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Mehweb Selected Essays on Phonology, Morphology and Syntax

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Mehweb Selected Essays on Phonology, Morphology and Syntax Mehweb Selected essays on phonology, morphology and syntax Editors: Michael Daniel, Dmitry Ganenkov, and Nina Dobrushina Table of Contents Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 3 Preface ................................................................................................................................ 5 1 Maps of Mehweb........................................................................................................ 10 Yuriy Koryakov 2 Language and people of Mehweb............................................................................... 12 Nina Dobrushina 3 Phonology of Mehweb ............................................................................................... 22 George Moroz 4 Nominal morphology of Mewheb .............................................................................. 35 Ilya Yu. Chechuro 5 Mehweb verb morphology .........................................................................................60 Michael Daniel 6 Moods of Mehweb...................................................................................................... 88 Nina Dobrushina 7 Periphrastic Causative Constructions in Mehweb .................................................... 124 Daria V. Barylnikova 8 Case and agreement in Mehweb .............................................................................. 140 Dmitry Ganenkov 9 Specialized converbs in Mehweb ............................................................................. 172 Maria V. Sheyanova 10 General converbs in Mehweb................................................................................... 184 Marina Kustova 11 The self-pronoun in Mehweb ...................................................................................196 Alexandra Kozhukhar’ 12 Relative clause and resumptive pronouns in Mehweb ............................................. 212 Yury Lander Alexandra Kozhukhar’ 13 The Mehweb “assertive” copula gʷa : a sketch of a portrait...................................... 223 Yury Lander References ............................................................................................................................ 234 2 Abbreviations 1/2 locutive agreement ABS absolutive AD ‘near’ (localization) ADD additive particle ADVZ adverbializer AG agent nominalization ALL allative (orientation) ANT anterior converb AOR aorist APPR apprehensive APUD ‘near’ (localization) ATR attributivizer CARD cardinal CAUS causative CAUSAL causal converb CL class agreement slot COLL collective COMIT comitative COMPL complementiser CONC concessive converb CONC 2 concessive form in -ʡur COND hypothetical conditional converb COP copula CTRF counterfactual converb CVB general converb DAT dative EL elative (orientation) EMPH emphatic (particle) ERG ergative ESS essive (orientation) F feminine (agreement class) F1 feminine (additional agreement class, unmarried women) FUT future GEN genitive GRAD gradual converb HPL human plural (agreement class) IMM immediate anterior converb IMP imperative IN ‘inside’ (localization) INCP inceptive converb INDEF indefinite 3 INF infinitive INTER ‘in a substance’ or ‘between’ (localization) INTJ interjection INTRG interrogative IPF imperfect IPFV imperfective (verb stem) IRR irrealis INTR intransitive LAT lative (orientation) LOC localization LV light verb M masculine (agreement class) N neuter (agreement class) NEG negative NEG .VOL negative volitional NMLZ nominalization NOM nominative NPL non-human plural (agreement class) OBL oblique (nominal stem) OBLG obligative OPT optative OR orientation slot PFV perfective (verb stem) PL plural PROH prohibitive PRS present PS plural stem PST past PST 1 past on the copula PSTR posterior converb PTCL particle PTCP participle PURP purposive converb PV preverb QUOT quotation REPL replicative SELF reflexive/logophoric pronoun SG singular SMLT simultaneous converb SUPER ‘on’ (localization) TR transitive TRANS translative (orientation) UNIV universal VOC vocative VOL .NEG volitional negation 4 Preface This volume presents several papers on Mehweb, a one-village language spoken in the central part of Daghestan, a republic of the Russian Federation. The language has a relatively low number of speakers (about 800) but is not directly endangered. The first contribution by Nina Dobrushina is an introduction to the sociolinguistic situation of Mehweb. It covers the geographical position of Mehweb and its economic situation, the official status of the language, the ethnic affiliation of the villagers, recent history of Mehweb, its neighbors and the patterns of multilingualism. While there are no visible signs of language loss, the paper shows that there is a strong tendency towards the loss of traditional patterns of multilingualism, with Russian substituting all other languages for interethnic communication. Mehweb belongs to the Dargwa branch of the East Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian) language family. It is often considered as a dialect of Dargwa (Magometov 1982), as well as many other lects within the Dargwa branch. At the same time, there is a different tradition that treats Mehweb as a separate language (Khaidakov 1985, Koryakov, Sumbatova 2007). As follows from the survey of Dargwa idioms in (Sumbatova, Lander 2014), Mehweb is most often classified as belonging to the northern group of Dargwa dialects. Although the residents of Mehweb presently consider themselves to be descendants of a migration from the village of Mugi where Akusha dialect of Dargwa is spoken (Uslar 1892; see also Dobrushina, this volume), there is no linguistic analysis that shows affinity between Mehweb and Mugi. According to lexicostatistic analysis, Mehweb is a member of the north-central group of Dargwa and shows certain similarities to Murego-Gubden rather than Mugi (Koryakov 2013). The first linguistic source on Mehweb is Uslar’s description of Dargwa (Uslar 1892). This short grammar describes another dialect of Dargwa, but starts with a brief survey of different Dargwa languages and dialects. Among these dialects Uslar also mentions Mehweb, qualifying it as a dialect spoken in Mugi, but “notably degraded” 1. Two descriptions of Mehweb appeared in the 1980s, both of which in Russian. The first one is a grammar of Mehweb which describes its phonology and morphology but not syntax (Magometov 1982). This description, extremely clear and explicit, considers only main morphological forms but not some less frequent ones, and does not provide a detailed analysis of their semantics. The second one, a book by Khaidakov, was written almost at the same time as Magometov’s grammar. It compares formal morphology of several Dargwa languages and dialects, including Mehweb. In the 1990, a field team came from the Moscow State University to work on Mehweb, but not publications followed. In the aftermath of this trip, however, in the 2000s, Nina Sumbatova started to work on Mehweb and, among other things, compiled a list of glosses and suggested an analysis of verbal inflection, some elements of which are integrated into this volume (Sumbatova manuscript). The only dictionary of Mehweb which existed so far was a small vocabulary supplement in (Magometov 1982). One of the aims of this study was to compile a dictionary and document the main inflectional forms. The dictionary is being developed by Michael Daniel with participation of many members of the field team, especially George Moroz, and implemented as a web page by Aleksandra Kozhukhar’. The current version of the dictionary is available online - http://mehwebdict.wc.lt. Mehweb texts were first published by Magometov (ibid.) with translation, but without morphological glossing; they were relatively few. New texts were recorded and glossed during this project by Michael Daniel, including a sample of Pear Stories. The corpus 1 “...Говорят наречием Муги, но весьма испорченным” [‘(they) speak in the dialect of Mugi, but its very corrupt version’]. 5 currently includes 35 texts (including 13 from Magometov) of about 1,000 sentences and 10,000 tokens and is being prepared for open access. The following brief overview is intended for the reader who is not familiar with East Caucasian languages and provides essential background on most important features of the language. The consonant inventory inсludes voiced and voiceless consonants. Stops (but not other consonants) also have the ejective series. Unlike some other Dargwa dialects, Mehweb lacks phonologically distinctive geminate stops. The vocalic system has four members with a gap in the mid back position [i, e, a, u]; [oˤ] only appears with pharyngealization and is a realization of [u] with pharyngeal feature. Velar, uvular and radical consonants may be labialized. In addition to the main radical consonants [ʔ, ħ, h] Mehweb also has epiglottal [ʜ, ʡ] which seem to be phonologically secondary - they appear only under pharyngealization and are pharyngealized counterparts of [ħ, ʔ], respectively. Pharyngealization is strongly associated with uvulars, but some words carry pharyngealization even though they have no uvulars. For further details on phonetic inventories and pharyngealization see the contribution by George Moroz, which discusses details on the inventory, syllable structure, stress placement, morphophonological alternations and pharyngealization. Mehweb morphology is agglutinative. Mehweb is ergative both in terms of agreement and case marking. To start with the latter, the case inventory includes nominative
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