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Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration

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Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration A PRACTICAL FIELD AND CLASSROOM GUIDE | 1 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration A Practical Field and Classroom Guide Authors: Colin Gleichmann, Michael Odenwald, Kees Steenken, Adrian Wilkinson ISBN 1-896551-54-8 © GTZ, NODEFIC, PPC, SNDC, 2004 All rights reserved Cover design, Layout and Typesetting: Jutta Herden, Stuttgart, Germany Printing and Binding: Druckerei Hassmüller Graphische Betriebe GmbH & Co. KG, Frankfurt a. M., Germany Permission to reproduce this work for non-commercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained through any of the publishing organisations. This book is not for commercial purposes or resale. Contact Information: see p. 152 2| Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration A PRACTICAL FIELD AND CLASSROOM GUIDE | 3 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration The collaborating partners: German Technical Co-operation Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH The GTZ (German Technical Co-operation) is a government-owned corporation providing international technical co-operation across the world. GTZ supports approximately 2,700 development projects and programmes in more than 130 partner countries, and is chiefly sponsored by the German Federal Government. Overall, GTZ's aim is to improve the living conditions and prospects of people in developing countries and countries in transition. Since the early 1990s GTZ is involved in DDR programmes and has thus focused on the linkages between security and development. Today programmes for security sector reform, small arms control, crisis prevention, conflict transformation and peace building are integral parts of the development co-operation portfolio. GTZ benefits from a wide range of experiences with project implementation for DDR programmes in various countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The first GTZ pro- grammes in this field started in Ethiopia, Eritrea and El Salvador; Mozambique, Uganda, Angola, Chad and Cambodia followed. Currently GTZ supports DDR efforts in Angola, Sierra Leone, Somaliland, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Website: www.gtz.de/english The Norwegian Defence International Centre Forsvarets kompetansesenter for internasjonal virksomhet The Norwegian Defence International Centre (NODEFIC) is a national centre providing research, education and training for both military and civilian personnel in international peace operations. The Centre's objective is to support and contribute to a higher level of expertise and performance in peace support operations. This is done through evaluation and analysis of peace support operations using a database collecting the input from the various missions. In addition, the centre offers different courses, both within the Nordic Coordinated Arrangement for Military Peace Support and the national umbrella, where a DDR course is one of the courses. The Centre also aims at maintaining its competence within specific areas of a peace support operation. Website: www.mil.no/felles/fokiv 4 | Field and Classroom Guide Pearson Peacekeeping Centre – Centre Pearson pour le maintien de la paix The Pearson Peacekeeping Centre (PPC) is an independent, non-profit corporation man- dated to support Canada's contribution to international peace and security. The Centre was established in 1994 and is funded by the Department of National Defence, the Canadian International Development Agency and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Inter- national Trade. The PPC offers a range of educational and training activities for civilian, police and military personnel in all aspects of peace operations. Courses are held at the Centre's main campus in Clementsport, Nova Scotia, and at other sites in Canada and abroad. Website: www.peaceoperations.org Swedish National Defence Colleg Försvarshögskolan The Swedish National Defence College (SNDC) contributes to national and international security through research and education. It is presently undergoing a transition from providing a historical focus on Swedish security, which it has addressed for nearly 200 years, to becoming a university that will promote European and global security from a Swedish perspective. It offers training courses for military personnel and civilians on staff and for commanders and specialists with the Swedish National Total Defence and/or international missions. Research is mainly directed at supporting study programmes and is, to a large extent, interdisciplinary in nature. International conflict resolution, politico- security evaluations, crisis management and the art of war presuppose that knowledge from various areas can be analysed and consolidated into an interdisciplinary whole. Website: www.fhs.mil.se Together, GTZ, NODEFIC, PPC and SNDC have produced course outlines and material for DDR-related courses given by NODEFIC, PPC and SNDC. This handbook is another collabo- rative effort bringing together the DDR-related knowledge and expertise of individuals with practical experience from these organisations. | 5 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration Acknowledgements This book is a joint effort. It would not have been possible without the teamwork and dedication of several people who have contributed their time, ideas, comments, and experiences from the field. A core group of contributors worked on the different chapters, made changes, comments and tested the material in different courses. Torgny Abrahamsen (NODFIC), Colin Gleichmann (GTZ), Johanna Öhman (SNDC) and Kees Steenken (PPC) were responsible for the overall planning and the contributions from their respective organisations. Ian Douglas, Bengt Ljunggren, Thomas Lovgren, Angela MacKay, Kirk MacLeod, Hank Morris and Susan Soux have guided this project with vital ideas and essential encouragement. This book also benefited greatly from the contributions, detailed comments, explana- tions, photographs and experiences from the field from Graham Day, Stein Ellingsen, Vidar Falck, Harald Hinkel, David Last, Brenton MacLeod, Stefan Meyer, Hans Thorgren, Robert Sancton and Adrian Wilkinson. Heather Krehbiel was responsible for the final proofreading of the text. Jutta Herden developed the book design. With a large number of collaborators and contributors, this project needed a dynamic and flexible production team. Nicole Buschmeier, Nicole Dial, Moira Goodfellow, Katharina Niederhut, Franz Josef Saar, Antoine Terrar and Janosch Witte worked on both sides of the Atlantic to provide administrative and research support and to co-ordinate the production and printing of this handbook. 6 | Field and Classroom Guide Table of Contents Acknowledgements . 6 Table of Contents . 7 Acronyms . 10 Preface . 12 1 Introduction . 15 1.1 DDR as a Planned Process – Definitions and Functions . 15 1.2 When Does DDR Begin? . 17 1.3 Good Governance and Security Sector Reform . 20 1.4 Prerequisites for DDR . 21 1.5 Conditions . 23 1.6 DDR and Development Co-operation . 26 2Disarmament . 29 2.1 Definition. 29 2.2 Objective . 29 2.3 Target Groups . 29 2.4 Conditions and Derived Principles . 29 2.4.1 Conditions . 29 2.4.2 The 2001 Principles of Micro-disarmament Programmes . 31 2.5 Disarmament Procedures . 33 2.5.1 Disarming Combatants. 33 2.5.1.1 Confidence-Building Measures . 33 2.5.1.2 Weapons Survey . 34 2.5.1.3 Weapons Collection . 34 2.5.1.4 Weapons Storage . 36 2.5.1.5 Weapons Destruction . 36 2.5.1.6 Weapons Reutilisation . 39 2.5.2 Disarming Civilians . 39 2.5.2.1 Weapons Collection . 40 2.5.2.2 Incentive Programmes . 41 2.5.2.3 Weapons Registration. 42 2.5.3 Mine and UXO Clearance (Demining) . 42 2.6 Conclusion . 43 | 7 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration 3 Demobilisation . 45 3.1 Definition. 45 3.2 Objective . 45 3.3 Target Groups . 45 3.4 Conditions and Derived Principles . 47 3.5 Demobilisation Procedures . 49 3.5.1 Planning. 50 3.5.1.1 Phased Demobilisation . 50 3.5.1.2 Co-ordination . 50 3.5.1.3 Assembly Areas (AAs) . 51 3.5.2 Encampment . 52 3.5.2.1 Location . 53 3.5.2.2 Supervision . 53 3.5.2.3 Emergency Aid . 55 3.5.2.4 Registration . 55 3.5.2.5 Planning for Reintegration Measures . 56 3.5.2.6 Disarmament – see Chapter 2 . 56 3.5.2.7 Pre-discharge Orientation . 56 3.5.3 Discharge – or Reinsertion Phase . 60 3.6 Conclusion . 62 4 Reintegration . 65 4.1 Definition. 65 4.2 Objective . 65 4.3 Target Groups and Beneficiaries . 66 4.4 Conditions and Derived Principles . 68 4.4.1 Political Will . 70 4.4.2 Ex-combatants and the State . 71 4.4.3 Reintegration Scenarios. 72 4.4.3.1 Reintegration in War-affected Societies. 73 4.4.3.2 Reintegration in Stable, Largely Civilian Societies. 75 4.5 Reintegration on Three Levels: National – Regional – Local . 75 4.5.1 National or Macro Level. 76 4.5.2 Regional or Meso Level . 76 4.5.3 Local or Micro Level . 77 4.6 Reintegration Procedures . 77 4.6.1 The Transition from Demobilisation to Reintegration . 77 8 | Field and Classroom Guide 4.6.2 Orientation Phase. 77 4.6.3 Resettlement and Access to Land . 78 4.6.3.1 Resettlement . 79 4.6.3.2 The Land Issue . 80 4.6.3.3 Access to Land . 81 4.6.3.4 Settlement Schemes. 82 4.6.4 Access to Training and Employment. 82 4.6.4.1 Training . ..
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