Dialogue on “Water Environment Partnership in Asia (WEPA)” Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 22 O ct 2008

State of Water Resources in

Dato’ Ir. Lim Chow Hock Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia As I take you along…

‰ Introduction- Annual Rainfall, Water Resources

‰ Water Issues - Floods,,g, Droughts, Pollution

‰ Legislative and Institutional Issues

‰ Challenges Ahead

‰ Conclusion 1. Introduction- Annual Rainfall, Water Resources Annual Rainfall

Average Annual Rainfall (mm)

‰ Water is abundant 2400 3800 2300 ‰ Not well managed – 4000 shortage during 3500 drought and excess 3000 2500 during wet season 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Peninsular Sarawak Sabah Mean Yearly Runoff MeanYearly Runoff Malaysia Water Resources billion m3

Annual rainfall : 990 Surface runoff : 566

Evapo-transpiration : 360

Groundwater recharge : 64

Surface artificial storages (dams) : 25 Groundwater storage (aquifers) : 5 ,000

Water Use (year 2000)

Total for Malaysia : 12.5 billion m3 ( 2.2 % of surface runoff) RIVERS provide MAIN WATER SOURCE for 97 % of Water Supply for Domestic, Industrial and AiltAgriculture Simplified Hydrogeological Map of Peninsular Malaysia

Aquifers in Alluvial Deposits 9coastal zone - Quaternary deposits of east and west coasts 9highly productive zone ~ yielding gen . 30-50 m 3/h, some have yield from 100 - 500 m3/h 9water quality – good with some localities are brackish

Aquifers in Limestone/ Carbonate Rocks 9 distribution - Kedah, Perlis, Perak, Kelantan & Selangor 9 karstic limestone most productive, yield about 30 m3/h 9 water quality - good, moderate to high TDS (soluble bicarbonate)

Aquifers in Sedimentary/ Volcanic Rocks 9fractures/sheared zones/porous 9yield about 10 - 20 m3/h 9water quality – good with some high in Fe

Aquifers in Igneous Rocks 9joints and fractures/weathered zones 9yield - up to 10 m3/h (can be higher) 9water quality - good to moderate, with low TDS, some with high Fe. Location of dams belong to DID and other agencies

Total Domestic, Industrial and Irrigation Demand for Peninsular Malaysia Demand 1998 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 * Domestic Million m3/yr 1,833 2,029 2,987 3,862 4,606 5,251 5,904 Mld 5,022 5,558 8,184 10,582 12,622 14,388 16,176 Industrial Million m3/yr 1,260 1,454 2,592 3,561 4,330 5,016 5,639 Mld 3,453 3,985 7,101 9,756 11,863 13,743 15,452 Domestic Million m3/yr 3,093 3,483 5,578 7,423 8,936 10,267 11,543 and Mld 8,475 9,543 15,285 20,338 24,485 28,131 31,628 Industrial Irrigation Million m3/yr 7,350 7,350 6,517 6,517 6,132 6,132 6,132

Mld 20,139 20,139 17,857 17,857 16,802 16,802 16,802 Total Million m3/yr 10,443 10,83 12,095 13,94 15,068 16,39 17,67 Demand 3 0 9 5 Mld 28,614 29,68 33,142 38,19 41,287 44,93 48,43 *Include losses 2 5 3 0 m3/yr = cubic meters per year Mld = Million litres per day Water Management

‰ Water is a state matter ‰ gazette of water catchments ‰ National Water Resources Council - 1998 ‰ involvement of Federal Government in the water sector ‰ national water resources policy ‰ in 2003 approved th e f ormul ati on of IRBM M ast er Pl ans f or all 189 river basins ‰ Ministry of Energy, Water and Communications, and Mini st ry of N at ura l R esources and E nvi ronment - 2004 ‰ address water sector with respect to improving water utility servidices and managi itng water resources National Water Resources Council - Proposed 189 IRBM master plans WATER USER SECTORS

Flora & Fauna (Eco-system) Food/Fishery Religion

Recreation Sports Culture

Transportation Water supply Agriculture Rain-fed paddy 278,000 ha.

Irrigated paddy 322,000 ha. 2. Water Issues – Floods, Drought and Pollution a. Water Excess (Floods) b. Water Shortages (Droughts) c. Water Quality (Pollution) a. W a t e r E x c e s s Flood pp,rone areas 29,720 km² (9% nation’s land area)

PERLIS Kangar THAILAND PULAU LANGKAWI S.Kelantan Alor SetarKEDAH Kota Bharu

S.Muda George Town Kot a Ki nabal u PULAU S.Terengganu S.Ki nabat angan Kuala Terengganu PINANG KELANTAN SABAH LABUAN TERENGGANU PERAK SDS.Du ngnngun

Ipoh S.Bar am S.Cukai S.Perak PAHANG S.Bernam Kuantan S.Kuantan S.Pahang SELANGOR

Shah AlamKuala SARAWAK S.KlangLumpur NEGERI SEMBILAN S.Rompin S.Rej ang S.Endau

S.LinggiMELAKA S.Sar awak Kuci ng S.Melaka S.Sadong Melaka S.Muar JOHOR

S.Batu Pahat Johor S.Benut Bahru

S.Johor SINGAPORE Population affected by floods Flood Prone Area States Total Area (km2) People Affected (no.) PERLIS 19 13,000 KEDAH 209 124,000 PULAU PINANG 232 510,000 PERAK 535 244,000 SELANGOR 1, 652 726,000 W.P. 3 13,000 NEGERI SEMBILAN 130 42,000 MELAKA 81 31,000 JOHOR 2,367 297,000 PAHANG 6,274 615,000 TERENGGANU 2,223 457,000 KELANTAN 1,640 714,000 SABAH 3,241 635,000 SARAWAK 11,114 494,000 P. MALAYSIA 15,365 3,786,000 SABAH & SARAWAK 14,355 1,129,000 JUMLAH 29,720 4,915,000 Flood damage: RM 915 million annually RM1.83 billion consequential economic drag Cause of Flooding

‰ Disposal of solid wastes into waterways ‰ Sediments from land clearance and construction areas. ‰ Increase in impervious areas Types of flooding

‰ Flash Flooding (localise and short duration) ‰ Monsoonal Flooding (widespread and long duration) ‰ Flooding caused by tsunami (an isolated case) i. Flash Flooding Flash Flooding Flash Flooding Flash Flooding

Flooding in Sungai Buloh on 17 Julai 2004 Flash Flooding Involve cost of evacuation, shifting, property lost ii. Monsoonal Flooding Monsoon flood events Selangor Turf Club - Sultan Abdul Samad Building in 1971 Monsoon flood events Kuala Kangsar, Perak in 1971 Flooding caused by tropical storm Greg Penampang, Sabah 26 Dec . 1996 Floodi ng- NttiDbNewspaper cutting, December 2004, Kota Bharu. Monsoon Flooding Dec 2004 in Kota Bharu, Kelantan Newspaper cutting….December 2004, Kota Bharu flooding Flood Area in Muda Catchment 2002 Banjir di Kota Tinggi Jan 2007 Banjir di Kota Tinggi Jan 2007 iii. Flooding caused by Tsunami Houses badly hit by Tsunami in Kuala Kedah Dec 2004 Effect of Tsunami in Kuala Kedah Counter Measures: STRUCTURAL

KL flood mitigation e.g SMART project and SMART river by-pass and retention ponds

RtReten tion Pon d STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL

dam river channelisation

retention pond by-pass tunnel Counter Measures (soft approach): Application of MSMA in reducing the effect of flooding STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MANUAL (MSMA)

Detention pond may serve a dual ftidfunction, reduce flooding as well as a recreational park b. W Water a t e r ShortagesS h o r t a g e s National Water Resources Study 2000-2010 (Peninsular Malaysia) Water Demand and Projected Supply for Selangor 7000

6000 WATER SUPPLY

5000

4000 ter Demand (Mld) aa 3000

Total W WATER 2000 DEMAND

1000

0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year 1998 drought has caused serious water rationing and hardship for 1.8 million residents of Kuala Lumpur & other Valley towns. Water shortages

‰ GidGrowing deman ddds and pressure on wa ter resources

‰ Per capita availability of water is decreasing

‰ Reached practical limit of surface water resources development

„ Inter-basin and inter-state water transfers PADDY PRODUCTION 2.5 million ton/year

Rain-fed paddy 278 , 000 ha.

Drought will have a major affect to rain- fed paddy than it does to the Irrigated one.

Irrigated paddy 322,000 ha. 1998: Kuala Lumpur was badly affected August 1999: Kuala Lumpur by haze Water shortages

Water demand management

‰ 1999 - Guidelines for Installing A Rainwater Collection and Utilization System

‰ 2002 - Six-liter toilet flushing systems

Carry out a drought monitoring for Peninsular Malaysia

ANALISA SUMBER AIR DI SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA CURAHAN HUJAN SEBENAR BAGI BULAN JAN - MAC 2002

( MOVING 3 MONTHLY RAINFALL )

( a ) PERIOD : NOV-DEC 2001 & JAN 2002 ( b ) PERIOD : DEC 2001 & JAN, FEB 2002 ( c ) PERIOD : JAN, FEB & MAC 2002

R1 -38(324) R1 -43(167) R1-71(179) K1 36(255) K1 -6(141) K1-56(180) K4 -5(412) K3 9(285) K3 25(130)K4 -7(217) K3-48(141)K4-39(219) K5 -38(423) K5 -50(213) K5-47(209)

D6 30(688) D6 26(486) D66(279)

T5 -17(1456) T5-26(319) P1 -34(438) P1 -21(258) T5 -50(767) P1-29(263) P3 -10(382) P3 -22(209) P3-29(214) P2 4(442) A16 -13(354) P2 -41(283) A16 -13(209) P2-28(289) A16-59(203)

A14 -30(765) A14 -44(588) A14-66(581) A15 -83(376) A15 -61(273) A15-57(291) T2 27(1222) T2 -16(786) T2-26(338) D2 50(522) D2 73(371) D2-20(279) D1 35(1820) D1 49(1335) D1-23(741) A12 -21(687) A12 -4(380) A12-24(362) T1 10(1450) T1 1(977) T1-53(480) C8 6(624) C8 -26(461) C8-45(431)

A4 -6(530) A4 -16(453) A48(463) 100% A8 -58(1116) A8 -56(948) A8-47(874) LEGEND : A6 -38(901) A6 -45(802) 100% A6-41(775) C9-59(763) 80% C9 12(1240) LEGEND : C9 3(1085) LEGEND : 20% 40% 80% 60% B6 -34(603) 100% B6 -62(406) B6-38(394) 0% 0% B3 5(504) 20% B3 -32(398) 60% B322(345) 40% 80% C3 6(477) C4 47(1130) C3 3(362) C4 86(866) B8-12(575) C3-62(357) C4-45(486) B8 -21(659) 0% B8 -25(564)B7 -53(522) -20% B7-5(537) -20% B7 -43(625) 40% 20% N3 -12(645) 60% N3 -43(518) N3-45(465) B4 -45(600) B4 -65(474) B4-67(487) B5-66(401) -40% Biasa B5 26(481) -20% B5 -36(353) -40% Amaran N1 -20(498) N1 -50(356) J10 -37(481) Biasa N1-27(373) J10-21(441) J10 -32(560) -40% -60% J1 -35(516) J1 -21(417) Amaran J1-14(366) Serius Biasa J9 -21(1434) -60% J9-58(851) J8 20(478) J9 -17(1660) Amaran J8 36(363) Serius J80(423) -80% M1 -12(436) -60% M1 -35(275) M1-3(304) % Deviation from Serius -80% -80% L-Term Mean % Deviation from Cum. Rainfall % Deviation from L-Term Mean J2 10(520) J212(464) J2 28(614) L-Term Mean Cum. Rainfall J7 -9(496) J7-16(513) J7 -6(584) Cum. Rainfall C9 3 (1085) Stn C9 , 3% above L/T Mean ( Cum. RF) Rainfall Station Rainfall Station J5 20(516) J50(525) Note : Rainfall variations from (+ 20%) to ( - 20% ) J5 16(590) oflf long-t term meani s inormal l

Rajah 1 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar Rajah 2 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar Rajah 3 : Peta agihan curahan hujan sebenar (November 2001 - Januari 2002) (Disember 2001 - Februari 2002) ( Januari - Mac 2002 ) Drought Impacts

„ Melaka

„ 1991 Duri an Tunggal dam was dri ed up, wat er transferred from Muar River

„ 1998 Water rationing + water transfer

„ 2002 Water rationing + transfer – RM 2.9 Mil „ Selangor

„ 1998 Water rationing from April to September „ Kedah

„ MADA deferred 3 off-season crops since 1978

„ Released 15 cumecs for 10 days to augment Penang’s water need in 1998 „ Kelantan

„ 1998 – KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise WL at Pasir Mas Pump House Drought Impacts cont…

„ Sabah – (1998)

„ State Wide RF Deficit ranging from 4 to 9 months

„ 2,797 sq. km and 170,000 people affected

„ 1580 sq. km affected by wild fire

„ Of these, 100 sq. km are agricultural lands

„ 7,200 Farmers affected and Damage Cost ~ RM 7.0 Mil.

„ Water Rationing and Food Aids „ Sarawak – (1998)

„ Wild Fires

„ Air Pollution - Schools Shut Down

„ Coastal Areas – Water Shortage 1998 –

„ Kelantan – (2005)

„ KADA built temporary sand dyke to raise WL at Pasir Mas Pump House „ Negeri Sembilan c. WaterW a t e r PollutionP o l l u t i o n Water quality problems

1. Chemical Waste in rivers

2. Solid Waste and Rubbish in rivers Sources

1. Squatter 2. Land Developments 3. Slaughter houses 4. Untreated waste from animal husbandaries and farms Statistics on river pollution released by Department of Environment

Polluted 7.1%

Clean clean 44.5% sliggyhtly polluted polluted Slightly polluted 48.4% Statistics on percentage cause of river pollution released by Department of Environment

waste from 13% agriculture

40% effluent from 24% livestock

earthwork

23% household, commercial & industry,

DID’s Programme: River Awareness Campaign

‘Love Our Rivers’ campaign 3. Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water Resources Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water Resources ‰ Matters pertaining to water – State Government jurisdiction

‰ Fragmentation in the management of water resources – many institutions involved

‰ National Water Resources Council was set up in 1998

‰ Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) begins pilot projects for Sungai Selangor and Sungai Kedah / Anak Bukit

‰ 2006 - Na tiona l W at er S ervi ces C ommi ssi on (SPAN) recen tly passed b y the Parliament

‰ Malayypsian Water Partnership – serve to unifyyg and integrate various stakeholders in water sector

‰ LUAS (Lembaga Urus Air Selangor) was formed in 2000 with the aim of implementing water management at the river basin level MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

CABINET

FEDERAL LEVEL Min. of PM Dept. Min. of Min. of Min. of Min. of Local Govt Public Agriculture Sc. Tech Transport Works & Environ

FISHERIES ACT Nat. Nat. W ater Coastal Resources NAHRIM Fisheries Protection Council Dept. Council EQA R & D JPBD Jab. EPU JKR DID DOE Pem C. Bel. Air

20 (a) SEWERAGE

STATE EXCO LEVEL

STREET, DRG PORT AND & BUILDING SS HARBOUR ACT WATER SUPPLY FORESTR SELANGOR T&CPA NLC ENACT. Y ACT SHIPPING WATERS LOCAL GOV. ACT ORDINANCE ENACT 1999 SWMA JPBD Local Land State JBA Jab DID Fisheries DOE KPA Authority Administartor EPU Sel Hutan Dept Integratred • Structure • Urban • Sand Overall Water Forest • Flood Fisheries Pollution Naviga- Management Plan Drainage Absraction Planning Supply Manage- Defence Prog. Control tion • Planning • Devp. • Devp. • Land-use ment • Drainage • Regulation, Planning Planning Control • Coastal Monitoring and Control / CF Protection Enforcement • Approval • Irrigation • Development and FIGURE 4 - THE INSTITUTIONAL Maintenance SET-UP WITH ‘SWMA’ • Conservation / R&D • Public MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN STATES

STATE GOVERNMENT

SELANGOR WATERS SUPPORT AGENCIES CONSUMERS MANAGEMENT

AUTHORITY LAND USE PLANNING 1) ABSTRACTORS • JPBD / Local Govt. SERVICES PROVIDERS

a) JBA / Puncak Niaga

( Water Supply ) JPS - Flood defence / O&M REGULATORS b) JPS ( Irrigation ) river conservancyp rovement a) Agriculture – Agriculture c)W&RiW)W aterFactories & Ri ( verGround W ater ) Hidrologycorridor data collectionim d) PTG ( Sand ) Dept. 20 (b) 20(b) Drainage

2) DISCHARGER b) Mining – Mining Dept. Local Govt - Corridor devp. a) Local Authorities - Debris clearing c) Forestry – Forestry Dept. b) IWK / Alam Flora - Drainage c) Factories d) Sewerage – Sewerage Dept.

d) Others DOEJBA / PNSB/ - PNSB Pollution- monitoringOperate & Dams control Dams 3) RIVER TRANSPORT OPER. f) Industrye) Solid – DOE Waste – Local Govt. NAHRIM / - R & D 4) RECREATION OPERATOR Universities g) Wildlife – Perhilitan 5) AQUACULTURE/FISHING Fisheries Dept. - Restock fish control 6) TNB HYDROPOWER / IPP GEN. aquaculture

FIGURE 5 : INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SWMA AND OTHER AGENCIES IN WATER RESOURCES, RIVER BASIN AND COASTAL ZONE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE STATE OF SELANGOR Proposed IRBM Approach for Sg Muar Basin

Water Act 1920, RBOs, Off Budget Agencies EQA 74, Land Code DOE, LAs, (OBA), Inter-Agency 65, Local Govt Act Land Mechanism (IAM) 74, Sewerage Office Service Act,

Institution Enforcement Love Our Legislation River Campaign,En vironment 5 Years Awareness Development Public Campaign, Finance Seminars, Plaa,n, IRBM Awareness O &M Workshops, allocation Study Visit, Poster, Manual, Preventive Guidelines, Planning etc Curative

Landuse Control , Zoning of Flood Prone , Fldlood Mitigation (b (bd)unds), River Management Tools (GIS - MaCGDI), River Conservation Zone, River Reserve, maintenance, Repair Infrastructure Integrated River Basin Mgmt (IRBM) Buffer Zone, Drainage Control (MSMA), (jetties) Plan, River Basin Information Increase nos of Navigation Lights, System(RBIS) Hydrographic Survey, Water Quality Monitoring, Landscape 4. Challenges Ahead

‰ Require a great deal of attention, expertise, coorperation, concerted effort , capacity building and financial provision

‰ WtWater L aws/F /Fdederal lC Constit tittiution may need dt to b e amended

‰ Institutional reform needed in the long term

‰ Need tremendous amount of financial allocation 5. C o n c l u s i o n

‰ Water resource is a national heritage that needs to be preserved .

‰ Without proper management, water related problems will recur.

‰ Water has to be well planned and well managed to ensure long sustainability of development. T h a n k Y o u