department of Technology Management, Faculty of Technology Management and Business, University Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia.

Corresponding Author: Nuhu Isah

Received: 22/06/2015 Revised: 13/07/2015 Accepted: 14/07/2015

ABSTRACT

Managing environmental disaster requires the use of technology into how technology is used to minimize the casualties and loss incurred when disaster strikes. This research is based on the relationship between flood occurrences and the maintenance works of SMART tunnel. SMART is an acronym for “Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel”. This project is located in Kuala Lumpur the capital metropolitan city of Malaysia. The SMART Tunnel project was initiated by the Former Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad under the Malaysian Development Plan. The project was undertaken as a joint venture projects between the government and the private sector corporation. This study therefore, makes an effort to investigate the relationship between flood occurrences and the maintenance works of SMART tunnel in the city Centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Nevertheless, the study adopted a mixed approach. However, thematic network analysis, narration, photographs, observations and correlations were used for data analysis. The study has discovered that there is a cordial relationship between maintenance works of SMART Tunnel and Flood occurrences in the city Centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.

Keywords: Tunnel, SMART, Flood, Maintenance, Malaysia.

INTRODUCTION consumption or for hydroelectric stations or A tunnel is an underground or are sewers. [3] Utility are used for underwater passageway, dug through the routing steam, chilled water, electrical surrounding soil, earth, and rock and power or telecommunication cables, as well enclosed except for entrance and exit, as connecting buildings for convenient commonly at each end. [1] A pipeline is not a passage of people and equipment. Secret tunnel, though some recent tunnels have tunnels are built for military purposes, or by used immersed tube construction techniques civilians for smuggling of weapons, rather than traditional tunnel boring contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such methods. A tunnel may be for foot or as wildlife crossings, are built to allow vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a wildlife to cross human-made barriers canal. [2] The central portions of a rapid safely. This paper focused on SMART transit network are usually in tunnel. Some Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. This tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for tunnel is very unique because it is the type International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 434 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

of tunnel in the world that combines the wet As of July 18, 2010 the SMART system has and dry system. The tunnel is used as a prevented seven potentially disastrous flash pathway to transport vehicle and also a floods in the city centre, having entered its channel for stormwater diversion from first mode 3 operation only weeks after the Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. The tunnel is been opening of the motorway. The first mode, maintained weekly and monthly for its under normal conditions where there is no optimum utilization in flood disaster storm, no flood water will be diverted into management in the city centre of Kuala the system. When the second mode is Lumpur Malaysia. The entire paper is about activated, flood water is diverted into the the tunnel maintenance work, flood bypass tunnel in the lower channel of the diversion as well as efficiency of the tunnel. motorway tunnel. The motorway section is still open to traffic at this stage. When the History of SMART Tunnel third mode is in operation, the motorway In 2001 the Malaysian Government sought will be closed to all traffic. After making proposals for a solution that would allow a sure all vehicles have exited the motorway, typical flood of three to six hours‟ duration automated water-tight gates will be opened to occur without flooding the city centre. A to allow flood waters to pass through. The tunnel that would allow floods to bypass the motorway will be reopened to traffic within centre was one way of achieving this, 48 hours of closure. providing it was coupled with temporary storage facilities to keep flows downstream SMART Tunnel and other Flood of Kuala Lumpur within the capacity of the Solutions river channel. A group led by Gamuda This section is to figure out the comparison engaged SSP, a large Malaysian consultant between SMART and other alternative engineering firm, and Mott MacDonald UK solution to flood disaster in the city centre of to develop proposals for a tunnel with Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The alternative holding ponds at upstream and downstream solutions to solve flooding in Kula Lumpur ends of the tunnel. Construction of the due to heavy stormwater according to are; [5] tunnel began in 25 November 2003. [4] (i) Widening existing , Gombak and Two Herrenknecht's Tunnel Boring Kerayong River that flows through Machines (TBM) from Germany were used, Kuala Lumpur including "Tuah" on north side and (ii) Using existing PUTRA LRT Tunnel as "Gemilang" on south side. Gusztáv Klados the stormwater diversion tunnel was the senior project manager of the (iii)Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project project. On 11 December 2003, the 13.2m (iv) Use concrete embankment to reduce the diameter Mix-shield TBM, Tuah, completed soil erosion that has been reducing the a 737m section after 24 weeks of river depth as silt is accumulating in the excavation. By the end of January 2004, river bed. Tuah would start a second drive covering a (v) Controlling the urban development along distance of 4.5 km to Kampung the river banks in order to save the Berembanglake. natural flow of the river. The motorway section on the (vi) Implementing Stormwater Management SMART system was officially opened at The above solutions are also been 3:00PM, 14 May 2007. Meanwhile, the undertaken together with the construction of stormwater sections on the SMART system the SMART Tunnel. This tunnel is the part began operations at the end of January 2007. of the “Storm water Management “process International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 435 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

in order to solve the situation. There is an Drainage‟s effort to relieve the flooding in issue regarding the usage of the existing Kuala Lumpur. This is part of the mitigation PUTRA LRT Tunnel as stormwater channel, project for Gombak and Keroh River. but the project was scraped as the solution (i) Upgrading the present Gombak river will cause the existing usage of the tunnel as diversion where the diversion is to underground rail link to be interrupted. This channel more flood water from Gombak will cripple the rail link at the city centre as River to Batu Pond and from Keroh this rail link is very important for Kuala River to Jinjang Pond Lumpur. There was a basic study carried out (ii) Along this diversion the construction of by the Drainage and Irrigation Department new barrage, a diversion channel to Malaysia whether the tunnel project is divert any additional incoming flow and accepted by the society. [6] The results are enlargement of Batu Pond and Jinjang shown in below. Pond (To store the capacity of 4.5 million and 2.5 million cubic metres of stormwater).

SMART Tunnel Roles in Traffic Diversion One of the secondary functions of SMART Tunnel is to solve the problem of traffic congestion in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur at southern gateway and the solution to solve the cause of the traffic congestion. [8] In Kuala Lumpur city traffic congestion is one of the major factors that cause problems to the traffic and highways built each year. Even though there are Fig: 1 Survey Data on the acceptance of SMART Tunnel numbers of highway built to solve this Source: DID (2007) problem but there will be traffic congestion The above survey data are random especially during peak hours. One of the interviews conducted on the streets of Kuala solutions that the government came out is Lumpur by DID regarding the society‟s the SMART Tunnel Project. This project is view on the SMART Tunnel. [7] From the mainly as we knowto solve the stormwater chart above we can say that eighty percent problems and also the traffic congestion at of the community welcomes the project as the Southern Gateway. the best solution to solve the frequent flash Southern Gateway is one of the key floods in the city centre. The rest of the entry points to the city from the south of community are either against on the project Kuala Lumpur. This is one of the most because of the expenditure or have no basic congested part of the highway as the idea regarding the SMART Tunnel Project. highway interlinks the city with the The Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation residential areas in the south. There are Project is also one of the solution proposed approximately 1.04 million people resides in and been carried off. The project is this area. Most of the people are working in estimated around RM 530 million. This is the city, and usually travel using their own part of the Department of Irrigation and transport to work. The highways that are located in the southern gateway are International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 436 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

KLSeremban Highway, Besraya Highway the entry point to city. The route connects and Sg. Besi Highway. This are the three direct to city centre as there is no detour highways that are passing through this area involved in this route. This is one of the and most of the people heading towards the major points high numbers of vehicles city are keen to use this part of the route as occupies this route daily. [9]

Fig: 2 Location of Southern Gateway Source: SMART Management Team (2010)

The location of the Southern city overcrowded. The city is dense with Gateway is shown. The red line in the tunnel high population because of its educational alignment indicates the traffic congestion status, economic improvement and living areas in that particular route. The blue lines standard. [11] indicate the tunnel alignment that passes through from the north to the south of the city.

Main causes of traffic Congestion in Southern Gateway The traffic congestion is one of the key problems in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. [10] This is because SMART Tunnel is actually built to cater and solve the traffic congestion in the Southern Gateway. This is one of the main principles of the tunnel other than to solve the flooding in Kuala Lumpur city centre. As we knew Fig: 3 Traffic Congestion in Southern Gateway Kuala Lumpur is the capital city of Source: DID (2007) Malaysia. The population of Kuala Lumpur However, there are several causes that have is approximately 1.42 million people. The been identified as the main contributors to population is still growing and making the the traffic congestion in Southern Gateway (Ram Kumar, 2010) such as; International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 437 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

(i) Several Intersections joining to single Several Intersections Causes highways The intersection is one of the causes of (ii) Numbers of cars have drastically traffic congestion in Southern Gateway. [10] increased The Southern Gateway is connected by two (iii)High traffic from the South heading intersections that are adjoining to the Sg. towards the city using the same highway Besi Highway. This is the main road that These are the main causes identified connects the Southern Gateway to the city throughout the investigation that leads to the centre. traffic congestion in the Southern Gateway entry to city.

Sg. Besi Highway

Fig: 4 Road Network at Southern Gateway Source: LembagaLebuhraya Malaysia (2008)

As we can see above the SMART increment of cars during peak hours. Most Tunnel alignment are actually designed to of the people that live in the Southern run with SgBesi Highway alignment in order Gateway are working in Kuala Lumpur city. to divert the cars in to the tunnel to solve the This is the shortest and cheapest route for traffic congestion in this particular area. In them in order to get into the city. this are one of the main cause of the traffic When the Besraya and KL- congestion is, there are two intersections Highway were built there was no cutting through the Sg. Besi Highway. The consideration that this location will be two highways are; overcrowded in the future. So to overcome (i) Besraya Highway this problem the government came out with (ii) KL-Seremban Highway SMART Tunnel that has dual purpose. This The intersection causes major traffic tunnel is to cater and channel the stormwater congestion because the two intersections of from the city centre to downstream of the highways links to this road, the Sg. Besi river and also to disperse the traffic highway could not cater the intense

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congestion that is happening frequently in Sg. Besi Highway.

Interchange Connect to Sg. Besi Highway

Fig: 5 Intersection Links Source: SMART Management Team (2005)

The tunnel alignment was set to in Malaysia. There are government efforts to follow this interchange. This is to reduce the reduce the numbers of cars entering the city numbers of cars taking in to the Sg. Besi by implementing different strategy plans route to the city by giving the road users such as; alternative to use the tunnel as the (i) Vehicle zoning passageway to get into the city by not using (ii) Increase the road tax the current highway. This directly reduces (iii)Public transport projects the traffic in that particular highway and (iv) Carpooling systems eventually the traffic flow will be smooth All this plans were developed after with any interference in the near future. This thorough study have been conducted to find dual purpose tunnel will help the people of out the cause of significance increase of Southern Gateway to get into the city fast vehicle in the city. The plans did not work and cheap. out as planned as there numbers of setbacks The population in Kuala Lumpur had that had been identified (MHA, 2005) such increased significantly since the as; establishment of Kuala Lumpur as capital (i) Protest from road users regarding the city of Malaysia. The current population that road tax increment resides in Kuala Lumpur is estimated at 1.4 (ii) Implementation of vehicle zoning to million people. [12] allow vehicles with different color plates It is estimated that the number of to enter the city in different days. cars have increased drastically since 1981 in (iii)Unreliable and overcrowded condition Kuala Lumpur. There were 61, 752 numbers cause people to use own vehicle of cars in 1981 and increased to 247, 677 (iv) High cost imposed for public transport numbers in 1990. In 2000 it was estimated causes people to compare in usage of that the number of cars reached 263 own vehicle per.1000 people. Averagely it is 1 car for (v) Carpooling system failed because of lack every 3.8 people that reside in the city of interest from government and society. (Abdul AB. Rahman 2011). In this case the solution is quite difficult as High Traffic Flow there are more and more people buying cars

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High traffic flow from the south traffic congestion will occur during peak heading towards the city is one of the causes hours in weekdays, public holidays and also of the traffic congestion in the Southern commonly during rainy season. Gateway. The traffic flow from south of In order to overcome the traffic Kuala Lumpur are mainly due to the congestion in this particular area, the residential areas that are located in this part government had proposed some solutions to of Kuala Lumpur. Most people that are overcome this issue. Some of the solutions working in Kuala Lumpur are living in the are; southern part of the city. This increase in the (i) SMART Tunnel Project population in the city in recent years had (ii) Enlarging the current highway lanes caused the increase in vehicle ownership in (iii)Proposing alternative route to the city the city. Most people like to stay away from centre the city centre and travel to work every day (iv) Increase the efficiency of the public with their own vehicle. Southern Gateway is transport in this particular area. one of the residential areas that have been (v) Sponsoring campaigns to reduce the occupied by the busy city people. The usual numbers of vehicle by carpooling

STAR LRT

KTM Commuter

Fig: 6 Rail Transport System in Kuala Lumpur Source: DBKL, Rail Transportation (2005)

Some of the above solutions are made daily in the SMART Tunnel. [13] already been undertaken. One of the Alternative routes such as the new Middle efficient solutions is the SMART Tunnel. Ring Road are one of the solutions proposed This tunnel not only overcome the flooding in order to reduce the traffic flow into and in the city centre but also to disperse the out of the city during the peak hours. Rail traffic in Sg. Besi Highway and giving the networks such as the KTMB Commuter and road users alternative route to head to the the STAR Light Rail Transit are the city. It is estimated that 30,000 cars trips are outcome of the improvement of public

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transport outside the city. This rail link 2007 to 2014 (SMART control centre, connects the people daily from the city to 2014). outer part of Kuala Lumpur such as Southern Gateway. METHODOLOGY Research approach Public Survey on the Traffic Congestion The research design shows how the research is carried out using the objectives and related variables linking them with the method to be adopted in order to achieve the stated objectives. The research used in this study is a qualitative and quantitative research approach. Qualitative research Qualitative research involves the use of interview survey, observation and document review. However, qualitative research should be specifically aligned with action research and critical hermeneutics Fig: 7 Public Survey on Traffic Congestion Source: MHA (2007) traditions and that qualitative researcher should form a community around this [14] In order to find out the main reason specific concern. Qualitative research of the traffic congestion in Sg. Besi enables you to conduct in-depth studies Highway, a public survey was conducted about a broad array of topics, including your 15 randomly by MHA in 2007 as shown above. favorites, in plain and everyday terms . However, according to the operators of the Which correlates with qualitative research SMART tunnel, the numbers of traffic using has become an acceptable, if not a the tunnel annually are shown in table 4.1 in mainstream form of research in many the following pages. different academic and professional fields. [15] Qualitative researchers aim to gather an Table 1: Result from Document Reviewed in-depth understanding of human behaviour Years No. of Traffic Diverted in and from Kuala Lumpur and the reasons that govern such behaviour. 2007 6,780,000 Qualitative research has the advantage of 2008 10,935,002 flexibility in data analysis such that data can 2009 10,876,236 [16] 2010 10,783,989 be analyzed manually or using computer. 2011 11,128,324 The merits of qualitative research 2012 10,237,621 [17] 2013 9,983,891 are: 2014 10,467,389 (i) Flexibility in data collection, analysis Total 81,192,452 and interpretation Source: (Review of Annual Report of SMART Tunnel, 2014) (ii) Ability to interact with the research The table above shows the number of subjects in their own language and their traffic diverted in and from the Kuala own terms. Lumpur city centre through SMART Tunnel (iii)Provide a holistic view of the phenomena under investigation from 2007 to 2014. It was recorded that [15] SMART Tunnel was able to provide routes The demerits of qualitative method are: for motorists 81,192,452 times between (i) Inability to establish the necessary research conditions International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 441 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

(ii) Unavailability of sufficient data series or (iv) Achieving high level of reliability of lack of coverage of sufficient variables gathering data due to controlled (iii)Inability to investigate causality between observation laboratory experiments, different research phenomena mass surveys, or other form of research (iv) Departing from the original objective of manipulations. the research in response to the changing Demerits of quantitative methods according nature of the context. to are: The researcher used qualitative (i) Failure to supply the researcher with the research tools for gathering information information on the context of the which include: Participant observation, situation where the situation semi-structured interview and analysis of phenomenon occurs. documents and materials. The summary of (ii) Inability to control the environment (data collection and data analysis) methods where the respondents provide the under the qualitative data analysis answer to the question in the survey. techniques illustrate the suitable research (iii)Not encouraging the evolving and instruments adopted to answer each research continuous investigation of a research objective. phenomenon. The nature of the research objectives are qualitative and quantitative in nature, the Mixed Method (Qualitative & study tries to find out the relationship Quantitative Research) between maintenance work of SMART The research approach adopted for Tunnel and flood occurrences in the city the study is qualitative and quantitative centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. approach (mixed method). Mixed method Therefore, interview, observation and research employs both approaches document review is more suitable in this iteratively or simultaneously to create a case. The interview is analyzed using research outcome stronger than either thematic network analysis to achieve method individually. [19] Solomon (1991) objective number one, while observation and argues that the issue is not quantitative document review serves as means of versus qualitative methods at all, but triangulation to the data obtained and used whether one is taking an analytic approach for finding out the relationship between to understanding a few controlled variables SMART tunnel maintenance work and flood or a systemic approach to understanding the occurrences. interaction of variables in a complex environment. Firestone (1987) suggest that Quantitative Research quantitative studies persuade the reader Quantitative research involves through de-emphasizing individual counting and measuring of events and judgment and stressing the use of performing the statistical analysis of a body established procedures, leading to results of numerical data. [18] Qualitative research that are generalizable to populations. has the following as its merits: However, qualitative research persuades (i) It enable computation of mathematical through rich description and strategic models comparison across cases, thereby (ii) It offers variety of computation overcoming the abstraction inherent in techniques quantitative studies and permitting (iii)It enables empirical correlations of result generalization to theory.

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Convergent Parallel Design during analysis and then mixes the result Convergent parallel design is a during overall interpretation. [20] The method where researchers use concurrent framework developed is further developed timing to implement the quantitative and in order to answer the research questions qualitative strands during the same phase of and objectives of this study are illustrated research process, treating the methods below. equally, and keeps the strand independent

Quantitative Quantitative Data Collection Data Collection Interpretation Interpretation Compare Compare or Relate or Relate

Qualitative Qualitative data data collection collection

Deduce Research Aim/Objectives

Fig: 8 Convergent Parallel Designs (Adopted from: Creswell & Clark, 2011)

Fig: 9 Research Framework Development to Investigate the Relationship between flood occurrence and maintenance work of SMART tunnel in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Development of Research Framework tunnel and the flood occurrence in Kuala Based on Convergent Parallel Design Lumpur. Creswell and Clark convergent The research framework is parallel design is further developed in to the developed using Creswell and Clark (2011) research framework employed in this study. convergent parallel design. The research The figure below illustrates the steps framework is to investigate the relationship involved to achieve the objectives of this between the maintenance work of SMART study. International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 443 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

Thematic network analysis is a way Research Tool of organizing a thematic analysis of Research strategy is a general qualitative data. Thematic analysis seeks to approach to research determine by the kind unearth the themes salient in a text at of question that the research study hope to different levels, and thematic networks aim answer. This study adopted only one to facilitate the structuring and depiction of research strategy: i.e Case Study Approach these theme. It is not grounded in any particular theoretical and epistemological Qualitative Data Analysis framework and can therefore be applied Qualitative analysis can be across a wide range of qualitative research differentiated from quantitative analysis approaches. [18] Thematic analysis is a according to the level of variables being search for themes that emerge as being analyzed. [21] However, qualitative analyses important to the description of phenomenon. follow some series of strategies which start [17] The process involves the identification of by coding the data opined that coding is themes through careful reading and re- neither an automatic nor a prescriptive reading of the data. [22] It is a form of pattern process it requires a great deal of skill and recognition within the data, where emerging that skill can be developed only through themes become the categories for analysis. practice. There are three main direction for [15] In seeking to analyze data, thematic analyzing qualitative data, they are; analysis can either identify the themes Thematic analysis, meaning generation and pertaining to a particular research question confirmation, synthesis and illumination. [22] (deductive analysis) or it can identify themes The data analysis in this research is that are observed across the entire data range based on thematic analysis which uses (inductive analysis). [14] element of inductive approach (i.e about Inductive thematic analysis occurs reasoning to a probable conclusion when the researcher observes themes from technically from a logical standpoint), the data without having had a particular feedback and comparism (allows for preconception of the various themes that refinement or change of emergent themes) would emerge. Deductive thematic analysis and saturation technique (involve theoretical on the other hand, is guided by the and observational issues for convergence of researcher‟s particular thematic interest and notion). The thematic analysis provided the seeks to analyze a specific area of the data. avenue for carrying out analysis of the [21] qualitative data. However, [22] calls it research display which is divided into two Quantitative Data Analysis Technique basic displays i.e within-case display and Researchers can measure many cross-case display. Data analysis first step is behavioural variables, such as love, anxiety, exploring and describing of data, this is the memory and thought. Often, hundreds or process of organizing the data by creating thousands of measurement are made, and analytic text which is the result of the procedures were developed to organize, research in process then the data display summarize and make sense of these development then seek to explain, order and measures. These procedures are referred to predicts. Causal modeling and causal as descriptive statistics. [23] Therefore, networks are also part of this process. descriptive statistics and mean score is used to answer research objective 2. The survey Thematic Network Analysis contains close-ended questions with options International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 444 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

to be selected by the respondents and Likert means 49% of the variance is related (.7 scale is also used. The data is ordinal and squared = .49). A correlation report can also nominal in nature therefore, Excel is the tool show a second result of each test - statistical of analysis compatible with the questions significance. In this case, the significance raised. The descriptive statistics using level will tell you how likely it is that the tables, bar graphs and pie chart was used to correlations reported may be due to chance indicate variables with highest opinion of in the form of random sampling error. If you the respondents. The information or data are working with small sample sizes, choose gathered through questionnaire was a report format that includes the significance compiled and processed in relation to the level. This format also reports the sample objective and scope of the study. size. A key thing to remember when working with correlations is never to assume Correlation a correlation means that a change in one Correlation is a statistical technique variable causes a change in another. The used to determine the relationship among the second caveat is that the Pearson correlation flood occurrences and SMART Tunnel technique works best with linear maintenance to achieve the second objective relationships: as one variable gets larger, the of this study. It shows whether and how other gets larger (or smaller) in direct strongly pairs of variables are related. The proportion. It does not work well with main result of a correlation is called curvilinear relationships (Nor, 2009 and the correlation coefficient (or "r") that Archambault, 2000). ranges from -1.0 to +1.0. This study used correlation to determine the relationship Data Analysis between: All interviews that have been  Flood occurrence and maintenance of undertaking have been transcribed word for SMART Tunnel. word, by using thematic network analysis as The closer r is to +1 or -1, the more a means of analyzing data from the field as closely the two variables are related (strong it is shown below. relationship). If r is close to 0, it means there is weak or no relationship between the Area of Investigation One: To examine variables. If r is positive, it means that as the effectiveness of SMART Tunnel in one variable gets larger the other gets larger. flood disaster management in the city If r is negative it means that as one gets Centre of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia larger, the other gets smaller (otherwise The interviews conducted at the known as an "inverse" correlation). While Drainage and Irrigation Department, correlation coefficients are normally Malaysian Highway Authority as well as reported as r = (a value between -1 and +1), SMART tunnel control centres explored the squaring them makes then easier to effectiveness of SMART tunnel in flood understand. The square of the coefficient (or disaster management in the city centre of r square) is equal to the percentage of the Kuala Lumpur Malaysia which are examine variation in one variable that is related to the carefully and analyzed by thematic network variation in the other. For instance, an r of .5 analysis for the area of investigation as means 25% of the variation is related (.5 shown below. squared =.25). Similarly, an r value of .7

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Capacity

3m cubic m

Weekly Flood Protected &Monthly 2007/2014 (87) Maintenance

Over 80 times

Fig: 10 Effectiveness of SMART tunnel in Flood Disaster Management in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Source: Interview Survey (2014)

Theme 1: Capacity of SMART Tunnel stated that SMART Tunnel keeps its Response from interviewee „A‟ from promise in protecting the targeted areas the Drainage and Irrigation Department says against the negative impact of flooding since that SMART Tunnel plays a very vital role it was launched. Similarly, respondent „F‟ in flood disaster management in the city said that the maintenance work of SMART centre of Kuala Lumpur, he added that tunnel plays a very vital role and is on SMART has the capacity of accommodating weekly and monthly basis. Moreover, 3m cubic metres of water from the Klang respondent „G‟ says that maintenance of river. Similarly, respondent „B‟ reaffirmed SMART tunnel is very crucial and is being the statement of respondent „A‟ and also carried-out weekly and monthly and said the added that SMART Tunnel was launched in cleaning of the tunnel is weekly and very 2007 to divert flood water from the Klang important for tunnel‟s performance. river, whereas respondent „C‟ from the Respondent „H‟ from the SMART Drainage and Irrigation Department tunnel control unit says that SMART is confirmed that since SMART Tunnel was being maintained weekly and the flood tight launched in 2007 there has been no any gate receives more emphasis because the flood that hit its targeted area. primary function of the tunnel is to protect However, respondent „D‟ from the targeted area against the flooding. Malaysian Highway Authority confirmed Respondent „I‟ reaffirm the statement of that since the inception of SMART Tunnel it respondent „A‟ and added that automated was used over several times to divert flood flood control gate is checked weekly. water from the and also plays a Moreover, respondent „J‟ from the same very vital role in protecting the targeted area organization with respondent „I‟ says that against the flooding. Moreover, respondent cleaning the tunnel weekly is very important „E‟ from the Malaysian Highway Authority

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and also helps the tunnel to perform its task its task and also it is unfailingly carried out as expected. monthly, whereas respondent „I‟ reaffirm the statement of respondent „H‟ and also said Theme 2: Usage in Flood Disaster motorway tunnel is also being maintained Management monthly according to the SMART tunnel According to respondent „A‟ from operations manual. According to respondent the Drainage and Irrigation Department „J‟ software checks is crucial in tunnel‟s SMART Tunnel is used over 80 times to performance and the tunnel is required to be protect its targeted areas against the negative closed from 11pm to 6am for the impact of flooding, motorway checks is maintenance of the major system of the being carried-out monthly and thus plays a SMART tunnel that include software very vital role in SMART‟s function, checks. whereas respondent „B‟ from the same organization with „A‟ said that SMART was Area of Investigation Two: To find out used several times to accommodate flood the relationship between flood water from the Klang valley and the occurrences and monthly maintenance of monthly maintenance works that involve the SMART Tunnel in the city Centre of the whole major system of the SMART tunnel, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. including software checks plays a very vital Pearson correlation coefficient is role for SMART to function as it is significant at the 0.01and 0.05 levels (2- expected. Similarly, respondent „C‟ says that tailed). Values close to +1 or -1 reveal the water tight-doors are being checked monthly two variables are highly related while values and it‟s very important for tunnel‟s near 0 either + or – indicate weak performance in its targeted areas. relationship. The coefficient values of Respondent „D‟ reaffirm the monthly maintenance and flood occurrence statement of respondent „A‟ and respondent 1 and 0.590, respectively was significant at „E‟ from the Malaysian Highway Authority 0.01 and 0.05 levels (2 tailed). Value of says that software checks that is being monthly maintenance show strong positive carried-out monthly is very crucial for relationship and that of flood occurrences tunnel‟s performance and SMART was used show moderate positive relationship. over 80 times to solve the problem of Positive values indicate that the two flooding. Respondent „F‟ from the same variables are positively correlated, meaning organization says that SMART plays a very the two variables vary in the same direction. vital role thus, it was used 83 times to Negative values indicate that the two protect its targeted areas, he further said variables are negatively correlated, meaning motorway tunnel is being maintained the two variables vary in the contrary monthly and it is important for SMART direction. Values close to +1 or -1 reveal the tunnel in flood disaster management. two variables are highly related while values However, respondent „G‟ from the SMART near 0 either + or – indicate weak tunnel motorway control unit says that relationship. motorway tunnel is maintained the way it supposed to be and thus, it helps Table 2: Relationship between flood occurrences and monthly tremendously in SMART performance. maintenance of SMART Tunnel in the city Centre of the Kuala Respondent „H‟ says that software Lumpur Malaysia. Monthly Flood and water tight gates checks plays very vital Maintenance Occurrence roles in helping SMART tunnel to perform Monthly Pearson 1 -.226** International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 447 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

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How to cite this article: Isah N, Ali MB. A relationship between flood occurrences and the maintenance works of SMART tunnel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Int J Res Rev. 2015; 2(7):434-449.

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International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 449 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015