DOCSLIB.ORG

A Grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa Diana Forker language Languages of the Caucasus 2 science press Languages of the Caucasus Editors: Diana Forker (Universität Jena), Nina Dobrushina (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow), Timur Maisak (Institute of Linguistics at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow), Oleg Belyaev (Lomonosov Moscow State University). In this series: 1. Daniel, Michael, Nina Dobrushina & Dmitry Ganenkov (eds.). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax. 2. Forker, Diana. A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa. A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa Diana Forker language science press Forker, Diana. 2020. A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa (Languages of the Caucasus 2). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/250 © 2020, Diana Forker Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-196-2 (Digital) 978-3-96110-197-9 (Hardcover) DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3339225 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/250 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=250 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Diana Forker, Felix Anker, Felix Kopecky Proofreading: Ahmet Bilal Özdemir, Andrew Spencer, Aniefon Daniel, Daryl MacDonald, Felix Kopecky, Ivica Jeđud , Jeroen van de Weijer, Jezia Talavera, Laura Arnold, Laurentia Schreiber, Mykel Brinkerhoff, Jean Nitzke, Sebastian Nordhoff, Sune Gregersen, Tom Bossuyt, Alena Witzlack, Yvonne Treis Fonts: Libertinus, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Contents Acknowledgments xi Spelling conventions xiii Glosses and other abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Sanzhi community and the Sanzhi language .............. 1 1.2 The sociolinguistic situation of Sanzhi .................... 4 1.3 Genealogical affiliation ............................ 7 1.4 Dargwa languages and the problem of the “Dargwa ethnicity” ...... 7 1.5 Typological overview ............................. 11 1.6 Literature on Dargwa languages, Dargwa people, and previous works on Sanzhi ..................................... 11 1.7 Documenting and describing Sanzhi Dargwa ................ 12 I Phonology 17 2 Phonology 19 2.1 Consonant inventory ............................. 19 2.2 Vowel inventory ................................ 23 2.3 Syllable and word structure .......................... 24 2.4 Pharyngealization ............................... 26 2.5 Word stress ................................... 30 2.6 Phonological and morphophonological alternations ............ 30 2.6.1 Vowel deletion (vowel syncope) ................... 30 2.6.2 Alternations in the form of enclitics/suffixes ............ 31 2.6.3 Glide insertion ............................ 32 2.6.4 Glottal stop insertion ......................... 32 2.6.5 Sequences of identical vowels .................... 33 2.6.6 Other general processes affecting vowels: Pharyngealization and formation of diphthongs ....................... 34 2.6.7 Vowel mutation (apophony) ..................... 35 2.6.8 Assimilation .............................. 37 2.6.9 Palatalization ............................. 37 2.6.10 Labialization and delabialization .................. 38 2.6.11 Gemination and degemination .................... 39 Contents II Nominal categegories 41 3 Nouns 43 3.1 Gender ..................................... 43 3.2 Number ..................................... 44 3.2.1 Frequent and productive plural suffixes ............... 45 3.2.2 Modestly frequent plural suffixes .................. 48 3.2.3 Morphophonological rules and other restrictions ......... 50 3.2.4 The associative plural ........................ 51 3.3 Gender–number mismatches and exceptions ................ 51 3.4 Case ....................................... 54 3.4.1 Functions of grammatical cases ................... 56 3.4.2 Functions of semantic cases ..................... 63 3.5 Derivation of nouns .............................. 77 3.5.1 Agent nouns with -či ......................... 77 3.5.2 Agent nouns with and -kar, -q’aˁ, and -uˁq’ ............ 78 3.5.3 Abstract nouns with -dex ...................... 78 3.5.4 Action nouns/event nouns and tools with -ala ........... 80 3.5.5 Action and event nouns with -utːi and -a .............. 81 3.5.6 Other derived nouns ......................... 82 3.6 Reduplication and compounding ....................... 83 3.6.1 Reduplication ............................. 83 3.6.2 N + N compounds .......................... 84 3.6.3 Other compounds ........................... 85 3.7 Phrasal compounds .............................. 86 4 Pronouns 89 4.1 Personal pronouns ............................... 89 4.2 Demonstrative pronouns and adverbials derived from them ........ 90 4.2.1 The demonstrative series in the columns: iC vs. heC vs. hiC and i(C)tːi vs. he(C)tːi vs. hi(C)tːi ..................... 92 4.2.2 Proximity, distance, and elevation .................. 97 4.2.3 Pronouns and adverbs derived from demonstrative pronouns .. 102 4.3 Reflexive pronouns .............................. 104 4.4 Reciprocal pronouns .............................. 106 4.5 Interrogative pronouns ............................ 106 4.5.1 ča ‘who’ and ce ‘what’ ........................ 107 4.5.2 Other interrogative words ...................... 108 4.5.3 Interrogative pronouns used as indefinites ............. 112 4.6 Indefinite pronouns .............................. 112 4.6.1 Specific indefinite pronouns ..................... 113 4.6.2 Non-specific indefinite pronouns .................. 114 4.6.3 Free-choice indefinite pronouns ................... 115 4.6.4 Negative indefinite pronouns .................... 116 4.7 Universal indefinites and other quantifiers ................. 119 ii Contents 5 Adjectives 121 5.1 Introduction .................................. 121 5.2 Adjectives and the cross-categorical suffixes -ce and -il .......... 123 5.3 Formation of adjectival attributes ...................... 124 5.4 Comparative constructions with adjectives ................. 127 6 Numerals 129 6.1 Cardinal numerals ............................... 129 6.2 Ordinal numerals ............................... 131 6.3 Distributive numerals ............................. 133 6.4 Group numerals ................................ 133 6.5 Multiplicative numerals ............................ 134 6.6 Collective numerals .............................. 135 6.7 Other numeral expressions and compounds involving numerals ..... 136 7 Adverbs 139 7.1 Spatial adverbs ................................. 139 7.1.1 Spatial adverbs derived from demonstrative pronouns ...... 139 7.1.2 Spatial adverbs related to postpositions ............... 143 7.1.3 Other spatial adverbs ......................... 143 7.2 Temporal adverbs ............................... 144 7.3 Manner adverbs ................................ 145 7.4 Degree adverbs ................................ 146 7.5 Formation of adverbials with the suffix -le ................. 147 8 Postpositions 149 8.1 Spatial postpositions ............................. 149 8.1.1 sala ‘in front of’ ............................ 150 8.1.2 sa ‘in front, ago’ ............................ 150 8.1.3 hila ‘behind, after’ .......................... 151 8.1.4 hitːi ‘after, behind’ .......................... 151 8.1.5 xːar(i) ‘down, at the bottom, under’ ................. 152 8.1.6 qari ‘at the top, above, on, about’ .................. 152 8.1.7 či ‘on, above’ ............................. 153 8.1.8 urkːa ‘between, among, within, in the middle’ ........... 154 8.1.9 b-i ‘in, inside’ ............................. 155 8.1.10 šːule ‘at side, next to, near’ ...................... 155 8.1.11 tːura ‘out, outside’ .......................... 156 8.2 Non-spatial postpositions ........................... 157 8.2.1 b-alli ‘together, with’ ......................... 157 8.2.2 canille ‘together, with’ ........................ 158 8.2.3 bahanne/bahandan ‘because of’ ................... 158 8.2.4 akːʷar ‘without, except, apart’ .................... 158 8.2.5 q’atːin(na) ‘for the sake of, because of’ ............... 159 8.2.6 ħaˁsible ‘according to’ ........................ 159 iii Contents 9 Predicative particles and other particles, conjunctions, and cross-categorical suffixes 161 9.1 Predicative particles .............................. 161 9.2 Conjunctions .................................. 166 9.3 Temporal enclitics ............................... 169 9.4 Discourse and modal enclitics ........................ 171 9.4.1 The additive enclitic ......................... 171 9.4.2 The enclitic =q’al ........................... 173 9.4.3 The enclitic =q’ar ........................... 175 9.4.4 The enclitic =n(u) ........................... 176 9.4.5 Other enclitics that manipulate information structure ....... 177 9.5 Pause fillers, address particles, exclamatives, and interjections ...... 179 9.6 Cross-categorical suffixes ........................... 183 9.6.1 The suffix -ce ............................. 183 9.6.2 The suffix -il ............................. 191 9.6.3 The adverbializer -le ......................... 195 10 Place names and microtoponyms 197 III Verbal morphology 203 11 General remarks on verbal morphology 205 11.1 Overview of the general morphological structure of verbs ......... 205 11.2 The structure of underived verbal stems ................... 206 11.2.1 Differences in gender
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Serial Interaction of Stress and Syncope John J
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series Linguistics January 2008 The serial interaction of stress and syncope John J. McCarthy University of Massachusetts, Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/linguist_faculty_pubs Part of the Morphology Commons, Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons, and the Phonetics and Phonology Commons Recommended Citation McCarthy, John J., "The es rial interaction of stress and syncope" (2008). Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 90. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/linguist_faculty_pubs/90 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nat Lang Linguist Theory (2008) 26: 499–546 DOI 10.1007/s11049-008-9051-3 ORIGINAL PAPER The serial interaction of stress and syncope John J. McCarthy Received: 7 November 2007 / Accepted: 12 April 2008 / Published online: 26 August 2008 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract Many languages respect the generalization that some or all unstressed vow- els are deleted. This generalization proves elusive in classic Optimality Theory, how- ever. The source of the problem is classic OT’s parallel evaluation, which requires that the effects of stress assignment and syncope be optimized together. This article argues for a version of OT called Harmonic Serialism, in which the effects of stress assignment and syncope can and must be evaluated sequentially. The results are po- tentially applicable to other domains where process interaction is best understood in derivational terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment Projects of the Republic of Dagestan Index
    INVESTMENT PROJECTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN INDEX INNOVATION Construction of a round and shaped steel tubes ............................. 00 producing plant Construction of the “Mountain Resources” .........................................00 Development of in-car electronics manufacturing .........................00 education and display center in Makhachkala (audio sets, starters, alternators) Construction of an IT-park of complete ............................................... 00 Construction of the “Viaduk” customs ..................................................00 “idea-series” cycle type and logistics centre Development of high-effi ciency .............................................................00 Reconstruction of the Makhachkala ..................................................... 00 solar cells and modules production commercial sea port (facilities of the second stage) Construction of the KamAZ vehicles trade ......................................... 00 INDUSTRY AND TRANSPORT and service centers in the districts of the Republic of Dagestan Development of fl oat glass production............................................... 00 Investment sites ...........................................................................................00 Development of nitric and sulfuric acid, .............................................00 and high analysis fertilizer production FUEL AND ENERGY COMPLEX onsite the “Dagfos” OJSC – II stage Construction of an intra-zone .................................................................00
    [Show full text]
  • Syncope in Crimean Tatar*
    Syncope in Crimean Tatar* Darya Kavitskaya Yale University Crimean Tatar has a pervasive syncope of high vowels postlexically. The syncope of unstressed vowels only occurs when it results in a phonotactically acceptable syllable structure. Additionally, stressed high vowels delete between identical consonants with the following degemination which is attributed to a highly ranked OCP constraint. An apparent counterexample, the syncope of high vowels followed by voiceless geminates, is shown to be a matter of phonetic implementation, while the former processes have to be represented in phonology. 1. Introduction Crimean Tatar (henceforth, CT) is a West Kipchak language which belongs to the northwestern branch of Turkic (Johanson 1998:81). CT is spoken mainly in the Crimean peninsula in Ukraine, as well as in Uzbekistan, and also in small communities in Russia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. According to traditional descriptions, CT is subdivided into three dialects: Southern (or Coastal), Central, and Northern (or Steppe) (Johanson and Csato 1998). All three dialects are endangered (Southern and Northern more so than Central): the language is now extensively used mostly by the speakers older than forty, and very few children learn it as their first language. The sociolinguistic situation of CT is quite unusual. In 1944, the entire Tatar population of Crimea was deported to Central Asia (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan), and to several locations in Russia. As a result, the speakers of CT dialects that used to be linguistically homogenous were separated, mixed, and immersed into radically different language environments. The early 1990s saw the return of Crimean Tatars to their homeland. Currently about 250,000 Crimean Tatars live in Crimea again, and another 250,000 are still in exile.
    [Show full text]
  • North Caucasian Languages
    The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication - TOJDAC April 2017 Special Edition COMPARISON OF VARIOUS QUANTITATIVE MEASURES OF PROXIMITY OF LANGUAGES: NORTH CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES Galeev Timur Ildarovich Kazan federal university (KFU), Kazan, Russia [email protected] Solovyev Valery Dmitrievich Kazan federal university (KFU), Kazan, Russia ABSTRACT A comparison of North Caucasian languages is performed in the article according to various measures of proximity constructed using grammatical, lexical and genetic databases. Statistical methods are applied to the study of correlations among these proximity measures, and also between them and both geographical proximity and genealogical kinship. A full correlation has been found among language kinship, geographic situation and genetic kinship of peoples. Also, a high correlation was found between each of them and lexical similarity. In general these correlations persist at different levels – starting at the whole set of studied languages until the level of the smallest groups of related languages. It is shown that a significant factor in the analysis of geographical situation is the existence of a common boundary between the regions of distribution of languages. Keywords: Various Quantitative Measures, geographical situation common boundary, Creativity, languages 1. INTRODUCTION The classification of languages by genetic kinship, developed in the last two centuries within the framework of historical linguistics applying the comparative historical method, offers a qualitative characteristic of language proximity by including them into macrofamilies, families, branches, groups, etc. Glottochronology provides a quantitative measure of proximity that, in particular, allows assessing the age of families and other language groups. Unfortunately, in many cases there is no consensus among experts about languages kinship; it must be said also that lexicostatistical data are controversial.
    [Show full text]
  • Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus
    STATUS AND PROTECTION OF GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES IN THE CAUCASUS CEPF Biodiversity Investments in the Caucasus Hotspot 2004-2009 Edited by Nugzar Zazanashvili and David Mallon Tbilisi 2009 The contents of this book do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CEPF, WWF, or their sponsoring organizations. Neither the CEPF, WWF nor any other entities thereof, assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product or process disclosed in this book. Citation: Zazanashvili, N. and Mallon, D. (Editors) 2009. Status and Protection of Globally Threatened Species in the Caucasus. Tbilisi: CEPF, WWF. Contour Ltd., 232 pp. ISBN 978-9941-0-2203-6 Design and printing Contour Ltd. 8, Kargareteli st., 0164 Tbilisi, Georgia December 2009 The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. This book shows the effort of the Caucasus NGOs, experts, scientific institutions and governmental agencies for conserving globally threatened species in the Caucasus: CEPF investments in the region made it possible for the first time to carry out simultaneous assessments of species’ populations at national and regional scales, setting up strategies and developing action plans for their survival, as well as implementation of some urgent conservation measures. Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction CEPF Investment in the Caucasus Hotspot A. W. Tordoff, N. Zazanashvili, M. Bitsadze, K. Manvelyan, E. Askerov, V. Krever, S. Kalem, B. Avcioglu, S. Galstyan and R. Mnatsekanov 9 The Caucasus Hotspot N.
    [Show full text]
  • The North Caucasus: the Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law
    The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law Europe Report N°226 | 6 September 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. Russia between Decentralisation and the “Vertical of Power” ....................................... 3 A. Federative Relations Today ....................................................................................... 4 B. Local Government ...................................................................................................... 6 C. Funding and budgets ................................................................................................. 6 III. Elections ........................................................................................................................... 9 A. State Duma Elections 2011 ........................................................................................ 9 B. Presidential Elections 2012 ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ©Copyright 2017 Yu Sasaki Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-Building in Europe, 1400–2000
    ©Copyright 2017 Yu Sasaki Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-building in Europe, 1400–2000 Yu Sasaki A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Anthony Gill, Chair Edgar Kiser Victor Menaldo Steven Pfaff Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Department of Political Science University of Washington Abstract Precocious Enough to Rationalize Culture? Explaining the Success and Failure of Nation-building in Europe, 1400–2000 Yu Sasaki Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Anthony Gill Political Science Why do some ethnic groups consolidate their cultural practices earlier than others? Extant schol- arship in ethnicity, nations, and state-building hypothesizes that the state is the most important determinant. In my dissertation, I argue that it is not the only channel and there are other fac- tors that matter. In three standalone essays, I investigate the role of (1) geography, (2) technology, and (3) public goods provision at the ethnic-group level. I provide a simple conceptual frame- work of how each of these determinants affects cultural consolidation for ethnic groups. I argue that geographical conditions and technology adoption can have a positive impact on ethnic groups’ ability to develop unique cultural attributes without an independent state. Although they may be politically incorporated by stronger groups in the modern period, they still demand self-rule or standardize their vernacular. I also argue that, in contrast with the expectation from the political economy research on ethnicity, cultural consolidation does not always yield public goods provision at the ethnic-group level.
    [Show full text]
  • Prior Linguistic Knowledge Matters : the Use of the Partitive Case In
    B 111 OULU 2013 B 111 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.B. 7500 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA SERIES EDITORS HUMANIORAB Marianne Spoelman ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM Marianne Spoelman Senior Assistant Jorma Arhippainen PRIOR LINGUISTIC BHUMANIORA KNOWLEDGE MATTERS University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen CTECHNICA THE USE OF THE PARTITIVE CASE IN FINNISH Docent Hannu Heusala LEARNER LANGUAGE DMEDICA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM University Lecturer Hannu Heikkinen FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Director Sinikka Eskelinen GOECONOMICA Professor Jari Juga EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala UNIVERSITY OF OULU GRADUATE SCHOOL; UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, FINNISH LANGUAGE ISBN 978-952-62-0113-9 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0114-6 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 111 MARIANNE SPOELMAN PRIOR LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE MATTERS The use of the partitive case in Finnish learner language Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Human Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Keckmaninsali (Auditorium HU106), Linnanmaa, on 24 May 2013, at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2013 Copyright © 2013 Acta Univ. Oul. B 111, 2013 Supervised by Docent Jarmo H. Jantunen Professor Helena Sulkala Reviewed by Professor Tuomas Huumo Associate Professor Scott Jarvis Opponent Associate Professor Scott Jarvis ISBN 978-952-62-0113-9 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0114-6 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2013 Spoelman, Marianne, Prior linguistic knowledge matters: The use of the partitive case in Finnish learner language University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Humanities, Finnish Language, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the English Vocalic System
    DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND GERMAN AND TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION STUDIES DEGREE IN ENGLISH STUDIES FINAL DEGREE PROJECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VOCALIC SYSTEM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: from Proto-Germanic to Present-Day English Student: Nekane Ariz Uriz Responsible for tutoring: Reinhard Bruno Stempel Academic course: 2019/2020 1 Abstract This dissertation focuses in the evolution of the vocalic system of English: the aim of this work is to analyze and explain why and how vowels have developed from Old English to Present-Day English. To begin with, the changes in the Indo-European and Proto- Germanic languages are concisely described, and later the changes in Old, Middle, and Modern English are more deeply analyzed until reaching the Present-Day English vowel system. Through this process and comparing studies by different expert authors in the area of linguistics, an attempt will be made to illustrate as clearly as possible what the evolution of the vowels has been and how they have become what they are today. Another main goal of this work is to analyze the changes taking into account the articulatory properties of vowels; that is, to have a general idea of the physiology of the mouth and the movement of its articulators to realize how vowels are formed by humans, which include raising or lowering and advancing or retracting the body of the tongue, rounding or not rounding the lips, and producing the movements with tense or lax gestures. Besides, different kinds of sound change are also provided to clarify how the linguistic environment affects the vowels, that is, their previous and next sounds.
    [Show full text]
  • Minority Issues Mainstreaming in the South Caucasus
    MINORITY ISSUES MAINSTREAMING IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS A P RACTICAL G UIDE Tbilisi, February 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE: 7 1. Introduction: Minorities in Europe 8 1.1 A Diffi cult Defi nition 8 1.2 Key Issues for Analyzing Minorities in the South Caucasus 10 1.3 Specifi c Aspects of Minority Issues in the South Caucasu 12 SECTION ONE: 15 LEGAL COMMITMENTS AND POLICY AREAS Key Terms: 16 1. Commitments to Minority Participation: Regulatory/Policy Frameworks 17 1.1 Overview 17 1.2 International Legal and Semi-legal Instruments 17 1.3 European Legal and Semi-Legal Instruments 22 1.4 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 27 2. International Organisations Engaged in Minority and Ethno-Political Issues in the South Caucasus 32 2.1 United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG, 1993-2009) 32 2.2 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 32 2.3 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 34 2.4 Council of Europe (CoE) 38 2.5 The European Union 40 2.6 Major Assistance Initiatives in the South Caucasus 52 2.7 OSCE’s Offi ce for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) 58 2.8 The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 59 2.9 Other state actors 60 3. Cumulative List of Tools – Section 1 63 SECTION TWO: 67 MINORITY NEEDS ANALYSES AND MINORITY ISSUES RESOURCES Key Terms: 68 Introduction 69 1. ARMENIA – Minority Needs Analysis 71 1.1 Statistics 71 1.2 Overview 71 1.3 Legal Status of Minorities 73 1.4 Political Participation 77 1.5 Language Issues 78 1.6 Education 79 1.7 Employment 81 1.8 Media 82 1.9 ENP Priority Areas and General Objectives 83 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Caucasus Geographic Information and Mapping Unit As of June 2003 Population and Geographic Data Section Email : [email protected]
    GIMU / PGDS Southern Caucasus Geographic Information and Mapping Unit As of June 2003 Population and Geographic Data Section Email : [email protected] Znamenskoye)) )) Naurskaya Aki-Yurt ))) Nadterechnaya Dokshukino Malgobek Babayurt RUSSIANRUSSIAN FEDERATIONFEDERATION Chervlennaya ))Nalchik INGUSHETIAINGUSHETIAINGUSHETIA Gudermes KABARDINO-BALKARIAKABARDINO-BALKARIA Sleptsovskaya Grozny Khazavyurt )) Argun )) )) NazranNazran )) ))) NazranNazran )) Kizilyurt Ardon Achkhay-Martan ABKHAZIAABKHAZIA Urus-Martan Shali Alagir )) VladikavkazVladikavkaz CHECHNYACHECHNYA VladikavkazVladikavkaz CHECHNYACHECHNYA SOUTHERNCAUCASUS_A3LC.WOR SukhumiSukhumi )) SukhumiSukhumi )) )) NORTHNORTH OSSETIAOSSETIA )))Vedeno Kaspiysk Nizhniy Unal )) Buynaksk )) Itum-Kali)) Botlikh Shatili)) GaliGali Izberbash !!! ZugdidiZugdidi ZugdidiZugdidi Sergokala SOUTHSOUTH OSSETIAOSSETIA Levashi Tskhinvali Caspian Dagestanskiye Ogni Kareli Sea Black Sea )) Derbent Lanchkhuti )) AkhmetaAkhmeta Khashuri Gori AkhmetaAkhmeta Kvareli Telavi Lagodekhi Gurdzhaani TBILISITBILISI Belakan GEORGIAGEORGIA Kasumkent Batumi)) ADJARIAADJARIA Akhaltsikhe Tsnori Zaqatala Khudat Tsalka Tetri-Tskaro Rustavi Khryuk Khachmas Bolnisi Marneuli Tsiteli-Tskaro Akhalkalaki QAKH Kusary Hopa Shulaveri Kuba Dmanisi Bagdanovka Sheki Divichi Pazar Artvin Alaverdi Akstafa Cayeli Ardahan Oghus Siazan Rize Tauz Mingechaur Lake Tumanyan Gabala Idzhevan Dallyar Dzheir Lagich Kirovakan Shamkhor Gyumri Mingechaur Ismailly Dilizhan Dilmamedli Agdash Geokchay Artik Shamakha Nasosnyy Kars Goranboy Yevlakh Kedabek
    [Show full text]
  • A Balkanist in Daghestan: Annotated Notes from the Field Victor A
    A Balkanist in Daghestan: Annotated Notes from the Field Victor a. Friedman University of Chicago Introduction and Disclaimer The Republic of Daghestan has received very little attention in the West. Chenciner (1997) is the only full-length account in English based on first-hand visits mostly in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Wixman's (1980) excellent study had to be based entirely on secondary sources, and Bennigsen and Wimbush (1986:146-81 et passim), while quite useful, is basically encyclopedic and somewhat dated. Since Daghestan is still difficult to get to, potentially unstable, and only infrequently visited by Western scholars (mostly linguists), I am offering this account of my recent visit there (16-20 June 1998), modestly supplemented by some published materials. My intent is basically informative and impressionistic, and I do not attempt to give complete coverage to many topics worthy of further research. This account does, however, update some items covered in the aforementioned works and makes some observations on Daghestan with respect to language, identity, the political situation, and a comparison with the another unstable, multi-ethnic, identity construction site, i.e., Balkans, particularly Macedonia. Background Daghestan is the third most populous Republic in the Russian Federation (after Bashkortostan and Tatarstan; Osmanov 1986:24). The northern half of its current territory, consisting of the Nogai steppe and the Kizljar region settled in part by Terek Cossacks, was added in 1922, after the fall of the North Caucasian
    [Show full text]