The National War College at the —General Colin Powell, USA (Ret.) National Defense University
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National War College (NDU Special Collections) t the end of September 2016, the National Defense Univer- The National sity (NDU) and National War A th College (NWC) celebrated the 40 anniversary of the University and the War College 70th anniversary of the War College by dedicating the West Wing of Roo- sevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair Celebrating 70 Years of to General Colin Powell, USA (Ret.).1 The epigraph above is inscribed over Developing Strategic the entrance of the Powell Wing and expresses General Powell’s thinking on his War College experience. Perhaps Practitioners unbeknownst to General Powell, his words echo a statement by Lieuten- By Darren Hartford and David A. Tretler ant General Leonard T. Gerow, USA, president of the 1946 board that recommended the formation of the I came here to study war, and while I learned about war, I learned even more about the importance of finding peace. Brigadier General Darren Hartford, USAF, is the 29th Commandant of the National War College at the —GENERAL COLIN POWELL, USA (RET.) National Defense University. Dr. David A. Tretler is National War College, Class of 1976 Dean of Faculty at the National War College. 54 JPME Today / Seventy Years of Developing Strategic Practitioners JFQ 84, 1st Quarter 2017 National War College: “The College officer corps that is a mosaic of groups of the OPMEP assigns to the college: “to is concerned with grand strategy senior leaders, each of which has special educate future leaders of the Armed and the utilization of the national expertise in a particular dimension of Forces, Department of State, and other resources necessary to implement that strategy—from operational strategies civilian agencies for high-level policy, strategy. Its graduates will exercise and campaign plans to Service strate- command, and staff responsibilities by a great influence on the formulation gies to national military strategies to conducting a senior-level course of study of national and foreign policy in both national security strategies. One can see in national security strategy.”12 General peace and war.”2 The charge implicit the variety of skills that the Joint Chiefs Powell, as CJCS, first assigned this mis- in General Gerow’s conception of the and other government stakeholders sion to the War College in his 1990 college, and in General Powell’s later desire in senior officials in the focus Military Education Policy Document, the experience there, is that despite its areas the OPMEP lays out for the vari- predecessor of the OPMEP.13 Subsequent “War College” moniker, the school’s ous senior-level schools. For example, Chairmen have reaffirmed this mission six course of study is more than just a look the OPMEP stipulates that the focus times. This is the fourth mission statement at war; it encapsulates whole-of-govern- for the Service war colleges is to address the college has had, but all have had the ment solutions to the entire spectrum “theater- and national-level strategies same essential thrust: producing senior of national security issues. That charge and processes. Curricula focus on how military and civilian leaders with special continues to inform both the college’s the combatant commanders, Joint Staff, expertise in national security strategy. sense of itself and the guidance pro- and Department of Defense use the vided to it by the Chairman of the Joint instruments of national power to develop Program Aspects Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). and carry out national military strategy, In shaping the NWC program, the Since 1996, the Chairman has pro- develop joint operational expertise and college leadership has focused on what vided that guidance via CJCS Instruction perspectives, and hone joint leadership it has seen as the four crucial aspects 1800.01, Officer Professional Military and warfighting skills.”7 of the mission statement. First is the Education Policy (OPMEP), the latest For the Joint and Combined charge to conduct a senior-level course edition of which is dated May 29, 2015.3 Warfighting School at the Joint Forces of study in national security strategy. As the name implies, the document’s Staff College (JFSC), its focus is to This is the distinct raison d’être of purpose is to “distribute the policies, “further develop joint attitudes and the college. NWC is singularly—and procedures, objectives and responsibilities perspectives, joint operational expertise, solely—tasked with focusing on national for officer professional military education and hone joint leader potential and security strategy. Other PME schools and joint professional military educa- warfighting skills.”8 The Joint Advanced include national security strategy in tion.”4 While the document stipulates Warfighting School at JFSC focuses on their curricula as part of the foundation several educational standards applicable the military art and science of planning, or context for their own distinct field to all professional military education preparing, and executing campaign plans of study, but no other school spends (PME) schools, it offers a caveat that for joint, interagency, international, and its entire 10-month program focused there will be differences in application multinational participants across the full solely on national security strategy. “since no particular organizational pat- range of military operations. The Dwight NWC understands its purpose to be to tern or application strategy applies in D. Eisenhower School for National create a cadre of officers with special all settings.”5 Likewise, to address the Security and Resource Strategy’s distinct expertise in national security strategy distinct nature of each senior-level col- focus is “on developing the national that, when blended with cadres of lege, the OPMEP dictates that “PME security strategy and in evaluating, officers with special expertise in other institutions will base their curriculums marshalling, and managing resources areas of national security affairs, creates on their parent Service’s needs or, in the in the execution of the strategy,”9 while a synergy far more powerful than could case of the NDU colleges, on their CJCS- the College of International Security be achieved by any uniform, standard- assigned missions.”6 Affairs “provides a senior-level perspec- ized program of education for all offi- Resident senior-level PME only tive on which to base strategic response cers. Every aspect of the NWC program lasts 10 months. Each senior-level PME to terrorism, irregular warfare, and other is shaped by the goal of producing institution has to balance the breadth contemporary security challenges.”10 graduates who, given a particular of education that a senior official needs Within this mosaic of skill sets, the national security challenge, can assess in order to provide effective strategic OPMEP charges the War College to focus that challenge and develop a credible, leadership with the need for depth in es- “on national security strategy—the art comprehensive national security strategy sential areas in order to generate critical and science of developing, applying and to deal with it. expertise. The OPMEP addresses this coordinating the instruments of national Second is the task to educate. The tension by tasking the various senior-level power to achieve objectives contribut- OPMEP defines educate as convey- PME schools with different missions and ing to national security.”11 This focus ing general bodies of knowledge and focus areas. The end result is a senior on national security drives the mission developing habits of mind applicable JFQ 84, 1st Quarter 2017 Hartford and Tretler 55 to a broad spectrum of endeavors.14 As • First, improve the quality of applied context of national security strategy, and the OPMEP directs, NWC aims not strategic thinking of all its graduates, contemporary military capabilities and at enhancing its students’ capacities to shifting their intellectual and profes- doctrine. Students cap their studies with perform specific functions and tasks, but sional perspectives from the tactical a year-long Individual Strategy Research rather at fostering their breadth of view, and operational to the strategic, and Project (ISRP) in which they select a diverse perspectives, critical analysis, developing the analytical ability and contemporary national security challenge, abstract reasoning, comfort with ambi- judgment they will need to function research and analyze it, develop a strategy guity and uncertainty, and innovative in the gray areas that characterize to deal with it, present their strategy in a thinking, particularly concerning complex the complex, civil-military, multina- strategy paper, and then present and de- problems. tional interactions at the national- fend that strategy to a two-person faculty Third is the charge to educate future strategic level. team. In essence, they end the year dem- leaders for high-level policy, command, • Second, produce within each class a onstrating they can do what the college and staff responsibilities. In designing cadre of highly skilled strategic prac- has set as its purpose: produce graduates and executing its curriculum, NWC looks titioners—bona fide strategists and who, given a national security challenge, beyond its graduates’ follow-on assign- strategic advisors who demonstrate can assess that challenge and develop a ments to the highest, most important the high degree of expertise, concep- strategy to deal with it. strategic responsibilities they will hold tualization, and innovation in national during the remainder of their careers.