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Tonkawa Indians Before the Time of the Spanish Explorers, Native Americans Inhabited the Open Ranges and Woodlands of Texas
Tonkawa Indians Before the time of the Spanish explorers, Native Americans inhabited the open ranges and woodlands of Texas. One group that made its mark in history is the Tonkawa Indians. These people were thought to have come to Texas as early as the seventeenth century. Tonkawa, a Waco Indian word, means, “they all stay together,” which eloquently describes this group of nomadic Indian tribes. There is scant archeological evidence of the Tonkawa people, and historians have several theories on the tribal structure and lifestyles of this group. Some believe the Tonkawa were actually a group of independent bands of Indians, which may have included the Sana, Toho, Tohaha, Cantona, and Cava Indians. In the early eighteenth century these bands of Indians were thought to have joined together to form Tonkawa Proper. There is some evidence that the Tonkawa actually came to Texas much earlier as one cohesive group of Tonkawa Indians that lived further north. These nomadic hunters lived in tepees made from buffalo hide, grass and other materials. Tepees allowed bands to easily pack their homes and move with the migrating herds of buffalo or to outrun their enemies. An elected tribal chief led each band of Tonkawa, and each band was composed of maternal clans. Unlike many societies that are patriarchal, the Tonkawa clan membership followed on the side of the mother. When a couple got married, the man would go live with his wife’s clan, and the children would become members of their mother’s clan as well. As a society that always stays together, the Tonkawa established a system that ensured all widows, widowers, and orphaned children were taken care of if their family members died. -
The Reporter
The Reporter Volume 16 Issue 4 The Newsletter of the Waupaca Historical Society Fall 2012 WHS Board of Directors: Dennis Lear, President; Mike Kirk, Vice President; Betty Stewart, Secretary; Bob Kessler, Treasurer, Jerry Salan, Tracy Behrendt, Gerald Chappell, Glenda Rhodes, Deb Fenske, David Trombla, Joyce Woldt, Don Writt, and Marge Writt WHS Director: Julie Hintz Hutchinson House Museum Curator: Barbara Fay Wiese The Book Festival at the Holly Center - A Special Day Sponsored by the Waupaca Historical Society for participation in the 2012 Waupaca Book Festival, architectural historian Wendell Nelson arrived at the Waupaca Holly History and Genealogical Center around ten o’clock Saturday October 13, 2012, and set up for his PowerPoint presentation on classic area house styles in the downstairs Cynthia Holly Room. As members of the Waupaca Historical Society have long appreciated, the Cynthia Holly Room is a fine place for a speaker to present as it seats about 50 people, has comfortable chairs in a theater arrangement (or if desired a table arrangement), and is not so large as to need a microphone. Following an introduction by Jerry Chappell, Nelson’s presentation readily captured the attention and advanced the knowledge of over 30 Book Festival attendees who were able to closely study his slides on ten styles of house architecture. Wendell showed about three examples of each style as he pointed out critical identifying and differentiating features of homes, including Italianate, Greek Revival, Victorian Eclectic, Gambrel-roofed, Tower, Square, Cement Block, and Stucco architecture. Afterward, a number of copies of Wendell’s classic 1983 book Houses That Grew were sold. -
University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections
University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections C. Ross Hume Collection Hume, Carleton Ross (1878–1960). Papers, 1838–1948. 10.50 feet. Attorney. Personal and business correspondence (1893–1948) relating to Hume’s family, his attendance at the University of Oklahoma, his contact with the university as an alumnus, and his law practice as an attorney for the Caddo Indians. Also included are numerous legal documents (1838–1948) relating to Indian claims and the Indians of Oklahoma, the Shirley Trading Post, the Anadarko, Oklahoma, area and the University of Oklahoma. ___________ Biographical Note: Carleton Ross Hume, who along with Roy P. Stoops made up the first graduating class of the University of Oklahoma in 1898. He was born at Tontogany, Ohio, in 1878. He was the son of Charles Robinson Hume and Annette Ross Hume. The Humes moved to Anadarko, Oklahoma Territory, in December of 1890, when Dr. Hume was appointed as government physician to the Anadarko Indian Agency. C. Ross Hume later served as attorney for the Caddo Nation, and a judge in Anadarko. Box 1 Native American Tribal Materials Apaches (1925-26) 1. Legal inquiry concerning an Apache woman Various Individual claims- includes letter to Hume from Sen. E. Thomas Folder of Clippings Cherokees 2. Power of Attorney Notes on Sequoyah Treaties with Republic of Texas (1836 and 1837) Cherokee Indians' Claim Texas Land Research notes - secondary sources Cheyennes 3. Historical notes including origins, dates of wars, movements, etc. 47th Congress, 1st session -1882. Message from the President of the United States. Confirmation of Certain Land in Indian Territory to Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians Comanches 4. -
Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography And
Chapter 7 Comanche Historical Ethnography and Ethnohistory ______________________________________________________ 7.1 Introduction The earliest mention of the Comanche in the historical record date to 1706. Comanche ethnogenesis took place about two centuries earlier, after their separation from the Shoshone near the Wind River region. In a step-wise migration bands left the parent society and moved south along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains. Initially Comanche bands inhabited the central plains along the Platte, Republican, and Arkansas rivers in eastern Colorado. According to numerous scholars, the Comanche quickly transitioned from a Great Basin culture to a Great Plains life way, although the Comanche retained many Great Basin cultural beliefs and practices.1 However seeking greater trade opportunities and horses, along with the rapidly changing political economic conditions, Comanche bands migrated southeast. By the latter part of the eighteenth century the Comanche consolidated their position on the southern Great Plains after a series of territorial and economic conflicts various tribes and the Spanish.2 Strategically employing warfare, treaty negotiations, and alliances the Comanche controlled the region between the Arkansas and Pecos rivers, an area comprising present-day western Texas and Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, southeast Colorado, and southwest Kansas.3 By 1820 the Comanche occupied primarily the territory south of the Arkansas River, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho occupied the lands north of the river.4 They controlled this region until the reservation period. The Comanche were never a tribe, unified under a centralized political structure. Rather Comanche ethnicity and social unity was based on common cultural traditions, 600 language, history, and political economic goals. -
Kiowa and Cheyenne's Story
Kiowa and Cheyenne's Story Along the Santa Fe Trail My life changed forever along the Santa Fe Trail. It was hot August 2, 2003 as my family traveled homeward to Littleton, Colorado from a family vacation through Kansas. This side of Dodge City my husband, Jeff, nine-year-old Michael and seven-year-old Stacia and I debated whether or not to stop at a Point of Interest close to the highway. It was educational and free, so, why not, we stopped. The parking lot was completely empty except for an elderly man sitting on a bench and two skinny dogs close by him. As we headed up the trail leading to a sign explaining the local history, the dogs approached us. We glanced at the man for permission to pet the dogs. He just smiled in silence. We petted their thin sides, receiving kisses in return. The brown Boxer mix and the black Lab wearily followed us up the trail, laying down each time we stopped. After a brief rabbit chase, both dogs returned, following us back to the dry, dusty parking lot. I told the man to call his dogs since we were leaving. He said they weren‛t his. But, they had to be; no one else was around. I called him a liar and we began arguing! A Winnebago arrived and Jeff asked if the dogs belonged to them. No. The old man kept telling me to take the dogs. Finally Jeff whispered to me that the dogs didn‛t act like they knew the old man any better than they did us. -
Tribal and House District Boundaries
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribal Boundaries and Oklahoma House Boundaries ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 22 ! 18 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 13 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Cimarron ! ! ! ! 14 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 11 ! ! Texas ! ! Harper ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! n ! ! Beaver ! ! ! ! Ottawa ! ! ! ! Kay 9 o ! Woods ! ! ! ! Grant t ! 61 ! ! ! ! ! Nowata ! ! ! ! ! 37 ! ! ! g ! ! ! ! 7 ! 2 ! ! ! ! Alfalfa ! n ! ! ! ! ! 10 ! ! 27 i ! ! ! ! ! Craig ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! h ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 26 s ! ! Osage 25 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 16 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! W ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 21 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 58 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 38 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tribes by House District ! 11 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 Absentee Shawnee* ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Woodward ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 2 ! 36 ! Apache* ! ! ! 40 ! 17 ! ! ! 5 8 ! ! ! Rogers ! ! ! ! ! Garfield ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1 40 ! ! ! ! ! 3 Noble ! ! ! Caddo* ! ! Major ! ! Delaware ! ! ! ! ! 4 ! ! ! ! ! Mayes ! ! Pawnee ! ! ! 19 ! ! 2 41 ! ! ! ! ! 9 ! 4 ! 74 ! ! ! Cherokee ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Ellis ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 41 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 72 ! ! ! ! ! 35 4 8 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 5 3 42 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 77 -
ROCK PAINTINGS at HUECO TANKS STATE HISTORIC SITE by Kay Sutherland, Ph.D
PWD BK P4501-095E Hueco 6/22/06 9:06 AM Page A ROCK PAINTINGS AT HUECO TANKS STATE HISTORIC SITE by Kay Sutherland, Ph.D. PWD BK P4501-095E Hueco 6/22/06 9:06 AM Page B Mescalero Apache design, circa 1800 A.D., part of a rock painting depicting white dancing figures. Unless otherwise indicated, the illustrations are photographs of watercolors by Forrest Kirkland, reproduced courtesy of Texas Memorial Museum. The watercolors were photographed by Rod Florence. Editor: Georg Zappler Art Direction: Pris Martin PWD BK P4501-095E Hueco 6/22/06 9:06 AM Page C ROCK PAINTINGS AT HUECO TANKS STATE HISTORIC SITE by Kay Sutherland, Ph.D. Watercolors by Forrest Kirkland Dedicated to Forrest and Lula Kirkland PWD BK P4501-095E Hueco 6/22/06 9:06 AM Page 1 INTRODUCTION The rock paintings at Hueco Tanks the “Jornada Mogollon”) lived in State Historic Site are the impres- small villages or pueblos at and sive artistic legacy of the different near Hueco Tanks and painted on prehistoric peoples who found the rock-shelter walls. Still later, water, shelter and food at this the Mescalero Apaches and possibly stone oasis in the desert. Over other Plains Indian groups 3000 paintings depict religious painted pictures of their rituals masks, caricature faces, complex and depicted their contact with geometric designs, dancing figures, Spaniards, Mexicans and Anglos. people with elaborate headdresses, The European newcomers and birds, jaguars, deer and symbols settlers left no pictures, but some of rain, lightning and corn. Hidden chose instead to record their within shelters, crevices and caves names with dates on the rock among the three massive outcrops walls, perhaps as a sign of the of boulders found in the park, the importance of the individual in art work is rich in symbolism and western cultures. -
2) Economy, Business
2) Economy, Business : The majority of tribes' economies rely on Casinos. There are a huge amount of Casinos in Oklahoma, more than in any other state in the USA. But they also rely on the soil resources, there are tribes who are very rich thanks to their oil resources. Natural resources After 1905 deposits of lead and zinc in the Tri-State Mining District made the Quapaws of Ottawa County some of the richest Indians of the USA. Zinc mines also left hazardous waste that still poisons parts of their lands. The Osages became known as the world's richest Indians because their “head right” system distributed the royalties from their “underground reservation” equally to the original allottees. The Osage's territory was full of oil. Gaming revenues The Chickasaw are today the richest tribe in Oklahoma thanks to their Casinos they make a lot of profit. On their website you can read : “From Bank2, Bedre Chocolates, KADA and KYKC radio stations and the McSwain Theatre to the 13 gaming centers, travel plazas and tobacco stores, the variety and prosperity of the Chickasaw Nation's businesses exemplifies the epitome of economic success!”. The Comanche Tribe derives revenue from four casinos. The Comanche Nation Casino in Lawton features a convention center and hotel and has a surface of 45,000 square feet. The others are the Red River Casino at Devol north of the Red River, and two small casinos : Comanche star casino east of Walters and Comanche Spur Casino near Elgin. Enlargements of the casinos are planned . There are smoke shops and convenience stores in the casinos. -
Activity 5.1: Whose Land? a Store of Black Hawk for Wisconsin: Our
Wisconsin: Our State, Our Story Chapter 5 Additional Activities Becoming Wisconsin: From Indian Lands to Territory to Statehood Activity5 5.1: Whose Land? A Story of Black Hawk Teacher Materials Preparation/Organization It will take several days to complete the full activity, since students will need several rehearsal sessions before carrying out their performance. Depending upon time constraints, you might want to devote some time for the preparations each day for a week or so. (Note: If you and students wish, you might want to invite other classes or even friends and families to the performance.) In terms of organization, it should not be difficult to get the whole class involved in the production, since there are 16 actors and also directors, set designers, stagehands, and prop masters. You will want to have enough copies of Student Pages 1–10 for all students involved. A number of readily available or easily made items will also be needed: • two chairs • a desk • a large cloth sack • a blanket • an inkwell (or similar object) • a long sheet of paper • several sheets of writing paper • life-size drawing of several corn stalks • shovel or garden hoe (or two broomsticks) • map of the United States Procedure 1. Select those students who will be actors and inform students of the parts they will be playing. Also assign students to jobs as directors, set designers, prop masters, and stagehands. 2. Hand out scripts to those who will be acting, highlighting their parts for them. Also give out copies of the script to students who will be helping you direct, designing and making sets, preparing props, and serving as stagehands. -
Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma Ca
Tickanwa•tic Informational Guide to the History and Culture of the Tonkawa Tribe. Tonkawas photographed by Rhinehart in 1898. Standing L-R: Winnie Richards, John Rush Buffalo, William Stevens, John Allen, and Mary Richards. Seated L-R: John Williams, Grant Richards, and Sherman Miles. Ft. Oakland - Oklahoma Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma ca. 1980 ca. 1999 ca. 1885 - 1901 ca. 2003 On the cover: Tickanwa•tic Tribal name in Tonkawa Language means:“Real People” Pronounced: “Titch-kun-wha-titch” 1 Tonkawa Tribal History The Tonkawa belong to the Tonkawan linguistic family, that was once composed of a number of small sub tribes that lived in a region that extended west from south central Texas and western Oklahoma to eastern New Mexico. The Tonkawa had a distinct language, and their name, as that of the leading tribe, was applied to their linguistic family. They were one of the most warlike tribes during nearly two centu- ries of conflict with their enemy tribes on the Western plains and with the Spanish and, later, American settlers in the Southwest. Their men were famous warriors, and their chiefs bore many scars of battle. The Tonkawa women were also strong physically and vindictive in disposition. The people of this tribe were no- madic in their habits in the early his- toric period, moving their tipi villages according to the wishes of the chiefs Winnie and Chief Grant Richards ca. 1898 of the different bands. They planted a few crops, but were well known as great hunters of buffalo and deer, using bows and arrows and spears for weapons, as well as some firearms secured from early Spanish traders. -
Vascular Plants and a Brief History of the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands
United States Department of Agriculture Vascular Plants and a Brief Forest Service Rocky Mountain History of the Kiowa and Rita Research Station General Technical Report Blanca National Grasslands RMRS-GTR-233 December 2009 Donald L. Hazlett, Michael H. Schiebout, and Paulette L. Ford Hazlett, Donald L.; Schiebout, Michael H.; and Ford, Paulette L. 2009. Vascular plants and a brief history of the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS- GTR-233. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 44 p. Abstract Administered by the USDA Forest Service, the Kiowa and Rita Blanca National Grasslands occupy 230,000 acres of public land extending from northeastern New Mexico into the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. A mosaic of topographic features including canyons, plateaus, rolling grasslands and outcrops supports a diverse flora. Eight hundred twenty six (826) species of vascular plant species representing 81 plant families are known to occur on or near these public lands. This report includes a history of the area; ethnobotanical information; an introductory overview of the area including its climate, geology, vegetation, habitats, fauna, and ecological history; and a plant survey and information about the rare, poisonous, and exotic species from the area. A vascular plant checklist of 816 vascular plant taxa in the appendix includes scientific and common names, habitat types, and general distribution data for each species. This list is based on extensive plant collections and available herbarium collections. Authors Donald L. Hazlett is an ethnobotanist, Director of New World Plants and People consulting, and a research associate at the Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, CO. -
Fort Sill Apache Energy Planning Project
FortFort SillSill ApacheApache EnergyEnergy PlanningPlanning ProjectProject Fort Sill Apache Tribe Apache, Oklahoma 73005 580-588-2298 1 ProjectProject OverviewOverview z To create an Energy Office within the Tribal Structure z To complete an Energy Analysis of Tribal Building Space, current and proposed z To Develop a Tribal Strategic Energy Plan 2 ProjectProject LocationLocation z Southwestern Oklahoma • Tribal Headquarters, Apache, Oklahoma • Apache Y Property • East Gore, Lawton • Future land purchases z Eastern New Mexico (Near El Paso) z Arizona 3 TribalTribal JurisdictionalJurisdictional AreaArea -- OklahomaOklahoma z The Fort Sill Apache Tribe has jurisdiction over 65 surface (4,162.2 acres) and 41 mineral (2,841.4) tracts over three counties in Southwestern Oklahoma (allotted lands) z The Fort Sill Apache Tribe owns over 400 acres in rural Caddo County and within the Lawton, OK SMSA z The Tribe anticipates other land purchases within the next 12 months 4 TribalTribal PropertiesProperties –– NewNew MexicoMexico andand ArizonaArizona z The Fort Sill Apache Tribe owns 2 acres in Arizona z Portions of New Mexico and Arizona are considered aboriginal lands z The Fort Sill Apache Tribe owns land near Deming, New Mexico, an area east of El Paso, Texas 5 ProjectProject ParticipantsParticipants z Tribal Members z Area Native Americans z Local Community z Area Utilities z State Energy Resources 6 FortFort SillSill ApacheApache TribalTribal MembersMembers z Over half of the Tribe’s membership live outside the State of Oklahoma z Almost