International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Review Article

A Review of the Literature on the Roles and Features of SMART , ,

Nuhu Isah1, Maimunah Binti Ali2

1Department of Technology, 2Management Faculty of Technology, Management and Business University, Tun , Malaysia.

Corresponding Author: Nuhu Isah

Received: 18/06/2015 Revised: 11/07/2015 Accepted: 13/07/2015

ABSTRACT

The city of Kuala Lumpur is plagued with two serious problems; flooding and traffic congestion. The SMART project is an innovative solution to both of these problems. This paper involves the discussion on the features and roles of SMART tunnel in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. SMART is an acronym for “Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel”. The SMART tunnel plays a very vital role in flood management as well as the traffic congestion in the city center of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. SMART is the only kind of tunnel in the world because it is a dual purpose tunnel, it contains wet and dry sections. The project is undertaken as a joint venture projects between the government and the private sector corporation and SMART tunnel receives many accolades due to its unique feature and distinct roles in managing flood disaster in the Valley.

Keywords: Tunnel, feature, SMART, Flood, Traffic, Malaysia, Klang valley.

INTRODUCTION type of tunnel in the world that combines the A tunnel is an underground wet and dry system. The tunnel is used as a passageway, completely enclosed except for pathway to transport vehicle and also a openings for entrance and exit, commonly at channel for storm water diversion from each end. [1] A tunnel is a passage way that Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. [2] The system is carries people or vehicle across a destination very unique as the tunnel is built using two that shortens the travelling time. in Slurry Shield TBM machines that allows the the olden days are used for mainly mining drilling and tunnel lining work to be done works. As a result of technological continuously without setbacks. The machine development with time, tunnels construction also eliminates the hazard of tunnel stability had become more commonly used as during construction and also the ground transport routes that links places, rails links, water drawdown that cause sink holes. The vehicles and also as canals for water entire paper is about the tunnel construction diversion. Tunnels are constructed all over method, technology used, tunnel design, the world. This paper will focus on the purpose and efficiency of the tunnel. SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. This tunnel is very unique because it is the

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Tunnels the purpose of generating electricity such as Underground tunnels in early days the hydroelectric or as sewers for major are used especially in mining. Tunneling and cities to ease the flooding problems and for mining are together since beginning of the telecommunication cables. Brunel‟s great industry. Before mining, tunnels in ancient Thames Tunnel is the first tunnel that was history were used for water carriage. In ever built to cross under a tidal river and the cities such as ancient Rome, tunnels were first shield driven tunnel. [4] designed to carry water supply from Tunnels are usually constructed in aqueduct nearby. The technology of different type of ground soil layers that tunneling developed from ancient days until varies from soft clay to hard rock layer. In now. Sometimes tunneling becomes soft clay layer the tunnel digging are done solutions to so many challenges, but using New Austrian Tunneling Method constructing tunnels are still under major (NATM) and in hard layers Tunnel Boring studies because we need to upgrade the Machine (TBM) are used widely. [5] design according to time and needs. Tunnel Design: The development rock tunneling is In a contemporary situation, tunneling is influenced by these major parts. There are one of the common solutions to solve the rock drilling machine, drill bits, and design problems in existing cities with a lot explosives. [3] When the scientist from China of obstruction or heritage path, in nature invented the gun powder, it gave way to new such as mountain areas, cross the channel or methods for tunneling work to presume. ocean. [6] All this had an influence on the Gunpowder since that has developed into development of tunneling technologies in more severe usage in the tunneling industry. the recent years. There are some Gunpowder gave way to much more characteristic features that had to be powerful nitro-glycerine, quickly followed considered when considering the area of by dynamite, introduced by Nobel in 1967. tunneling. The entire factor below will [3] In rock drilling, compressed air became finally decide the suitable construction the accepted motive power, although the method in that area to complete the tunnel usage of the hydraulic powered machines project. [7] The key factors are: was preferred for a time period commonly in i. The environmental condition, Europe. geotechnical and hydrogeological The use of explosive in hard layer is characteristics of the soil layers. common in order to blast through the hard ii. The impact of the construction of tunnels surface. Blasting is the easiest methods in to the underground utilities and on the constructing tunnel, but there are weakness surface such as streets and buildings. such as the safety and problems of excessive iii. Availability of possible surface traffic caving in of the layer. There are different for all vehicles or traffic control. types of tunnels constructed from different iv. The cost of tunnel, the technical aspect, soil layer or location, such as: Hard Rock; and the construction time schedule of the Underwater; and Soft ground. tunnel. Tunnels also are the major solution for the purpose of pedestrian crossing, road Cut and Cover Tunnel: traffic, for the usage of the vehicles, railway In constructing tunnel using the cut and links and also for canals. Most of the tunnels cover method, the shape of tunnel will are designed and constructed specifically for usually be rectangular and stations and the carrying water for daily consumption, for

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followings are the basic technologies been (Jelapang) and currently SMART Tunnel. used: Penchala Tunnel is the first breakthrough in i. Reinforced concrete walls with steel tunneling technologies in Malaysia, when struts, pre-stressed tie-backs or self- the government joint ventured with supported. to construct the 710m ii. The ground water in the soil is lowered long tunnel. by introducing the water well systems. Tunnel as Stormwater Sewers: The diaphragm of the tunnel Stormwater sewers are defined as installed using machineries and the bottom storm filter. Most major cities around the depth ranges from 20-30m below ground world are using sewer system to transport surface. Then the well is to eliminate water, rainwater to nearby outlet such as stream or it will be placed inside or outside the rivers. Storm sewers are pipes that transport excavation. [8] water runoff from streets to natural water The Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) source such as stream and rivers. Commonly was introduced in 1975. The transport and catch basins are provided in order to store evacuation of the excavated mucks and the the water before gradually releasing it to mounting the reinforced concrete lining was rivers. The catch basin also functions as the done using this machine. Since then the trap for water floating debris such as technology has developed widely. For rubbish, sands and other unwanted materials instance for 1m tunnel, the technology that not supposed to be in the natural rivers. comprises; Some storm sewers are treated and i. The excavation phase and the TBM some are not treated. This depends on area advance. and jurisdiction. Treatment of water helps to ii. The pre-casted concrete segmental lining clean and purify the water in order to release is erected. in the natural rivers. This is very important iii. Soil grouting and water proofing works as every engineering structures or planning outside the lining ring. have to consider the environmental issues as The TBM is launched in larger tunnels that one of the priority status. later were used as the water pumping station History of Storm Sewers: or ventilation shafts. [9] The earliest sewer that was found Underground Road Tunnel: was in the Indus Valley civilization. In Development of some countries brought ancient Rome, the Cloaca Maxima was about new technologies particularly on considered a marvelous engineering design engineering. Innovation in engineering also and construction. In the medieval European plays a vital role in upgrading existing cities, small natural waterways are built to services and invention of infrastructures channel wastewater and as time passes this such as tunnels, long etc. were upgraded to cover channel that is Development of road tunnels is widely known today as sewer systems. [11] known in Europe compared to Asia. [10] But currently it is getting more attention in Asia Tunnel versus Bridges: as there are numerous advantages from this The development in construction type of development. technologies have resulted in development In Malaysia, the use of road tunnels of major structure such as skyscrapers, are very less compare to other European roads, highways, airports, ports, tunnels countries. There are numerous tunnels such bridges and etc. The main reason bridges are as The North-South Expressway Tunnels more preferable because of the cost and the

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simplicity of the design and construction. and covers method for the Long Island Rail Simplicity doesn‟t mean that bridges are Road. This is New York‟s oldest easy to build than tunnel, but in certain underground tunnel for rail link. [12] The circumstances it does look easier. There are Channel Tunnel between France and advantages and disadvantages of using England under the English Channel is the bridges compare to tunnels. second longest tunnel in the world with a The advantages are it is cheaper total length of 50km, out of which 39km are compare to tunnel that needs expensive under the sea. [13] The Thames Tunnel was budgets. The disadvantages are navigational built by Marc Isambard Brunnel together consideration may limit the use of high with his son Isambard Kingdom Brunnel bridges or draw bridges spans when which was completed and inaugurated in intersecting with shipping channels such as 1843. This is the first underwater tunnel and the that intersects the Penang also the first tunnel using the tunneling Straits from the island to the mainland shield. [14] Butterworth with length at 13.5km.

Figure 2: Thames Tunnel, London, 1943 Source: (Groves, G. L 1943) Figure 1: , Malaysia Source: (Yap, Ismail&Tan2003) The North Cape Tunnel in Norway However, the tunnel construction are that was opened in 1999 is one of the world more expansive compare to the bridges but longest undersea road tunnels. It connects the advantages are for navigational crossing, the island of Mageroya with the main land it will be easier and more convenient to that spans around 7km and reaches the depth build as it does not interrupt the movement of 212m below sea level. The construction of busy channel Such tunnels are period was around 4years from 1995 to constructed around the world such as the 1999. [15] SMART Tunnel in Malaysia was Lincoln Tunnel (Between New Jersey and initiated by Malaysian government under the Manhattan Island in New York City). There leadership of the former Prime Minister Tun are also combination of bridge and tunnels Dr. Mahatir Mohammad with the aim of such as the Hampton Road Bridge-Tunnel solving flooding and traffic congestion in that connects City of Norfolk and Hampton. the city center of Kuala Lumpur. According History of SMART tunnel: to, [16] the SMART tunnel project are located The Atlantic Avenue Tunnel, Brooklyn, nearby the confluence point of SgAmpang New York that was built in late 1844 by cut river and SgKlang river in the north and International Journal of Research & Review (www.gkpublication.in) 468 Vol.2; Issue: 7; July 2015

ends at the lake at Desa Water Park .The maintenance works as scheduled every total tunnel length is 9.7 km with a bore month to maintain the performance of the diameter of 13.26m. Therefore there are two tunnel. The information sometimes was components of this tunnel, the StormWater unclear because the unpredictability of the tunnel and motorway tunnel. It is the longest weather and river flow. A confirmation has multi-purpose tunnel in the world. This to be made through many parties before a project included the cooperation of local decision is made. Other than that, the safety authorities, private sectors, and some of the users and the workers are important international engineer consultant. The during the maintenance work. This is why Government Departments involved in this the duration of the weekly and monthly project are the department of irrigation and maintenance is within 12am to 6am while drainage Malaysia and Malaysian Highway the non-routine maintenance will be Authority. For the private sectors are MMC conducted on 24 hour basis. The decision on Berhad, GAMUDA Berhad and Mott the closure has to consider many factors MacDonald. before it is implemented. Roles and Function of SMART tunnel: Evaluation of SMART tunnel: SMART tunnel played a vital role in the city Kuala Lumpur sits on karstic limestone with center of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia due to its a high ground water table. For this kind of technical feature. The 13.2m diameter tunnel geology it was decided that tunnel boring consists of a 9.7km storm water bypass machines (TBMs) would be the most cost- tunnel, with a 4km dual-deck motorway effective and least damaging method to within the storm water tunnel. The main construct the tunnel. After much research, purpose of SMART is to solve the problem 13.2m Diameter Slurry Shield TBMs were of flash flooding in Kuala Lumpur from the chosen. In terms of diameter, these are Sungai Klang and Kerayong rivers and also among the worlds‟ largest. The Slurry to reduce traffic Congestion during the daily Shield TBM consisted of four main parts: rush hour. The dual-purpose SMART tunnel i. Rotary Head Cutter, with tungsten pick begins at Kampung Berembang lake and bits used for excavation of soil and disc ends at Lake, diverting cutters used for the excavation of rock floodwaters away from the confluence of the ii. Bulkhead, where a pressured bentonite two major rivers that run through the city of slurry shield is formed to provide Kuala Lumpur. The 4km motorway tunnel stability during the tunnel excavation incorporated into SMART acts as an iii. Hydraulic Rams, which were used to efficient alternative route from the Southern drive the machine forward and keep the Gateway of KL- Highway, Federal tunnel in its correct position Highway, Besraya and East-West Link from iv. Tunnel Lining Erector, used to install the entering and exiting the city center. pre-cast concrete wall lining However, the tunnel greatly reduces the travel time between the Jalan Istana In addition to the above, the TBM Interchange and Kampung Pandan from featured two bogies on rails that house around 15 minutes down to just four electrical, slurry pumping, ventilation minutes. equipment and cables/pipes. Both Slurry Information Dissemination to the Public Shield machines started from the JKR field on the Closure of Road Tunnel: area in Jalan Chan Sow Lin. One machine The mechanism on the closure is for bored northwards, under Jalan Tun evacuating the flood and for conducting Razakand Jalan Desa Pandan and ended at

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the lake at Ampang, behind Gleneagles people to escape from the lower deck of the Hotel. The other TBM bored southwards, tunnel to upper deck in case of emergency at under the Jalan Chan Sow Lin and the KL- the lower deck. The entire passageway is Seremban Highway alongside the SgBesi fitted with smoke doors and also fire airfield and terminated at the lake in Taman resistant wall in order to facilitate the Desa. evacuation of the tunnel in case of fire. Fire Fighting System: The tunnel is fitted Three modes of operation: with automated sprinkler system they react The SMART tunnel works on a three-mode when the fire sensors and smoke sensors system: activated. This sensor does not react with the MODE 1: Normal conditions. When there is vehicle smoke but only the smoke from real low rainfall and no storm. The motorway Fire Fighting equipment such as hose reels, section is opened to motorists. fire hydrants and fire extinguishers are MODE 2: Moderate storm. The SMART located at every intervals of the tunnel. system is activated and floodwater is Ventilation System: There are four diverted into the bypass tunnel in the lower ventilation shafts that split the tunnel into channel of the motorway tunnel. The upper three major divisions. There are located channel will still be open to motorists. approximately 1km intervals. The powerful MODE 3: The tunnel will be closed to ventilation suction fans will constantly motorists. Once all vehicles have vacated renew the air and maintain the air quality the tunnel, automatic water-tight gates are within the motorway. The lowest channel opened to allow floodwater to pass through. where the Storm water is diverted during normal storm does not equipped with any electrical devices. In case of the major storm where the three decks of the tunnel are closed the mechanical ventilation will automatically shut down in order to make way for the flooding of the tunnel. Process of Monthly Inspection: Inspection of tunnel is the basic parts of the maintenance and the management. Every inspection has to be recorded before any further action is taken. Report is produce based on the type of work either the primary or the secondary inspection depending on the purpose of the tunnel. Inspection is done with the maintenance concessionaire in Figure 3: Modes of Operation of SMART Tunnel order to ensure that both sides are satisfied. Source: (Abdullah, K. 2004) Secondary inspection is conducted in the Safety Features of SMART tunnel form of a detailed investigation. The evaluation form has to be completed and Escape Route: The tunnel is fitted with th escape route every 250m of the tunnel. This send to the MHA before the 7 day every passageway connects not only from the month. After that, a detailed report will be decks to external of the tunnel but also it produced by technician. This process will be acts as the crossway from one deck to conducted monthly. another deck of the tunnel. This facilitates

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Gates: tunnel is about 4.5km (included ingress/ The motorway section of the tunnel is fitted egress cut and cover tunnel). with water gates at either end (North The motorway has all the fittings and Junction Box and South Junction Box) to safety features in compliance with separate the motorway from the stormwater international and local standard. However, tunnel for the safety of the motorway users. some special requirements are unique to The flood gates at both ends of the SMART, the entire fitting and road furniture motorway will remain closed at all times in the motorway is designed to cater for the during traffic operation and opened only dual purpose function of the tunnel. The when the tilting road gates in the ingress and design philosophy adapted for the road egress are closed. As added safety tunnel fixtures and fitting within the precaution, the opening of flood control motorway is sufficiently robust to withstand gates is not possible without first closing the and maintain its integrity during the road gates. Likewise no possibility of operation of flood mitigation. As well as opening the road gates without first closing provide a conducive environment for traffic the flood control gates The two are commuter, effective monitoring and deliberately interlocked as part of the fail efficient control of motorway tunnel safe / defect-proof operation. The interlock operation during normal operations after enabled the dual purpose operations to be flood recede. combined safely in a single but dual purpose All the system such as lightings, structure. linear head detection loop, CCTV cameras, radio rebroadcast cable, power cable and road signages are being design to withstand water tightness of 2.5 bars hydrostatic pressure and continuous submergence for at least 24 hours. The bracket design shall withstand the water flow of 5.5 m/s.

Figure 4: Gates Arrangement at North Junction Box and South Junction Box Source: (tunnels.mottmac.com 2006)

Motorway: The motorway traffic is uni-directional, consist of a double decks structure, each carrying two (2) traffic lanes and one emergency lane, situated one above another. Figure 5: An artist’s impression of the motorway Source: (DID 2007) The motorway tunnel is link to ingress and egress tunnel for vehicle entry and exit. Tunnel Ventilation System: Thus, the entire length for the motorway The purpose of the tunnel ventilation system is to control the air quality within the tunnel

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during normal and congested traffic the car accident) of the fire site and allow operation and the movement of smoke in the safe public egress and emergency event of a fire. The smoke control and air intervention. The ventilation system is pollutant control during fire and congested integrated with air quality monitoring vehicle emission respectively demand system and linear heat detection system. The extensive understanding of fluid, emergency information from these systems is feedback escape operation and profile of vehicle via SCADA supervisory and controls the movements. These parameters are fed into fans serving respective zones to provide a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) to safe and conducive environment for road perform detailed analysis. The CFD analyze users. and determine the critical air flow velocities Tunnel Lighting System: required from the ventilation system Intelligent tunnel lighting systems were performance. designed for the Smart tunnels, Ventilation system is a critical incorporating multi-stage lighting levels to feature for safe, efficient and effective provide visual comfort for road users. The operation of tunnel emergencies such as fire. intelligence build into the systems include a A longitudinal ventilation system is continuous feedback measurement on light employed with fresh air supply through intensity at the tunnel portals, backup Saccardo nozzle and a tunnel extract located scheduler. The information is then process together at each four (4) ventilation using Programmable Logic Control (PLC) buildings. The system is supplemented by and the lighting levels is then adjusted jet fans located at the ingress egress tunnels. accordingly. The motorway consists of four ventilation The light fittings within the tunnel buildings, each containing 12 numbers of uniquely design to withstand water tightness axial ventilation fans (6 supplies and 6 rating of Ingress Protection 68 (IP68). This exhausts) and two (2) numbers of axial specially improvised IP68 lighting are made pressurized fans for the stairway and lift so that all light fittings can remain in the shaft. The staircase of the buildings also acts tunnel, thus facilitate the speedy switch from as escape route from the tunnel to ground road usage to flood mitigation. Two years of level. conscientious effort on the research and The tunnel ventilation system will development of the lighting fitting by the generally need to be operated for pollution SMART‟s engineer together with control only during periods of traffic manufacturer and university to ensure that a congestion. Under normal traffic conditions fail-safe lighting system is incorporated for with traffic flowing freely, the „piston the SMART tunnel project. effect‟ generated by the traffic movement Tunnel Heat Detection System: will ensure that there is sufficient airflow in Fiber Optic Linear Heat Detector system is the direction of the traffic movement to keep adopted because of its ability to perform pollution concentration below acceptable programmable zoning and the fast response level. Should a fire occur under normal time of less than 10 second even the signal traffic operations, then the tunnel ventilation comes from the further zone. The linear heat system will be used to blow the smoke in the detector system is considered as primary direction of traffic movement. Extraction heat detection system. Linear heat detection from the tunnel will occur at the adjacent system is integrated with the CCTV located ventilation shaft downstream of the fire. along the bored tunnel. Signal detected by This will ensure fresh air upstream (behind the fiber optic cable, the corresponding

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CCTV camera serving the same zone as the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV): loop will be displayed and alert the operator The Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) at Motorway Control Center. This System is installed along the entire length of integration enabled the speedy identification the tunnel. In order to facilitate efficient and reconfirmation of fire or false alarm monitoring and effective operation of the thus allows the quick activation of tunnel, approximately 200 nos. of CCTV firefighting and rescue operation to be installed along the tunnel provides full carried out. coverage on the traffic lane, cross passages Tunnel Fire & Emergency Telephone and escape entrance. The CCTV enclosure is System: designed to Ingress Protection 68 (IP68) to These facilities are located at the emergency withstand 2.5 bar of water pressure and escape shaft and cross passages to facilitate water flow velocity of 5.5 m/s. During mode the communication in accident or 3 operation, these CCTV remained in the emergency situations. The entrance door is tunnel. The CCTV selected for SMART interlocked with CCTV located within the tunnel also equip with state of the art of escape shafts and cross passages. The CCTV Automatic Incident Detection System will be displayed once the door is open and (AID). The system is able to perform as the operator will be alerted on the visitor. below: After the operator were informed on the i. Measurement of traffic flow speed. needs of the visitor or emergency situation, ii. Measurement of zone occupancy or the the operator can turn on the preprogrammed number of vehicle passing through a voice recording to all the emergency particular location telephones. The preprogrammed voice iii. Detection of speed drop - if the speed in recording will provide short but useful the particular lane suddenly drops with a instruction or inform that the situation is significant percentage, this can indicate being addressed. the trouble in front of the vehicles Tunnel Radio Communication and iv. Detection of stop vehicles - if the vehicle Cellular System: remains idle position over a certain The SMART tunnel is equipped with leaky period of time will alert the operator. cables for radio communication system that v. Detection of inverse direction - if the facilitate communication for the Malaysian vehicle move in the wrong direction, Fire Department, Police and Ambulance and alarm will be triggered. tunnel operator. During normal operation, vi. Detection of smoke - when there is the selected radio services will remain intact sudden drop in term of video quality and when the listener is entering the tunnel. this situation persists for a certain During emergencies, the radio period, a smoke alarm will be generated. communication network will be interrupted The function of AID together with and the broadcast will be disseminated from the vision offers early detection of problem, control center. This feature is important to and quick identification and reconfirmation enable all the rescue teams remain of emergency situation. communicated on latest action or Importance of the Project: development during emergency operations The project was specifically started within the motorway control center. Cellular because of the frequent flooding in the communication network also provides the metropolitan city because of the current driver an uninterrupted communication drainage system could not cater the while passing through the tunnel. increment of the yearly rainwater in the city.

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The city is located in the valley there for CONCLUSION drainage system is very important to channel Tunnels play a vital role in our way the water out to the nearby stream. Currently of life as it ease the method of transportation the water is channeled into the Klang and in urban cities in the world. Tunneling Gombak River that is passing through the works came in to being in eighteen century, city. the technology and the construction method These are the two important rivers had developed over time. The current that brought up the city. [17] Kuala Lumpur is technologies used in tunnels construction the capital city of Malaysia that is around the world are becoming greatly developing into a major business, develop and very efficient. [20] In recent administration, education and living hub. years technology has introduced new sets of The project mainly initiated after numerous tunneling technologies such as the tunnel studies conducted in that proves boring machine (TBM). In this paper, the confluence of the Klang River/Ampang SMART Tunnel in Malaysia had shown the River and also Klang River/ Gombak River new steps taken by the Malaysian is at the critical level and the river is prone Government to upgrade the national‟s urban the flash floods includes all the surrounding transportation system in the capital city of vicinity. This process is further worsened by Kuala Lumpur. This tunnel is a recipient of the existing Tun Bridge at the corner so many accolades; it is the only kind in the Masjid Jamek which causes the flash flood world that introduces the wet and dry to happen almost frequently after heavy rain system. This tunnel is used to drain out the fall in the city. flood water from the Kuala Lumpur city To overcome this problem a new center and also to reduce the traffic water channel is needed to overcome the congestion in the Southern Gateway (Sg. frequent flash floods in the city. SMART Besi Highway). Project was the solution to overcome the problem. [18] This system will divert excess REFERENCES 1. Isah, Nuhu, and MaimunahBinti Ali. A stormwater away from the existing water Thematic Analysis on the Roles and catchments area that is the Ampang/Klang Functions of Smart Tunnel in Flood River through a holding pond, a bypass Disaster and Traffic Flow Management tunnel and a storage reservoir before it will in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia. Int J Res. released back into the Klang River. This is Rev. Vol.2; Issue: 5; May 2015 one of the proper solutions to solve this 2. Kannapiran, R. K. M. (2005). A study problem because the existing rivers could and evaluation on SMART Project, not cater the large amount of water during Malaysia (Doctoral dissertation, heavy storm. Another major task of the University of Southern Queensland). SMART Project is to reduce the traffic 3. Peck, J. G. (1990). Finite element congestion at The Kuala Lumpur‟s southern modelling of blowouts in compressed air tunnels (Doctoral dissertation, Durham gateway. A portion of the tunnel about 3km [19] University). will be a dual-usage, which is the 4. Muldoon, A. (2006). Where the green is: stormwater management and road tunnel. Examining the paradox of environ- This portion of the tunnel starts from mentally conscious consumption. Kampung Pandan roundabout and ends at Electronic Green Journal, 1(23). the Kuala Lumpur-Seremban Highway near 5. Wu, X., Lu, M., Mao, S., & Shen, X. the Istana Road junction. (2013, December). As-built modeling and visual simulation of tunnels using

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How to cite this article: Isah N, Ali MB. A review of the literature on the roles and features of SMART tunnel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Int J Res Rev. 2015; 2(7):465-475.

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