Tourist-Island Accessibility by Public Transport: Thesis
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TOURIST-ISLAND ACCESSIBILITY BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BALI ISLAND – INDONESIA, CRETE ISLAND – GREECE, AND MALLORCA ISLAND – SPAIN THESIS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree from Institut Teknologi Bandung and the Master Degree from the University of Groningen By: I GUSTI NGURAH AGUNG SUDIARTA ITB: 24211003 RUG: S2313294 DOUBLE DEGREE MASTER PROGRAMME MAGISTER OF TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING, AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING FACULTY OF SPATIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN 2013 TOURIST-ISLAND ACCESSIBILITY BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BALI ISLAND – INDONESIA, CRETE ISLAND – GREECE, AND MALLORCA ISLAND – SPAIN By: I GUSTI NGURAH AGUNG SUDIARTA ITB: 24211003 RUG: S2313294 Double Degree Master Programme Magister of Transportation School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung and Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen Approved Supervisors Date: July, 2013 Supervisor I Supervisor II Dr. Eva Heinen Puspita Dirgahayani PREFACE Transport is an important element in tourism industry development. Without a transport network, tourist will not able to reach the tourism destination. Since they do not provide their own transport, the tourists are very dependent on local transportation services to support their activities. Proper public transport will influence the tourism industry development. Therefore, provision of good public transport in tourism area is important in supporting the tourist and non-tourist activities, no exception in the tourism island. Lack of accessibility by public transport is a serious problem in Bali Island. Public transport in Bali Island is still not well developed. If this issue continues to occur, it will further hinder tourism development. In this case, recommendations are made for Bali Government in order to improve accessibility by public transport for tourism and non-tourism activities. Recommendation is made by comparing accessibility by public transport in other tourist islands. Public transport issue especially in tourism is very interesting for me since I was born and grew up in Bali. Bali as my hometown has many potential in tourism, e.g. culture, nature, and history. Before working as civil servant in the Ministry of Transportation, I was helping my father as a driver for tourist services. During my travel experience and my conversation with tourists, I realized that Bali still lack in public transport. Within the conversation during trips, I also know that tourists are preferring travel by public transport than private car. I believe that tourists in Bali will be increasing, if the tourists only served by private cars, the road capacity will not enough. I am wondering how to improve the public transport in Bali. Therefore I choose to explore the public transport in other tourist islands. Crete Island – Greece and Mallorca – Spain become my case study since they have better public transport. In finishing this thesis, I receive many supports. Therefore, in this time I want to express my gratitude. First of all, I want to thank to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Waca for all He gives to me. Secondly, I would like to convey my great appreciation to Dr. Eva Heinen, and Ms. Puspita Dirgahayani who always encourage me, and guide me in order to keep my thesis on the right track. Thirdly, I want to say my gratitude to Mr. Ir. Heru Purboyo H.P, DEA, Ph.D as the head of study program the Magister of Transportation and Prof. dr. Johan Woltjer as the iii coordinator of the Master Environmental and Infrastructure Planning, the originator of the double degree program for Magister of Transportation. Furthermore, I want to say my gratitude to my institution of Ministry of Transportation for approving me to study master program. In this occasion, I want to express my gratitude to all of my colleagues in Double Degree Program ITB-RuG 2012 for all their supports. Most of all, I would like to convey my great gratitude to my beloved parents (I Gusti Ketut Subrata and Ni Gusti Ayu Sudiani), my lovely wife (Cok Istri Dewiyani Cakrawati), my little princess (I Gusti Agung Pragya Prameswari), my brother (I Gusti Ngurah Sudiantara), my father-in-law and mother-in-law (Cokorda Nyoman Sudarsana and Ni Komang Sri Sugesti), my friends in Directorate General of Civil Aviation, Ministry of Transportation, and my big family in Indonesia for supporting me during my study, and also Mas Ronny, Tante Indah, Om Yon, and Mbok Tut Nik for being my family in Groningen. Finally, I want to express my thanks to all people who have supported me in writing this thesis that I cannot mention one by one. iv LIST OF CONTENT PREFACE iii LIST OF CONTENT v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix ABSTRACT xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION I.1 Background 1 I.2 Research Problem 2 I.3 Research Aims 4 I.4 Research Question 5 I.5 Research Framework 5 I.6 Thesis Structure 6 CHAPTER II ACCESSIBILITY II.1 Concept and Definition of Accessibility 9 II.2 Accessibility in the Tourism Island 10 CHAPTER III PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE TOURISM ISLAND III.1 Dimensions of Public transport 13 III.1.1 Hardware 14 III.1.2 Software 14 III.1.3 Orgware 15 III.1.4 Finware 15 III.1.5 Ecoware 15 III.2 Organizational Forms, Levels of Planning and Control, and Actors Involved in Public Transport 16 III.3 Conceptual Framework 19 v CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY IV.1 Research Design 21 IV.2 Case Selection 22 IV.2.1 Selection Criteria 22 IV.2.2 Selected Cases and Case Descriptions 23 IV.3 Data and Method Analysis 25 CHAPTER V ACCESSIBILITY BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN BALI ISLAND - INDONESIA V.1 Overview of Accessibility by Public Transport 27 V.2 Overview of Land Use of Accessibility by Public Transport 29 V.3 Dimensions of Public Transport 29 V.3.1 Hardware 29 V.3.2 Software 30 V.3.3 Orgware 31 V.3.4 Finware 32 V.3.5 Ecoware 33 V.3 Organizational Forms, Levels of Planning and Control, and Actors Involved 33 CHAPTER VI ACCESSIBILITY BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN CRETE ISLAND - GREECE VI.1 Overview of Accessibility by Public Transport 36 VI.2 Overview of Land Use of Accessibility by Public Transport 37 VI.3 Dimensions of Public Transport 38 VI.3.1 Hardware 38 VI.3.2 Software 39 VI.3.3 Orgware 40 VI.3.4 Finware 40 VI.3.5 Ecoware 41 VI.4 Organizational Forms, Levels of Planning and Control, and Actors Involved 42 vi CHAPTER VII ACCESSIBILITY BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN MALLORCA ISLAND - SPAIN VII.1 Overview of Accessibility by Public Transport 45 VII.2 Overview of Land Use of Accessibility by Public Transport 46 VII.3 Dimensions of Public Transport 47 VII.3.1 Hardware 47 VII.3.2 Software 50 VII.3.3 Orgware 51 VII.3.4 Finware 51 VII.3.5 Ecoware 53 VII.4 Organizational Forms, Levels of Planning and Control, and Actors Involved 54 CHAPTER VIII COMPARISON AND LESSONS LEARNED OF ACCESSIBILITY BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN BALI ISLAND, CRETE ISLAND, AND MALLORCA ISLAND VIII.1 Comparison 57 VIII.1.1 Similarities 60 VIII.1.2 Differences 63 VIII.2 Lesson Learned 65 CHAPTER IX CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND REFLECTIONS IX.1 Conclusions 67 IX.2 Recommendation 68 IX.2 Reflections 69 REFFERENCES 70 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 – Resume of Dimensions in Public Transport 16 Table 3.2 – Resume of Important Aspect in Research 18 Table 4.1 – Tourism Island Chosen Based on the Criteria 23 Table 4.2 – Dimensions, Data Needed and Data Sources 26 Table 5.1 – Trans Sarbagita Route Development Phases 31 Table 8.1 – Summaries of the Organizational Forms, Actors Involved, and Focus 57 in Each Levels of Planning and Control in Every Dimensions of the Public Transport viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 – Maps of Bali Island 3 Figure 1.2 – Research Framework 5 Figure 2.1 – Components of the Accessibility 10 Figure 3.1 – The Pentagon Prism of the Success Factors for Transport System 13 Figure 3.2 – Organizational Forms in Public Transport 17 Figure 3.3 – Levels of Planning and Control in Public Transport 17 Figure 3.4 – Conceptual Framework 19 Figure 4.1 – Airport and Seaport in Bali Island 24 Figure 4.2 – Airports and Seaports in Crete Island 24 Figure 4.3 – Airports and Seaports in Mallorca Island 25 Figure 5.1 – Local Busses and Bemos in Bali 27 Figure 5.2 – Shuttle Buses in Bali 28 Figure 5.3 – Trans Sarbagita Bus 28 Figure 5.4 – Route Networks of the Trans Sarbagita 29 Figure 5.5 – Shelter of the Trans Sarbagita Bus 30 Figure 5.6 – SARBAGITA Area 31 Figure 5.7 – The Organizational Form of the Public Transport in Bali 33 Figure 6.1 – KTEL Bus 36 Figure 6.2 – KTEL Route Networks 37 Figure 6.3 – KTEL Supra-regional lines 38 Figure 6.4 – KTEL Timetable 39 Figure 6.5 – The Organizational Form of the Public Transport in Crete 42 Figure 7.1a – Ferrocarril de Sóller S.A Trem 46 Figure 7.1b – EMT Buses 46 Figure 7.1c – CTM 46 Figure 7.2 – CTM Route Networks 46 Figure 7.3 – Ferrocarril de Sóller Train and Tram Route 47 Figure 7.4a – EMT Bus Lines 48 Figure 7.4b – Sightseeing Bus 48 ix Figure 7.5 – TIB Buses, Trains and Tubes 48 Figure 7.6 – TIB Networks 49 Figure 7.7 – TIB Buses Zone 49 Figure 7.8a – TIB Trains Routes 50 Figure 7.8b – TIB Tubes Routes 50 Figure 7.7 – CTM IFS Zones 52 Figure 7.8 – The Organizational Form of the Public Transport in Mallorca 54 x ABSTRACT TOURIST-ISLAND ACCESSIBILITY BY PUBLIC TRANSPORT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BALI ISLAND – INDONESIA, CRETE ISLAND – GREECE, AND MALLORCA ISLAND – SPAIN By: I GUSTI NGURAH AGUNG SUDIARTA ITB: 24211003 RUG: S2313294 Transport is an important element in tourism industry development.