Disarmament a Basic Guide
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Nordic Countries and the European Security and Defence Policy
13. The Nordic countries and conventional arms control: the case of small arms and light weapons Nicholas Marsh* I. Introduction and historical background During the cold war, Northern Europe was the scene of one of the continent’s largest and most asymmetric build-ups of conventional weaponry. The Soviet Union concentrated a significant part of its conventional strength—ground, air and naval forces—and also of its strategic nuclear capacity on the Kola Pen- insula and in the Leningrad Military District. Through its Warsaw Pact partners the Soviet Union controlled the southern shore of the Baltic Sea as well as the intra-German border. On the Western side, there was no direct match for this localized massing of power. If strategic balance was maintained, it was essen- tially by means of the overall capacity (especially nuclear and naval) of the USA and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization rather than by any credible counterweight in the Nordic region. As a result of special arrangements with NATO, the allied nations Denmark and Norway did not even have foreign forces or nuclear equipment stationed on their territory in peacetime. Finland and Sweden were neutral (or ‘non-aligned’) states with forces proportionate only to their own territorial needs. Moreover, of these four nations, only Sweden had a defence industry on an internationally competitive scale.1 Paradoxes of Nordic arms control and disarmament policy This was a situation in which the region’s responsible or vulnerable states might be expected to have had a keen interest in arms control and disarmament. Indeed, the Nordic states—and to a certain extent Poland—consistently sup- ported the cause of nuclear disarmament.2 They were among the foremost in encouraging steps and hosting events, such as the 1972–75 Helsinki negoti- ations on a conference on security and cooperation in Europe, designed to pro- mote inter-bloc cooperation and the lowering of military tensions in general. -
Colonial Appeasement
Colonial Appeasement coming to power in 1933, even though the Nazi leader’s territorial ambitions focused (1935–38) on Eastern Europe, as indicated in his infa- PAUL W. DOERR mous memoir Mein Kampf.Afewsenior Acadia University, Canada Nazis also hoped for a colonial foothold in Africa, but the early years of Hitler’s regime were taken up with other, more urgent Colonial appeasement is a largely forgotten matters. aspectofBritishappeasement.Duringthe British officials and policy-makers had, years from 1935 to 1938 the British govern- throughout the 1920s, strongly rejected any ment gave serious attention to the possibility suggestion of returning colonies to Germany. of granting Germany colonial possessions But the deteriorating world economic situa- in Africa as part of a “general settlement” tion after 1929, combined with the growing with the Nazi regime. Various schemes for threat to the peace from Hitler’s Germany, transferring African territories to German forced the British to rethink their position. jurisdiction were considered, but serious Gradually the idea began to emerge that per- obstacles arose and, with the exception of haps colonies could be returned to Germany one formal proposal from the British in early as part of a much larger general settlement of 1938, talks with the Germans on the subject the situation in Europe. never moved beyond vague generalities. On March 7, 1936, Hitler sent German Prior to the First World War, Germany troops into the demilitarized zone of Ger- held four territories in Africa, namely Ger- many. He then issued a series of demands, man East Africa, German South-West Africa, oneofwhichwasacallforequalityofcolonial Kamerun, and Togoland. -
Missing Pieces
IPU HANDBOOK FOR PARLIAMENTARIANS No. 12 – 2007 MISSING PIECES MISSING A GUIDE FOR REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE THROUGH PARLIAMENTARY ACTION A GUIDE FOR REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE THROUGH PARLIAMENTARY MISSING PIECES A GUIDE FOR REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE THROUGH PARLIAMENTARY ACTION HD CENTRE Centre for Centre for Humanitarian Inter-Parliamentary Union Humanitarian Inter-Parliamentary Union Dialogue Dialogue IPU HANDBOOK FOR PARLIAMENTARIANS No. 12 – 2007 MISSING PIECES MISSING A GUIDE FOR REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE THROUGH PARLIAMENTARY ACTION A GUIDE FOR REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE THROUGH PARLIAMENTARY MISSING PIECES A GUIDE FOR REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE THROUGH PARLIAMENTARY ACTION HD CENTRE Centre for Centre for Humanitarian Inter-Parliamentary Union Humanitarian Inter-Parliamentary Union Dialogue Dialogue MISSING PIECES A GUIDE FOR REDUCING GUN VIOLENCE THROUGH PARLIAMENTARY ACTION MISSING PIECES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This handbook was compiled by Cate Buchanan and Mireille Widmer from the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. Contributors to the original version are mentioned at the end of each theme. It was refined with inputs from the Inter-Parliamentary Union, and in particular its co- rapporteurs on small arms and light weapons, Mr. François-Xavier de Donnea (Belgium) and Ms. Ruth Oniang’o (Kenya), as well as members of the Bureau of the First Standing Committee on Peace and International Security. Additional comments were provided by Mr. Marc-Antoine Morel from the United Nations Development Programme, Ms. Julie E. Myers from the United Nations Children’s Fund, -
Small Arms Transfer Control Measures and the Arms Trade Treaty
A Project of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva Small Arms Transfer Control Measures and the Arms Trade Treaty A Small Arms Survey Review (2007–10) Small Arms Transfer Control Measures and the Arms Trade Treaty A Small Arms Survey Review (2007–10) About the Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International and Develop- ment Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. It serves as the principal source of public information on all aspects of small arms and armed violence and as a resource centre for governments, policy-makers, researchers, and activists. The project has an international staff with expertise in security studies, political science, law, economics, development studies, sociology, and criminology, and collaborates with a network of partners in more than 50 countries. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies 47 Avenue Blanc 1202 Geneva Switzerland t +41 22 908 5777 f +41 22 732 2738 e [email protected] w www.smallarmssurvey.org Cover photograph: Alexandre Meneghini/AP Small Arms Transfer Control Measures and the Arms Trade Treaty A Small Arms Survey Review (2007–10) Back to Basics: Transfer Controls in Global Perspective (from Small Arms Survey 2007: Guns and the City, Chapter 4: pp. 116–43) .............................................................................................. 5 Arsenals Adrift: Arms and Ammunition Diversion (from Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience, Chapter 2: pp. 41–75) ............................................................................................. 33 Who’s Buying? End-user Certification (from Small Arms Survey 2008: Risk and Resilience, Chapter 5: pp. 154–81) .......................................................................................... 67 Devils in Diversity: Export Controls for Military Small Arms (from Small Arms Survey 2009: Shadows of War, Chapter 2: pp. -
Department of Peace Operations
OROLSI is comprised of five components: “UN Peacekeeping deploys to some of the most complex OFFICE OF RULE OF LAW & SECURITY INSTITUTIONS and difficult places, protecting some of the world’s most United Nations Police Division (PD) vulnerable. We are working in partnership with Member States to implement the Secretary-General’s Action for Where requested and mandated, United Nations Police (UNPOL) supports Member States to realize effective, efficient, representative, responsive and accountable police services that Peacekeeping initiative to strengthen peacekeeping, including serve and protect the population. UNPOL build and support police capacity to prevent and to improve how we protect civilians, which is at the heart of detect crime, protect life and property and maintain public order and safety in adherence our work. For hundreds of millions, peacekeeping is the last to the rule of law and international human rights norms. The United Nations Police Division best hope and it needs all our support.” supports UNPOL by selecting, recruiting, deploying and rotating personnel in UN peace operations; developing policy and guidance; providing strategic and operational support, Jean-Pierre Lacroix Under-Secretary-General for Peace Operations including through the Standing Police Capacity; and facilitating assessments and evaluations. Justice and Corrections Service (JCS) Action for Peacekeeping (A4P) OROLSI colleagues are at the forefront of efforts to enhance The Justice and Corrections Service serves as a center of expertise on justice and the performance and accountability of peacekeepers, includ- corrections areas and supports the work of justice and corrections components in OROLSI is committed to ing by conducting trainings and assessments of Formed Police United Nations peace operations and other UN entities. -
The Submarine and the Washington Conference Of
477 THE SUBMARINE AND THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE OF 1921 Lawrence H. Douglas Following the First World War, the tation of this group, simply stated, was tide of public opinion was overwhelm that second best in naval strength meant ingly against the submarine as a weapon last. A policy of naval superiority was of war. The excesses of the German necessary, they felt, for "history consis U-boat had stunned the sensibilities of tently shows that war between no two the world but had, nonetheless, pre peoples or nations can be unthink sented new ideas and possibilities of this able.,,1 A second group, the Naval weapon to the various naval powers of Advisory Committee (Admirals Pratt the time. The momentum of these new and Coontz and Assistant Secretary of ideas proved so strong that by the the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.) also opening of the first major international submitted recommendations concerning disarmament conference of the 20th the limitation of naval armaments. century, practical uses of the submarine From the outset their deliberations were had all but smothered the moral indig guided by a concern that had become nation of 1918. more and more apparent-the threat Several months prior to the opening posed to the security and interests of of the conference, the General Board of this country by Japan. This concern was the American Navy was given the task evidenced in an attempt to gain basic of developing guidelines and recommen understandings with Britain. dations to be used by the State Depart The submarine received its share of ment in determining the American attention in the deliberations of these proposals to be presented. -
T Civil Society and Disarmament Civil Society and Disarm Iety and Disarmament Civil Society and Disarmament Civ Armament Civil S
Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarma- ment Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and Civil Society and Disarmament disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and 2018disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarma- ment Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament CivilAdvocacy society by Non-governmental and disarmament Civil society and disarma- Organizations to Strengthen the ment Civil society and disarmament Civil societyUnited and disarmamentNations Programme Civil of Actionsociety and disarmament Civil on Small Arms and Light Weapons society and disarmament Civil society and disarmament Civil society and -
Demilitarization and Conversion
BIONN NTERNATIONAL C ENTER FOR C ONVERSION. I NTERNATIONALES K ONVERSIONSZENTRUM B ONN paper1 Demilitarization and Conversion World Social Summit Copenhagen, March 1995 Michael Brzoska, Kees Kingma, Herbert Wulf The authors are members of the staff of the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC). Dr. Michael Brzoska is head of the research department, Kees Kingma is project leader of demobilization and demilitarization projects, Dr. Herbert Wulf is director of BICC. BICC. AN DER ELISABETHKIRCHE 25 53113. BONN GERMANY. PHONE +49-228-9 11 96-0. FAX +49-228-24 12 15 Background Paper for the Panel Demilitarization and Conversion Conversion of Military Structures—A Challenge for the International Scientific Community and an Opportunity for Global Security and Social Development at the World Social Summit Copenhagen, 8 March 1995 Bonn International Center for Conversion Michael Brzoska, Kees Kingma and Herbert Wulf1 1The authors are all members of staff at the Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC). Dr. Michael Brzoska is head of the research department, Kees Kingma is project leader of demobilization and demilitarization projects, Dr. Herbert Wulf is the director of BICC. Demilitarization and Conversion Conversion of Military Structures - A Challenge for the International Scientific Community and an Opportunity for Global Security and Social Development prepared for the World Social Summit, Copenhagen, March 1995 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Elements of a comprehensive concept of conversion 3. Benefits and costs of conversion 4. Redistributing resources through conversion 5. Reorientation of science for social development 6. Security aspects of conversion 7. Summary: Military conversion for social development References Appendix tables - 2 - I. -
Appendix 10C. Towards an Arms Trade Treaty?
Appendix 10C. Towards an arms trade treaty? PAUL HOLTOM and SIEMON T. WEZEMAN I. Introduction The most significant developments for conventional arms control in 2006 were the agreement reached in the United Nations General Assembly on the principle of a legally binding and universal arms trade treaty (ATT), and the establishment of a group of governmental experts to examine the issue. These achievements contrasted with the lack of progress at the review conference for the UN Programme of Action (POA) on small arms and light weapons (SALW).1 The issue of global guidelines for the control of conventional arms has been on the international agenda for a long time. In 1925 the League of Nations produced a draft Convention on the Arms Trade that was never adopted. Disarmament is an element of the UN Charter and the question of conventional arms control has been frequently discussed in the General Assembly’s annual deliberations on armaments. In contrast to chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, which are governed by global conven- tions prohibiting their transfer, there are no global conventions or treaties prohibiting or restricting transfers of conventional weapons.2 During the cold war the two blocs, and individual countries, used conventional weapon transfers with little restraint to establish or maintain spheres of influence. In the early to mid-1990s issues relating to conventional weapon proliferation began to attract more attention, and several sets of guidelines or principles on arms transfers were agreed by groups of countries, which included some of the largest arms exporters.3 In 1991 the UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) was estab- lished to promote transparency in the conventional arms trade. -
KRYSTIAN MACIEJ SZUDAREK* Szczecin the BRITISH
Studia Maritima, vol. XXVII/1 (2014) ISSN 0137-3587 KRYSTIAN MACIEJ SZUDAREK* Szczecin THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE NAVAL DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN GENEVA (1927)** Keywords: Great Britain, naval disarmament, Coolidge Conference Summary The Naval Disarmament Conference was held in Geneva between 20 June – 4 Au- gust 1927 on the initiative of the American President Calvin Coolidge. It was a contin- uation of the process initiated during the Washington Conference (12 November 1921 – 6 February 1922). It was then that Great Britain, the United States of America, Japan, France and Italy determined the ratio of the naval forces in the class of battleships and aircraft carriers in line with the following: 5 : 5 : 3 : 1.75 : 1.75. During the so-called Coolidge Conference (1927) the American party did its best to conclude an internation- al treaty and consequently achieve parity between the US Navy and Royal Navy in all classes of warships. The British government accepted an invitation to the Geneva Conference (1927) assuming that their delegation would succeed in forcing through the disarmament plan formulated by the Admiralty. The plan was aimed at modifying the Washington Treaty in order that the British Empire could make savings and at the same time improve her national security. The British plan was aimed at prolonging the service life of battleships * Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Instytut Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych, e-mail: kszu- [email protected]. ** Research in London for this article was supported by the De Brzezie Lanckoronski Foun- dation. 88 Krystian Maciej Szudarek and aircraft carriers, reducing the displacement and calibre of guns carried by battle- ships, and, last but not least, dividing the cruisers into heavy and light as well as imposing limitations only on the number of the former. -
Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration
Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration A PRACTICAL FIELD AND CLASSROOM GUIDE | 1 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration A Practical Field and Classroom Guide Authors: Colin Gleichmann, Michael Odenwald, Kees Steenken, Adrian Wilkinson ISBN 1-896551-54-8 © GTZ, NODEFIC, PPC, SNDC, 2004 All rights reserved Cover design, Layout and Typesetting: Jutta Herden, Stuttgart, Germany Printing and Binding: Druckerei Hassmüller Graphische Betriebe GmbH & Co. KG, Frankfurt a. M., Germany Permission to reproduce this work for non-commercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained through any of the publishing organisations. This book is not for commercial purposes or resale. Contact Information: see p. 152 2| Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration A PRACTICAL FIELD AND CLASSROOM GUIDE | 3 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration The collaborating partners: German Technical Co-operation Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH The GTZ (German Technical Co-operation) is a government-owned corporation providing international technical co-operation across the world. GTZ supports approximately 2,700 development projects and programmes in more than 130 partner countries, and is chiefly sponsored by the German Federal Government. Overall, GTZ's aim is to improve the living conditions and prospects of people in developing countries and countries in transition. Since the early 1990s GTZ is involved in DDR programmes and has thus focused on the linkages between security and development. Today programmes for security sector reform, small arms control, crisis prevention, conflict transformation and peace building are integral parts of the development co-operation portfolio. GTZ benefits from a wide range of experiences with project implementation for DDR programmes in various countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. -
Ploughshares Monitor SUMMER 2013 | VOLUME 34 | ISSUE 2
ATT Timeline Global stunts Canada and the ATT Resilience Highlights from Campaigners get creative What should Ottawa do A new antidote 1997 to 2013 to draw attention to meet terms of treaty? for human insecurity The Ploughshares Monitor SUMMER 2013 | VOLUME 34 | ISSUE 2 Arms Trade Treaty adopted TheA quarterlyPloughshares publication Monitor | of Project Ploughshares • Available online: www.ploughshares.ca 1 Contents The Ploughshares Monitor Volume 34 | Issue 2 PROJECT PLOUGHSHARES STAFF Summer 2013 John siebert Executive Director Kenneth Epps Brockenshire Lemiski Debbie hughes Matthew Pupic Tasneem Jamal Wendy stocker Cesar Jaramillo Barbara Wagner A treaty for the 21st century 3 ATT: A significant triumph for containment from below. The Ploughshares Monitor is the quarterly by John Siebert journal of Project Ploughshares, the peace centre of The Canadian Council of Churches. Ploughshares works with churches, nongovernmental organizations, and governments, in Canada and abroad, to advance policies and actions that prevent war and armed violence and build peace. A tool to tackle armed violence Project Ploughshares is affiliated with 4 The ATT can reduce illegal arms transfers. the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Conrad Grebel University College, University by Kenneth Epps of Waterloo. Office address: Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West ‘An incredible privilege’ Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada 519-888-6541, fax: 519-888-0018 8 A Q&A with Ploughshares’ Kenneth Epps. [email protected]; www.ploughshares.ca Project Ploughshares gratefully acknowledges the ongoing financial support of the many individuals, national churches and church agencies, local congregations, religious orders, and organizations across Canada that ensure TiMELinE: Arms Trade Treaty that the work of Project Ploughshares 12 continues.